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Jolly A, Barnech ML, Duarte JJ, Suhevic J, Jar AM, Mundo SL. Evidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis binding to albumin: technical and biological implications. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:271-278. [PMID: 37656341 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Albumin binding ability is a well-characterized feature of many bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports about this ability among mycobacteria, even when bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common component of supplements used for the enrichment of synthetic media for mycobacterial growth in vitro and also of buffers used in laboratory techniques. In this work we explored the albumin binding ability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), a pathogenic bacterium causing a known and relevant ruminant disease worldwide, by immunizing rabbits with MAP (grown in media containing or not BSA) or BSA and conducting ELISA and immunoblot experiments with the obtained sera. As a result, we found that MAP can bind BSA when cultured in a conventional BSA-containing medium and when incubated for a short time in the presence of the protein. We also evaluated the host specificity of MAP interaction with albumin and found a preference for the protein of bovine origin when compared with its horse and rabbit homologs. Considerations about its technical and biological implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jolly
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 11-5287-2155, Av. Chorroarín 280, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Laura Barnech
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 11-5287-2155, Av. Chorroarín 280, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José Duarte
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 11-5287-2155, Av. Chorroarín 280, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Suhevic
- Escuela de Educación Técnico Profesional de nivel medio en Producción Agropecuaria y Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Jar
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 11-5287-2155, Av. Chorroarín 280, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Inmunología, (0054) 11-5287-2155, Av. Chorroarín 280, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bannantine JP, Wadhwa A, Stabel JR, Eda S. Characterization of Ethanol Extracted Cell Wall Components of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040088. [PMID: 31683552 PMCID: PMC6958465 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigens extracted using ethanol (EtOH) and incorporated in the EtOH vortex ELISA (EVELISA) test have previously shown high specificity and sensitivity for detecting Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) and M. bovis infections in cattle. The objective of this study is to define the components present in the EtOH extract. We show that this extract is composed of lipid, carbohydrate, and proteins on the surface of the bacilli, and that EtOH removes the outer layer structure of Map which comprise these elements. To identify proteins, polyclonal antibodies to the EtOH prep were produced and used to screen a Map genomic expression library. Seven overlapping clones were identified with a single open reading frame, MAP_0585, common to all. MAP_0585, which encodes a hypothetical protein, was recombinantly produced and used to demonstrate strong reactivity in sera from hyperimmunized rabbits, but this protein is not strongly immunogenic in cattle with Johne’s disease. A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the presence of additional proteins in the EtOH extract. These antibodies demonstrated that a well-known antigen, termed MPB83, is present in M. bovis EtOH extracts and a fatty acid desaturase (MAP_2698c) is present in Map EtOH extracts, while lipoarabinomannan was common to both. The lipid and carbohydrate components of the extract were analyzed using thin layer chromatography and lectin binding, respectively. Lectin biding and protease treatment of the EtOH extract suggest the antigenic component is carbohydrate and not protein. These results give further insight into this important antigen prep for detecting mycobacterial diseases of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Ashutosh Wadhwa
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Judith R Stabel
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Membrane and Cytoplasmic Proteins of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that Bind to Novel Monoclonal Antibodies. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040127. [PMID: 30544922 PMCID: PMC6313528 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(Map) proteins are important tools in Johne’s disease research and diagnostics. Johne’s disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease of cattle, sheep, and other ruminant animals. We have previously generated multiple sets of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in different studies; however, because many were generated and screened against a whole-cell extract of Map, the antigens that bind to these antibodies remained unknown. In this study, we used three different approaches to identify the corresponding Map antigens for 14 mAbs that could not be identified previously. In the first approach, a new Map-lambda phage expression library was screened to identify corresponding antigens for 11 mAbs. This approach revealed that mAbs 7C8, 9H3, 12E4, 3G5, and 11B8 all detect MAP_3404 encoding the biotin carboxylase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, while mAbs 7A6, 11F8, and 10C12 detect the GroEL2 chaperonin (MAP_3936), 6C9 detects electron transfer flavoprotein (MAP_3060c), and 14G11 detects MAP_3976, a lipoprotein anchoring transpeptidase. The epitopes to a selection of these mAbs were also defined. In a second approach, MAP_2698c bound monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14D4 as determined using protein arrays. When both of these approaches failed to identify the antigen for mAb 12C9, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry analysis, and codon optimization was used to identify the membrane protein, MAP_4145, as the reacting antigen. Characterized antibodies were used to quickly interrogate mycobacterial proteomic preps. We conclude by providing a complete catalog of available mAbs to Map proteins, along with their cognate antigens and epitopes, if known. These antibodies are now thoroughly characterized and more useful for research and diagnostic purposes.
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Therapeutic aptamers in discovery, preclinical and clinical stages. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 134:51-64. [PMID: 30125605 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aptamer field witnessed steady growth during the past 28 years as evident from the exponentially increasing number of related publications. The field is "coming of age", but like other biomedical research areas facing a global push towards translational research to carry ideas from bench- to bedside, there is pressure to show impact for aptamers at the clinical end. Being easy-to-make, non-immunogenic, stable and high-affinity nano-ligands, aptamers are perfectly poised to move in this direction. They can specifically bind targets ranging from small molecules to complex multimeric structures, making them potentially useful in a limitless variety of therapeutic approaches. This review will summarize efforts made to accomplish the therapeutic promise of aptamers, with a focus on aptamers directly acting as therapeutic molecules, rather than those used in targeted delivery of other drugs. The review will showcase representative examples at various stages of development, covering different disease categories.
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Groff K, Brown J, Clippinger AJ. Modern affinity reagents: Recombinant antibodies and aptamers. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1787-98. [PMID: 26482034 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Affinity reagents are essential tools in both basic and applied research; however, there is a growing concern about the reproducibility of animal-derived monoclonal antibodies. The need for higher quality affinity reagents has prompted the development of methods that provide scientific, economic, and time-saving advantages and do not require the use of animals. This review describes two types of affinity reagents, recombinant antibodies and aptamers, which are non-animal technologies that can replace the use of animal-derived monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant antibodies are protein-based reagents, while aptamers are nucleic-acid-based. In light of the scientific advantages of these technologies, this review also discusses ways to gain momentum in the use of modern affinity reagents, including an update to the 1999 National Academy of Sciences monoclonal antibody production report and federal incentives for recombinant antibody and aptamer efforts. In the long-term, these efforts have the potential to improve the overall quality and decrease the cost of scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Groff
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
| | - Jeffrey Brown
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
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Piras C, Soggiu A, Greco V, Alloggio I, Bonizzi L, Roncada P. Peptidomics in veterinary science: focus on bovine paratuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ped-2015-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBacterial infections represent a serious burden both for animal production and human health (zoonosis). Faster and more reliable diagnosis are mandatory in order to avoid economic losses and antibiotics misuse. The development of new potential diagnostic strategies for the immunodetection of pathogens is closely linked to the discovery of small polypeptides with immunogenic or immunoreactive activity. The candidate peptides used for this purpose must have several properties principally represented by their specificity and their location in the bacterial cell. Both proteomics, peptidomics and bioinformatics represent powerful complementary tools to discover specific immunoreactive peptides useful for diagnosis or vaccine. Peptidomics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) represents a good example of the potential of this discovery-phase. This review reports a comprehensive update of the current scientific knowledge about proteins and peptides of MAP with already documented humoral response. These findings, together with bioinformatics tools available, could be extremely useful to design a better strategy for subclinical bovine paratuberculosis diagnosis. The knowledge provided also represents a reliable example on the workflow to be followed in the direction of the diagnosis of other diseases through a peptidomic approach.
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Hamula CL, Zhang H, Li F, Wang Z, Chris Le X, Li XF. Selection and analytical applications of aptamers binding microbial pathogens. Trends Analyt Chem 2011; 30:1587-1597. [PMID: 32287535 PMCID: PMC7112775 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA aptamers specifically recognizing microbial cells and viruses have a range of analytical and therapeutic applications. This article describes recent advances in the development of aptamers targeting specific pathogens (e.g., live bacteria, whole viral particles, and virally-infected mammalian cells). Specific aptamers against pathogens have been used as affinity reagents to develop sandwich assays, to label and to image cells, to bind with cells for flow-cytometry analysis, and to act as probes for development of whole-cell biosensors. Future applications of aptamers to pathogens will benefit from recent advances in improved selection and new aptamers containing modified nucleotides, particularly slow off-rate modified aptamers (SOMAmers).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - X. Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Bldg., University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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Mikkelsen H, Aagaard C, Nielsen SS, Jungersen G. Review of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigen candidates with diagnostic potential. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Lamont EA, Briggs RE, Sreevatsan S. Monoclonal Antibodies Bind A SNP-Sensitive Epitope that is Present Uniquely in Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:163. [PMID: 21845186 PMCID: PMC3145258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a close genetic relatedness, there is no known antibody that detects Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), which causes Johne’s disease in cattle and sheep, and does not cross-react with other M. avium subspecies. In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (MAb; 17A12) was identified from mice immunized with a cell membrane fraction of MAP strain K-10. This antibody is 100% specific as it detected a 25-kDa protein in all 29 MAP whole cell lysates, but did not bind to any of the 29 non-paratuberculosis strains tested in immunoblot assays. However, the antibody revealed variable reactivity levels in MAP strains as it detected higher levels in bovine isolates but comparably lower levels in ovine isolates of MAP. In order to identify the target binding protein for 17A12, a lambda phage expression library of MAP genomic fragments was screened with the MAb. Four reactive clones were identified, sequenced and all shown to be overlapping. Further analysis revealed all four clones expressed an unknown protein encoded by a sequence that is not annotated in the K-10 genome and overlapped with MAP3422c on the opposing DNA strand. The epitope of 17A12 was precisely defined to seven amino acids and was used to query the K-10 genome. Similarity searches revealed another protein, encoded by MAP1025, possessed a similar epitope (one-amino acid mismatch) that also reacted strongly to the antibody. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in MAP1025 was then identified by comparative sequence analysis, which results in a Pro28His change at residue 28, the first amino acid within the 17A12 epitope. This SNP is present in all MAP strains but absent in all non-MAP strains and accounts for the specificity of the 17A12 antibody. This new antibody is the first ever isolated that binds only to the paratuberculosis subspecies of M. avium and opens new possibilities for the specific detection of this significant ruminant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
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Santema W, van Kooten P, Hoek A, Leeflang M, Overdijk M, Rutten V, Koets A. Hsp70 vaccination-induced antibodies recognize B cell epitopes in the cell wall of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vaccine 2011; 29:1364-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maximizing capture efficiency and specificity of magnetic separation for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7550-8. [PMID: 20851966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01432-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to introduce specificity for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis prior to a phage amplification assay, various magnetic-separation approaches, involving either antibodies or peptides, were evaluated in terms of the efficiency of capture (expressed as a percentage) of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells and the percentage of nonspecific binding by other Mycobacterium spp. A 50:50 mixture of MyOne Tosylactivated Dynabeads coated with the chemically synthesized M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific peptides biotinylated aMp3 and biotinylated aMptD (i.e., peptide-mediated magnetic separation [PMS]) proved to be the best magnetic-separation approach for achieving 85 to 100% capture of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and minimal (<1%) nonspecific recovery of other Mycobacterium spp. (particularly if beads were blocked with 1% skim milk before use) from broth samples containing 10(3) to 10(4) CFU/ml. When PMS was coupled with a recently optimized phage amplification assay and used to detect M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in 50-ml volumes of spiked milk, the mean 50% limit of detection (LOD(50)) was 14.4 PFU/50 ml of milk (equivalent to 0.3 PFU/ml). This PMS-phage assay represents a novel, rapid method for the detection and enumeration of viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms in milk, and potentially other sample matrices, with results available within 48 h.
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Torres-Chavolla E, Alocilja EC. Aptasensors for detection of microbial and viral pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3175-82. [PMID: 19117748 PMCID: PMC7125720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are specific nucleic acid sequences that can bind to a wide range of non-nucleic acid targets with high affinity and specificity. These molecules are identified and selected through an in vitro process called SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment). Proteins are the most common targets in aptamer selection. In diagnostic and detection assays, aptamers represent an alternative to antibodies as recognition agents. Cellular detection is a promising area in aptamer research. One of its principal advantages is the ability to target and specifically differentiate microbial strains without having previous knowledge of the membrane molecules or structural changes present in that particular microorganism. The present review focuses on aptamers, SELEX procedures, and aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. Special emphasis is placed on nanoparticle-based platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Torres-Chavolla
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Bruno JG, Phillips T, Carrillo MP, Crowell R. Plastic-adherent DNA aptamer-magnetic bead and quantum dot sandwich assay for Campylobacter detection. J Fluoresc 2008; 19:427-35. [PMID: 19052851 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-008-0429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA aptamers were developed against MgCl(2)-extracted surface proteins from Campylobacter jejuni. The two highest affinity aptamers were selected for use in a magnetic bead (MB) and red quantum dot (QD)-based sandwich assay scheme. The assay was evaluated using both heat-killed and live C. jejuni and exhibits detection limits as low as an average of 2.5 colony forming unit (cfu) equivalents in buffer and 10-250 cfu in various food matrices. The assay exhibits low cross-reactivity with bacterial species outside the Campylobacter genus, but exhibits substantial cross-reactivity with C. coli and C. lari. The assay was evaluated with a spectrofluorometer and a commercially available handheld fluorometer, which yielded comparable detection limits and ranges. Remarkably, the sandwich assay components adhere to the inside face of polystyrene cuvettes even in food matrices near neutral pH, thereby enabling a rapid homogeneous assay, because fluorescence is concentrated to a small, thin planar area and background fluorescence from the bulk solution is minimized. The plastic cuvette-adherent technology coupled to a sensitive handheld fluorometer may enable rapid (15-20 min), portable detection of foodborne pathogens from "farm-to-fork" by obviating the slow enrichment culture phase used by other food safety tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Bannantine JP, Waters WR, Stabel JR, Palmer MV, Li L, Kapur V, Paustian ML. Development and use of a partial Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis protein array. Proteomics 2008; 8:463-74. [PMID: 18186021 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As an initial step toward systematically characterizing all antigenic proteins produced by a significant veterinary pathogen, 43 recombinant Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) expression clones were constructed, cataloged, and stored. NC filters were spotted with purified proteins from each clone along with a whole cell lysate of M. paratuberculosis. Spots on the resulting dot array consisted of hypothetical proteins (13), metabolic proteins (3), cell envelope proteins (7), known antigens (4), and unique proteins with no similarity in public sequence databases (16). Dot blot arrays were used to profile antibody responses in a rabbit and mouse exposed to M. paratuberculosis as well as in cattle showing clinical signs of Johne's disease. The M. paratuberculosis heat shock protein DnaK, encoded by ORF MAP3840 and a membrane protein (MAP2121c), were identified as the most strongly immunoreactive in both the mouse and rabbit hosts, respectively. MAP3155c, which encodes a hypothetical protein, was most strongly immunoreactive in sera from Johne's disease cattle. This study has enabled direct comparisons of antibody reactivity for an entire panel of over 40 proteins and has laid the foundation for future high throughput production and arraying of M. paratuberculosis surface proteins for immune profiling experiments in cattle.
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Yakes BJ, Lipert RJ, Bannantine JP, Porter MD. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a sonicate immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:227-34. [PMID: 18077613 PMCID: PMC2238065 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00334-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A sandwich immunoassay for the rapid, low-level detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been developed. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle, and one of the major obstacles in controlling the spread of this disease is the inability to rapidly detect small amounts of bacteria or other diagnostic markers shed during the subclinical stage of infection. This paper details the development and performance of an assay for sonicated M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis lysate that is based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). There are two key components of the assay: (i) an immobilized layer of monoclonal antibodies that target a surface protein on the microorganism; and (ii) extrinsic Raman labels (ERLs) that are designed to selectively bind to captured proteins and produce large SERS signals. By correlating the number of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacilli present prior to sonication to the amount of total protein in the resulting sonicate, the detection limit determined for total protein can be translated to the microorganism concentration. These findings yield detection limits of 100 and 200 ng/ml (estimated to be 500 and 1,000 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacilli/ml) for sonicate spiked in phosphate buffer and sonicate spiked in whole milk, respectively. Moreover, the time required to complete the assay, which includes sample preparation, antigen extraction, ERL incubation, and readout, is less than 24 h. The potential for incorporation of this novel assay into diagnostic laboratories is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Jean Yakes
- Department of Chemistry, Ames Laboratory-USDOE, and Institute for Combinatorial Discovery, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Bannantine JP, Bayles DO, Waters WR, Palmer MV, Stabel JR, Paustian ML. Early antibody response against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens in subclinical cattle. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:5. [PMID: 18226229 PMCID: PMC2265687 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our laboratories have previously reported on the experimental infection of cattle with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) using an intratonsillar infection model. In addition, we have recently developed a partial protein array representing 92 M. paratuberculosis coding sequences. These combined tools have enabled a unique look at the temporal analysis of M. paratuberculosis antigens within the native host. The primary objective of this study was to identify M. paratuberculosis antigens detected by cattle early during infection. A secondary objective was to evaluate the humoral immune response in cattle during the initial year of infection. Results Sera from two experimentally infected cattle, taken pre-inoculation and at day 70, 194 and 321 post infection, identified dynamic antibody reactivity among antigens with some showing an increased response over time and others showing declining levels of reactivity over the same time period. A M. paratuberculosis specific protein, encoded by MAP0862, was strongly detected initially, but the antibody response became weaker with time. The most reactive protein was a putative surface antigen encoded by MAP1087. A second protein, MAP1204, implicated in virulence, was also strongly detected by day 70 in both cattle. Subsequent experiments showed that these two proteins were detected with sera from 5 of 9 naturally infected cattle in the subclinical stage of Johne's disease. Conclusion Collectively these results demonstrate that M. paratuberculosis proteins are detected by sera from experimentally infected cattle as early as 70 days after exposure. These data further suggest at least two antigens may be useful in the early diagnosis of M. paratuberculosis infections. Finally, the construction and use of a protein array in this pilot study has led to a novel approach for discovery of M. paratuberculosis antigens.
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