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Tang W, Xie H, Ye Z, Eick-Cost AA, Scheckelhoff M, Gustin CE, Bream JH, Plant EP. Post-vaccination serum cytokines levels correlate with breakthrough influenza infections. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1174. [PMID: 36670200 PMCID: PMC9857916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-vaccination cytokine levels from 256 young adults who subsequently suffered breakthrough influenza infections were compared with matched controls. Modulation within the immune system is important for eliciting a protective response, and the optimal response differs according to vaccine formulation and delivery. For both inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) lower levels of IL-8 were observed in post-vaccination sera. Post-vaccination antibody levels were higher and IFN-γ levels were lower in IIV sera compared to LAIV sera. Subjects who suffered breakthrough infections after IIV vaccination had higher levels of sCD25 compared to the control group. There were differences in LAIV post-vaccination interleukin levels for subjects who subsequently suffered breakthrough infections, but these differences were masked in subjects who received concomitant vaccines. Wide variances, sex-based differences and confounders such as concomitant vaccines thwart the establishment of specific cytokine responses as a correlate of protection, but our results provide real world evidence that the status of the immune system following vaccination is important for successful vaccination and subsequent protection against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Tang
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Angelia A Eick-Cost
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mark Scheckelhoff
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Courtney E Gustin
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ewan P Plant
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Smith K, Garman L, Norris K, Muther J, Duke A, Engler RJM, Nelson MR, Collins LC, Spooner C, Guthridge C, James JA. Insufficient Anthrax Lethal Toxin Neutralization Is Associated with Antibody Subclass and Domain Specificity in the Plasma of Anthrax-Vaccinated Individuals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061204. [PMID: 34199431 PMCID: PMC8229884 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) is a significant line of defense against bioterrorist attack from Bacillus anthracis spores. However, in a subset of individuals, this vaccine may produce a suboptimal quantity of anti-protective antigen (PA), antibodies that are poorly neutralizing, and/or antibody titers that wane over time, necessitating annual boosters. To study individuals with such poor responses, we examine the properties of anti-PA in a subset of vaccinated individuals that make significant quantities of antibody but are still unable to neutralize toxin. In this cohort, characterized by poorly neutralizing antibody, we find that increased IgG4 to IgG1 subclass ratios, low antibody avidity, and insufficient antibody targeting domain 4 associate with improper neutralization. Thus, future vaccines and vaccination schedules should be formulated to improve these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Smith
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.N.); (J.M.); (A.D.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (J.A.J.); Tel.: +1-405-271-3275 (K.S.); +1-405-271-4987 (J.A.J.)
| | - Lori Garman
- Department of Genes and Human Disease, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Kathleen Norris
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.N.); (J.M.); (A.D.); (C.G.)
| | - Jennifer Muther
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.N.); (J.M.); (A.D.); (C.G.)
| | - Angie Duke
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.N.); (J.M.); (A.D.); (C.G.)
| | - Renata J. M. Engler
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (R.J.M.E.); (M.R.N.); (L.C.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Michael R. Nelson
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (R.J.M.E.); (M.R.N.); (L.C.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Limone C. Collins
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (R.J.M.E.); (M.R.N.); (L.C.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Christina Spooner
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (R.J.M.E.); (M.R.N.); (L.C.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Carla Guthridge
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.N.); (J.M.); (A.D.); (C.G.)
| | - Judith A. James
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.N.); (J.M.); (A.D.); (C.G.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, 1000 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (J.A.J.); Tel.: +1-405-271-3275 (K.S.); +1-405-271-4987 (J.A.J.)
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