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Solarte-Murillo L, Reyes H, Ojeda L, Cárcamo JG, Pontigo JP, Loncoman CA. Analyses and Insights into Genetic Reassortment and Natural Selection as Key Drivers of Piscine orthoreovirus Evolution. Viruses 2024; 16:556. [PMID: 38675898 PMCID: PMC11053957 DOI: 10.3390/v16040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a pathogen that causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Salmo salar and has also been linked to circulatory disorders in other farmed salmonids, such as Oncorhynchus kisutch and Oncorhynchus mykiss. The virus has a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, which makes it possible to undergo genetic reassortment and increase its genomic diversity through point mutations. In this study, genetic reassortment in PRV was assessed using the full genome sequences available in public databases. This study used full genome sequences that were concatenated and genome-wide reassortment events, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the recombination/reassortment detection program version 5 (RDP5 V 5.5) software. Additionally, each segment was aligned codon by codon, and overall mean distance and selection was tested using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis X software, version 10.2 (MEGA X version 10.2). The results showed that there were 17 significant reassortment events in 12 reassortant sequences, involving genome exchange between low and highly virulent genotypes. PRV sequences from different salmonid host species did not appear to limit the reassortment. This study found that PRV frequently undergoes reassortment events to increase the diversity of its segmented genome, leading to antigenic variation and increased virulence. This study also noted that to date, no reassortment events have been described between PRV-1 and PRV-3 genotypes. However, the number of complete genomic sequences within each genotype is uneven. This is important because PRV-3 induces cross-protection against PRV-1, making it a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Solarte-Murillo
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Humberto Reyes
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
| | - Loreto Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Virología y Biotecnología, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, INCAR, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Juan G. Cárcamo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Virología y Biotecnología, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, INCAR, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio Institucional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5400000, Chile;
| | - Carlos A. Loncoman
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
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Sørensen J, Cuenca A, Olsen AB, Skovgaard K, Iburg TM, Olesen NJ, Vendramin N. Decreased water temperature enhance Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 3 replication and severe heart pathology in experimentally infected rainbow trout. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1112466. [PMID: 36846252 PMCID: PMC9950551 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 3 (PRV-3) was first discovered in Denmark in 2017 in relation to disease outbreaks in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). While the virus appears to be widespread in farmed rainbow trout, disease outbreaks associated with detection of PRV-3 have only occurred in recirculating aquaculture systems, and has predominantly been observed during the winter months. To explore the possible effects of water temperature on PRV-3 infection in rainbow trout, an in vivo cohabitation trial was conducted at 5, 12, and 18°C. For each water temperature, a control tank containing mock-injected shedder fish and a tank with PRV-3 exposed fish were included. Samples were collected from all experimental groups every 2nd week post challenge (WPC) up until trial termination at 12 WPC. PRV-3 RNA load measured in heart tissue of cohabitants peaked at 6 WPC for animals maintained at 12 and 18°C, while it reached its peak at 12 WPC in fish maintained at 5°C. In addition to the time shift, significantly more virus was detected at the peak in fish maintained at 5°C compared to 12 and 18°C. In shedders, fish at 12 and 18°C cleared the infection considerably faster than the fish at 5°C: while shedders at 18 and 12°C had cleared most of the virus at 4 and 6 WPC, respectively, high virus load persisted in the shedders at 5°C until 12 WPC. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the hematocrit levels was observed in the cohabitants at 12°C in correlation with the peak in viremia at 6 WPC; no changes in hematocrit was observed at 18°C, while a non-significant reduction (due to large individual variation) trend was observed at cohabitants held at 5°C. Importantly, isg15 expression was positively correlated with PRV-3 virus load in all PRV-3 exposed groups. Immune gene expression analysis showed a distinct gene profile in PRV-3 exposed fish maintained at 5°C compared to 12 and 18°C. The immune markers mostly differentially expressed in the group at 5°C were important antiviral genes including rigi, ifit5 and rsad2 (viperin). In conclusion, these data show that low water temperature allow for significantly higher PRV-3 replication in rainbow trout, and a tendency for more severe heart pathology development in PRV-3 injected fish. Increased viral replication was mirrored by increased expression of important antiviral genes. Despite no mortality being observed in the experimental trial, the data comply with field observations of clinical disease outbreaks during winter and cold months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sørensen
- Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Berit Olsen
- Section of Aquatic Biosecurity Research, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Moesgaard Iburg
- Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,*Correspondence: Niccolò Vendramin ✉
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Polinski MP, Vendramin N, Cuenca A, Garver KA. Piscine orthoreovirus: Biology and distribution in farmed and wild fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1331-1352. [PMID: 32935367 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a common and widely distributed virus of salmonids. Since its discovery in 2010, the virus has been detected in wild and farmed stocks from North America, South America, Europe and East Asia in both fresh and salt water environments. Phylogenetic analysis suggests three distinct genogroups of PRV with generally discrete host tropisms and/or regional patterns. PRV-1 is found mainly in Atlantic (Salmo salar), Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Salmon of Europe and the Americas; PRV-2 has only been detected in Coho Salmon of Japan; and PRV-3 has been reported primarily in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Europe. All three genotypes can establish high-load systemic infections by targeting red blood cells for principal replication. Each genotype has also demonstrated potential to cause circulatory disease. At the same time, high-load PRV infections occur in non-diseased salmon and trout, indicating a complexity for defining PRV's role in disease aetiology. Here, we summarize the current body of knowledge regarding PRV following 10 years of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Polinski
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Niccoló Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kyle A Garver
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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Emergence and Spread of Piscine orthoreovirus Genotype 3. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100823. [PMID: 33036449 PMCID: PMC7601675 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a relevant pathogen for salmonid aquaculture worldwide. In 2015, a new genotype of PRV (genotype 3, PRV-3) was discovered in Norway, and in 2017 PRV-3 was detected for first time in Denmark in association with complex disease cases in rainbow trout in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). To explore the epidemiology of PRV-3 in Denmark, a surveillance study was conducted in 2017 to 2019. Fifty-three farms, including both flow through and RAS, were screened for PRV-3. Of the farms examined, PRV-3 was detected in thirty-eight (71.7%), with the highest prevalence in grow-out farms. Notably, in Denmark disease outbreaks were only observed in RAS. Additionally, wild Atlantic salmon and brown trout populations were included in the screening, and PRV-3 was not detected in the three years where samples were obtained (2016, 2018, and 2019). Historical samples in the form of archived material at the Danish National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases were also tested for the presence of PRV-3, allowing us to establish that the virus has been present in Denmark at least since 1995. Sequence analyses of segment S1 and M2, as well as full genome analyses of selected isolates, did not reveal clear association between genetic makeup in these two segments and virulence in the form of disease outbreaks in the field.
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Dissemination of Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) during the Early and Regenerating Phases of Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020143. [PMID: 32093243 PMCID: PMC7169402 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) can cause heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but the line of events from infection, pathologic change, and regeneration has not been thoroughly described. In this study, the cellular localization and variation of PRV-1 RNA and protein levels were analyzed at different times post-exposure in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blot were used for assessment of the presence of the PRV-1 σ1 protein, while RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization were performed for viral RNA. Histopathologic evaluation demonstrated that PRV-1 infection induced heart lesions typical of HSMI, such as severe epicarditis and myocarditis with degeneration of cardiomyocytes, necrosis, and diffuse cellular infiltration. PRV-1 infection of erythrocytes and the peak viral plasma level preceded virus presence in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Arginase-2-positive, macrophage-like cells observed in the heart indicated possible polarization to M2 macrophages and the onset of regenerative processes, which may contribute to the recovery from HSMI. The virus was cleared from regenerating heart tissue and from hepatocytes, but persisted in erythrocytes.
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Teige LH, Kumar S, Johansen GM, Wessel Ø, Vendramin N, Lund M, Rimstad E, Boysen P, Dahle MK. Detection of Salmonid IgM Specific to the Piscine Orthoreovirus Outer Capsid Spike Protein Sigma 1 Using Lipid-Modified Antigens in a Bead-Based Antibody Detection Assay. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2119. [PMID: 31552049 PMCID: PMC6743345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bead-based multiplex immunoassays are promising tools for determination of the specific humoral immune response. In this study, we developed a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay for the detection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antibodies against Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV). Three different genotypes of PRV (PRV-1, PRV-2, and PRV-3) cause disease in farmed salmonids. The PRV outer capsid spike protein σ1 is predicted to be a host receptor binding protein and a target for neutralizing and protective antibodies. While recombinant σ1 performed poorly as an antigen to detect specific antibodies, N-terminal lipid modification of recombinant PRV-1 σ1 enabled sensitive detection of specific IgM in the bead-based assay. The specificity of anti-PRV-1 σ1 antibodies was confirmed by western blotting and pre-adsorption of plasma. Binding of non-specific IgM to beads coated with control antigens also increased after PRV infection, indicating a release of polyreactive antibodies. This non-specific binding was reduced by heat treatment of plasma. The same immunoassay also detected anti-PRV-3 σ1 antibodies from infected rainbow trout. In summary, a refined bead based immunoassay created by N-terminal lipid-modification of the PRV-1 σ1 antigen allowed sensitive detection of anti-PRV-1 and anti-PRV-3 antibodies from salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hammerlund Teige
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Subramani Kumar
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Grethe M Johansen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Wessel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Lund
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.,PatoGen, Alesund, Norway
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria K Dahle
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Evolution of the Piscine orthoreovirus Genome Linked to Emergence of Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Viruses 2019; 11:v11050465. [PMID: 31121920 PMCID: PMC6563308 DOI: 10.3390/v11050465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was first diagnosed in Norway in 1999. The disease is caused by Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1). The virus is prevalent in farmed Atlantic salmon, but not always associated with disease. Phylogeny and sequence analyses of 31 PRV-1 genomes collected over a 30-year period from fish with or without HSMI, grouped the viral sequences into two main monophylogenetic clusters, one associated with HSMI and the other with low virulent PRV-1 isolates. A PRV-1 strain from Norway sampled in 1988, a decade before the emergence of HSMI, grouped with the low virulent HSMI cluster. The two distinct monophylogenetic clusters were particularly evident for segments S1 and M2. Only a limited number of amino acids were unique to the association with HSMI, and they all located to S1 and M2 encoded proteins. The observed co-evolution of the S1-M2 pair coincided in time with the emergence of HSMI in Norway, and may have evolved through accumulation of mutations and/or segment reassortment. Sequences of S1-M2 suggest selection of the HSMI associated pair, and that this segment pair has remained almost unchanged in Norwegian salmon aquaculture since 1997. PRV-1 strains from the North American Pacific Coast and Faroe Islands have not undergone this evolution, and are more closely related to the PRV-1 precursor strains not associated with clinical HSMI.
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Kibenge MJT, Wang Y, Gayeski N, Morton A, Beardslee K, McMillan B, Kibenge FSB. Piscine orthoreovirus sequences in escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in Washington and British Columbia. Virol J 2019; 16:41. [PMID: 30940162 PMCID: PMC6444584 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emergent virus in salmon aquaculture belonging to the family Reoviridae. PRV is associated with a growing list of pathological conditions including heart and skeletal inflammation (HSMI) of farmed Atlantic salmon. Despite widespread PRV infection in commercially farmed Atlantic salmon, information on PRV prevalence and on the genetic sequence variation of PRV in Atlantic salmon on the north Pacific Coast is limited. METHODS Feral Atlantic salmon caught in Washington State and British Columbia following a large containment failure at a farm in northern Puget Sound were sampled. Fish tissues were tested for PRV by RT-qPCR assay for segment L1 and conventional RT-PCR for PRV segment S1. The PCR products were sequenced and their relationship to PRV strains in GenBank was determined using phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide and amino acid homology comparisons. RESULTS Following the escape of 253,000 Atlantic salmon from a salmon farm in Washington State, USA, 72/73 tissue samples from 27 Atlantic salmon captured shortly after the escape tested PRV-positive. We estimate PRV-prevalence in the source farm population at 95% or greater. The PRV found in the fish was identified as PRV sub-genotype Ia and very similar to PRV from farmed Atlantic salmon in Iceland. This correlates with the source of the fish in the farm. Eggs of infected fish were positive for PRV indicating the possibility of vertical transfer and spread with fish egg transports. CONCLUSIONS PRV prevalence was close to 100% in farmed Atlantic salmon that were caught in Washington State and British Columbia following a large containment failure at a farm in northern Puget Sound. The PRV strains present in the escaped Atlantic salmon were very similar to the PRV strain reported in farmed Atlantic salmon from the source hatchery in Iceland that was used to stock commercial aquaculture sites in Washington State. This study emphasizes the need to screen Atlantic salmon broodstock for PRV, particularly where used to supply eggs to the global Atlantic salmon farming industry thereby improving our understanding of PRV epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly J. T. Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, P.E.I C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Yingwei Wang
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, P.E.I C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Nick Gayeski
- Wild Fish Conservancy, PO Box 402, 15629 Main St. NE, Duvall, WA 98019 USA
| | - Alexandra Morton
- Raincoast Research Society, Box 399, Sointula, BC V0N 3E0 Canada
| | - Kurt Beardslee
- Wild Fish Conservancy, PO Box 402, 15629 Main St. NE, Duvall, WA 98019 USA
| | - Bill McMillan
- Wild Fish Conservancy, PO Box 402, 15629 Main St. NE, Duvall, WA 98019 USA
| | - Frederick S. B. Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, P.E.I C1A 4P3 Canada
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Vendramin N, Kannimuthu D, Olsen AB, Cuenca A, Teige LH, Wessel Ø, Iburg TM, Dahle MK, Rimstad E, Olesen NJ. Piscine orthoreovirus subtype 3 (PRV-3) causes heart inflammation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Res 2019; 50:14. [PMID: 30777130 PMCID: PMC6380033 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) mediated diseases have emerged throughout salmonid aquaculture. Three PRV subtypes are currently reported as causative agents of or in association with diseases in different salmonid species. PRV-1 causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and is associated with jaundice syndrome in farmed chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). PRV-2 causes erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS) in coho salmon in Japan. PRV-3 has recently been associated with a disease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) characterized by anaemia, heart and red muscle pathology; to jaundice syndrome in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In this study, we conducted a 10-week long experimental infection trial in rainbow trout with purified PRV-3 particles to assess the causal relationship between the virus and development of heart inflammation. The monitoring the PRV-3 load in heart and spleen by RT-qPCR shows a progressive increase of viral RNA to a peak, followed by clearance without a measurable change in haematocrit. The development of characteristic cardiac histopathological findings occurred in the late phase of the trial and was associated with increased expression of CD8+, indicating cytotoxic T cell proliferation. The findings indicate that, under these experimental conditions, PRV-3 infection in rainbow trout act similarly to PRV-1 infection in Atlantic salmon with regards to immunological responses and development of heart pathology, but not in the ability to establish a persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccoló Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dhamotharan Kannimuthu
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Argelia Cuenca
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lena Hammerlund Teige
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Wessel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine Moesgaard Iburg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Kibenge FS. Emerging viruses in aquaculture. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:97-103. [PMID: 30711892 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture remains the world's fastest-growing sector producing food of animal origin. Unlike in terrestrial animal agriculture, in aquaculture both farmed and wild aquatic animals in the same water column experience the same virus challenges. Additionally, the burgeoning international aquaculture expansion and expanding global trade in live aquatic animals and their products have been accompanied by long distance geographical redistribution of aquatic animal species and their viruses. The outcome is a continuous emergence of viral diseases in aquaculture, which may be driven by virus factors, animal host factors, environmental factors, and/or anthropogenic factors. Examples of emerging viruses in aquaculture include viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, infectious salmon anaemia virus, piscine orthoreovirus, Tilapia lake virus, Covert mortality nodavirus, Shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus, and Abalone herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Sb Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, P E I C1A 4P3, Canada.
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