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Gu S, Zhao Z, Xue F, Liu D, Liu Q, Li J, Tian C. The arabinose transporter MtLat-1 is involved in hemicellulase repression as a pentose transceptor in Myceliophthora thermophila. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:51. [PMID: 36966330 PMCID: PMC10040116 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi possess an array of secreted enzymes to depolymerize the structural polysaccharide components of plant biomass. Sugar transporters play an essential role in nutrient uptake and sensing of extracellular signal molecules to inhibit or trigger the induction of lignocellulolytic enzymes. However, the identities and functions of transceptors associated with the induction of hemicellulase genes remain elusive. RESULTS In this study, we reveal that the L-arabinose transporter MtLat-1 is associated with repression of hemicellulase gene expression in the filamentous fungus Myceliophthora thermophila. The absence of Mtlat-1 caused a decrease in L-arabinose uptake and consumption rates. However, mycelium growth, protein production, and hemicellulolytic activities were markedly increased in a ΔMtlat-1 mutant compared with the wild-type (WT) when grown on arabinan. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed a different expression profile in the ΔMtlat-1 strain from that in the WT in response to arabinan, and demonstrated that MtLat-1 was involved in the repression of the main hemicellulase-encoding genes. A point mutation that abolished the L-arabinose transport activity of MtLat-1 did not impact the repression of hemicellulase gene expression when the mutant protein was expressed in the ΔMtlat-1 strain. Thus, the involvement of MtLat-1 in the expression of hemicellulase genes is independent of its transport activity. The data suggested that MtLat-1 is a transceptor that senses and transduces the molecular signal, resulting in downstream repression of hemicellulolytic gene expression. MtAra-1 protein directly regulated the expression of Mtlat-1 by binding to its promoter region. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that the transcription factor MtAra-1 also plays an important role in expression of arabinanolytic enzyme genes and L-arabinose catabolism. CONCLUSIONS M. thermophila MtLat-1 functions as a transceptor that is involved in L-arabinose transport and signal transduction associated with suppression of the expression of hemicellulolytic enzyme-encoding genes. The data presented in this study add to the models of the regulation of hemicellulases in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Gu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fanglei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Defei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Jingen Li
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
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Semkiv MV, Ruchala J, Tsaruk AY, Zazulya AZ, Vasylyshyn RV, Dmytruk OV, Zuo M, Kang Y, Dmytruk KV, Sibirny AA. The role of hexose transporter-like sensor hxs1 and transcription activator involved in carbohydrate sensing azf1 in xylose and glucose fermentation in the thermotolerant yeast Ogataea polymorpha. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:162. [PMID: 35964033 PMCID: PMC9375311 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fuel ethanol from lignocellulose could be important source of renewable energy. However, to make the process feasible, more efficient microbial fermentation of pentose sugars, mainly xylose, should be achieved. The native xylose-fermenting thermotolerant yeast Ogataea polymorpha is a promising organism for further development. Efficacy of xylose alcoholic fermentation by O. polymorpha was significantly improved by metabolic engineering. Still, genes involved in regulation of xylose fermentation are insufficiently studied. Results We isolated an insertional mutant of O.polymorpha with impaired ethanol production from xylose. The insertion occurred in the gene HXS1 that encodes hexose transporter-like sensor, a close homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae sensors Snf3 and Rgt2. The role of this gene in xylose utilization and fermentation was not previously elucidated. We additionally analyzed O.polymorpha strains with the deletion and overexpression of the corresponding gene. Strains with deletion of the HXS1 gene had slower rate of glucose and xylose consumption and produced 4 times less ethanol than the wild-type strain, whereas overexpression of HXS1 led to 10% increase of ethanol production from glucose and more than 2 times increase of ethanol production from xylose. We also constructed strains of O.polymorpha with overexpression of the gene AZF1 homologous to S. cerevisiae AZF1 gene which encodes transcription activator involved in carbohydrate sensing. Such transformants produced 10% more ethanol in glucose medium and 2.4 times more ethanol in xylose medium. Besides, we deleted the AZF1 gene in O. polymorpha. Ethanol accumulation in xylose and glucose media in such deletion strains dropped 1.5 and 1.8 times respectively. Overexpression of the HXS1 and AZF1 genes was also obtained in the advanced ethanol producer from xylose. The corresponding strains were characterized by 20–40% elevated ethanol accumulation in xylose medium. To understand underlying mechanisms of the observed phenotypes, specific enzymatic activities were evaluated in the isolated recombinant strains. Conclusions This paper shows the important role of hexose sensor Hxs1 and transcription factor Azf1 in xylose and glucose alcoholic fermentation in the native xylose-fermenting yeast O. polymorpha and suggests potential importance of the corresponding genes for construction of the advanced ethanol producers from the major sugars of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta V Semkiv
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Justyna Ruchala
- University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Aksynia Y Tsaruk
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Anastasiya Z Zazulya
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
| | | | - Olena V Dmytruk
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine.,University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - MingXing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550014, Guiyang, China
| | - Yingqian Kang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550014, Guiyang, China
| | - Kostyantyn V Dmytruk
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine.,University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine. .,University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland.
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3
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Aliyu H, Gorte O, Neumann A, Ochsenreither K. Global Transcriptome Profile of the Oleaginous Yeast Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 Cultivated in Glucose and Xylose. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:758. [PMID: 34575796 PMCID: PMC8466774 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike conventional yeasts, several oleaginous yeasts, including Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192, possess the innate ability to grow and produce biochemicals from plant-derived lignocellulosic components such as hexose and pentose sugars. To elucidate the genetic basis of S. podzolica growth and lipid production on glucose and xylose, we performed comparative temporal transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq method. Approximately 3.4 and 22.2% of the 10,670 expressed genes were differentially (FDR < 0.05, and log2FC > 1.5) expressed under batch and fed batch modes, respectively. Our analysis revealed that a higher number of sugar transporter genes were significantly overrepresented in xylose relative to glucose-grown cultures. Given the low homology between proteins encoded by most of these genes and those of the well-characterised transporters, it is plausible to conclude that S. podzolica possesses a cache of putatively novel sugar transporters. The analysis also suggests that S. podzolica potentially channels carbon flux from xylose via both the non-oxidative pentose phosphate and potentially via the first steps of the Weimberg pathways to yield xylonic acid. However, only the ATP citrate lyase (ACL) gene showed significant upregulation among the essential oleaginous pathway genes under nitrogen limitation in xylose compared to glucose cultivation. Combined, these findings pave the way toward the design of strategies or the engineering of efficient biomass hydrolysate utilization in S. podzolica for the production of various biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibu Aliyu
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (O.G.); (A.N.)
| | | | | | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (O.G.); (A.N.)
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4
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Hrushanyk NV, Stasyk OV, Stasyk OG. Oxidative stress regulation in the yeast Ogataea polymorpha producer of human ?-synuclein. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Vasylyshyn R, Kurylenko O, Ruchala J, Shevchuk N, Kuliesiene N, Khroustalyova G, Rapoport A, Daugelavicius R, Dmytruk K, Sibirny A. Engineering of sugar transporters for improvement of xylose utilization during high-temperature alcoholic fermentation in Ogataea polymorpha yeast. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:96. [PMID: 32334587 PMCID: PMC7183630 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xylose transport is one of the bottlenecks in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Xylose consumption by the wild-type strains of xylose-utilizing yeasts occurs once glucose is depleted resulting in a long fermentation process and overall slow and incomplete conversion of sugars liberated from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Therefore, the engineering of endogenous transporters for the facilitation of glucose-xylose co-consumption is an important prerequisite for efficient ethanol production from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Results In this study, several engineering approaches formerly used for the low-affinity glucose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were successfully applied for earlier identified transporter Hxt1 in Ogataea polymorpha to improve xylose consumption (engineering involved asparagine substitution to alanine at position 358 and replacement of N-terminal lysine residues predicted to be the target of ubiquitination for arginine residues). Moreover, the modified versions of S. cerevisiae Hxt7 and Gal2 transporters also led to improved xylose fermentation when expressed in O. polymorpha. Conclusions The O. polymorpha strains with modified Hxt1 were characterized by simultaneous utilization of both glucose and xylose, in contrast to the wild-type and parental strain with elevated ethanol production from xylose. When the engineered Hxt1 transporter was introduced into constructed earlier advanced ethanol producer form xylose, the resulting strain showed further increase in ethanol accumulation during xylose fermentation. The overexpression of heterologous S. cerevisiae Gal2 had a less profound positive effects on sugars uptake rate, while overexpression of Hxt7 revealed the least impact on sugars consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksolana Vasylyshyn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Olena Kurylenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Justyna Ruchala
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine.,Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland
| | - Nadiya Shevchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Neringa Kuliesiene
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, 44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Galina Khroustalyova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str., 1-537, Riga, 1004, Latvia.,Latvian - Ukrainian Joint International Laboratory of Microbial Cell Biology, Jelgavas Str., 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Rapoport
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str., 1-537, Riga, 1004, Latvia.,Latvian - Ukrainian Joint International Laboratory of Microbial Cell Biology, Jelgavas Str., 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Rimantas Daugelavicius
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, 44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kostyantyn Dmytruk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Sibirny
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine. .,Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland. .,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str., 1-537, Riga, 1004, Latvia. .,Latvian - Ukrainian Joint International Laboratory of Microbial Cell Biology, Jelgavas Str., 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine.
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6
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Stasyk OG, Denega IO, Padhorny D, Dmytruk KV, Kozakov D, Abbas C, Stasyk OV. Glucose regulation in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula (Ogataea) polymorpha is mediated by a putative transceptor Gcr1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 103:25-34. [PMID: 30081098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The HpGcr1, a hexose transporter homologue from the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula (Ogataea) polymorpha, was previously identified as being involved in glucose repression. Intriguingly, potential HpGcr1 orthologues are found only in the genomes of a few yeasts phylogenetically closely related to H. polymorpha, but are absent in all other yeasts. The other closest HpGcr1 homologues are fungal high-affinity glucose symporters or putative transceptors suggesting a possible HpGcr1 origin due to a specific archaic gene retention or via horizontal gene transfer from Eurotiales fungi. Herein we report that, similarly to other yeast non-transporting glucose sensors, the substitution of the conserved arginine residue converts HpGcr1R165K into a constitutively signaling form. Synthesis of HpGcr1R165K in gcr1Δ did not restore glucose transport or repression but instead profoundly impaired growth independent of carbon source used. Simultaneously, gcr1Δ was impaired in transcriptional induction of repressible peroxisomal alcohol oxidase and in growth on methanol. Overexpression of the functional transporter HpHxt1 in gcr1Δ partially restored growth on glucose and glucose repression but did not rescue impaired growth on methanol. Heterologous expression of HpGcr1 in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae hxt-null strain did not restore glucose uptake due to protein mislocalization. However, HpGcr1 overexpression in H. polymorpha led to increased sensitivity to extracellular 2-deoxyglucose, suggesting HpGcr1 is a functional glucose carrier. The combined data suggest that HpGcr1 represents a novel type of yeast glucose transceptor functioning also in the absence of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena G Stasyk
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine; Department of Biochemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Iryna O Denega
- Department of Biochemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Dzmitry Padhorny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kostyantyn V Dmytruk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Dima Kozakov
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | - Oleh V Stasyk
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine.
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7
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Gidijala L, Uthoff S, van Kampen SJ, Steinbüchel A, Verhaert RMD. Presence of protein production enhancers results in significantly higher methanol-induced protein production in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:112. [PMID: 30005638 PMCID: PMC6045890 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast Komagataella phaffii, better known as Pichia pastoris, is a commonly used host for recombinant protein production. Here expression vectors are reported that address the different steps of the transcription–translation–secretion pathway of heterologous protein production. Results Transcription and translation enhancing elements were introduced in an expression cassette for the production of recombinant Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterase A. The yield was increased by threefold as compared to the yield without these elements. Multiple copy strains were selected using a zeocin resistance marker in the expression cassette and showed another sixfold higher yield. Modification of the C-terminal amino acid sequence of the secretion signal did not significantly improve the production yield. Similar data were obtained for the production of another protein, recombinant human interleukin 8. Upscaling to fed-batch fermentation conditions resulted in a twofold increase for reference strains, while for strains with enhancing elements a tenfold improvement was observed. Conclusions Pichia pastoris is used for recombinant protein production in industrial fermentations. By addressing the transcription and translation of mRNA coding for recombinant protein, significant yield improvement was obtained. The yield improvement obtained under microscale conditions was maintained under fed-batch fermentation conditions. These data demonstrate the potential of these expression vectors for large scale application as improved production of proteins has major implications on the economics and sustainability of biocatalyst dependent production processes e.g. for the production of pharmaceuticals and for the bioconversions of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loknath Gidijala
- ProteoNic BV, J.H. Oortweg 19-21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Uthoff
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan J van Kampen
- ProteoNic BV, J.H. Oortweg 19-21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 3, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Environmental Sciences Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Steyfkens F, Zhang Z, Van Zeebroeck G, Thevelein JM. Multiple Transceptors for Macro- and Micro-Nutrients Control Diverse Cellular Properties Through the PKA Pathway in Yeast: A Paradigm for the Rapidly Expanding World of Eukaryotic Nutrient Transceptors Up to Those in Human Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:191. [PMID: 29662449 PMCID: PMC5890159 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutrient composition of the medium has dramatic effects on many cellular properties in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition to the well-known specific responses to starvation for an essential nutrient, like nitrogen or phosphate, the presence of fermentable sugar or a respirative carbon source leads to predominance of fermentation or respiration, respectively. Fermenting and respiring cells also show strong differences in other properties, like storage carbohydrate levels, general stress tolerance and cellular growth rate. However, the main glucose repression pathway, which controls the switch between respiration and fermentation, is not involved in control of these properties. They are controlled by the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Addition of glucose to respiring yeast cells triggers cAMP synthesis, activation of PKA and rapid modification of its targets, like storage carbohydrate levels, general stress tolerance and growth rate. However, starvation of fermenting cells in a glucose medium for any essential macro- or micro-nutrient counteracts this effect, leading to downregulation of PKA and its targets concomitant with growth arrest and entrance into G0. Re-addition of the lacking nutrient triggers rapid activation of the PKA pathway, without involvement of cAMP as second messenger. Investigation of the sensing mechanism has revealed that the specific high-affinity nutrient transporter(s) induced during starvation function as transporter-receptors or transceptors for rapid activation of PKA upon re-addition of the missing substrate. In this way, transceptors have been identified for amino acids, ammonium, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and zinc. We propose a hypothesis for regulation of PKA activity by nutrient transceptors to serve as a conceptual framework for future experimentation. Many properties of transceptors appear to be similar to those of classical receptors and nutrient transceptors may constitute intermediate forms in the development of receptors from nutrient transporters during evolution. The nutrient-sensing transceptor system in yeast for activation of the PKA pathway has served as a paradigm for similar studies on candidate nutrient transceptors in other eukaryotes and we succinctly discuss the many examples of transceptors that have already been documented in other yeast species, filamentous fungi, plants, and animals, including the examples in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenella Steyfkens
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Zeebroeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB, Flanders, Belgium
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Transcriptome analysis of Δmig1Δmig2 mutant reveals their roles in methanol catabolism, peroxisome biogenesis and autophagy in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Genes Genomics 2017; 40:399-412. [PMID: 29892842 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two catabolite repressor genes (MIG1 and MIG2) were previously identified in Pichia pastoris, and the derepression of alcohol oxidase (AOX) expression was realized in Δmig1 or Δmig1Δmig2 mutants grown in glycerol, but not in glucose. In this study, genome-wide RNA-seq analysis of Δmig1Δmig2 and the wild-type strain grown in glycerol revealed that the expression of numerous genes was greatly altered. Nearly 7% (357 genes) of approximately 5276 genes annotated in P. pastoris were significantly upregulated, with at least a two-fold differential expression in Δmig1Δmig2; the genes were mainly related to cell metabolism. Approximately 23% (1197 genes) were significantly downregulated; these were mainly correlated with the physiological characteristics of the cell. The methanol catabolism and peroxisome biogenesis pathways were remarkably enhanced, and the genes AOX1 and AOX2 were upregulated higher than 30-fold, which was consistent with the experimental results of AOX expression. The Mig proteins had a slight effect on autophagy when cells were grown in glycerol. The expression analysis of transcription factors showed that deletion of MIG1 and MIG2 significantly upregulated the binding of an essential transcription activator, Mit1p, with the AOX1 promoter, which suggested that Mig proteins might regulate the AOX1 promoter through the regulation of Mit1p. This work provides a reference for the further exploration of the methanol induction and catabolite repression mechanisms of AOX expression in methylotrophic yeasts.
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Abstract
To respond to the changing environment, cells must be able to sense external conditions. This is important for many processes including growth, mating, the expression of virulence factors, and several other regulatory effects. Nutrient sensing at the plasma membrane is mediated by different classes of membrane proteins that activate downstream signaling pathways: nontransporting receptors, transceptors, classical and nonclassical G-protein-coupled receptors, and the newly defined extracellular mucin receptors. Nontransporting receptors have the same structure as transport proteins, but have lost the capacity to transport while gaining a receptor function. Transceptors are transporters that also function as a receptor, because they can rapidly activate downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on these four types of fungal membrane proteins. We mainly discuss the sensing mechanisms relating to sugars, ammonium, and amino acids. Mechanisms for other nutrients, such as phosphate and sulfate, are discussed briefly. Because the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been the most studied, especially regarding these nutrient-sensing systems, each subsection will commence with what is known in this species.
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Wang B, Li J, Gao J, Cai P, Han X, Tian C. Identification and characterization of the glucose dual-affinity transport system in Neurospora crassa: pleiotropic roles in nutrient transport, signaling, and carbon catabolite repression. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:17. [PMID: 28115989 PMCID: PMC5244594 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucose dual-affinity transport system (low- and high-affinity) is a conserved strategy used by microorganisms to cope with natural fluctuations in nutrient availability in the environment. The glucose-sensing and uptake processes are believed to be tightly associated with cellulase expression regulation in cellulolytic fungi. However, both the identities and functions of the major molecular components of this evolutionarily conserved system in filamentous fungi remain elusive. Here, we systematically identified and characterized the components of the glucose dual-affinity transport system in the model fungus Neurospora crassa. RESULTS Using RNA sequencing coupled with functional transport analyses, we assigned GLT-1 (Km = 18.42 ± 3.38 mM) and HGT-1/-2 (Km = 16.13 ± 0.95 and 98.97 ± 22.02 µM) to the low- and high-affinity glucose transport systems, respectively. The high-affinity transporters hgt-1/-2 complemented a moderate growth defect under high glucose when glt-1 was deleted. Simultaneous deletion of hgt-1/-2 led to extensive derepression of genes for plant cell wall deconstruction in cells grown on cellulose. The suppression by HGT-1/-2 was connected to both carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A pathway. Alteration of a residue conserved across taxa in hexose transporters resulted in a loss of glucose-transporting function, whereas CCR signal transduction was retained, indicating dual functions for HGT-1/-2 as "transceptors." CONCLUSIONS In this study, GLT-1 and HGT-1/-2 were identified as the key components of the glucose dual-affinity transport system, which plays diverse roles in glucose transport and carbon metabolism. Given the wide conservation of the glucose dual-affinity transport system across fungal species, the identification of its components and their pleiotropic roles in this study shed important new light on the molecular basis of nutrient transport, signaling, and plant cell wall degradation in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027 China
| | - Jingen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Jingfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 Heilongjiang China
| | - Pengli Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Xiaoyun Han
- School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 Heilongjiang China
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
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12
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Shen W, Xue Y, Liu Y, Kong C, Wang X, Huang M, Cai M, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Zhou M. A novel methanol-free Pichia pastoris system for recombinant protein expression. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:178. [PMID: 27769297 PMCID: PMC5073731 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the most popular expression systems, recombinant protein expression in Pichia pastoris relies on the AOX1 promoter (PAOX1) which is strongly induced by methanol. However, the toxic and inflammatory nature of methanol restricts its application, especially in edible and medical products. Therefore, constructing a novel methanol-free system becomes necessary. The kinases involved in PAOX1 activation or repression by different carbon sources may be promising targets. Results We identified two kinase mutants: Δgut1 and Δdak, both of which showed strong alcohol oxidase activity under non-methanol carbon sources. Based on these two kinases, we constructed two methanol-free expression systems: Δgut1-HpGCY1-glycerol (PAOX1 induced by glycerol) and Δdak-DHA (PAOX1 induced by DHA). By comparing their GFP expression efficiencies, the latter one showed better potential. To further test the Δdak-DHA system, three more recombinant proteins were expressed as examples. We found that the expression ability of our novel methanol-free Δdak-DHA system was generally better than the constitutive GAP promoter, and reached 50–60 % of the traditional methanol induced system. Conclusions We successfully constructed a novel methanol-free expression system Δdak-DHA. This modified expression platform preserved the favorable regulatable nature of PAOX1, providing a potential alternative to the traditional system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0578-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chuixing Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Dusny C, Schmid A. TheMOXpromoter inHansenula polymorphais ultrasensitive to glucose-mediated carbon catabolite repression. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow067. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Solis-Escalante D, van den Broek M, Kuijpers NGA, Pronk JT, Boles E, Daran JM, Daran-Lapujade P. The genome sequence of the popular hexose-transport-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain EBY.VW4000 reveals LoxP/Cre-induced translocations and gene loss. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fou004. [PMID: 25673752 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fou004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae harbours a large group of tightly controlled hexose transporters with different characteristics. Construction and characterization of S. cerevisiae EBY.VW4000, a strain devoid of glucose import, was a milestone in hexose-transporter research. This strain has become a widely used platform for discovery and characterization of transporters from a wide range of organisms. To abolish glucose uptake, 21 genes were knocked out, involving 16 successive deletion rounds with the LoxP/Cre system. Although such intensive modifications are known to increase the risk of genome alterations, the genome of EBY.VW4000 has hitherto not been characterized. Based on a combination of whole genome sequencing, karyotyping and molecular confirmation, the present study reveals that construction of EBY.VW4000 resulted in gene losses and chromosomal rearrangements. Recombinations between the LoxP scars have led to the assembly of four neo-chromosomes, truncation of two chromosomes and loss of two subtelomeric regions. Furthermore, sporulation and spore germination are severely impaired in EBY.VW4000. Karyotyping of the EBY.VW4000 lineage retraced its current chromosomal architecture to four translocations events occurred between the 6th and the 12th rounds of deletion. The presented data facilitate further studies on EBY.VW4000 and highlight the risks of genome alterations associated with repeated use of the LoxP/Cre system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Solis-Escalante
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van den Broek
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G A Kuijpers
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands Platform Green Synthetic Biology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eckhard Boles
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands Platform Green Synthetic Biology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale Daran-Lapujade
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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15
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Solis-Escalante D, Kuijpers NGA, Barrajon-Simancas N, van den Broek M, Pronk JT, Daran JM, Daran-Lapujade P. A Minimal Set of Glycolytic Genes Reveals Strong Redundancies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Central Metabolism. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:804-16. [PMID: 26071034 PMCID: PMC4519752 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00064-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As a result of ancestral whole-genome and small-scale duplication events, the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many eukaryotes still contain a substantial fraction of duplicated genes. In all investigated organisms, metabolic pathways, and more particularly glycolysis, are specifically enriched for functionally redundant paralogs. In ancestors of the Saccharomyces lineage, the duplication of glycolytic genes is purported to have played an important role leading to S. cerevisiae's current lifestyle favoring fermentative metabolism even in the presence of oxygen and characterized by a high glycolytic capacity. In modern S. cerevisiae strains, the 12 glycolytic reactions leading to the biochemical conversion from glucose to ethanol are encoded by 27 paralogs. In order to experimentally explore the physiological role of this genetic redundancy, a yeast strain with a minimal set of 14 paralogs was constructed (the "minimal glycolysis" [MG] strain). Remarkably, a combination of a quantitative systems approach and semiquantitative analysis in a wide array of growth environments revealed the absence of a phenotypic response to the cumulative deletion of 13 glycolytic paralogs. This observation indicates that duplication of glycolytic genes is not a prerequisite for achieving the high glycolytic fluxes and fermentative capacities that are characteristic of S. cerevisiae and essential for many of its industrial applications and argues against gene dosage effects as a means of fixing minor glycolytic paralogs in the yeast genome. The MG strain was carefully designed and constructed to provide a robust prototrophic platform for quantitative studies and has been made available to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels G A Kuijpers
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel van den Broek
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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16
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Schuler D, Wahl R, Wippel K, Vranes M, Münsterkötter M, Sauer N, Kämper J. Hxt1, a monosaccharide transporter and sensor required for virulence of the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1086-1100. [PMID: 25678342 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The smut Ustilago maydis, a ubiquitous pest of corn, is highly adapted to its host to parasitize on its organic carbon sources. We have identified a hexose transporter, Hxt1, as important for fungal development during both the saprophytic and the pathogenic stage of the fungus. Hxt1 was characterized as a high-affinity transporter for glucose, fructose, and mannose; ∆hxt1 strains show significantly reduced growth on these substrates, setting Hxt1 as the main hexose transporter during saprophytic growth. After plant infection, ∆hxt1 strains show decreased symptom development. However, expression of a Hxt1 protein with a mutation leading to constitutively active signaling in the yeast glucose sensors Snf3p and Rgt2p results in completely apathogenic strains. Fungal development is stalled immediately after plant penetration, implying a dual function of Hxt1 as transporter and sensor. As glucose sensors are only known for yeasts, 'transceptor' as Hxt1 may constitute a general mechanism for sensing of glucose in fungi. In U. maydis, Hxt1 links a nutrient-dependent environmental signal to the developmental program during pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schuler
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
| | - Ramon Wahl
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wippel
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Miroslav Vranes
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, Karlsruhe, 76187, Germany
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17
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Sibirny AA. Sensing and signaling for peroxisome autophagic degradation (pexophagy) in yeasts. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.06.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Polupanov AS, Sibirny AA. Cytoplasmic extension peptide of
Pichia pastoris
glucose sensor Gss1 is not compulsory for glucose signalling. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:172-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy S. Polupanov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and BiotechnologyInstitute of Cell BiologyNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine79005LvivUkraine
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular BiologyLvivUkraine
| | - Andriy A. Sibirny
- Department of Molecular Genetics and BiotechnologyInstitute of Cell BiologyNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine79005LvivUkraine
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular BiologyLvivUkraine
- Department of Biotechnology and MicrobiologyRzeszow UniversityZelwerowicza 4Rzeszow35‐601Poland
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19
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Liu TB, Wang Y, Baker GM, Fahmy H, Jiang L, Xue C. The glucose sensor-like protein Hxs1 is a high-affinity glucose transporter and required for virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64239. [PMID: 23691177 PMCID: PMC3653957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is a major fungal pathogen that frequently causes systemic infection in patients with compromised immunity. Glucose, an important signal molecule and the preferred carbon source for Cryptococcus, plays a critical role in fungal development and virulence. Cryptococcus contains more than 50 genes sharing high sequence homology with hexose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, there is no report on their function in glucose sensing or transport. In this study, we investigated two hexose transporter-like proteins (Hxs1 and Hxs2) in Cryptococcus that share the highest sequence identity with the glucose sensors Snf3 and Rgt2 in S. cerevisiae. The expression of HXS1 is repressed by high glucose, while the HXS2 expression is not regulated by glucose. Functional studies showed that Hxs1 is required for fungal resistance to oxidative stress and fungal virulence. The hxs1Δ mutant exhibited a significant reduction in glucose uptake activity, indicating that Hxs1 is required for glucose uptake. Heterologous expression of Cryptococcus HXS1 rendered the S. cerevisiae mutant lacking all 20 hexose transporters a high glucose uptake activity, demonstrating that Hxs1 functions as a glucose transporter. Heterologous expression of HXS1 in the snf3Δ rgt2Δ double mutant did not complement its growth in YPD medium containing the respiration inhibitor antimycin A, suggesting that Hxs1 may not function as a glucose sensor. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Hxs1 is a high-affinity glucose transporter and required for fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Bao Liu
- Public Health Research Institute Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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20
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Regulation of Pichia pastoris promoters and its consequences for protein production. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:385-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Regulations of sugar transporters: insights from yeast. Curr Genet 2013; 59:1-31. [PMID: 23455612 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transport across the plasma membrane is the first step at which nutrient supply is tightly regulated in response to intracellular needs and often also rapidly changing external environment. In this review, I describe primarily our current understanding of multiple interconnected glucose-sensing systems and signal-transduction pathways that ensure fast and optimum expression of genes encoding hexose transporters in three yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis and Candida albicans. In addition, an overview of GAL- and MAL-specific regulatory networks, controlling galactose and maltose utilization, is provided. Finally, pathways generating signals inducing posttranslational degradation of sugar transporters will be highlighted.
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22
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Suppi S, Michelson T, Viigand K, Alamäe T. Repression vs. activation of MOX, FMD, MPP1 and MAL1 promoters by sugars in Hansenula polymorpha: the outcome depends on cell's ability to phosphorylate sugar. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 13:219-32. [PMID: 23164245 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput approach was used to assess the effect of mono- and disaccharides on MOX, FMD, MPP1 and MAL1 promoters in Hansenula polymorpha. Site-specifically designed strains deficient for (1) hexokinase, (2) hexokinase and glucokinase, (3) maltose permease or (4) maltase were used as hosts for reporter plasmids in which β-glucuronidase (Gus) expression was controlled by these promoters. The reporter strains were grown on agar plates containing varied carbon sources and Gus activity was measured in permeabilized cells on microtitre plates. We report that monosaccharides (glucose, fructose) repress studied promoters only if phosphorylated in the cell. Glucose-6-phosphate was proposed as a sugar repression signalling metabolite for H. polymorpha. Intriguingly, glucose and fructose strongly activated expression from these promoters in strains lacking both hexokinase and glucokinase, indicating that unphosphorylated monosaccharides have promoter-derepressing effect. We also show that maltose and sucrose must be internalized and split into monosaccharides to exert repression on MOX promoter. We demonstrate that at yeast growth on glucose-containing agar medium, glucose-limitation is rapidly created that promotes derepression of methanol-specific promoters and that derepression is specifically enhanced in hexokinase-negative strain. We recommend double kinase-negative and hexokinase-negative mutants as hosts for heterologous protein production from MOX and FMD promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Suppi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Polupanov AS, Nazarko VY, Sibirny AA. Gss1 protein of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is involved in glucose sensing, pexophagy and catabolite repression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1906-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Sabina J, Johnston M. Asymmetric signal transduction through paralogs that comprise a genetic switch for sugar sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29635-43. [PMID: 19720826 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.032102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient uptake of glucose is especially critical to Saccharomyces cerevisiae because its preference to ferment this carbon source demands high flux through glycolysis. Glucose induces expression of HXT genes encoding hexose transporters through a signal generated by the Snf3 and Rgt2 glucose sensors that leads to depletion of the transcriptional regulators Mth1 and Std1. These paralogous proteins bind to Rgt1 and enable it to repress expression of HXT genes. Here we show that Mth1 and Std1 can substitute for one another and provide nearly normal regulation of their targets. However, their roles in the glucose signal transduction cascade have diverged significantly. Mth1 is the prominent effector of Rgt1 function because it is the more abundant of the two paralogs under conditions in which both are active (in the absence of glucose). Moreover, the cellular level of Mth1 is quite sensitive to the amount of available glucose. The abundance of Std1 protein, on the other hand, remains essentially constant over a similar range of glucose concentrations. The signal generated by low levels of glucose is amplified by rapid depletion of Mth1; the velocity of this depletion is dependent on both its rate of degradation and swift repression of MTH1 transcription by the Snf1-Mig1 glucose repression pathway. Quantitation of the contributions of Mth1 and Std1 to regulation of HXT expression reveals the unique roles played by each paralog in integrating nutrient availability with metabolic capacity: Mth1 is the primary regulator; Std1 serves to buffer the response to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sabina
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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25
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Thevelein JM, Voordeckers K. Functioning and evolutionary significance of nutrient transceptors. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:2407-14. [PMID: 19651853 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of nutrient transceptors, transporter-like proteins with a receptor function, suggests that receptors for chemical signals may have been derived in evolution from nutrient transporters. Several examples are now available of nutrient transporters with an additional nutrient signaling function, nutrient receptors with a transporter-like sequence and structure but without transport capacity, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have nutrients as ligands. Recent results have revealed that transceptor signaling requires a specific ligand-induced conformational change, which indicates that transceptors function in a similar way as regular receptors. Advanced bioinformatic analysis for detection of homology in distantly related proteins identifies the nontransporting glucose transceptor Rgt2 as the closest homologue of the glucose-sensing GPCR Gpr1 in yeast. This supports an intermediate position for nutrient transceptors in evolution, between nutrient transporters and classical receptors for chemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium.
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26
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Glucose sensing network in Candida albicans: a sweet spot for fungal morphogenesis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1314-20. [PMID: 19617394 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00138-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Mattanovich D, Graf A, Stadlmann J, Dragosits M, Redl A, Maurer M, Kleinheinz M, Sauer M, Altmann F, Gasser B. Genome, secretome and glucose transport highlight unique features of the protein production host Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:29. [PMID: 19490607 PMCID: PMC2702363 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pichia pastoris is widely used as a production platform for heterologous proteins and model organism for organelle proliferation. Without a published genome sequence available, strain and process development relied mainly on analogies to other, well studied yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS To investigate specific features of growth and protein secretion, we have sequenced the 9.4 Mb genome of the type strain DSMZ 70382 and analyzed the secretome and the sugar transporters. The computationally predicted secretome consists of 88 ORFs. When grown on glucose, only 20 proteins were actually secreted at detectable levels. These data highlight one major feature of P. pastoris, namely the low contamination of heterologous proteins with host cell protein, when applying glucose based expression systems. Putative sugar transporters were identified and compared to those of related yeast species. The genome comprises 2 homologs to S. cerevisiae low affinity transporters and 2 to high affinity transporters of other Crabtree negative yeasts. Contrary to other yeasts, P. pastoris possesses 4 H+/glycerol transporters. CONCLUSION This work highlights significant advantages of using the P. pastoris system with glucose based expression and fermentation strategies. As only few proteins and no proteases are actually secreted on glucose, it becomes evident that cell lysis is the relevant cause of proteolytic degradation of secreted proteins. The endowment with hexose transporters, dominantly of the high affinity type, limits glucose uptake rates and thus overflow metabolism as observed in S. cerevisiae. The presence of 4 genes for glycerol transporters explains the high specific growth rates on this substrate and underlines the suitability of a glycerol/glucose based fermentation strategy. Furthermore, we present an open access web based genome browser http://www.pichiagenome.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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