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Pongma C, Songthammanuphap S, Puthong S, Buakeaw A, Prammananan T, Warit S, Tipkantha W, Kaewkhunjob E, Jairak W, Kongmakee P, Pabutta C, Sripiboon S, Yindeeyoungyeon W, Palaga T. Using whole blood cultures in interferon gamma release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288161. [PMID: 37498897 PMCID: PMC10374124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elephants are susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) complex (MTBC) infections. Diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in elephants is difficult, and most approaches used for human TB diagnosis are not applicable. An interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) to diagnose TB in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has been previously developed. Although the assay is shown to be valid in determining MTBC infection status, the laborious PBMC isolation process makes it difficult to use. In this study, we simplified the method by using whole blood cultures (WC) as the starting material. Using PBMC cultures for IGRA, the MTBC infection status of 15 elephants was first confirmed. Among these animals, one has been previously confirmed for M. tb infection by both TB culture and PCR and the other was confirmed for MTBC infection in this study by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method. WC for IGRA consisted of an unstimulated sample, a mitogen stimulated sample, and sample stimulated with recombinant M. tb antigens, ESAT6 and CFP10. Using WC for IGRA in the 15 enrolled elephants, the results showed that 7 out of 15 samples yielded MTBC infection positive status that were completely concordant with those from the results using PBMCs. To test this method, WC for IGRA were applied in another elephant cohort of 9 elephants. The results from this cohort revealed a perfect match between the results from PBMC and WC. Responses to ESAT6 or CFP10 by PBMC and WC were not completely concordant, arguing for the use of at least two M. tb antigens for stimulation. Given the ease of sample handling, smaller blood sample volumes and equivalent efficacy relative to the PBMC approach, using WC for IGRA provides a novel, rapid, and user-friendly TB diagnostic method for determining the MTBC infection in elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitsuda Pongma
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Songchan Puthong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anumart Buakeaw
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Therdsak Prammananan
- The National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Saradee Warit
- The National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanlaya Tipkantha
- Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Erngsiri Kaewkhunjob
- Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waleemas Jairak
- Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyaporn Kongmakee
- Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Choenkwan Pabutta
- Elephant Kingdom Project, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Surin, Thailand
| | - Supaphen Sripiboon
- Department of Large Animals and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wandee Yindeeyoungyeon
- The National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Manuel R, Deepa PM, Unni A, John L, C.K D. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM)—a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of tuberculosis from the urine of infected elephants. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Villar M, Rajbhandari RM, Artigas-Jerónimo S, Contreras M, Sadaula A, Karmacharya D, Alves PC, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. Differentially Represented Proteins in Response to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identified by Quantitative Serum Proteomics in Asian Elephants. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091010. [PMID: 36145440 PMCID: PMC9505326 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major global concern. Tuberculosis in wildlife is a risk for zoonotic transmission and becoming one of the challenges for conservation globally. In elephants, the number of cases is likely rising. The aim of this study was to identify proteins related to tuberculosis infection in elephants, which could then be used for the development of diagnostic tools and/or vaccines. A serum proteomics approach was used to characterize differentially represented proteins in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Asian elephants (Elaphas maximus). Blood samples were collected from eight elephants, four of which were antibody positive for tuberculosis and four were antibody negative. Proteomics analysis identified 26 significantly dysregulated proteins in response to tuberculosis. Of these, 10 (38%) were identified as immunoglobulin and 16 (62%) as non-immunoglobulin proteins. The results provided new information on the antibody response to mycobacterial infection and biomarkers associated with tuberculosis and protective response to mycobacteria in Asian elephants. Protective mechanisms included defense against infection (Alpha-1-B glycoprotein A1BG, Serpin family A member 1 SERPINA1, Transthyretin TTR), neuroprotection (TTR), and reduced risks of inflammation, infections, and cancer (SERPINA1, Keratin 10 KRT10). Using a translational biotechnology approach, the results provided information for the identification of candidate diagnostic, prognostic, and protective antigens for monitoring and control of tuberculosis in Asian elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rajesh Man Rajbhandari
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Dep. de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, Edificio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Sara Artigas-Jerónimo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Amir Sadaula
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Biodiversity Conservation Center, Sauraha, Chitwan 44204, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Paulo Célio Alves
- Dep. de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, Edificio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Estação Biológica de Mértola EBM, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, 7750-329 Mértola, Portugal
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.); or (J.d.l.F.)
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence: (C.G.); or (J.d.l.F.)
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Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase—a potent biomarker for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in elephants. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rajbhandari RM, de la Fuente J, Karmacharya D, Mathema S, Maharjan B, Dixit SM, Shrestha N, Queirós J, Gortázar C, Alves PC. Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in elephants through a One Health approach: a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:262. [PMID: 35794608 PMCID: PMC9258206 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) that causes the chronic infectious disease- tuberculosis (TB), often presents with a complicated epidemiological pattern where the transmission chain may include humans, domestic animals and wildlife, including elephants. TB has been reported globally in both captive and wild elephants. The One Health approach might be the most effective way of understanding the shared MTC infection dynamics in captive and wild animals like Asian elephants. This systematic review accumulates evidence on occurrence, transmission pathways, and preventive measures of TB in elephants from a One Health perspective. Results The prevalence of TB reported in elephant populations ranges from 0 to 23.33% and high prevalence’s are reported for elephants that are in close proximity to infected humans. The risk of elephant to human infection transmission increased significantly with exposure duration and contact with infected elephants. Some studies described the plausible TB transmission to captive elephants from other animals (wild and domestic), suggesting inter- and intra-species transmission. The results of this systematic review based on 27 relevant published works, suggest three overarching interrelated transmission pathways for M. tuberculosis infections in Asian elephants- i) humans and elephants, ii) other animals (wild or domestic) and elephants and iii) unclear sources of infection. Conclusions The progress made with new TB diagnostic tools provides multiple methods to choose from. However, lack of harmonization of TB testing in elephants and their human contacts remains a challenge to prevent TB in those animals. Routine TB screening among elephants and caretakers by setting up an occupational health program for early diagnosis of infection through combined efforts of public health, veterinary medicine, and occupational health experts is suggested. This implies the need for a One Health approach to elephant TB control. This review reveals the need for more research on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex transmission pathways at the human-animal interface.
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Monitoring IgG against Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins in an Asian elephant cured of tuberculosis that developed from long-term latency. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4310. [PMID: 35279668 PMCID: PMC8917326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal in elephants, hence protecting elephants from TB is key not only in the conservation of this endangered animal, but also to prevent TB transmission from elephants to humans. Most human TB cases arise from long-term asymptomatic infections. Significant diagnostic challenges remain in the detection of both infection and disease development from latency in elephants due to their huge bodies. In this study, we assessed cryopreserved sera collected for over 16 years, from the first Japanese treatment case of elephant TB. Semi-quantification of IgG levels to 11 proteins showed high detection levels of 3 proteins, namely ESAT6/CFP10, MPB83 and Ag85B. The level of IgG specific to these 3 antigens was measured longitudinally, revealing high and stable ESAT6/CFP10 IgG levels regardless of onset or treatment. Ag85B-specifc IgG levels were largely responsive to onset or treatment, while those of MPB83 showed intermediate responses. These results suggest that ESAT6/CFP10 is immunodominant in both asymptomatic and symptomatic phases, making it useful in the detection of infection. On the other hand, Ag85B has the potential to be a marker for the prediction of disease onset and in the evaluation of treatment effectiveness in elephants.
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ASSESSMENT OF MULTIANTIGEN PRINT IMMUNOASSAY AND RAPID LATERAL-FLOW TEST FOR THE DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS INFECTION IN MALAYAN TAPIR ( TAPIRUS INDICUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1257-1262. [PMID: 34998297 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) and rapid test (RT) developed and validated for detection of mycobacterial antibodies in elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana) was assessed in Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus). Retrospective analysis of banked serum from one Mycobacterium bovis infected and seven presumably uninfected tapir was performed by MAPIA and RT. A sample collected 2 mon prior to the death of a culture-confirmed M. bovis-infected tapir served as a positive control. Seroreactivity of this sample was demonstrated via both MAPIA and RT testing. Seven uninfected animals, including four without postmortem evidence of mycobacterial disease and three that remain healthy, were negative controls; none demonstrated seroreactivity to key antigens with either test. These results suggest that MAPIA and RT have potential utility for rapid detection of M. bovis infection in Malayan tapir.
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Patterson SJ, Clarke C, Clutton-Brock TH, Miller MA, Parsons SDC, Pfeiffer DU, Vergne T, Drewe JA. Combining Analytical Approaches and Multiple Sources of Information to Improve Interpretation of Diagnostic Test Results for Tuberculosis in Wild Meerkats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3453. [PMID: 34944230 PMCID: PMC8698085 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic tests are used to classify individual animals' infection statuses. However, validating test performance in wild animals without gold standard tests is extremely challenging, and the issue is further complicated in chronic conditions where measured immune parameters vary over time. Here, we demonstrate the value of combining evidence from different diagnostic approaches to aid interpretation in the absence of gold standards, large sample sizes, and controlled environments. Over a two-year period, we sampled 268 free-living meerkats (Suricata suricatta) longitudinally for Mycobacterium suricattae (a causative agent of tuberculosis), using three ante-mortem diagnostic tests based on mycobacterial culture, and antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, interpreting results both independently and in combination. Post-mortem cultures confirmed M. suricattae infection in 22 animals, which had prior ante-mortem information, 59% (13/22) of which were test-positive on a parallel test interpretation (PTI) of the three ante-mortem diagnostic assays (95% confidence interval: 37-79%). A similar ability to detect infection, 65.7% (95% credible interval: 42.7-84.7%), was estimated using a Bayesian approach to examine PTI. Strong evidence was found for a near doubling of the hazard of death (Hazard Ratio 1.75, CI: 1.14-2.67, p = 0.01), associated with a positive PTI result, thus demonstrating that these test results are related to disease outcomes. For individual tests, small sample sizes led to wide confidence intervals, but replication of conclusions, using different methods, increased our confidence in these results. This study demonstrates that combining multiple methodologies to evaluate diagnostic tests in free-ranging wildlife populations can be a useful approach for exploiting such valuable datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Patterson
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (D.U.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Charlene Clarke
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (M.A.M.); (S.D.C.P.)
| | - Tim H. Clutton-Brock
- Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK;
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Michele A. Miller
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (M.A.M.); (S.D.C.P.)
| | - Sven D. C. Parsons
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (M.A.M.); (S.D.C.P.)
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (D.U.P.); (J.A.D.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothée Vergne
- UMR ENVT-INRAE IHAP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 31300 Toulous, France;
| | - Julian A. Drewe
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (D.U.P.); (J.A.D.)
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Angkwanish T, Vernooij HJCM, Sirimalaisuwan A, Charernpan P, Nielen M, Rutten VPMG. Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Captive Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus) Based on Serological Assays. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:713663. [PMID: 34859080 PMCID: PMC8630616 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.713663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To address putative TB statuses of elephants and to identify and quantify potential demographic risk factors for TB, three ELISAs specific for different mycobacterial antigens (ESAT6, CFP10, MPB83) and the TB Stat-Pak assay were used as surrogate serological markers for TB infection in elephants. In view of the low number of animals of which the infected status could be confirmed (4 out of 708) Latent Class Analyses of TB serology test outcomes was used to predict the putative TB status of each of 708 elephants as positive (17.3%), inconclusive (48.7%), or negative (34%) when assessed on a population basis. Correlation between test performance of the individual assays was high between the ELISAs, but low with that of the TB Stat-Pak assay. Risk factors, assessed based on cut off values for each of the ELISAs determined by ROC analysis, included sex, BCS, age, working time, feed type, management system, camp size and region. Old age elephants were more likely to show a positive TB serology test outcome, than younger ones. Elephants working 7 h per day and the ones in good condition BCS (7-11) were less likely to be positive in TB serology testing. In addition, fewer animals in the large camp size (31-50 elephants) were found to be positive in ELISA tests, compared to elephants in the other camp sizes. In this study, the North region had the lowest percentages of elephants with positive TB test outcome, the West region and to a lesser extend the other regions showed clearly higher percentages of positive animals. Even though assays used in the present study have not been validated yet, results obtained showed promise as diagnostic or screening tests. For the diagnosis of animals suspected to be infected, the ELISA tests, once further optimized for the individual antigens, can be used in parallel. For screening of complete camps for presence or absence of infection, a single optimized ELISA test can be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taweepoke Angkwanish
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Section Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang, Thailand
| | - Hans J C M Vernooij
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anucha Sirimalaisuwan
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Charernpan
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- National Elephant Research and Health Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Section Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Lekko YM, Che-Amat A, Ooi PT, Omar S, Mohd-Hamdan DT, Linazah LS, Zakaria Z, Ramanoon SZ, Mazlan M, Jesse FFA, Abdul-Razak MFA, Jasni S, Abdul-Hamid N. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex antibodies in free-ranged wild boar and wild macaques in selected districts in Selangor and reevaluation of tuberculosis serodetection in captive Asian elephants in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1702-1707. [PMID: 34544936 PMCID: PMC8636890 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, affecting several domestic animals, wildlife
species and humans. The preliminary investigation was aimed to detect antibody against MTBC among indigenous wildlife which are free-ranged wild boar, free-ranged wild macaques and captive
Asian elephants in selected areas of Selangor and elephant conservation centre in Pahang, respectively. The results indicate that MTBC serodetection rate in wild boar was 16.7% (7.3–33.5 at
95% confidence interval (CI)) using an in-house ELISA bPPD IgG and 10% (3.5–25.6 at 95% CI) by DPP®VetTB assay, while the wild macaques and Asian elephant were seronegative. The
univariate analysis indicates no statistically significant difference in risk factors for sex and age of wild boar but there was a significant positive correlation
(P<0.05) between bovine TB in dairy cattle and wild boar seropositivity in the Sepang district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Madaki Lekko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Azlan Che-Amat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharina Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dhabitah Tatiyana Mohd-Hamdan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Liya Syahila Linazah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zakirawaranis Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sabri Jasni
- Department of Paraclinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norhamizah Abdul-Hamid
- Selangor State Veterinary Services Department, Lot 2, Jalan Utas 15/7, Seksyen 15, 40630 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tollis M, Ferris E, Campbell MS, Harris VK, Rupp SM, Harrison TM, Kiso WK, Schmitt DL, Garner MM, Aktipis CA, Maley CC, Boddy AM, Yandell M, Gregg C, Schiffman JD, Abegglen LM. Elephant Genomes Reveal Accelerated Evolution in Mechanisms Underlying Disease Defenses. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3606-3620. [PMID: 33944920 PMCID: PMC8383897 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease susceptibility and resistance are important factors for the conservation of endangered species, including elephants. We analyzed pathology data from 26 zoos and report that Asian elephants have increased neoplasia and malignancy prevalence compared with African bush elephants. This is consistent with observed higher susceptibility to tuberculosis and elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants. To investigate genetic mechanisms underlying disease resistance, including differential responses between species, among other elephant traits, we sequenced multiple elephant genomes. We report a draft assembly for an Asian elephant, and defined 862 and 1,017 conserved potential regulatory elements in Asian and African bush elephants, respectively. In the genomes of both elephant species, conserved elements were significantly enriched with genes differentially expressed between the species. In Asian elephants, these putative regulatory regions were involved in immunity pathways including tumor-necrosis factor, which plays an important role in EEHV response. Genomic sequences of African bush, forest, and Asian elephant genomes revealed extensive sequence conservation at TP53 retrogene loci across three species, which may be related to TP53 functionality in elephant cancer resistance. Positive selection scans revealed outlier genes related to additional elephant traits. Our study suggests that gene regulation plays an important role in the differential inflammatory response of Asian and African elephants, leading to increased infectious disease and cancer susceptibility in Asian elephants. These genomic discoveries can inform future functional and translational studies aimed at identifying effective treatment approaches for ill elephants, which may improve conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tollis
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Elliott Ferris
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Valerie K Harris
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shawn M Rupp
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Tara M Harrison
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Wendy K Kiso
- Ringling Bros Center for Elephant Conservation, Polk City, FL, USA
| | - Dennis L Schmitt
- Ringling Bros Center for Elephant Conservation, Polk City, FL, USA
- William H. Darr College of Agriculture, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | | | - Christina Athena Aktipis
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amy M Boddy
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christopher Gregg
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- PEEL Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA & Haifa, Israel
| | - Lisa M Abegglen
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- PEEL Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA & Haifa, Israel
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12
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INTENSIVE TREATMENT OF A CAPTIVE BORNEAN ELEPHANT ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS BORNEENSIS) INFECTED WITH MYCOBACTERIUM CAPRAE IN JAPAN. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:1062-1066. [PMID: 33480591 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, an estimated 17-year-old female Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) at Fukuyama Zoo in Japan exhibited anorexia and significant weight loss. Pan-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) was isolated from vaginal discharge, oral mucus, urine, and fecal samples by culture. The isolate was identified as Mycobacterium caprae by genetic analysis. Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and levofloxacin were administered rectally. Body weight increased to normal, but subsequently decreased again. Elevation of liver enzymes occurred, likely related to the increase in isoniazid dosage. After recovery from side effects, the elephant's weight increased further. However, isoniazid-resistant M. caprae was isolated from oral mucus after anti-tuberculosis drug treatment for 9 mo. The regimen was changed to rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and levofloxacin, administered orally or rectally. The 18-mo treatment was completed in October 2018. This elephant has shown no clinical sign since. No MTBC-positive sample had been obtained as of March 2020.
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13
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Thomas J, Balseiro A, Gortázar C, Risalde MA. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review. Vet Res 2021; 52:31. [PMID: 33627188 PMCID: PMC7905575 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-host disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Due to its impact on economy, sanitary standards of milk and meat industry, public health and conservation, TB control is an actively ongoing research subject. Several wildlife species are involved in the maintenance and transmission of TB, so that new approaches to wildlife TB diagnosis have gained relevance in recent years. Diagnosis is a paramount step for screening, epidemiological investigation, as well as for ensuring the success of control strategies such as vaccination trials. This is the first review that systematically addresses data available for the diagnosis of TB in wildlife following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The article also gives an overview of the factors related to host, environment, sampling, and diagnostic techniques which can affect test performance. After three screenings, 124 articles were considered for systematic review. Literature indicates that post-mortem examination and culture are useful methods for disease surveillance, but immunological diagnostic tests based on cellular and humoral immune response detection are gaining importance in wildlife TB diagnosis. Among them, serological tests are especially useful in wildlife because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to perform, facilitate large-scale surveillance and can be used both ante- and post-mortem. Currently available studies assessed test performance mostly in cervids, European badgers, wild suids and wild bovids. Research to improve diagnostic tests for wildlife TB diagnosis is still needed in order to reach accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic techniques adequate to a broad range of target species and consistent over space and time to allow proper disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Thomas
- Sanidad Y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC), 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain. .,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Sanidad Y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC), 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía Y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas Y Toxicología. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014, Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica Y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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14
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de Waal CR, Kleynhans L, Parsons SDC, Goosen WJ, Hausler G, Buss PE, Warren RM, van Helden PD, Landolfi JA, Miller MA, Kerr TJ. Development of a cytokine gene expression assay for the relative quantification of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) cell-mediated immune responses. Cytokine 2021; 141:155453. [PMID: 33548797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunological assays are the basis for many diagnostic tests for infectious diseases in animals and humans. Application in wildlife species, including the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), is limited however due to lack of information on immune responses. Since many immunoassays require both identified biomarkers of immune activation as well as species-specific reagents, it is crucial to have knowledge of basic immunological responses in the species of interest. Cytokine gene expression assays (GEAs) used to measure specific immune responses in wildlife have frequently shown that targeted biomarkers are often species-specific. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify elephant-specific cytokine biomarkers to detect immune activation and to develop a GEA, using pokeweed mitogen stimulated whole blood from African elephants. This assay will provide the foundation for the development of future cytokine GEAs that can be used to detect antigen specific immune responses and potentially lead to various diagnostic tests for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice R de Waal
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sven D C Parsons
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Guy Hausler
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter E Buss
- South African National Parks, Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Robin M Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A Landolfi
- University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Michele A Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanya J Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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15
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Kerr TJ, Goosen WJ, Gumbo R, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Pretorius O, Buss PE, Kleynhans L, Lyashchenko KP, Warren RM, van Helden PD, Miller MA. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in free-ranging common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:378-384. [PMID: 33423384 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection, is a multi-host disease which negatively affects the wildlife industry, with adverse consequences for conservation, ecotourism, and game/wildlife sales. Although interspecies transmission has been reported between some wildlife hosts, the risk of spread in complex ecosystems is largely unknown. As a controlled disease, tools for accurate detection of M. bovis infection are crucial for effective surveillance and management, especially in wildlife populations. There are, however, limited species-specific diagnostic tests available for wildlife. Hippopotamuses are rarely tested for M. bovis infection, and infection has not previously been confirmed in these species. In this study, blood and tissue samples collected from common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) residing in a bTB-endemic area, the Greater Kruger Protected area (GKPA), were retrospectively screened to determine whether there was evidence for interspecies transmission of M. bovis, and identify tools for M. bovis detection in this species. Using the multi-species DPP® VetTB serological assay, a bTB seroprevalence of 8% was found in hippopotamus from GKPA. In addition, the first confirmed case of M. bovis infection in a free-ranging common hippopotamus is reported, based on the isolation in mycobacterial culture, genetic speciation and detection of DNA in tissue samples. Importantly, the M. bovis spoligotype (SB0121) isolated from this common hippopotamus is shared with other M. bovis-infected hosts in GKPA, suggesting interspecies transmission. These results support the hypothesis that M. bovis infection may be under recognized in hippopotamus. Further investigation is needed to determine the risk of interspecies transmission of M. bovis to common hippopotamus in bTB-endemic ecosystems and evaluate serological and other diagnostic tools in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J Kerr
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rachiel Gumbo
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Skukuza State Veterinary Office, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Oonagh Pretorius
- Bushbuckridge South State Veterinary Office, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Mkhuhlu, South Africa
| | - Peter E Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Robin M Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele A Miller
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Songthammanuphap S, Puthong S, Pongma C, Buakeaw A, Prammananan T, Warit S, Tipkantha W, Kaewkhunjob E, Yindeeyoungyeon W, Palaga T. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) using an interferon gamma release assay in a captive elephant herd. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14551. [PMID: 32883961 PMCID: PMC7471291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is highly contagious disease that can be transmitted between humans and animals. Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity live in close contact with humans in many Asian countries. In this study, we developed an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) for elephant TB detection using antigens from the MTB complex (MTBC) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) as stimulating antigens (PPD, ESAT6, CFP10) to elicit a cell-mediated immune response (CMIR). The developed assay was applied to an elephant herd of more than 60 animals in Thailand, and the results were compared with those obtained through serological detection. IGRA has sufficient sensitivity for detecting elephant interferon gamma (eIFNγ) from specific antigen-stimulated PBMCs. Among 60 animals tested, 20 samples (33.3%) showed negative results for both MTBC and NTM infection. Eighteen samples (30%) showed positive responses against PPD from M. bovis and/or ESAT6 and CFP10, indicating MTBC infection. In contrast, only 15.6% showed seropositivity in a commercial serological test kit for elephant TB. The discrepancies between serological and CMIR highlight that the two methods may detect different stages of elephant TB. Therefore, employing both tests may enable them to complement each other in correctly identifying elephants that have been exposed to MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkiat Songthammanuphap
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Microbial Technology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Songchan Puthong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chitsuda Pongma
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Inter-Department Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anumart Buakeaw
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Therdsak Prammananan
- The National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Saradee Warit
- The National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanlaya Tipkantha
- The Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Bureau of Conservation and Research, Pracharat Sai 1 Road, BangSue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Erngsiri Kaewkhunjob
- The Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Bureau of Conservation and Research, Pracharat Sai 1 Road, BangSue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Wandee Yindeeyoungyeon
- The National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Microbial Technology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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17
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Ashford RT, Anderson P, Waring L, Davé D, Smith F, Delahay RJ, Gormley E, Chambers MA, Sawyer J, Lesellier S. Evaluation of the Dual Path Platform (DPP) VetTB assay for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers. Prev Vet Med 2020; 180:105005. [PMID: 32473415 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, represents a major animal health issue. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, European badgers (Meles meles) have been shown to act as a reservoir of M. bovis infection, hindering the eradication of bTB in livestock. The availability of suitable diagnostic assays, particularly those that may be applied in a "trap-side" setting, would facilitate the implementation of a wider range of disease control strategies. Here we evaluate the Dual Path Platform (DPP) VetTB assay, a lateral-flow type test for detecting antibodies to M. bovis antigens (MPB83 and ESAT-6/CFP-10). Both serum and whole blood were evaluated as diagnostic samples. Additionally, two methods were evaluated for interpretation of test results (qualitative interpretation by eye and quantitative measurement using an optical reader). The antibody response to MPB83 detected by the DPP VetTB assay increased significantly following experimental M. bovis infection of badgers, whilst the response to ESAT-6/CFP-10 showed no significant change. In sera from TB-free captive and naturally M. bovis infected wild badgers the MPB83 response exhibited a sensitivity of 55 % by eye and quantitative reader (95 % CI: 40-71 and 38-71, respectively), with slightly lower specificity when read by eye (93 % compared to 98 %; 95 % CI: 85-100 and 90-100, respectively). In whole blood, the DPP VetTB assay MPB83 response exhibited a sensitivity of 65 % (95 % CI: 50-80) when interpreted by eye and 53 % (95 % CI: 36-69) using quantitative values, whilst the specificity was 94 % and 98 % respectively (95 % CI: 88-100 and 90-100). Comparison with contemporaneous diagnostic test results from putatively naturally infected and TB-free badgers demonstrated varying levels of agreement. Using sera from naturally M. bovis infected and TB-free badgers, with post mortem confirmation of disease status, the DPP VetTB assay exhibited a sensitivity of 60 % (95 % CI: 41-77) when interpreted using quantitative values (specificity 95 %; 95 % CI: 76-100), and 67 % (95 % CI: 50-84) when read by eye (specificity 95 %; 95 % CI: 86-100). Further work is required to robustly characterize the DPP VetTB assay's performance in a wider selection of samples, and in the practical and epidemiological contexts in which it may be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland T Ashford
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Anderson
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Waring
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, GL10 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dipesh Davé
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Freya Smith
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, GL10 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Nympsfield, Gloucestershire, GL10 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Veterinary Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark A Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, CS 40009 54220, Malzéville, Nancy, France
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18
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Lyashchenko KP, Sridhara AA, Johnathan-Lee A, Sikar-Gang A, Lambotte P, Esfandiari J, Bernitz N, Kerr TJ, Miller MA, Waters WR. Differential antigen recognition by serum antibodies from three bovid hosts of Mycobacterium bovis infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Courcier EA, Pascual-Linaza AV, Arnold ME, McCormick CM, Corbett DM, O'Hagan MJH, Collins SF, Trimble NA, McGeown CF, McHugh GE, McBride KR, McNair J, Thompson S, Patterson IAP, Menzies FD. Evaluating the application of the dual path platform VetTB test for badgers (Meles meles) in the test and vaccinate or remove (TVR) wildlife research intervention project in Northern Ireland. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:170-178. [PMID: 32197169 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
European badgers (Meles meles) are accepted as a wildlife reservoir host for Mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the British Isles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Dual Path Platform (DPP) VetTB test (Chembio Diagnostic Systems Inc., Medford, NY, USA) within a Test and Vaccinate or Remove (TVR) wildlife research intervention project. Blood samples were collected from 456 individual badgers, trapped in 2015 and 2016, and tested in the field with DPP VetTB test using whole blood. Additionally, whole blood and serum samples were taken to the laboratory for further DPP VetTB testing and for gamma interferon (IFN-γ) testing. Swabs were taken from the oropharynx and trachea and submitted for bacteriological culture as were swabs from wounds, if present. Field DPP VetTB test positive badgers were euthanised and underwent post-mortem examination and bTB confirmatory testing. The results demonstrated that the test performed as well in the field using whole blood as DPP Vet TB tests in the laboratory using sera or whole blood, and as well as other established tests for M. bovis. Visual assessment of the DPP VetTB test using serum under laboratory conditions showed a high degree of consistency between raters. Using a relative gold standard (parallel interpretation of IFN-γ assay and oropharyngeal/tracheal sample/culture), sensitivity estimates for the DPP VetTB test using sera and whole blood were 0.5 (95%CI 0.34-0.66) and 0.42 (95%CI 0.24-0.66), respectively. Specificity estimates were 0.95 (95%CI 0.93-0.97) for sera and 0.89 (95%CI 0.86-0.92) for whole blood. Parallel interpretation of Band 1 (MPB83) and Band 2 (CFP-10/ESAT-6) of the DPP VetTB test was not superior to interpretation of Band 1 only. The results give confidence in the reliability and reproducibility of the DPP VetTB test for badgers under field conditions and therefore it is considered appropriate for use in a badger bTB control campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Courcier
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - A V Pascual-Linaza
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - M E Arnold
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Sutton Bonington, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RB, England, UK
| | - C M McCormick
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK; Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - D M Corbett
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - M J H O'Hagan
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - S F Collins
- TVR Field Implementation Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Glenree House, Springhill Road, Newry BT35 6EF, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - N A Trimble
- TVR Field Implementation Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Glenree House, Springhill Road, Newry BT35 6EF, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - C F McGeown
- TVR Field Implementation Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Glenree House, Springhill Road, Newry BT35 6EF, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - G E McHugh
- TVR Field Implementation Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Glenree House, Springhill Road, Newry BT35 6EF, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - K R McBride
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - J McNair
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - S Thompson
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - I A P Patterson
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - F D Menzies
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast BT4 3SB, Northern Ireland, UK
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Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Free-Ranging African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Kruger National Park, South Africa. J Wildl Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.7589/2018-12-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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OUTBREAK OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN A HERD OF CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS): ANTEMORTEM DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND LESSONS LEARNED. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 49:748-754. [PMID: 30212332 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0200.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) was diagnosed in four Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus) in a zoo in the United States. The first case was detected by isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during routine trunk wash (TW) culture testing of a herd of eight elephants. Retrospective antibody analyses revealed seroconversion 1 yr before diagnosis. Serological testing of the whole elephant herd identified two additional suspect bulls with detectable antibody, but which remained culture-negative and had no clinical signs of disease. In the following months, M. tuberculosis, identical to the isolate from the index case, was isolated from TW samples of these two elephants. A fourth elephant seroconverted nearly 4 yr after the first TB case was detected, and M. tuberculosis was isolated from a TW sample collected 1 mo later. All four infected elephants received anti-TB therapy. Two treated elephants were eventually euthanized for reasons unrelated to M. tuberculosis and found to be culture-negative on necropsy, although one of them had PCR-positive lung lesions. One infected animal had to be euthanized due to development of a drug-resistant strain of M. tuberculosis; this animal did not undergo postmortem examination due to risk of staff exposure. The fourth animal is currently on treatment. Serial serological and culture results of the other four herd mates have remained negative.
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Serological reactivity to MPB83 and CFP10/ESAT-6 antigens in three suid hosts of Mycobacterium bovis infection. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:285-288. [PMID: 31383314 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Domestic pigs and wild suids are susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection and may even serve as reservoir hosts in some situations. Therefore, detection of infected animals is important for understanding their role in the epidemiology of the disease as well as for management and control of bovine tuberculosis. Infected suids develop strong humoral responses, making serological screening a feasible approach to disease surveillance. However, to optimize sensitivity of the antibody assays, it is necessary to identify and incorporate immunodominant antigens recognized by the target species. The objective of this study was to characterize the antigen recognition by three suid species in a commercially available serological test, DPP VetTB Assay. Serum samples from naturally M. bovis-infected domestic pigs, wild boar and common warthogs were tested. MPB83 protein appeared to be the immunodominant antigen recognized by antibodies in all three species. Overall test sensitivity was increased in wild suids when seroreactivity to CFP10/ESAT-6 antigen was included. Infected animals with visible lesions showed more robust antibody responses than those without gross lesions. The high sensitivity and specificity of the DPP VetTB Assay demonstrated in the present study supports the utility of antibody tests employing these antigens in serological screening of the suid species for M. bovis infection.
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Yoshida S, Suga S, Ishikawa S, Mukai Y, Tsuyuguchi K, Inoue Y, Yamamoto T, Wada T. Mycobacterium caprae Infection in Captive Borneo Elephant, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1937-1940. [PMID: 30226170 PMCID: PMC6154153 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.180018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, disseminated tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium caprae was diagnosed in a captive Borneo elephant in Japan. The bacterium was initially identified from clinical isolates. An isolate collected during a relapse showed isoniazid monoresistance and a codon 315 katG mutation.
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24
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Miller MA, Buss P, Roos EO, Hausler G, Dippenaar A, Mitchell E, van Schalkwyk L, Robbe-Austerman S, Waters WR, Sikar-Gang A, Lyashchenko KP, Parsons SDC, Warren R, van Helden P. Fatal Tuberculosis in a Free-Ranging African Elephant and One Health Implications of Human Pathogens in Wildlife. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:18. [PMID: 30788347 PMCID: PMC6373532 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in humans is a global public health concern and the discovery of animal cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and disease, especially in multi-host settings, also has significant implications for public health, veterinary disease control, and conservation endeavors. This paper describes a fatal case of Mtb disease in a free-ranging African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in a high human TB burden region. Necropsy revealed extensive granulomatous pneumonia, from which Mtb was isolated and identified as a member of LAM3/F11 lineage; a common lineage found in humans in South Africa. These findings are contextualized within a framework of emerging Mtb disease in wildlife globally and highlights the importance of the One Health paradigm in addressing this anthroponotic threat to wildlife and the zoonotic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Eduard O Roos
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Guy Hausler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emily Mitchell
- Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens, South African Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Louis van Schalkwyk
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Skukuza State Veterinary Office, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - W Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Sven D C Parsons
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul van Helden
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Serodiagnosis of elephant tuberculosis: a useful tool for early identification of infected elephants at the captive-wild interface. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Rapid design and fielding of four diagnostic technologies in Sierra Leone, Thailand, Peru, and Australia: Successes and challenges faced introducing these biosensors. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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27
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Palmer MV. Emerging Understanding of Tuberculosis and the Granuloma by Comparative Analysis in Humans, Cattle, Zebrafish, and Nonhuman Primates. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:8-10. [PMID: 29254474 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817712795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V Palmer
- 1 Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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28
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Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in elephants. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:481-488. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTuberculosis (TB) has been known to affect elephants for thousands of years. It was put into spotlight when few circus elephants were diagnosed carryingMycobacterium(M.)tuberculosis. Because of the zoonotic risk and high susceptibility toM. tuberculosis, periodic testing was enacted since, in captive breeding programmes. Presently, trunk wash is the recommended diagnostic procedure for TB. Trunk wash, however, puts the operator at risk, has low sensitivity, and is prone to contamination. Here, bronchoalveolar lavage is described for the first time for TB diagnosis in elephants. Bronchial, trunk and mouth fluids were investigated using bacterial culture,M. tuberculosiscomplex (MTC)-specific real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and mycobacterial genus-specific qPCR for overall presence of mycobacteria or mycobacterial DNA including bacteria or DNA of closely related genera, respectively, in 14 elephants. Neither bacteria of the MTC nor their DNA were identified in any of the elephants. Yet, 25% of the cultures grew non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or closely related bacterial species. Furthermore, 85% of the samples contained DNA of NTM or closely related bacterial genera. This finding might explain continued false-positive results from various serological tests. From a zoonotic point of view, bronchoalveolar lavage is safer for the testing personal, has higher probability of capturing MTC and, through PCR, identifies DNA NTM in elephants. Yet, necessary endoscopic equipment, animal sedation and access to a TB reference laboratory might pose challenging requirements in remote conditions in some elephant range countries.
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29
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Lyashchenko KP, Gortázar C, Miller MA, Waters WR. Spectrum of antibody profiles in tuberculous elephants, cervids, and cattle. Vet Microbiol 2017; 214:89-92. [PMID: 29408038 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Using multi-antigen print immunoassay and DPP® VetTB Assay approved in the United States for testing captive cervids and elephants, we analyzed antibody recognition of MPB83 and CFP10/ESAT-6 antigens in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), fallow deer (Dama dama), elk (Cervus elaphus), and cattle (Bos taurus) infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Serum IgG reactivity to MPB83 was found in the vast majority of tuberculous cattle and cervid species among which white-tailed deer and elk also showed significant CFP10/ESAT-6 recognition rates with added serodiagnostic value. In contrast, the infected elephants developed antibody responses mainly to CFP10/ESAT-6 with MPB83 reactivity being relatively low. The findings demonstrate distinct patterns of predominant antigen recognition by different animal hosts in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Michele A Miller
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - W Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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30
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Rosen LE, Hanyire TG, Dawson J, Foggin CM, Michel AL, Huyvaert KP, Miller MA, Olea-Popelka FJ. Tuberculosis serosurveillance and management practices of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e344-e354. [PMID: 29143466 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transfrontier conservation areas represent an international effort to encourage conservation and sustainable development. Their success faces a number of challenges, including disease management in wildlife, livestock and humans. Tuberculosis (TB) affects humans and a multitude of non-human animal species and is of particular concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area encompasses five countries, including Zimbabwe, and is home to the largest contiguous population of free-ranging elephants in Africa. Elephants are known to be susceptible to TB; thus, understanding TB status, exposure and transmission risks to and from elephants in this area is of interest for both conservation and human health. To assess risk factors for TB seroprevalence, a questionnaire was used to collect data regarding elephant management at four ecotourism facilities offering elephant-back tourist rides in the Victoria Falls area of Zimbabwe. Thirty-five working African elephants were screened for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex antibodies using the ElephantTB Stat-Pak and the DPP VetTB Assay for elephants. Six of 35 elephants (17.1%) were seropositive. The risk factor most important for seropositive status was time in captivity. This is the first study to assess TB seroprevalence and risk factors in working African elephants in their home range. Our findings will provide a foundation to develop guidelines to protect the health of captive and free-ranging elephants in the southern African context, as well as elephant handlers through simple interventions. Minimizing exposure through shared feed with other wildlife, routine TB testing of elephant handlers and regular serological screening of elephants are recommended as preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rosen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - T G Hanyire
- Wildlife Veterinary Unit, Department of Livestock and Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J Dawson
- Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
| | - C M Foggin
- Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
| | - A L Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K P Huyvaert
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M A Miller
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F J Olea-Popelka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Applied Veterinary Epidemiology Research Group, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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31
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Point of Care Tuberculosis Sero-Diagnosis Kit for Wild Animals: Combination of Proteins for Improving the Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 58:81-92. [PMID: 29434401 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a significant problem globally for domestic animals as well as captive and free ranging wild life. Rapid point of care (POC) serology kits are well suited for the diagnosis of TB in wild animals. However, wild animals are invariably exposed to environmental non-pathogenic mycobacterium species with the development of cross reacting antibodies. In the present study, POC TB diagnosis kit was developed using a combination of pathogenic Mycobacteria specific recombinant antigens and purified protein derivatives of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Mycobacteria. To benchmark the TB antibody detection kit, particularly in respect to specificity which could not be determined in wildlife due to the lack of samples from confirmed uninfected animals, we first tested well-characterized sera from 100 M. bovis infected and 100 uninfected cattle. Then we investigated the kit's performance using sera samples from wildlife, namely Sloth Bears (n = 74), Elephants (n = 9), Cervidae (n = 14), Felidae (n = 21), Cape buffalo (n = 2), Wild bear (n = 1) and Wild dog (n = 1).In cattle, a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 90% were obtained. The diagnostic sensitivity of the kit was 94% when the kit was tested using known TB positive sloth bear sera samples. 47.4% of the in-contact sloth bears turned seropositive using the rapid POC TB diagnostic kit. Seropositivity in other wild animals was 25% when the sera samples were tested using the kit. A point of care TB sero-diagnostic kit with the combination of proteins was developed and the kit was validated using the sera samples of wild animals.
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32
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Rapid screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in clinical elephant trunk wash samples. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:52-58. [PMID: 28126601 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can infect and be transmitted between elephants and humans. In elephants, the 'gold standard' reference test for detection of tuberculosis is culture, which takes a minimum of eight weeks for results and has limited sensitivity. A screening test that is rapid, easily implemented, and accurate is needed to aid in diagnosis of tuberculosis in elephants. Ninety-nine clinical trunk wash samples obtained from 33 elephants were utilized to validate three molecular extraction techniques followed by a polymerase chain reaction for detection of M. tuberculosis. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were estimated compared to culture. Kappa coefficients were determined between molecular results and various culture categories and serological test results. An internal amplification control was developed and assessed to monitor for PCR inhibition. One molecular test (the Column method) outperformed the other two, with diagnostic sensitivity and kappa agreement estimates of 100% (CI 57-100) and 0.46 (CI 0.2-0.74), respectively, compared to culture alone. The percentage of molecular-positive/culture-negative samples was 8.4% overall. The molecular extraction technique followed by PCR provides a much-needed rapid screening tool for detection of tuberculosis in elephants. Immediate procedures can be implemented to further assess PCR-positive animals and provide personnel biosecurity. While a positive result is not a definitive test for elephant tuberculosis, the molecular test results can be used to support current diagnostic procedures applied by veterinarians for treatment decisions to prevent the spread of tuberculosis in elephants.
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33
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Paudel S, Brown JL, Thapaliya S, Dhakal IP, Mikota SK, Gairhe KP, Shimozuru M, Tsubota T. Comparison of cortisol and thyroid hormones between tuberculosis-suspect and healthy elephants of Nepal. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1713-1716. [PMID: 27452878 PMCID: PMC5138427 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared cortisol and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) concentrations between tuberculosis
(TB)-suspected (n=10) and healthy (n=10) elephants of Nepal. Whole blood was collected
from captive elephants throughout Nepal, and TB testing was performed using the ElephantTB
STAT-PAK® and DPP VetTB® serological assays that detect antibodies
against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis in
elephant serum. Cortisol, T3 and T4 were quantified by competitive enzyme immunoassays,
and the results showed no significant differences in hormone concentrations between
TB-suspect and healthy elephants. These preliminary data suggest neither adrenal nor
thyroid function is altered by TB disease status. However, more elephants, including those
positively diagnosed for TB by trunk wash cultures, need to be evaluated over time to
confirm results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarad Paudel
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Yakubu Y, Ong BL, Zakaria Z, Hassan L, Mutalib AR, Ngeow YF, Verasahib K, Razak MFAA. Evidence and potential risk factors of tuberculosis among captive Asian elephants and wildlife staff in Peninsular Malaysia. Prev Vet Med 2016; 125:147-53. [PMID: 26775804 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Elephant tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with considerable conservation and public health risk. We conducted prospective cohort and cross-sectional studies in elephants and wildlife staff respectively in order to identify potential risk factors associated with TB in captive Asian elephants and their handlers in Peninsular Malaysia. Sixty elephants in six different facilities were screened for TB longitudinally using the ElephantTB STAT-PAK and DPP VetTB assays from February 2012 to May 2014, and 149 wildlife staff were examined for tuberculosis infection using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube (QFT) assay from January to April, 2012. Information on potential risk factors associated with infection in both elephants and staff were collected using questionnaires and facility records. The overall seroprevalence of TB amongst the elephants was 23.3% (95% CI: 13.8-36.3) and the risk of seroconversion was significantly higher among elephants with assigned mahouts [p=0.022, OR=4.9 (95% CI: 1.3-18.2)]. The percentage of QFT responders among wildlife staff was 24.8% (95% CI: 18.3-32.7) and the risk of infection was observed to be significantly associated with being a zoo employee [p=0.018, OR=2.7 (95% CI: 1.2-6.3)] or elephant handler [p=0.035, OR=4.1 (95% CI: 1.1-15.5)]. These findings revealed a potential risk of TB infection in captive elephants and handlers in Malaysia, and emphasize the need for TB screening of newly acquired elephants, isolating sero-positive elephants and performing further diagnostic tests to determine their infection status, and screening elephant handlers for TB, pre- and post-employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Yakubu
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Darul-Ehsan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia(1)(2)
| | - Bee Lee Ong
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Darul-Ehsan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia(1)(2); Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Darul-Ehsan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia(1)(2)
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Darul-Ehsan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia(1)(2)
| | - Abdul Rahim Mutalib
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Darul-Ehsan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia(1)(2)
| | - Yun Fong Ngeow
- Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia(3); Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Khebir Verasahib
- Ministry of Health, 62590 Putrajaya, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
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Ramos DF, Silva PEA, Dellagostin OA. Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis: review of main techniques. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:830-7. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.23613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) remains an important economic and zoonotic problem in Latin America. Traditionally, the fight against BTB is initiated by the implementation of routine diagnostic tests for certification of free properties. The diagnosis of BTB can be made by direct and indirect methods, in which we can mention clinical, post mortem, histopathological, immunological, bacteriological and molecular methods. The renewal of scientific interest in tuberculosis in recent year has led to develop and improve methods of diagnosis, prevention, control and eradication of BTB. The aim of this review is to present and discuss different diagnosis methods of BTB.
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Potential for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis in black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:100-4. [PMID: 25831581 DOI: 10.1638/2014-0172r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was diagnosed postmortem in a captive 33-yr-old male black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) after a nonspecific illness in April 2013. Retrospective testing of sera from this individual revealed that it had been seroreactive by ElephantTB STAT-PAK, dual-path platform VetTB, and multi-antigen print immunoassay for over 12 yr prior to death. Although samples collected at the time of intradermal tuberculin test performed in October 2000 were nonreactive in all three serologic assays, the animal appeared to seroconvert approximately 2.5 wk after the skin test administration. The antibody response remained detectable for the duration of the animal's life (12+ yr), indicating ongoing immunologic stimulation. The current case report supports the use of serologic assays for diagnosis of TB in black rhinoceros and may provide information for earlier detection. However, further research is needed to develop tools for recognition of mycobacterial infections in rhinoceros.
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Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) with a newborn calf. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:77-85. [PMID: 25831579 DOI: 10.1638/2014-0024r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, five Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were imported to Taronga Zoo, Australia, from Thailand. Pre-import and initial postarrival tuberculosis screening was performed by trunk wash (TW) culture and was negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In April 2009, the ElephantTB STAT-PAK (SP) assay was used to test the elephants. A 15.5-yr-old pregnant cow was reactive. TW frequency for this cow was increased from annually to quarterly. TW cultures remained negative on all other elephants. In February 2010, the Dual Path Platform (DPP) VetTB assay was used for the first time, and the SP-reactive cow also reacted on the DPP. A SP was run concurrently and was reactive. All other elephants were nonreactive on both assays. Treatment was not initiated due to concern about the effect of antituberculous drugs on the fetus. Quarterly TW cultures continued. The cow gave birth on 2 November 2010. A routine TW on 24 November 2010 was culture positive for M. tuberculosis. Although previous shedding could not be ruled out, reactivation of latent infection or exacerbation of subclinical disease due to parturition was suspected. Treatment with isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, and ethambutol commenced. A 12-mo treatment course was completed within a 15-mo period. The isolate was susceptible to these drugs and genotyped as a Beijing strain. Stored serum samples from 2004 and 2006 were tested retrospectively and were reactive on SP and DPP. TW, SP, and DPP screening frequency increased to monthly for the positive cow on commencement of treatment in January 2011. Monthly serum biochemistry indicated drug-induced hepatitis. Therapeutic drug monitoring was conducted to ensure therapeutic levels were achieved. The infant calf was reactive on DPP, but TW culture negative, and was not treated. Serial DPP results for the cow and calf during and after treatment indicated that the antibody levels were declining, suggesting a favorable response to therapy in the dam, and that the origin of the antibodies in the calf were maternal, rather than a response to infection.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in elephants has been described since ancient times. However, it was not until 1996 when infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in a herd of circus elephants that significant research into this disease began. The epidemiology and natural history of TB were unknown in elephants since there had been no comprehensive screening programs, and diagnostic techniques developed for cervidae and bovidae were of unknown value. And, while precepts of test and slaughter were the norm for cattle and deer, this was considered untenable for an endangered species. With no precedent for the treatment of TB in animals, treatment regimens for elephants were extrapolated from human protocols, which guided changes to the Guidelines for the Control of Tuberculosis in Elephants. In the absence of diagnostic testing to confirm cure in elephants, the efficacy of these treatment regimens is only beginning to be understood as treated elephants die and are examined postmortem. However, because of pressures arising from public relations related to elephant husbandry and the added considerations of TB infection in animals (whether real or imagined), sharing of information to aid in research and treatment has been problematic. Here we review the challenges and successes of the diagnosis of tuberculosis in elephants and discuss the natural history of the disease to put the work of Landolfi et al on the immunological response to tuberculosis in elephants in perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Maslow
- Chief Division of Infectious Diseases, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
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Tuberculosis surveillance of elephants (Elephas maximus) in Nepal at the captive-wild interface. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-014-0890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Landolfi JA, Terio KA, Miller M, Junecko BF, Reinhart T. Pulmonary tuberculosis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): histologic lesions with correlation to local immune responses. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:535-42. [PMID: 25228055 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814548517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is an important health concern for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), no studies have evaluated the associated local immune responses or histologic lesions. In primates including humans, latent tuberculosis is distinguished by well-organized granulomas with TH1 cytokine expression, whereas active disease is characterized by poorly organized inflammation and local imbalance in TH1/TH2 cytokines. This study examined archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung samples from 5 tuberculosis-negative and 9 tuberculosis-positive Asian elephants. Lesions were assessed by light microscopy, and lymphoid infiltrates were characterized by CD3 and CD20 immunolabeling. Expression of TH1 (interferon [IFN]-γ, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and TH2 (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor [TGF]-β) cytokines was determined using in situ hybridization. In 6 of 9 samples, inflammation was similar to the pattern of primate active disease with low to moderate numbers of lymphocytes, most of which were CD20 positive. In 1 sample, inflammation was most similar to latent tuberculosis in primates with numerous CD3-positive lymphocytes. Expression of IFN-γ was detected in 3 of 8 tuberculosis-positive samples. Expression of TNF-α was detected in 3 of 8 positive samples, including the one with latent morphology. Low-level expression of IL-4 was present in 4 of 8 positive samples. Only single positive samples displayed expression of IL-10 and TGF-β. Tuberculosis-negative samples generally lacked cytokine expression. Results showed heterogeneity in lesions of elephant tuberculosis similar to those of latent and active disease in primates, with variable expression of both TH1 and TH2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Landolfi
- University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - K A Terio
- University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - M Miller
- DST/MRC Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - B F Junecko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARY Tuberculosis (TB) in elephants has the potential to infect humans and is an increasing public health concern. Lao PDR is one of the last countries where elephants are still used for timber extraction and where they live in close contact with their mahouts. There are 500 animals at work in the country, some interacting with wild herds. Although human TB prevalence is known to be high in Laos, studies on elephant TB had yet to be undertaken. From January to July 2012, screening was performed using the ElephantTB Stat-Pak assay on 80 elephants working around the Nam Pouy National Park in Sayaboury Province. This represents more than 18% of the total registered national working elephant population. Here we report that 36% of the elephants were seroreactive to the test. Of these, 31% had contacts with wild individuals, which suggests potential transmission of mycobacteria to the local wild herds. Clinical examination, chest X-rays, sputum microscopy and culture were performed on their 142 mahouts or owners. Despite high TB seroreactivity in elephants, no participant was smear- or culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis, although atypical mycobacteria were isolated from 4% of participants.
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Tonsils of the soft palate do not mediate the response of pigs to oral vaccination with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1128-36. [PMID: 24920604 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00221-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis causes animal tuberculosis (TB) in cattle, humans, and other mammalian species, including pigs. The goal of this study was to experimentally assess the responses of pigs with and without a history of tonsillectomy to oral vaccination with heat-inactivated M. bovis and challenge with a virulent M. bovis field strain, to compare pig and wild boar responses using the same vaccination model as previously used in the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), to evaluate the use of several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and lateral flow tests for in vivo TB diagnosis in pigs, and to verify if these tests are influenced by oral vaccination with inactivated M. bovis. At necropsy, the lesion and culture scores were 20% to 43% higher in the controls than those in the vaccinated pigs. Massive M. bovis growth from thoracic tissue samples was observed in 4 out of 9 controls but in none of the 10 vaccinated pigs. No effect of the presence or absence of tonsils was observed on these scores, suggesting that tonsils are not involved in the protective response to this vaccine in pigs. The serum antibody levels increased significantly only after challenge. At necropsy, the estimated sensitivities of the ELISAs and dual path platform (DPP) assays ranged from 89% to 94%. In the oral mucosa, no differences in gene expression were observed in the control group between the pigs with and without tonsils. In the vaccinated group, the mRNA levels for chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7), interferon beta (IFN-β), and methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) were higher in pigs with tonsils. Complement component 3 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increased with vaccination and decreased after M. bovis challenge. This information is relevant for pig production in regions that are endemic for M. bovis and for TB vaccine research.
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Beltrán-Beck B, de la Fuente J, Garrido JM, Aranaz A, Sevilla I, Villar M, Boadella M, Galindo RC, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Moreno-Cid JA, Fernández de Mera IG, Alberdi P, Santos G, Ballesteros C, Lyashchenko KP, Minguijón E, Romero B, de Juan L, Domínguez L, Juste R, Gortazar C. Oral vaccination with heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis activates the complement system to protect against tuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98048. [PMID: 24842853 PMCID: PMC4026474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a pandemic affecting billions of people worldwide, thus stressing the need for new vaccines. Defining the correlates of vaccine protection is essential to achieve this goal. In this study, we used the wild boar model for mycobacterial infection and TB to characterize the protective mechanisms elicited by a new heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine (IV). Oral vaccination with the IV resulted in significantly lower culture and lesion scores, particularly in the thorax, suggesting that the IV might provide a novel vaccine for TB control with special impact on the prevention of pulmonary disease, which is one of the limitations of current vaccines. Oral vaccination with the IV induced an adaptive antibody response and activation of the innate immune response including the complement component C3 and inflammasome. Mycobacterial DNA/RNA was not involved in inflammasome activation but increased C3 production by a still unknown mechanism. The results also suggested a protective mechanism mediated by the activation of IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells by MHC I antigen presenting dendritic cells (DCs) in response to vaccination with the IV, without a clear role for Th1 CD4+ T cells. These results support a role for DCs in triggering the immune response to the IV through a mechanism similar to the phagocyte response to PAMPs with a central role for C3 in protection against mycobacterial infection. Higher C3 levels may allow increased opsonophagocytosis and effective bacterial clearance, while interfering with CR3-mediated opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis of mycobacteria, a process that could be enhanced by specific antibodies against mycobacterial proteins induced by vaccination with the IV. These results suggest that the IV acts through novel mechanisms to protect against TB in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Joseba M. Garrido
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, C/Berreaga 1, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aranaz
- Dept. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Sevilla
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, C/Berreaga 1, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | | | - Ruth C. Galindo
- SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Esmeralda Minguijón
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, C/Berreaga 1, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Juan
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Juste
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, C/Berreaga 1, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from elephants of Nepal. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:287-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Current ante-mortem techniques for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S44-52. [PMID: 24768355 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease with implications for Public Health and having an economic impact due to decreased production and limitations to the trade. Bovine TB is subjected to official eradication campaigns mainly based on a test and slaughter policy using diagnostic assays based on the cell-mediated immune response as the intradermal tuberculin test and the gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) assay. Moreover, several diagnostic assays based on the detection of specific antibodies (Abs) have been developed in the last few years with the aim of complementing the current diagnostic techniques in the near future. This review provides an overview of the current ante-mortem diagnostic tools for diagnosis of bovine TB regarding historical background, methodologies and sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) obtained in previous studies under different epidemiological situations.
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Landolfi JA, Miller M, Maddox C, Zuckermann F, Langan JN, Terio KA. Differences in immune cell function between tuberculosis positive and negative Asian elephants. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:374-82. [PMID: 24836563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an important health concern for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) populations worldwide, however, mechanisms underlying susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are unknown. Proliferative responses assessed via brominated uridine incorporation and cytokine expression measured by real-time RT-PCR were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures from 8 tuberculosis negative and 8 positive Asian elephants. Cultures were stimulated with Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (PPD-B), M. tuberculosis culture filtrate protein (CFP)-10, and Mycobacterium avium PPD (PPD-A). Following stimulation with PPD-B, proliferation was higher (α = 0.005) in positive samples; no significant differences were detected following CFP-10 or PPD-A stimulation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, and interferon (IFN)-γ expression was greater in samples from positive elephants following stimulation with PPD-B (α = 0.025) and CFP-10 (α = 0.025 TNF-α and IL-12; α = 0.005 IFN-γ). Stimulation with PPD-A also produced enhanced IL-12 expression in positive samples (α = 0.025). Findings suggested that differences in immune cell function exist between tuberculosis positive and negative elephants. Proliferative responses and expression of TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ in response to stimulation with PPD-B and CFP-10 differ between tuberculosis positive and negative elephants, suggesting these parameters may be important to tuberculosis immunopathogenesis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Landolfi
- University of Illinois, Zoological Pathology Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Building 101, Room 0745, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Michele Miller
- Rare Species Conservatory Foundation, 1222 E Road, Loxahatchee, FL 33470, USA.
| | - Carol Maddox
- University of Illinois, Department of Pathobiology, 1219 VMVSB, 2001 South Lincoln, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Federico Zuckermann
- University of Illinois, Department of Pathobiology, 2834 VMBSC, 2001 South Lincoln, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Langan
- University of Illinois, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA.
| | - Karen A Terio
- University of Illinois, Zoological Pathology Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Building 101, Room 0745, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Waters WR, Maggioli MF, McGill JL, Lyashchenko KP, Palmer MV. Relevance of bovine tuberculosis research to the understanding of human disease: historical perspectives, approaches, and immunologic mechanisms. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:113-32. [PMID: 24636301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pioneer studies on infectious disease and immunology by Jenner, Pasteur, Koch, Von Behring, Nocard, Roux, and Ehrlich forged a path for the dual-purpose with dual benefit approach, demonstrating a profound relevance of veterinary studies for biomedical applications. Tuberculosis (TB), primarily due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, is an exemplary model for the demonstration of this concept. Early studies with cattle were instrumental in the development of the use of Koch's tuberculin as an in vivo measure of cell-mediated immunity for diagnostic purposes. Calmette and Guerin demonstrated the efficacy of an attenuated M. bovis strain (BCG) in cattle prior to use of this vaccine in humans. The interferon-γ release assay, now widely used for TB diagnosis in humans, was developed circa 1990 for use in the Australian bovine TB eradication program. More recently, M. bovis infection and vaccine efficacy studies with cattle have demonstrated a correlation of vaccine-elicited T cell central memory (TCM) responses to vaccine efficacy, correlation of specific antibody to mycobacterial burden and lesion severity, and detection of antigen-specific IL-17 responses to vaccination and infection. Additionally, positive prognostic indicators of bovine TB vaccine efficacy (i.e., responses measured after infection) include: reduced antigen-specific IFN-γ, iNOS, IL-4, and MIP1-α responses; reduced antigen-specific expansion of CD4(+) T cells; and a diminished activation profile on T cells within antigen stimulated cultures. Delayed type hypersensitivity and IFN-γ responses correlate with infection but do not necessarily correlate with lesion severity whereas antibody responses generally correlate with lesion severity. Recently, serologic tests have emerged for the detection of tuberculous animals, particularly elephants, captive cervids, and camelids. B cell aggregates are consistently detected within tuberculous lesions of humans, cattle, mice and various other species, suggesting a role for B cells in the immunopathogenesis of TB. Comparative immunology studies including partnerships of researchers with veterinary and medical perspectives will continue to provide mutual benefit to TB research in both man and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
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RETROSPECTIVE SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN TWO GEMSBOK (ORYX GAZELLE GAZELLE) AND AN ONAGER (EQUUS HEMIONUS ONAGER). J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:1036-42. [DOI: 10.1638/2013-0064r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wadhwa A, Johnson RE, Mackintosh CG, Griffin JFT, Waters WR, Bannantine JP, Eda S. Use of ethanol extract of Mycobacterium bovis for detection of specific antibodies in sera of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) with bovine tuberculosis. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:256. [PMID: 24341485 PMCID: PMC3878491 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in wildlife species poses a threat to domestic livestock in many situations. Control programs for bTB in livestock depend on testing and slaughtering the positive animals; however, the currently available diagnostic tests often have poor specificity. In our previous study, we developed a specific and sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for another mycobacterial disease – Johne’s disease, using surface antigens of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) extracted by briefly agitating the bacilli in 80% ethanol solution. The ELISA test was named ethanol vortex ELISA (EVELISA). The objective of this study is to examine whether EVELISA technique could be used to specifically detect anti-Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) antibodies in the serum of M. bovis-infected farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). We tested a total of 45 red deer serum samples, divided in 3 groups – uninfected animals (n = 15), experimentally infected with M. bovis (n = 15) and experimentally infected with MAP (n = 15). Results The presence of anti-M. bovis antibodies was tested using an ethanol extract of M. bovis. Without absorption of anti-MAP cross reactive antibodies, it was found that 13 out of the 15 MAP-infected animals showed high antibody binding. Using heat killed MAP as an absorbent of cross reactive antibodies, anti-M. bovis antibodies were detected in 86.7% of M. bovis-infected animals with minor false positive results caused by MAP infection. Conclusions The results from this study suggest that EVELISA may form a basis for a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of bTB in farmed red deer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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Field evaluation of three blood-based assays for elk (Cervus canadensis) naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Prev Vet Med 2013; 115:109-21. [PMID: 24315383 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in wild populations is very challenging due to complications imposed by the use of traditional skin tests, poor sensitivity of gold standard tests which rely on culture of M. bovis from tissues and wide variations in severity of disease. Various combinations of a lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) and the Cervid TB Stat-Pak were evaluated using two different validation approaches: a latent class analysis and classical statistical approach using culture as a gold standard. A validation subsample consisting of animals culled for population control and mortalities from capture provided an unbiased estimate of test performance for comparison. The sensitivity of the LST (0.83, 95% CI: [0.70-0.97] as a single test was similar to existing tuberculin skin tests, but the sensitivity of the FPA (0.40, 95% CI: [0.22-0.58]) and Cervid TB Stat-Pak (0.62, 95% CI: [0.41-0.83]) were lower in this population. Test performance of the LST and Cervid TB Stat-Pak in parallel was similar to the use of all three tests in parallel and inclusion of the FPA did not greatly enhance test performance. Prevalence of M. bovis in elk varied substantially between the high risk area of southern Manitoba (9.1%, 95% CI: [6.09-12.1%]) and lower risk areas outside this zone (0.76%, 95% CI: [0-2.26%]). Bayesian latent class analysis indicated lack of covariance between the two antibody tests (FPA and Cervid TB Stat-Pak) while the classical two-stage analysis indicated there was conditional dependence between the tests. All three tests when used in parallel resulted in 100% NPV using all three validation methods, indicating few elk were misclassified as false negative by post mortem culture. Similar to previous studies, this study found that combinations of blood tests that utilize cell mediated responses along with humoral antibody responses maximize the sensitivity of tests for diagnosis of M. bovis in wild cervid populations.
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