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Aghamolaei S, Mamaghani AJ, Ashrafi K, Kazemi B, Bandehpour M, Rouhani S, Rashidi S, Tabaei SJS. Designing and Developing Serological Test for the Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis Using a New Recombinant Multi-epitope. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1005-1015. [PMID: 38498251 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is a common parasitic disease in humans and herbivores which is caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica and has a worldwide distribution. Serological tests such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique play a prominent role in the fast diagnosis of the disease. However, there are diagnostic limitations, including cross-reactivity with other worms, which decline the specificity of the results. This study aimed to evaluate the structure of a recombinant multi-epitope antigen produced from linear and conformational B-cell epitopes of three parasitic proteins with sera of individuals with fasciolosis, healthy controls, and those with other diseases to gain accurate sensitivity and specificity. METHODS After designing the multi-epitope structure of cathepsin L1, FhTP16.5, and SAP-2 antigens and then synthesizing, cloning, and expressing, the extracted purified protein was evaluated by indirect ELISA to detect IgG antibodies against Fasciola hepatica parasite among the sera of 39 serum samples of Fasciola hepatica, 35 healthy individual samples, and 20 samples of other types of parasitic diseases. The synthesized multi-epitope produced from cathepsin L1, FhTP16.5, and SAP-2 antigens was evaluated using the indirect ELISA. RESULTS The analysis of the samples mentioned for IgG antibody diagnosis against Fasciola hepatica showed 97.43% (95% confidence interval, 94.23-100%) sensitivity and 100% (95% confidence interval, 97-100%) specificity. CONCLUSION The recombinant B-cell multi-epitope with high antigenic potency may increase the specificity of epitopic peptides and ultimately help improve and develop indirect ELISA commercial kits for the diagnosis of fascioliasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Aghamolaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani
- Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Keyhan Ashrafi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Rouhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sama Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Nur Hafizah S, Noor Izani NJ, Ahmad Najib M, Wan-Nor-Amilah WAW. Immunodiagnosis of Fascioliasis in Ruminants by ELISA Method: A Mini-Review. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:25-32. [PMID: 37655153 PMCID: PMC10467593 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is an important zoonotic disease prevalent in domestic animals and it leads to socioeconomic impact in rural farming communities of the developing world. The gold standard diagnosis of ruminant fascioliasis involves coprological detection of Fasciola spp. eggs or recovery of flukes in infected livers. Coprological analysis is unreliable in the patent period of chronic infection, and even then, its sensitivity is relatively low. Robust diagnostic tools that can promptly and accurately detect an active infection are crucial to avoid complications and further losses in ruminant livestock productivity, as well as to preserve the livelihood of communities at risk. Immunodiagnosis determined by antibody and antigen detection in the sera and faeces of infected ruminants provides a valuable alternative to the parasitological diagnostic approach. This review discusses current developments in immunological techniques by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the detection of ruminant fascioliasis and summarises the performance of various ELISAs in studies conducted to date. Indirect ELISAs demonstrated effective immunodiagnostic performance with high sensitivities and specificities. Cathepsin L ELISA is the most favourable antigen in serodiagnosis, among other recombinant and native proteins evaluated. Sandwich ELISA provides excellent sensitivity and specificity, which correlates well with the fluke burden. Utilising monoclonal antibodies in sandwich ELISA reduces the detection time and performance variations that commonly occur in polyclonal antibody ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamad Ahmad Najib
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Karagulle B, Celik F, Simsek S, Ahmed H, Shen Y, Cao J. First molecular evidence of Clostridium perfringens in adult Fasciola spp. isolates in cattle hosts. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:967045. [PMID: 36118337 PMCID: PMC9478789 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.967045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by Fasciola spp. It is a prevalent helminth infection globally. Clostridial hepatitis is a general name refer to disorders caused by a few clostridial agents that most severely affect the liver. Migration of young parasite forms (mostly Fasciola hepatica) in the parenchymal tissue of the liver causes necrosis and anaerobic environment, stimulating the proliferation of C. novyi type B spores. This study investigated the occurrence of Clostridium spp in adult Fasciola spp isolates. Isolates (n = 100) were collected from the bile ducts of infected cattle after slaughter. Total genomic DNA was extracted from each sample. A multiplex-PCR based on the flagellin C (fliC) gene was used for quick identification of C. chauvoei, C. haemolyticum, C. novyi types A and B, and C. septicum. In addition, a pair of primers Cpa (F) and Cpa (R) were used for detection of the C. perfringens alpha toxin gene. The products were sequenced. No band was obtained after multiplex-PCR of the fliC gene. A 247 bp band was detected in two isolates using the Cpa primers. BLAST analysis of these two isolates characterized both as C. perfringens alpha toxin. This is the first description of the molecular detection of C. perfringens in flukes. Further studies are needed to investigate whether Clostridum species is also carried by other developmental forms (egg and larval stages) of Fasciola spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Karagulle
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Sami Simsek
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Jianping Cao
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Mirzadeh A, Jafarihaghighi F, Kazemirad E, Sabzevar SS, Tanipour MH, Ardjmand M. Recent Developments in Recombinant Proteins for Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:13-25. [PMID: 32974849 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is an important neglected tropical disease that causes severe injury to the bile ducts and liver. Therefore, a rapid and accurate method for detection of Fasciola hepatica infection plays a vital role in early treatment. Currently, the diagnosis of fascioliasis is mainly conducted via serological tests using the excretory/secretory (E/S) products, which might cross-react with antigens from other helminth parasitic diseases. Hence, the development of serodiagnosis test using recombinant antigens may contribute to differentiate fascioliasis from other helminth infections. In the past 20 years, many attempts have been made to exert different F. hepatica recombinant antigens to obtain a well-established standard assay with high accuracy. In this review, we address recent studies that refer to the development of serodiagnosis tests for diagnosis of human fascioliasis based on the candidate recombinant antigens produced by different approaches. Meanwhile, in the present review, some main factors have been highlighted to improve the accuracy of diagnostic tests such as the effect of refolding methods to recover antigens' tertiary structure as well as applying a mixture of recombinant antigens with the highest sensitivity and specificity to improve the accuracy of diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mirzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Farid Jafarihaghighi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, 1584743311, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemirad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokouh Shahrokhi Sabzevar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Tanipour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mehdi Ardjmand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, 1584743311, Tehran, Iran
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Shi H, Li M, Huang X, Yao C, Chen X, Du A, Yang Y. Development of SYBR Green real-time PCR for diagnosis of fasciolosis in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109193. [PMID: 32731054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is commonly diagnosed by microscopic detection of egg following sedimentation. However, this technique is time-consuming when a large number of samples must be processed and requires sufficient experience. Quantitative real-time PCR based on the detection of liver fluke ribosomal DNA in feces has been introduced, which is more accurate and liable to reflect the presence of flukes in hosts. This study aimed to develop an efficient molecular detection method in laboratory diagnosis. A cross-sectional study of 250 sheep was performed to detect Fasciola hepatica infections using gold standard microscopic detection, conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Both conventional and real-time PCRs targeted the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2). A composite reference standard(CRS) was used to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of three methods. Furthermore, the minimal amount of plasmid DNA detected by the real-time PCR was 1.67 pg plasmid DNA (equivalent to 1.1 × 106 copies). In conclusion, a highly sensitive and specific method for fasciolosis in sheep was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhi Shi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Minwei Li
- Suzhou Zoo, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, China.
| | - Xiaocui Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies, Cote d'Ivoire.
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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Design and expression of polytopic construct of cathepsin-L1, SAP-2 and FhTP16.5 proteins of Fasciola hepatica. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e134. [PMID: 32127056 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique can play an important role in the early detection of fascioliasis. However, they have some diagnostic limitations, including cross-reaction with other helminths. It seems that the combination of recombinant parasite proteins as antigen can reduce these problems. Hence, the present study was aimed to design and confirm the antigenic recombinant multi-epitope (rMEP) construct of three protein epitopes (linear and conformational B-cell epitopes) of the parasite using immunoinformatic tools. For this purpose, the tertiary structures of Fasciola hepatica cathepsin-L1, saposin-like protein 2 and 16.5-kDa tegument-associated protein were predicted using the I-TASSER server. Validation of the modelled structures was performed by Ramachandran plots. The antigenic epitopes of the proteins were achieved by analysing the features of the IEDB server. The synthesized gene was cloned into the pET-22b (+) expression vector and transformed into the Escherichia coli BL21. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to verify and analyse the expression of the rMEP protein. Western blotting was utilized to confirm rMEP protein immunogenicity in two forms, one using an anti-His tag antibody and the other with human pooled sera samples (fascioliasis, non-fascioliasis and negative control sera). Our results demonstrated that the rMEP designed for the three proteins of F. hepatica was highly antigenic, and immune-detection techniques confirmed the antigen specificity. In conclusion, the presented antigenic multi-epitope may be very helpful to develop serodiagnostic kits such as indirect ELISA to evaluate the proper diagnosis of fascioliasis in humans and ruminants.
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Swan J, Sakthivel D, Cameron TC, Faou P, Downs R, Rajapaksha H, Piedrafita D, Beddoe T. Proteomic identification of galectin-11 and -14 ligands from Fasciola hepatica. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:921-932. [PMID: 31560927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a globally distributed zoonotic trematode that causes fasciolosis in livestock, wildlife, ruminants and humans. Fasciolosis causes a significant economic impact on the agricultural sector and affects human health. Due to the increasing prevalence of triclabendazole resistance in F. hepatica, alternative treatment methods are required. Many protein antigens have been trialled as vaccine candidates with low success, however, the tegument of F. hepatica is highly glycosylated and the parasite-derived glycoconjugate molecules have been identified as an important mediator in host-parasite interactions and as prime targets for the host immune system. Galectin-11 (LGALS-11) and galectin-14 (LGALS-14) are two ruminant-specific glycan-binding proteins, showing upregulation in the bile duct of sheep infected with F. hepatica, which are believed to mediate host-parasite interaction and innate immunity against internal parasites. For the first known time, this study presents the ligand profile of whole worm and tegument extracts of F. hepatica that interacted with immobilised LGALS-11 and LGALS-14. LGALS-14 interacted with a total of 255 F. hepatica proteins. The protein which had the greatest interaction was identified as an uncharacterised protein which contained a C-type lectin domain. Many of the other proteins identified were previously trialled vaccine candidates including glutathione S-transferase, paramyosin, cathepsin L, cathepsin B, fatty acid binding protein and leucine aminopeptidase. In comparison to LGALS-14, LGALS-11 interacted with only 49 F. hepatica proteins and it appears to have a much smaller number of binding partners in F. hepatica. This is, to our knowledge, the first time host-specific lectins have been used for the enrichment of F. hepatica glycoproteins and this study has identified a number of glycoproteins that play critical roles in host-parasite interactions which have the potential to be novel vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Swan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience (AgriBio), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; Centre for Livestock Interactions with Pathogens (CLiP), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Dhanasekaran Sakthivel
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience (AgriBio), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Timothy C Cameron
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience (AgriBio), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; Centre for Livestock Interactions with Pathogens (CLiP), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Rachael Downs
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience (AgriBio), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; Centre for Livestock Interactions with Pathogens (CLiP), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Jiang S, Wang L, Huang M, Jia Z, Weinert T, Warkentin E, Liu C, Song X, Zhang H, Witt J, Qiu L, Peng G, Song L. DM9 Domain Containing Protein Functions As a Pattern Recognition Receptor with Broad Microbial Recognition Spectrum. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1607. [PMID: 29238341 PMCID: PMC5712788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DM9 domain was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster, and it was subsequently found to integrate with or without other protein domains across a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates. In the present study, a member of DM9 domain containing protein (DM9CP) family from marine invertebrate Crassostrea gigas (designated CgDM9CP-1), which was only composed of two DM9 domains, was taken as a protein model to study the biological functions of DM9 domain and its molecular determinants. CgDM9CP-1 was found to exhibit high binding specificity and avidity toward d-mannose residue. It served as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) with a broad range of recognition spectrum to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including lipopolysaccharide, peptidylglycan, mannan, and β-1, 3-glucan in a d-mannose-dependent manner, as well as bacteria and fungi. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying its pattern recognition activity, the crystal structures of wild-type and loss-of-function mutants were solved, and Asp22 and Lys43 were found to be the critical residues for ligand recognition. Moreover, CgDM9CP-1 protein was found to mainly distribute on the surface of C. gigas hemocytes, and it could be translocated into cytoplasm and colocalized with the engulfed microbes during hemocyte phagocytosis. The present result clearly indicated that CgDM9CP-1 was a PRR, and it provided an important clue for the better understanding of DM9CP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Eberhard Warkentin
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jennifer Witt
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Hemici A, Benerbaiha RS, Bendjeddou D. Purification and biochemical characterization of a 22-kDa stable cysteine- like protease from the excretory-secretory product of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica by using conventional techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1068-1069:268-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Labbunruang N, Phadungsil W, Tesana S, Smooker PM, Grams R. Similarity of a 16.5kDa tegumental protein of the human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini to nematode cytoplasmic motility protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 207:1-9. [PMID: 27140280 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini is the causative agent of human opisthorchiasis in Thailand and long lasting infection with the parasite has been correlated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. In this work we have molecularly characterized the first member of a protein family carrying two DM9 repeats in this parasite (OvDM9-1). InterPro and other protein family databases describe the DM9 repeat as a protein domain of unknown function that has been first noted in Drosophila melanogaster. Two paralogous proteins have been partially characterized in the genus Fasciola, Fasciola hepatica TP16.5, a novel tegumental antigen in human fascioliasis and, recently F. gigantica DM9-1, a parenchymal protein with structural similarity to nematode cytoplasmic motility protein (MFP2). In this study, we show further evidence that this family of trematode proteins is related to MFP2 in sequence and structure. Soluble recombinant OvDM9-1 was used for structural analyses and for production of specific antisera. The native protein was detected in soluble and insoluble crude worm extracts and in seemingly various oligomeric forms in the latter. The potential for oligomerization was supported by cross-linking experiments of recombinant OvDM9-1. Structure prediction suggested a β-rich secondary structure of the protein and this was supported by a circular dichroism analysis. Molecular modeling in Phyre2 identified both MFP2 domains as distant homologs of OvDM9-1. The protein was located in tegumental type tissue and the cecal epithelium in the mature parasite. Recombinant OvDM9-1 was used as target in indirect ELISA but sera from infected hamsters showed only marginal reactivity towards it. It is proposed that OvDM9-1 and other members of this protein family have a role in cellular transport through functions on the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipawan Labbunruang
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Wansika Phadungsil
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Food-borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Peter M Smooker
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Rudi Grams
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand.
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Characterization of a Fasciola gigantica protein carrying two DM9 domains reveals cellular relocalization property. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 205:6-15. [PMID: 26946400 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Even at the present age of whole-organism analysis, e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, the biological roles of many proteins remain unresolved. Classified among the proteins of unknown function is a family of proteins harboring repeats of the DM9 domain, a 60-75 amino acids motif first described in a small number of Drosophila melanogaster proteins. Proteins may carry two or more DM9 domains either in combination with other domains or as their sole constituent. Here we have characterized a 16.8 kDa Fasciola gigantica protein comprising two tandem repeated DM9 domains (FgDM9-1). The protein was located in the parenchyma of the immature and mature parasite and consequently it was not detected in the ES product of the parasite but only in the whole worm extract. Interestingly, extraction with SDS yielded a substantially higher amount of the protein suggesting association with insoluble cell components. In Sf9 insect cells a heterologously expressed EGFP-FgDM9-1 chimera showed cell-wide distribution but relocated to vesicle-like structures in the cytoplasm after stimulating cellular stress by bacteria, heat shock or chloroquine. These structures did not colocalize with the markers of endocytosis/phagocytosis ubiquitin, RAB7, GABARAP. The same behavior was noted for Aedes aegypti PRS1, a homologous mosquito DM9 protein as a positive control while EGFP did not exhibit such relocation in the insect cells. Cross-linking experiments on soluble recombinant FgDM9-1 indicated that the protein can undergo specific oligomerization. It is speculated that proteins carrying the DM9 domain have a role in vesicular transport in flatworms and insects.
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Cwiklinski K, de la Torre-Escudero E, Trelis M, Bernal D, Dufresne PJ, Brennan GP, O'Neill S, Tort J, Paterson S, Marcilla A, Dalton JP, Robinson MW. The Extracellular Vesicles of the Helminth Pathogen, Fasciola hepatica: Biogenesis Pathways and Cargo Molecules Involved in Parasite Pathogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:3258-73. [PMID: 26486420 PMCID: PMC4762619 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by parasites have important roles in establishing and maintaining infection. Analysis of the soluble and vesicular secretions of adult Fasciola hepatica has established a definitive characterization of the total secretome of this zoonotic parasite. Fasciola secretes at least two subpopulations of EVs that differ according to size, cargo molecules and site of release from the parasite. The larger EVs are released from the specialized cells that line the parasite gastrodermus and contain the zymogen of the 37 kDa cathepsin L peptidase that performs a digestive function. The smaller exosome-like vesicle population originate from multivesicular bodies within the tegumental syncytium and carry many previously described immunomodulatory molecules that could be delivered into host cells. By integrating our proteomics data with recently available transcriptomic data sets we have detailed the pathways involved with EV biogenesis in F. hepatica and propose that the small exosome biogenesis occurs via ESCRT-dependent MVB formation in the tegumental syncytium before being shed from the apical plasma membrane. Furthermore, we found that the molecular “machinery” required for EV biogenesis is constitutively expressed across the intramammalian development stages of the parasite. By contrast, the cargo molecules packaged within the EVs are developmentally regulated, most likely to facilitate the parasites migration through host tissue and to counteract host immune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Maria Trelis
- §Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; ¶Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Universitat de València-Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Bernal
- ‖Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gerard P Brennan
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sandra O'Neill
- ‡‡School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jose Tort
- §§Departmento de Genética. Facultad de Medicina, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Steve Paterson
- ¶¶Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- §Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; ¶Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Universitat de València-Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - John P Dalton
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark W Robinson
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland; ‖‖Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Martin I, Cabán-Hernández K, Figueroa-Santiago O, Espino AM. Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein inhibits TLR4 activation and suppresses the inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide in vitro and in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3924-36. [PMID: 25780044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR4, the innate immunity receptor for bacterial endotoxins, plays a pivotal role in the induction of inflammatory responses. There is a need to develop molecules that block either activation through TLR4 or the downstream signaling pathways to inhibit the storm of inflammation typically elicited by bacterial LPS, which is a major cause of the high mortality associated with bacterial sepsis. We report in this article that a single i.p. injection of 15 μg fatty acid binding protein from Fasciola hepatica (Fh12) 1 h before exposure to LPS suppressed significantly the expression of serum inflammatory cytokines in a model of septic shock using C57BL/6 mice. Because macrophages are a good source of IL-12p70 and TNF-α, and are critical in driving adaptive immunity, we investigated the effect of Fh12 on the function of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmMΦs). Although Fh12 alone did not induce cytokine expression, it significantly suppressed the expression of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β cytokines, as well as inducible NO synthase-2 in bmMΦs, and also impaired the phagocytic capacity of bmMΦs. Fh12 had a limited effect on the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced in response to other TLR ligands. One mechanism used by Fh12 to exert its anti-inflammatory effect is binding to the CD14 coreceptor. Moreover, it suppresses phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK. The potent anti-inflammatory properties of Fh12 demonstrated in this study open doors to further studies directed at exploring the potential of this molecule as a new class of drug against septic shock or other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelisse Martin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Kimberly Cabán-Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Olgary Figueroa-Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Ana M Espino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
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Toet H, Piedrafita DM, Spithill TW. Liver fluke vaccines in ruminants: strategies, progress and future opportunities. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:915-27. [PMID: 25200351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of a vaccine for Fasciola spp. in livestock is a challenge and would be advanced by harnessing our knowledge of acquired immune mechanisms expressed by resistant livestock against fluke infection. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity directed to the surface tegument of juvenile/immature flukes is a host immune effector mechanism, suggesting that antigens on the surface of young flukes may represent prime candidates for a fluke vaccine. A Type 1 immune response shortly after fluke infection is associated with resistance to infection in resistant sheep, indicating that vaccine formulations should attempt to induce Type 1 responses to enhance vaccine efficacy. In cattle or sheep, an optimal fluke vaccine would need to reduce mean fluke burdens in a herd below the threshold of 30-54 flukes to ensure sustainable production benefits. Fluke infection intensity data suggest that vaccine efficacy of approximately 80% is required to reduce fluke burdens below this threshold in most countries. With the increased global prevalence of triclabendazole-resistant Fasciolahepatica, it may be commercially feasible in the short term to introduce a fluke vaccine of reasonable efficacy that will provide economic benefits for producers in regions where chemical control of new drug-resistant fluke infections is not viable. Commercial partnerships will be needed to fast-track new candidate vaccines using acceptable adjuvants in relevant production animals, obviating the need to evaluate vaccine antigens in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Toet
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - David M Piedrafita
- School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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15
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Scheerlinck JPY. Techniques for the diagnosis of Fasciola infections in animals: room for improvement. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 85:65-107. [PMID: 24928180 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800182-0.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, causes fascioliasis, a significant disease in mammals, including livestock, wildlife and humans, with a major socioeconomic impact worldwide. In spite of its impact, and some advances towards the development of vaccines and new therapeutic agents, limited attention has been paid to the need for practical and reliable methods for the diagnosis of infection or disease. Accurate diagnosis is central to effective control, particularly given an emerging problem with drug resistance in F. hepatica. Traditional coprological techniques have been widely used, but are often unreliable. Although there have been some advances in establishing immunologic techniques, these tools can suffer from a lack of diagnostic specificity and/or sensitivity. Nonetheless, antigen detection tests seem to have considerable potential, but have not yet been adequately evaluated in the field. Moreover, advanced nucleic acid-based methods appear to offer the most promise for the diagnosis of current infection. This chapter (i) provides a brief account of the biology and significance of F. hepatica/fascioliasis, (ii) describes key techniques currently in use, (iii) compares their advantages/disadvantages and (iv) reviews polymerase chain reaction-based methods for specific diagnosis and/or the genetic characterization of Fasciola species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Alvarez Rojas
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Han ET, Yang HJ, Park YJ, Park JH, Chai JY. Metagonimus yokogawai: a 100-kDa somatic antigen commonly reacting with other trematodes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:201-4. [PMID: 24850966 PMCID: PMC4028460 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to characterize the properties of a 100 kDa somatic antigen from Metagonimus yokogawai. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against this 100 kDa antigen, and their immunoreactivity was assessed by western blot analysis with patients' sera. The mAbs against the 100 kDa antigen commonly reacted with various kinds of trematode antigens, including intestinal (Gymnophalloides seoi), lung (Paragonimus westermani), and liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola hepatica). However, this mAb showed no cross-reactions with other helminth parasites, including nematodes and cestodes. To determine the topographic distribution of the 100 kDa antigen in worm sections, indirect immunoperoxidase staining was performed. A strong positive reaction was observed in the tegumental and subtegumental layers of adult M. yokogawai and C. sinensis. The results showed that the 100 kDa somatic protein of M. yokogawai is a common antigen which recognizes a target epitope present over the tegumental layer of different trematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-056, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Park
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Development of two antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of human chronic fascioliasis. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:766-72. [PMID: 24353000 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02875-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coprological examination based on egg detection in stool samples is currently used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of human fascioliasis. However, this method is not effective during the acute phase of the disease and has poor sensitivity during the chronic phase. Serodiagnosis has become an excellent alternative to coprological examination in efforts to combat the effects of fascioliasis on human and animal health. Two novel recombinant Fasciola hepatica proteins, i.e., a ferritin (FhFtn-1) and a tegument-associated protein (FhTP16.5), were used as antigens to develop in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The assays were optimized and validated using 152 serum samples from humans with a known infection status, including healthy subjects, patients with chronic fascioliasis, and patients with other parasitic diseases. The FhFtn-1 ELISA was shown to be 96.6% sensitive and 95.7% specific; the respective parameters for the FhTP16.5 ELISA were 91.4% and 92.4%. The performances of the FhFtn-1 and FhTP16.5 ELISAs were compared with that of an available commercial test (the DRG test) using a subset of serum samples. Our in-house tests were slightly more sensitive than the DRG test in detecting antibodies against F. hepatica, but the differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the potential of the FhFtn-1 and FhTP16.5 ELISAs as diagnostic tools for human fascioliasis, as might be implemented in conjunction with standard assays for large-scale screenings in areas where the disease is endemic and for the detection of occasional cases in clinical laboratories.
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18
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Cabán-Hernández K, Espino AM. Differential expression and localization of saposin-like protein 2 of Fasciola hepatica. Acta Trop 2013; 128:591-7. [PMID: 23988299 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FhSAP2 is a novel antigen isolated from the adult fluke of Fasciola hepatica. Based on sequence similarity with amoebapores and other related proteins, it belongs to the saposin-like protein (SAPLIP) family. FhSAP2 has been shown to be highly immunogenic and capable of inducing protective immune responses in mice and rabbits challenged with F. hepatica. Moreover, FhSAP2 is also reactive with sera from humans with chronic fascioliasis. In the present study, we investigated the expression of FhSAP2 in various developmental stages of F. hepatica by qPCR and demonstrated that FhSAP2-mRNA species are up-regulated in undeveloped eggs, newly excysted juveniles, and adults, but down-regulated in the miracidium stage. Monoclonal antibodies against FhSAP2 were produced, and two clones that are positive to F. hepatica whole-body extract, but not reactive with extracts from other trematodes, were selected, expanded and used for histolocalization studies. Confocal immunofluorescence revealed the presence of native FhSAP2 in epithelial cells surrounding the gut, toward the outermost part of the tegument, and toward the tegumental cells of both adults and newly excysted juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Cabán-Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, Office A-386, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
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Martínez-Ibeas A, Perteguer M, González-Lanza C, Gárate T, Manga-González M. Analysis of an expressed sequence tag library from Dicrocoelium dentriticum. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:287-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Evaluation and characterization of Fasciola hepatica tegument protein extract for serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1870-8. [PMID: 23015645 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00487-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tegument protein extract from Fasciola hepatica adult flukes (FhTA) was obtained and assessed for its potential as a diagnostic agent for the serological detection of human fascioliasis using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In an analysis of sera from 45 patients infected with F. hepatica, sera from 41 patients with other parasitic infections, and sera from 33 healthy controls, the FhTA-ELISA showed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 91.1%, 97.3%, and 95%, respectively. Specific IgG1 and IgG4 were the antibody isotypes mainly detected in sera from patients with fascioliasis. Polypeptides of 52, 38, 24 to 26, and 12 to 14 kDa were identified by Western blotting as the most immunoreactive components of the FhTA. A proteomic approach led us to identify enolase, aldolase, glutathione S-transferase, and fatty acid binding protein as the major immunoreactive components of the FhTA.
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