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Robert E, Goonewardene K, Lamboo L, Perez O, Goolia M, Lewis C, Erdelyan CNG, Lung O, Handel K, Moffat E, Embury-Hyatt C, Amaya NN, Parra CPC, Rueda DCG, Monroy MAR, Clavijo A, Ambagala A. Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Classical Swine Fever Virus Genotype 2 Strains Responsible for the 2013-2018 Outbreak in Colombia. Viruses 2023; 15:2308. [PMID: 38140549 PMCID: PMC10747092 DOI: 10.3390/v15122308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild pigs. Despite mass vaccination and continuous eradication programs, CSF remains endemic in Asia, some countries in Europe, the Caribbean and South America. Since June 2013, Northern Colombia has reported 137 CSF outbreaks, mostly in backyard production systems with low vaccination coverage. The purpose of this study was to characterize the virus responsible for the outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length E2 sequence shows that the virus is closely related to CSF virus (CSFV) genotype 2.6 strains circulating in Southeast Asia. The pathotyping experiment suggests that the virus responsible is a moderately virulent strain. The 190 nucleotide stretch of the E2 hypervariable region of these isolates also shows high similarity to the CSFV isolates from Colombia in 2005 and 2006, suggesting a common origin for the CSF outbreaks caused by genotype 2.6 strains. The emergence of genotype 2.6 in Colombia suggests a potential transboundary spread of CSFV from Asia to the Americas, complicating the ongoing CSF eradication efforts in the Americas, and emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Robert
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Lindsey Lamboo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Orlando Perez
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Melissa Goolia
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Charles Lewis
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Cassidy N. G. Erdelyan
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Oliver Lung
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Katherine Handel
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Estella Moffat
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Nancy Naranjo Amaya
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Claudia Patricia Calderón Parra
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Diana Cristina Gómez Rueda
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Maria Antonia Rincón Monroy
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogota 110911, DC, Colombia; (N.N.A.); (C.P.C.P.); (D.C.G.R.); (M.A.R.M.)
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (L.L.); (O.P.); (M.G.); (C.L.); (C.N.G.E.); (O.L.); (K.H.); (E.M.); (C.E.-H.); (A.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Malik YS, Bhat S, Kumar ORV, Yadav AK, Sircar S, Ansari MI, Sarma DK, Rajkhowa TK, Ghosh S, Dhama K. Classical Swine Fever Virus Biology, Clinicopathology, Diagnosis, Vaccines and a Meta-Analysis of Prevalence: A Review from the Indian Perspective. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060500. [PMID: 32580503 PMCID: PMC7350356 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically significant, multi-systemic, highly contagious viral disease of swine world over. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) due to its enormous consequences on porcine health and the pig industry. In India, the pig population is 9.06 million and contributes around 1.7% of the total livestock population. The pig industry is not well organized and is mostly concentrated in the eastern and northeastern states of the country (~40% of the country’s population). Since the first suspected CSF outbreak in India during 1944, a large number of outbreaks have been reported across the country, and CSF has acquired an endemic status. As of date, there is a scarcity of comprehensive information on CSF from India. Therefore, in this review, we undertook a systematic review to compile and evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of the CSF virus situation in the porcine population from India, targeting particular virus genes sequence analysis, published reports on prevalence, pathology, and updates on indigenous diagnostics and vaccines. The CSF virus (CSFV) is genetically diverse, and at least three phylogenetic groups are circulating throughout the world. In India, though genotype 1.1 predominates, recently published reports point toward increasing evidence of co-circulation of sub-genotype 2.2 followed by 2.1. Sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis of Indian CSFV reveal high genetic divergence among circulating strains. In the meta-analysis random-effects model, the estimated overall CSF prevalence was 35.4%, encompassing data from both antigen and antibody tests, and region-wise sub-group analysis indicated variable incidence from 25% in the southern to nearly 40% in the central zone, eastern, and northeastern regions. A country-wide immunization approach, along with other control measures, has been implemented to reduce the disease incidence and eliminate the virus in time to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243001, India; (S.B.); (S.S.); (M.I.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.M.); (K.D.); Tel.: +91-58-1230-2777 (Y.S.M. & K.D.); Fax: +91-58-1230-1757 (Y.S.M. & K.D.)
| | - Sudipta Bhat
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243001, India; (S.B.); (S.S.); (M.I.A.)
| | - O. R. Vinodh Kumar
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India;
| | - Ajay Kumar Yadav
- Animal Health, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig (ICAR-NRCP), Guwahati, Assam 781015, India;
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243001, India; (S.B.); (S.S.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Mohd Ikram Ansari
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243001, India; (S.B.); (S.S.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Dilip Kumar Sarma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati 781022, India;
| | - Tridib Kumar Rajkhowa
- College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796001, India;
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts PO Box 334, West Indies;
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
- Correspondence: (Y.S.M.); (K.D.); Tel.: +91-58-1230-2777 (Y.S.M. & K.D.); Fax: +91-58-1230-1757 (Y.S.M. & K.D.)
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