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Senkpeil L, Bhardwaj J, Little MR, Holla P, Upadhye A, Fusco EM, Swanson PA, Wiegand RE, Macklin MD, Bi K, Flynn BJ, Yamamoto A, Gaskin EL, Sather DN, Oblak AL, Simpson E, Gao H, Haining WN, Yates KB, Liu X, Murshedkar T, Richie TL, Sim BKL, Otieno K, Kariuki S, Xuei X, Liu Y, Polidoro RB, Hoffman SL, Oneko M, Steinhardt LC, Schmidt NW, Seder RA, Tran TM. Innate immune activation restricts priming and protective efficacy of the radiation-attenuated PfSPZ malaria vaccine. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e167408. [PMID: 38687615 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A systems analysis was conducted to determine the potential molecular mechanisms underlying differential immunogenicity and protective efficacy results of a clinical trial of the radiation-attenuated whole-sporozoite PfSPZ vaccine in African infants. Innate immune activation and myeloid signatures at prevaccination baseline correlated with protection from P. falciparum parasitemia in placebo controls. These same signatures were associated with susceptibility to parasitemia among infants who received the highest and most protective PfSPZ vaccine dose. Machine learning identified spliceosome, proteosome, and resting DC signatures as prevaccination features predictive of protection after highest-dose PfSPZ vaccination, whereas baseline circumsporozoite protein-specific (CSP-specific) IgG predicted nonprotection. Prevaccination innate inflammatory and myeloid signatures were associated with higher sporozoite-specific IgG Ab response but undetectable PfSPZ-specific CD8+ T cell responses after vaccination. Consistent with these human data, innate stimulation in vivo conferred protection against infection by sporozoite injection in malaria-naive mice while diminishing the CD8+ T cell response to radiation-attenuated sporozoites. These data suggest a dichotomous role of innate stimulation for malaria protection and induction of protective immunity by whole-sporozoite malaria vaccines. The uncoupling of vaccine-induced protective immunity achieved by Abs from more protective CD8+ T cell responses suggests that PfSPZ vaccine efficacy in malaria-endemic settings may be constrained by opposing antigen presentation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leetah Senkpeil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | | | - Morgan R Little
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Prasida Holla
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Aditi Upadhye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Phillip A Swanson
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan E Wiegand
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Kevin Bi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayako Yamamoto
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik L Gaskin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Edward Simpson
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen B Yates
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kephas Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rafael B Polidoro
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Martina Oneko
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Laura C Steinhardt
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tuan M Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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2
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Zhou G, Tian Y, Tian J, Ma Q, Huang S, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Oral Immunization with Attenuated Salmonella Choleraesuis Expressing the P42 and P97 Antigens Protects Mice against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Challenge. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0236122. [PMID: 36377878 PMCID: PMC9769600 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02361-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae, Mhp) is the etiological agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), which has been associated with considerable economic losses due to reduced daily weight gain and feed efficiency. Adhesion to the cilia is important for Mhp to colonize the respiratory epithelium. Therefore, a successful vaccine must induce broad Mhp-specific immune responses at the mucosal surface. Recombinant attenuated Salmonella strains are believed to act as powerful live vaccine vectors that are able to elicit mucosal immune responses against various pathogens. To develop efficacious and inexpensive vaccines against Mhp, the immune responses and protection induced by recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines based on the P42 and P97 antigens of Mhp were evaluated. In general, the oral inoculation of recombinant rSC0016(pS-P42) or rSC0016(pS-P97) resulted in strong mucosal immunity, cell-mediated immunity, and humoral immunity, which was a mixed Th1/Th2-type response. In addition, the levels of specific IL-4 and IFN-γ in the immunized mice were increased, and the proliferation of lymphocytes was also enhanced, confirming the production of a good cellular immune response. Finally, both vaccine candidate strains were able to improve the weight loss of mice after a challenge and reduce clinical symptoms, lung pathological damage, and the inflammatory cell infiltration. These results suggest that the delivery of protective antigens with recombinant attenuated Salmonella vectors may be an effective means by which to combat Mhp infection. IMPORTANCE Mhp is the main pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a highly infectious and economically significant respiratory disease that affects pigs of all ages. As the target tissue of Mhp infections are the mucosal sites of the respiratory tract, the induction of protective immunity at the mucosal tissues is the most efficient strategy by which to block disease transmission. Because the stimulation of mucosal immune responses is efficient, Salmonella-vector oral vaccines are expected to be especially useful against mucosal-invading pathogens. In this study, we expressed the immunogenic proteins of P42 and P97 with the attenuated Salmonella Choleraesuis vector rSC0016, thereby generating a low-cost and more effective vaccine candidate against Mhp by inducing significant mucosal, humoral and cellular immunity. Furthermore, rSC0016(pS-P42) effectively prevents Mhp-induced weight loss and the pulmonary inflammation of mice. Because of the effectiveness of rSC0016(pS-P42) against Mhp infection in mice, this novel vaccine candidate strain shows great potential for its use in the pig breeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiashuo Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
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3
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Feng G, Kurtovic L, Agius PA, Aitken EH, Sacarlal J, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Rogerson SJ, Fowkes FJI, Dobaño C, Beeson JG. Induction, decay, and determinants of functional antibodies following vaccination with the RTS,S malaria vaccine in young children. BMC Med 2022; 20:289. [PMID: 36002841 PMCID: PMC9402280 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RTS,S is the first malaria vaccine recommended for implementation among young children at risk. However, vaccine efficacy is modest and short-lived. Antibodies play the major role in vaccine-induced immunity, but knowledge on the induction, decay, and determinants of antibody function is limited, especially among children. Antibodies that promote opsonic phagocytosis and other cellular functions appear to be important contributors to RTS,S immunity. METHODS We studied a phase IIb trial of RTS,S/AS02 conducted in young children in malaria-endemic regions of Mozambique. We evaluated the induction of antibodies targeting the circumsporozoite protein (CSP, vaccine antigen) that interact with Fcγ-receptors (FcRγs) and promote phagocytosis (neutrophils, monocytes, THP-1 cells), antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB) by neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cell activity, as well as the temporal kinetics of responses over 5 years of follow-up (ClinicalTrials.gov registry number NCT00197041). RESULTS RTS,S vaccination induced CSP-specific IgG with FcγRIIa and FcγRIII binding activity and promoted phagocytosis by neutrophils, THP-1 monocytes, and primary human monocytes, neutrophil ADRB activity, and NK cell activation. Responses were highly heterogenous among children, and the magnitude of neutrophil phagocytosis by antibodies was relatively modest, which may reflect modest vaccine efficacy. Induction of functional antibodies was lower among children with higher malaria exposure. Functional antibody magnitude and the functional activity of antibodies largely declined within a year post-vaccination, and decay were highest in the first 6 months, consistent with the decline in vaccine efficacy over that time. Decay rates varied for different antibody parameters and decay was slower for neutrophil phagocytosis. Biostatistical modelling suggested IgG1 and IgG3 contribute in promoting FcγR binding and phagocytosis, and IgG targeting the NANP-repeat and C-terminal regions CSP were similarly important for functional activities. CONCLUSIONS Results provide new insights to understand the modest and time-limited efficacy of RTS,S in children and the induction of antibody functional activities. Improving the induction and maintenance of antibodies that promote phagocytosis and cellular functions, and combating the negative effect of malaria exposure on vaccine responses are potential strategies for improving RTS,S efficacy and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqian Feng
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liriye Kurtovic
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Agius
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Aitken
- Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Freya J I Fowkes
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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4
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Musasia FK, Nkumama IN, Frank R, Kipkemboi V, Schneider M, Mwai K, Odera DO, Rosenkranz M, Fürle K, Kimani D, Tuju J, Njuguna P, Hamaluba M, Kapulu MC, Wardemann H, Osier FHA. Phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum ring-stage parasites predicts protection against malaria. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4098. [PMID: 35835738 PMCID: PMC9281573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-infected erythrocytes are the predominant asexual stage in the peripheral circulation but are rarely investigated in the context of acquired immunity against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Here we compare antibody-dependent phagocytosis of ring-infected parasite cultures in samples from a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study (NCT02739763). Protected volunteers did not develop clinical symptoms, maintained parasitaemia below a predefined threshold of 500 parasites/μl and were not treated until the end of the study. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis of both ring-infected and uninfected erythrocytes from parasite cultures was strongly correlated with protection. A surface proteomic analysis revealed the presence of merozoite proteins including erythrocyte binding antigen-175 and -140 on ring-infected and uninfected erythrocytes, providing an additional antibody-mediated protective mechanism for their activity beyond invasion-inhibition. Competition phagocytosis assays support the hypothesis that merozoite antigens are the key mediators of this functional activity. Targeting ring-stage parasites may contribute to the control of parasitaemia and prevention of clinical malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia K. Musasia
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene N. Nkumama
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Roland Frank
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victor Kipkemboi
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.449481.40000 0004 0427 2011Department of Biotechnology, Hochschule Rhein-Waal, Kleve, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kennedy Mwai
- grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dennis O. Odera
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Micha Rosenkranz
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Fürle
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Domitila Kimani
- grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James Tuju
- grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patricia Njuguna
- grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mainga Hamaluba
- grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Melissa C. Kapulu
- grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Faith H. A. Osier
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.33058.3d0000 0001 0155 5938Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Nacer A, Kivi G, Pert R, Juronen E, Holenya P, Aliprandini E, Amino R, Silvie O, Quinkert D, Le Duff Y, Hurley M, Reimer U, Tover A, Draper SJ, Gilbert S, Ho MM, Bowyer PW. Expanding the Malaria Antibody Toolkit: Development and Characterisation of Plasmodium falciparum RH5, CyRPA, and CSP Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:901253. [PMID: 35782147 PMCID: PMC9243361 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.901253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, an infection caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, continues to exact a significant toll on public health with over 200 million cases world-wide, and annual deaths in excess of 600,000. Considerable progress has been made to reduce malaria burden in endemic countries in the last two decades. However, parasite and mosquito resistance to frontline chemotherapies and insecticides, respectively, highlights the continuing need for the development of safe and effective vaccines. Here we describe the development of recombinant human antibodies to three target proteins from Plasmodium falciparum: reticulocyte binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5), cysteine-rich protective antigen (PfCyRPA), and circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). All three proteins are key targets in the development of vaccines for blood-stage or pre-erythrocytic stage infections. We have developed potent anti-PfRH5, PfCyRPA and PfCSP monoclonal antibodies that will prove useful tools for the standardisation of assays in preclinical research and the assessment of these antigens in clinical trials. We have generated some very potent anti-PfRH5 and anti-PfCyRPA antibodies with some clones >200 times more potent than the polyclonal anti-AMA-1 antibodies used for the evaluation of blood stage antigens. While the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are not directly comparable, the data provide evidence that these new antibodies are very good at blocking invasion. These antibodies will therefore provide a valuable resource and have potential as biological standards to help harmonise pre-clinical malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Nacer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adéla Nacer, ; Paul W. Bowyer,
| | - Gaily Kivi
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Raini Pert
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | | | - Pavlo Holenya
- Research and Development, JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rogerio Amino
- Malaria Infection & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Doris Quinkert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Le Duff
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hurley
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Reimer
- Research and Development, JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Mei Ho
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Bowyer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adéla Nacer, ; Paul W. Bowyer,
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6
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Wilder BK, Vigdorovich V, Carbonetti S, Minkah N, Hertoghs N, Raappana A, Cardamone H, Oliver BG, Trakhimets O, Kumar S, Dambrauskas N, Arredondo SA, Camargo N, Seilie AM, Murphy SC, Kappe SHI, Sather DN. Anti-TRAP/SSP2 monoclonal antibodies can inhibit sporozoite infection and may enhance protection of anti-CSP monoclonal antibodies. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:58. [PMID: 35618791 PMCID: PMC9135708 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced sterilizing protection from infection by Plasmodium parasites, the pathogens that cause malaria, will be essential in the fight against malaria as it would prevent both malaria-related disease and transmission. Stopping the relatively small number of parasites injected by the mosquito before they can migrate from the skin to the liver is an attractive means to this goal. Antibody-eliciting vaccines have been used to pursue this objective by targeting the major parasite surface protein present during this stage, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). While CSP-based vaccines have recently had encouraging success in disease reduction, this was only achieved with extremely high antibody titers and appeared less effective for a complete block of infection (i.e., sterile protection). While such disease reduction is important, these and other results indicate that strategies focusing on CSP alone may not achieve the high levels of sterile protection needed for malaria eradication. Here, we show that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing another sporozoite protein, TRAP/SSP2, exhibit a range of inhibitory activity and that these mAbs may augment CSP-based protection despite conferring no sterile protection on their own. Therefore, pursuing a multivalent subunit vaccine immunization is a promising strategy for improving infection-blocking malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Wilder
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Carbonetti
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nana Minkah
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Hertoghs
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Raappana
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hayley Cardamone
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olesya Trakhimets
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Silvia A Arredondo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annette M Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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Wang LT, Pereira LS, Kiyuka PK, Schön A, Kisalu NK, Vistein R, Dillon M, Bonilla BG, Molina-Cruz A, Barillas-Mury C, Tan J, Idris AH, Francica JR, Seder RA. Protective effects of combining monoclonal antibodies and vaccines against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010133. [PMID: 34871332 PMCID: PMC8675929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against different epitopes on the same antigen synergistically neutralize many viruses. However, there are limited studies assessing whether combining human mAbs against distinct regions of the Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (CSP) enhances in vivo protection against malaria compared to each mAb alone or whether passive transfer of PfCSP mAbs would improve protection following vaccination against PfCSP. Here, we isolated a panel of human mAbs against the subdominant C-terminal domain of PfCSP (C-CSP) from a volunteer immunized with radiation-attenuated Pf sporozoites. These C-CSP-specific mAbs had limited binding to sporozoites in vitro that was increased by combination with neutralizing human "repeat" mAbs against the NPDP/NVDP/NANP tetrapeptides in the central repeat region of PfCSP. Nevertheless, passive transfer of repeat- and C-CSP-specific mAb combinations did not provide enhanced protection against in vivo sporozoite challenge compared to repeat mAbs alone. Furthermore, combining potent repeat-specific mAbs (CIS43, L9, and 317) that respectively target the three tetrapeptides (NPDP/NVDP/NANP) did not provide additional protection against in vivo sporozoite challenge. However, administration of either CIS43, L9, or 317 (but not C-CSP-specific mAbs) to mice that had been immunized with R21, a PfCSP-based virus-like particle vaccine that induces polyclonal antibodies against the repeat region and C-CSP, provided enhanced protection against sporozoite challenge when compared to vaccine or mAbs alone. Collectively, this study shows that while combining mAbs against the repeat and C-terminal regions of PfCSP provide no additional protection in vivo, repeat mAbs do provide increased protection when combined with vaccine-induced polyclonal antibodies. These data should inform the implementation of PfCSP human mAbs alone or following vaccination to prevent malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T. Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lais S. Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patience K. Kiyuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neville K. Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Bonilla
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Tan
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Azza H. Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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8
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Suscovich TJ, Fallon JK, Das J, Demas AR, Crain J, Linde CH, Michell A, Natarajan H, Arevalo C, Broge T, Linnekin T, Kulkarni V, Lu R, Slein MD, Luedemann C, Marquette M, March S, Weiner J, Gregory S, Coccia M, Flores-Garcia Y, Zavala F, Ackerman ME, Bergmann-Leitner E, Hendriks J, Sadoff J, Dutta S, Bhatia SN, Lauffenburger DA, Jongert E, Wille-Reece U, Alter G. Mapping functional humoral correlates of protection against malaria challenge following RTS,S/AS01 vaccination. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/553/eabb4757. [PMID: 32718991 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development has the potential to be accelerated by coupling tools such as systems immunology analyses and controlled human infection models to define the protective efficacy of prospective immunogens without expensive and slow phase 2b/3 vaccine studies. Among human challenge models, controlled human malaria infection trials have long been used to evaluate candidate vaccines, and RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced malaria vaccine candidate, reproducibly demonstrating 40 to 80% protection in human challenge studies in malaria-naïve individuals. Although antibodies are critical for protection after RTS,S/AS01 vaccination, antibody concentrations are inconsistently associated with protection across studies, and the precise mechanism(s) by which vaccine-induced antibodies provide protection remains enigmatic. Using a comprehensive systems serological profiling platform, the humoral correlates of protection against malaria were identified and validated across multiple challenge studies. Rather than antibody concentration, qualitative functional humoral features robustly predicted protection from infection across vaccine regimens. Despite the functional diversity of vaccine-induced immune responses across additional RTS,S/AS01 vaccine studies, the same antibody features, antibody-mediated phagocytosis and engagement of Fc gamma receptor 3A (FCGR3A), were able to predict protection across two additional human challenge studies. Functional validation using monoclonal antibodies confirmed the protective role of Fc-mediated antibody functions in restricting parasite infection both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that these correlates may mechanistically contribute to parasite restriction and can be used to guide the rational design of an improved vaccine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allison R Demas
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Crain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caitlyn H Linde
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashlin Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Claudia Arevalo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Broge
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Linnekin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Meghan Marquette
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sandra March
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Scott Gregory
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | | | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., 2333CN Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., 2333CN Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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9
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Feng G, Wines BD, Kurtovic L, Chan JA, Boeuf P, Mollard V, Cozijnsen A, Drew DR, Center RJ, Marshall DL, Chishimba S, McFadden GI, Dent AE, Chelimo K, Boyle MJ, Kazura JW, Hogarth PM, Beeson JG. Mechanisms and targets of Fcγ-receptor mediated immunity to malaria sporozoites. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1742. [PMID: 33741975 PMCID: PMC7979888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly protective vaccine will greatly facilitate achieving and sustaining malaria elimination. Understanding mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity is crucial for developing vaccines with high efficacy. Here, we identify key roles in humoral immunity for Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) interactions and opsonic phagocytosis of sporozoites. We identify a major role for neutrophils in mediating phagocytic clearance of sporozoites in peripheral blood, whereas monocytes contribute a minor role. Antibodies also promote natural killer cell activity. Mechanistically, antibody interactions with FcγRIII appear essential, with FcγRIIa also required for maximum activity. All regions of the circumsporozoite protein are targets of functional antibodies against sporozoites, and N-terminal antibodies have more activity in some assays. Functional antibodies are slowly acquired following natural exposure to malaria, being present among some exposed adults, but uncommon among children. Our findings reveal targets and mechanisms of immunity that could be exploited in vaccine design to maximize efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqian Feng
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Liriye Kurtovic
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philippe Boeuf
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa Mollard
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anton Cozijnsen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damien R Drew
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rob J Center
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel L Marshall
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Chishimba
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey I McFadden
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arlene E Dent
- Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kiprotich Chelimo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, IMR-Berghofer Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Kazura
- Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medicine and Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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10
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In vitro and in vivo inhibition of malaria parasite infection by monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP). Sci Rep 2021; 11:5318. [PMID: 33674699 PMCID: PMC7970865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria contributes to a significant global disease burden. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the most abundant sporozoite stage antigen, is a prime vaccine candidate. Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CSP map to either a short junctional sequence or the central (NPNA)n repeat region. We compared in vitro and in vivo activities of six CSP-specific mAbs derived from human recipients of a recombinant CSP vaccine RTS,S/AS01 (mAbs 317 and 311); an irradiated whole sporozoite vaccine PfSPZ (mAbs CIS43 and MGG4); or individuals exposed to malaria (mAbs 580 and 663). RTS,S mAb 317 that specifically binds the (NPNA)n epitope, had the highest affinity and it elicited the best sterile protection in mice. The most potent inhibitor of sporozoite invasion in vitro was mAb CIS43 which shows dual-specific binding to the junctional sequence and (NPNA)n. In vivo mouse protection was associated with the mAb reactivity to the NANPx6 peptide, the in vitro inhibition of sporozoite invasion activity, and kinetic parameters measured using intact mAbs or their Fab fragments. Buried surface area between mAb and its target epitope was also associated with in vivo protection. Association and disconnects between in vitro and in vivo readouts has important implications for the design and down-selection of the next generation of CSP based interventions.
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11
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Abstract
Introduction: An effective vaccine against malaria forms a global health priority. Both naturally acquired immunity and sterile protection induced by irradiated sporozoite immunization were described decades ago. Still no vaccine exists that sufficiently protects children in endemic areas. Identifying immunological correlates of vaccine efficacy can inform rational vaccine design and potentially accelerate clinical development.Areas covered: We discuss recent research on immunological correlates of malaria vaccine efficacy, including: insights from state-of-the-art omics platforms and systems vaccinology analyses; functional anti-parasitic assays; pre-immunization predictors of vaccine efficacy; and comparison of correlates of vaccine efficacy against controlled human malaria infections (CHMI) and against naturally acquired infections.Expert Opinion: Effective vaccination may be achievable without necessarily understanding immunological correlates, but the relatively disappointing efficacy of malaria vaccine candidates in target populations is concerning. Hypothesis-generating omics and systems vaccinology analyses, alongside assessment of pre-immunization correlates, have the potential to bring about paradigm-shifts in malaria vaccinology. Functional assays may represent in vivo effector mechanisms, but have scarcely been formally assessed as correlates. Crucially, evidence is still meager that correlates of vaccine efficacy against CHMI correspond with those against naturally acquired infections in target populations. Finally, the diversity of immunological assays and efficacy endpoints across malaria vaccine trials remains a major confounder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B B McCall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
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12
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Leitner WW, Haraway M, Pierson T, Bergmann-Leitner ES. Role of Opsonophagocytosis in Immune Protection against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E264. [PMID: 32486320 PMCID: PMC7350021 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for immune correlates of protection continues to slow vaccine development. To date, only vaccine-induced antibodies have been confirmed as direct immune correlates of protection against a plethora of pathogens. Vaccine immunologists, however, have learned through extensive characterizations of humoral responses that the quantitative assessment of antibody responses alone often fails to correlate with protective immunity or vaccine efficacy. Despite these limitations, the simple measurement of post-vaccination antibody titers remains the most widely used approaches for vaccine evaluation. Developing and performing functional assays to assess the biological activity of pathogen-specific responses continues to gain momentum; integrating serological assessments with functional data will ultimately result in the identification of mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity and will guide vaccine development. One of these functional readouts is phagocytosis of antigenic material tagged by immune molecules such as antibodies and/or complement components. This review summarizes our current understanding of how phagocytosis contributes to immune defense against pathogens, the pathways involved, and defense mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to deal with the threat of phagocytic removal and destruction of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W. Leitner
- Basic Immunology Branch, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Megan Haraway
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Tony Pierson
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
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13
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Aitken EH, Mahanty S, Rogerson SJ. Antibody effector functions in malaria and other parasitic diseases: a few needles and many haystacks. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:264-275. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Aitken
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
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14
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Sack B, Kappe SHI, Sather DN. Towards functional antibody-based vaccines to prevent pre-erythrocytic malaria infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:403-414. [PMID: 28277097 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1295853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An effective malaria vaccine would be considered a milestone of modern medicine, yet has so far eluded research and development efforts. This can be attributed to the extreme complexity of the malaria parasites, presenting with a multi-stage life cycle, high genome complexity and the parasite's sophisticated immune evasion measures, particularly antigenic variation during pathogenic blood stage infection. However, the pre-erythrocytic (PE) early infection forms of the parasite exhibit relatively invariant proteomes, and are attractive vaccine targets as they offer multiple points of immune system attack. Areas covered: We cover the current state of and roadblocks to the development of an effective, antibody-based PE vaccine, including current vaccine candidates, limited biological knowledge, genetic heterogeneity, parasite complexity, and suboptimal preclinical models as well as the power of early stage clinical models. Expert commentary: PE vaccines will need to elicit broad and durable immunity to prevent infection. This could be achievable if recent innovations in studying the parasites' infection biology, rational vaccine selection and design as well as adjuvant formulation are combined in a synergistic and multipronged approach. Improved preclinical assays as well as the iterative testing of vaccine candidates in controlled human malaria infection trials will further accelerate this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sack
- a Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute) , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- a Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute) , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- a Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute) , Seattle , WA , USA
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