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Deng L, Min W, Guo S, Deng J, Wu X, Tong D, Yuan A, Yang Q. Interference of pseudorabies virus infection on functions of porcine granulosa cells via apoptosis modulated by MAPK signaling pathways. Virol J 2024; 21:25. [PMID: 38263223 PMCID: PMC10807058 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the major viral pathogens leading to reproductive disorders in swine. However, little is known about the effects of PRV infection on porcine reproductive system. Ovarian granulosa cells are somatic cells surrounding oocytes in ovary and required for folliculogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the interference of PRV on functions of porcine ovarian granulosa cells in vitro. METHODS Primary granulosa cells were isolated from porcine ovaries. To investigate the PRV infectivity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to check the presence of viral particles, and the expression of viral gE gene was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in PRV-inoculated cells. After PRV infection, cell viability was detected by MTS assay, Ki67 for proliferative status was determined by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, and progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay. The checkpoint genes of cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins were studied by qPCR and western blotting. RESULTS Virus particles were observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of PRV-infected granulosa cells by TEM imaging, and the expression of viral gE gene increased in a time-dependent manner post infection. PRV infection inhibited cell viability and blocked cell cycle at S phase in porcine granulosa cells, accompanied by decreases in expression of Ki67 protein and checkpoint genes related to S phase. Radioimmunoassay revealed decreased levels in P4 and E2, and the expressions of key steroidogenic enzymes were also down-regulated post PRV-infection. In addition, PRV induced apoptosis with an increase in Bax expression and activation of caspase 9, and the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38 MAPKs were significantly up-regulated in porcine ovarian granulosa cells post PRV infection. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that PRV causes infection on porcine ovarian granulosa cells and interferes the cell functions through apoptosis, and the MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingcong Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenpeng Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songyangnian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiping Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Anwen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Li C, Ma Y, Cai Z, Wan Q, Tian S, Ning H, Wang S, Chen JL, Yang G. Neuropeptide S and its receptor NPSR enhance the susceptibility of hosts to pseudorabies virus infection. Res Vet Sci 2022; 146:15-23. [PMID: 35298925 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor (NPSR) represent a signaling system in the brain. Increased levels of NPS and NPSR have been observed in PK15 cells and murine brains in response to pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection, but it remains unclear whether elevated levels of NPS and NPSR are involved in the pathogenic process of PRV infection. In this study, the activities of both NPS and NPSR during PRV pathogenesis were explored in vitro and in vivo by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), PCR, real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), qPCR, TCID50, and Western blotting methods. NPSR-deficient cells were less susceptible to PRV infection, as evidenced by decreased viral production and PRV-glycoprotein E (gE) expression. In vitro studies showed that exogenous NPS promoted the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA but inhibited interferon β (IFN-β) mRNA expression in PK15 cells after PRV infection. In vivo studies showed that NPS-treated mice were highly susceptible to PRV infection, with decreased survival rates and body weights. In addition, NPS-treated mice showed elevated levels of IL-6 mRNA and STAT3 phosphorylation. However, the expression of IFN-β mRNA was greatly decreased after virus challenge. Contrasting results were obtained from the NPSR-ir-treated groups, which further highlighted the effects of NPS. This study revealed that NPS-treated hosts are more susceptible to PRV infection than controls. Moreover, excessive IL-6/STAT3 and defective IFN-β responses in NPS-treated mice may contribute to the pathogenesis of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yijie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zifeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qianhui Wan
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Shimao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hongxia Ning
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China
| | - Guihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, PR China.
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Ren CZ, Hu WY, Zhang JW, Wei YY, Yu ML, Hu TJ. Establishment of inflammatory model induced by Pseudorabies virus infection in mice. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e20. [PMID: 33774936 PMCID: PMC8007442 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection leads to high mortality in swine. Despite extensive efforts, effective treatments against PRV infection are limited. Furthermore, the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013 is unclear. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to investigate the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013, establish an inflammation model to elucidate the pathogenesis of PRV infection further, and develop effective drugs against PRV infection. METHODS Kunming mice were infected intramuscularly with medium, LPS, and different doses of PRV-GXLB-2013. Viral spread and histopathological damage to brain, spleen, and lung were determined at 7 days post-infection (dpi). Immune organ indices, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines, as well as levels of activity of COX-2 and iNOS were determined at 4, 7, and 14 dpi. RESULTS At 10⁵-10⁶ TCID50 PRV produced obviously neurological symptoms and 100% mortality in mice. Viral antigens were detectable in kidney, heart, lung, liver, spleen, and brain. In addition, inflammatory injuries were apparent in brain, spleen, and lung of PRV-infected mice. Moreover, PRV induced increases in immune organ indices, ROS and NO levels, activity of COX-2 and iNOS, and the content of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and MCP-1. Among the tested doses, 10² TCID50 of PRV produced a significant inflammatory mediator increase. CONCLUSIONS An inflammatory model induced by PRV infection was established in mice, and 10² TCID50 PRV was considered as the best concentration for the establishment of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhi Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.,Guangxi Agricultural Vocational College, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Wen Yue Hu
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Jin Wu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Ying Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Mei Ling Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Ting Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Sun W, Liu S, Huang X, Yuan R, Yu J. Cytokine storms and pyroptosis are primarily responsible for the rapid death of mice infected with pseudorabies virus. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210296. [PMID: 34457338 PMCID: PMC8385338 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, is one of the most harmful pathogens to the pig industry. PRV can infect and kill a variety of mammals. Nevertheless, the underlying pathogenesis related to PRV is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the pathogenesis induced by PRV in a mouse model. The mice infected with the PRV-HLJ strain developed severe clinical manifestations at 36 h post-infection (hpi), and mortality occurred within 48-72 hpi. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and qRT-PCR methods were used to detect the pathological damage and expression of cytokines related to an immune reaction in brain tissue, respectively. The cytokine storms caused by IFN-α, IFN-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 were related to the histopathological changes induced by PRV. This pattern of cytokine secretion depicts an image of typical cytokine storms, characterized by dysregulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and imbalanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. In addition, the pyroptosis pathway was also activated by PRV by elevating the expression levels of nod-like receptor protein 3, Caspase-1, Gasdermin-D and interleukin-1β/18. These findings provide a way for further understanding the molecular basis in PRV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, Guizhou 554300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, Guizhou 554300, People's Republic of China
- National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren City, Guizhou 554300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Huang
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, Guizhou 554300, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yuan
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, Guizhou 554300, People's Republic of China
- National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren City, Guizhou 554300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Yu
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, Guizhou 554300, People's Republic of China
- National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren City, Guizhou 554300, People's Republic of China
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Better immune efficacy triggered by the inactivated gI/gE-deleted pseudorabies virus with the additional insertion of gC gene in mice and weaned pigs. Virus Res 2021; 296:198353. [PMID: 33640358 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new variant of pseudorabies virus (PRV) with high pathogenicity has been prevalent in many swineherds vaccinated with Bartha-K61 in China since 2011. Several gene-deleted vaccine candidates have been developed based on new emerging PRV variants. PRV-AH, a new emerging PRV strain from Anhui Province, was isolated in our laboratory in 2013. In the present study, rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- and rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ were generated based on PRV-AH by homologous recombination. The growth kinetics of rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- and rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ were similar to their parental strains. Compared with the commercial inactivated vaccine of Ea strain, the immune efficacy of the inactivated vaccine based on recombinant viruses was evaluated in mice and weaned pigs. The result showed that the level of neutralizing antibody in mice immunized with rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ was higher compared with those immunized with rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- at a dose of 106 TCID50 at 8 weeks post initial immunization (p < 0.0001). Among the groups immunized at a dose of 105 TCID50, the rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- group showed a survival rate of 37.5 %, while the rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ group showed a protection rate of 87.5 % against the PRV-AH challenge. Besides, the rPRV-AH-gI-/gE- and rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ group immunized at a dose of 106 TCID50 showed a survival rate of 100 %. Interestingly, compared with the commercial vaccine group, the group of 105 TCID50 rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ showed a lower level of neutralizing antibodies (p < 0.0001) but the same protection rate in mice. Moreover, in the pig experiment, the level of neutralizing antibodies in the group vaccinated with inactivated rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ was higher than any other groups at 8 weeks post initial immunization (p < 0.05). More importantly, the milder symptoms and pathological lesions occurred in pigs vaccinated with rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ after challenge with 106 TCID50 PRV-AH, revealing that additional insertion of gC gene could enhance the protective efficacy in PRV gI/gE-deleted vaccine in pigs. Collectively, these above-mentioned findings suggested that the inactivated vaccine of rPRV-AH-gI-/gE-/gC+ had a better immune efficacy, which could be regarded as a promising inactivated vaccine candidate for PRV control.
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Pseudorabies virus UL24 antagonizes OASL-mediated antiviral effect. Virus Res 2021; 295:198276. [PMID: 33476694 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligoadenylate synthetases-like (OASL) protein exerts various effects on DNA and RNA viruses by inhibiting cGAS-mediated IFN production and by enhancing RIG-I-mediated IFN induction, respectively. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of OASL in pseudorabies virus (PRV) proliferation and investigate the function of the PRV UL24 protein in cellular innate immunity. We found that OASL regulates PRV proliferation by enhancing RIG-I signaling. PRV infection decreased the expression of OASL at both the mRNA and protein levels in PK15 and HeLa cells. OASL expression suppressed the proliferation of PRV in a RIG-I-dependent manner and boosted RIG-I-mediated IFN expression as well as IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) induction. In contrast, knockdown of OASL enhanced PRV proliferation and reduced RIG-I signaling. However, the PRV UL24 protein was found to impair RIG-I signaling, thus inhibiting transcription of IFN and ISGs. In addition, the UL24 protein reduced RIG-I-induced expression of endogenous OASL in an IRF3-dependent manner, thereby antagonizing the OASL antiviral effect. Taken together, our findings characterize the role of OASL in PRV proliferation and provide new insights into the role of UL24 in PRV pathogenesis.
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Yang G, Huang H, Tang M, Cai Z, Huang C, Qi B, Chen JL. Role of neuromedin B and its receptor in the innate immune responses against influenza A virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Vet Res 2019; 50:80. [PMID: 31601264 PMCID: PMC6785861 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide neuromedin B (NMB) and its receptor (NMBR) represent a system (NMB/NMBR) of neuromodulation. Here, it was demonstrated that the expression of NMBR in cells or murine lung tissues was clearly upregulated in response to H1N1/PR8 influenza A virus infection. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo activities of NMB/NMBR during PR8 infection were investigated. It was observed that A549 cells lacking endogenous NMBR were more susceptible to virus infection than control cells, as evidenced by the increased virus production in the cells. Interestingly, a significant decrease in IFN-α and increased IL-6 expression were observed in these cells. The role of this system in innate immunity against PR8 infection was probed by treating mice with NMB. The NMB-treated mice were less susceptible to virus challenge, as evidenced by increased survival, increased body weight, and decreased viral NP expression compared with the control animals. Additionally, the results showed that exogenous NMB not only enhanced IFN-α expression but also appeared to inhibit the expression of NP and IL-6 in PR8-infected cells and animals. As expected, opposing effects were observed in the NMBR antagonist-treated cells and mice, which further confirmed the effects of NMB. Together, these data suggest that NMB/NMBR may be an important component of the host defence against influenza A virus infection. Thus, these proteins may serve as promising candidates for the development of novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Yang
- Key laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Huipeng Huang
- Key laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Mengyao Tang
- Key laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zifeng Cai
- Key laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Cuiqin Huang
- Key laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Baomin Qi
- Key laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China.
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Dong J, Gu Z, Jin L, Lv L, Wang J, Sun T, Bai J, Sun H, Wang X, Jiang P. Polymorphisms affecting the gE and gI proteins partly contribute to the virulence of a newly-emergent highly virulent Chinese pseudorabies virus. Virology 2018; 519:42-52. [PMID: 29631175 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of a highly virulent pseudorabies virus strain, ZJ01, occurred in PRV-vaccinated pigs in China in 2011. In this study, ZJ01 caused fatal diseases, while the Chinese prototypic PRV strain LA caused mild respiratory disorders. Full-genome sequencing results indicate the two viruses can be classified into two sub-clusters that distinct from traditional European and US strains. To examine the potential role of the gE and gI proteins in ZJ01 virulence, we generated several recombinant viruses. In two chimeric viruses (rZJ01-LA/gEI and rLA-ZJ01/gEI), the gE and gI genes were swapped using corresponding genes from ZJ01 and LA. rZJ01-LA/gEI and the parental virus rZJ01 retained high virulence in piglets, although the survival time for rZJ01-LA/gEI infected piglets was obviously prolonged. In contrast, rLA-ZJ01/gEI exhibited higher virulence than its parental virus rLA. We conclude that changes in gE and gI proteins partly contribute to the enhanced virulence of ZJ01 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenqing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- National Veterinary Biological Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Wei J, Ma Y, Wang L, Chi X, Yan R, Wang S, Li X, Chen X, Shao W, Chen JL. Alpha/beta interferon receptor deficiency in mice significantly enhances susceptibility of the animals to pseudorabies virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:234-244. [PMID: 28619150 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus, one of the neurotropic viruses, can infect numerous mammals. In particular, pseudorabies virus infection of swine occurs worldwide, and is a major threat to swine industry. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction between pseudorabies virus and host innate immune system is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the involvement of interferon α/β (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR) in the pathogenesis of pseudorabies virus in a mouse model. The results showed that IFNAR-deficient (IFNAR-/-) mice were highly susceptible to the virus infection, as evidenced by markedly reduced survival rate of infected animals and increased viral replication. The expression of IFN-α/β and relevant interferon-stimulated genes in IFNAR-/- mice was significantly lower than that in wild-type (WT) littermates after the viral infection. Moreover, in response to the virus challenge, IFNAR-/- mice displayed elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1β, and IFNAR-/- cells showed increased phosphorylation of STAT3. Collectively, these data reveal that the IFNAR-/- mice are more sensitive to pseudorabies virus infection than WT animals, and excessive IL-6/STAT3 response in IFNAR-/- mice may contribute to the pathogenesis. Our findings suggest that type I IFNs/IFNAR-dependent homeostatic control of the innate immunity is required for host defense against pseudorabies virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruoxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenhan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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10
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Miller LC, Bayles DO, Zanella EL, Lager KM. Effects of Pseudorabies Virus Infection on the Tracheobronchial Lymph Node Transcriptome. Bioinform Biol Insights 2016; 9:25-36. [PMID: 26823651 PMCID: PMC4725608 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s30522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study represents the first swine transcriptome hive plots created from gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) data and provides a novel insight into the global transcriptome changes occurring in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) and spanning the swine genome. RNA isolated from draining TBLN from 5-week-old pigs, either clinically infected with a feral isolate of Pseudorabies virus or uninfected, was interrogated using Illumina Digital Gene Expression Tag Profiling. More than 100 million tag sequences were observed, representing 4,064,189 unique 21-base sequences collected from TBLN at time points 1, 3, 6, and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi). Multidimensional statistical tests were applied to determine the significant changes in tag abundance, and then the tags were annotated. Hive plots were created to visualize the differential expression within the swine transcriptome defined by the Broad Institute’s GSEA reference datasets between infected and uninfected animals, allowing us to directly compare different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Miller
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eraldo L Zanella
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
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11
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Gu Z, Dong J, Wang J, Hou C, Sun H, Yang W, Bai J, Jiang P. A novel inactivated gE/gI deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine completely protects pigs from an emerged variant PRV challenge. Virus Res 2014; 195:57-63. [PMID: 25240533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly virulent and antigenic variant of pseudorabies virus (PRV) broke out in China at the end of 2011 and caused great economic loss in the pig industry. In this study, an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing the full-length genome of the emerged variant PRV ZJ01 strain was generated. The BAC-derived viruses, vZJ01-GFPΔgE/gI (gE/gI deleted strain, and exhibiting green autofluorescence), vZJ01ΔgE/gI (gE/gI deleted strain), and vZJ01gE/gI-R (gE/gI revertant strain), showed similar in vitro growth to their parent strain. In pigs, inactivated vZJ01ΔgE/gI vaccine generated significantly high levels of neutralizing antibodies against ZJ01 compared with Bartha-K61 live vaccine (p<0.05). After fatal ZJ01 challenge, all five animals in the inactivated vZJ01ΔgE/gI vaccine group survived without exhibiting any clinical sings, but two of five animals exhibited central nervous signs in the Bartha-K61 group. Meanwhile, all the non-vaccinated control animals died at 7 days post-challenge. This indicates that the inactivated vZJ01ΔgE/gI vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate for controlling the variant strains of PRV now circulating in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- National Veterinary Biological Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chengcai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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12
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Miller LC, Jiang Z, Sang Y, Harhay GP, Lager KM. Evolutionary characterization of pig interferon-inducible transmembrane gene family and member expression dynamics in tracheobronchial lymph nodes of pigs infected with swine respiratory disease viruses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:180-91. [PMID: 24656980 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies have found that a cluster of duplicated gene loci encoding the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) family have antiviral activity against several viruses, including influenza A virus. The gene family has 5 and 7 members in humans and mice, respectively. Here, we confirm the current annotation of pig IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3, IFITM5, IFITM1L1 and IFITM1L4, manually annotated IFITM1L2, IFITM1L3, IFITM5L, IFITM3L1 and IFITM3L2, and provide expressed sequence tag (EST) and/or mRNA evidence, not contained with the NCBI Reference Sequence database (RefSeq), for the existence of IFITM6, IFITM7 and a new IFITM1-like (IFITM1LN) gene in pigs. Phylogenic analyses showed seven porcine IFITM genes with highly conserved human/mouse orthologs known to have anti-viral activity. Digital Gene Expression Tag Profiling (DGETP) of swine tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) of pigs infected with swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine pseudorabies virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus or porcine circovirus type 2 over 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) showed that gene expression abundance differs dramatically among pig IFITM family members, ranging from 0 to over 3000 tags per million. In particular, SIV up-regulated IFITM1 by 5.9 fold at 3 dpi. Bayesian framework further identified pig IFITM1 and IFITM3 as differentially expressed genes in the overall transcriptome analysis. In addition to being a component of protein complexes involved in homotypic adhesion, the IFITM1 is also associated with pathways related to regulation of cell proliferation and IFITM3 is involved in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Miller
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Gregory P Harhay
- Animal Health Research Unit, United States Meat Animal Research Center-USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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13
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Schnabel CL, Wagner S, Wagner B, Durán MC, Babasyan S, Nolte I, Pfarrer C, Feige K, Murua Escobar H, Cavalleri JMV. Evaluation of the reactivity of commercially available monoclonal antibodies with equine cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:1-19. [PMID: 24139393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on equine cytokines is often performed by analyses of mRNA. For many equine cytokines an analysis on the actual protein level is limited by the availability of antibodies against the targeted cytokines. Generation of new antibodies is ongoing but time consuming. Thus, testing the reactivity of commercially available antibodies for cross-reactivity with equine cytokines is of particular interest. Fifteen monoclonal antibodies against IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18 and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) of different species were evaluated for reactivity with their corresponding equine cytokines. Dot Blot (DB) and Western Blot (WB) analyses were performed using recombinant equine cytokines as positive controls. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out on equine tissue and flow cytometry on equine PBMC as positive controls. As expected, three equine IL-1β antibodies detected equine IL-1β in DB, WB and IHC. For these, reactivity in IHC has not been described before. One of them was also found to be suitable for intracellular staining of equine PBMC and flow cytometric analysis. Two antibodies raised against ovine GM-CSF cross-reacted with equine GM-CSF in DB, WB and IHC. For these anti-GM-CSF mAbs this is the first experimental description of cross-reactivity with equine GM-CSF (one mAb was predicted to be cross-reactive in WB in the respective data sheet). The other clone additionally proved to be appropriate in flow cytometric analysis. Two mAbs targeting porcine IL-18 cross-reacted in IHC, but did not show specificity in the other applications. No reactivity was shown for the remaining five antibodies in DB, although cross-reactivity of two of the antibodies was described previously. The results obtained in this study can provide beneficial information for choosing of antibodies for immunological tests on equine cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Schnabel
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Clinic for Horses, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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