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Kunanusont N, Taesuji M, Kulthonggate U, Rattanamas K, Mamom T, Thongsri K, Phannithi T, Ruenphet S. Longitudinal humoral immune response and maternal immunity in horses after a single live-attenuated vaccination against African horse sickness during the disease outbreak in Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:1690-1694. [PMID: 37766699 PMCID: PMC10521193 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1690-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim African horse sickness (AHS) has become a newly emerging disease after an outbreak in northeastern Thailand in March 2020. Mass vaccination in horses with live-attenuated AHS virus (AHSV) vaccine is essential for AHS control and prevention. This study aimed to monitor the longitudinal humoral immune response before and after a single vaccination using a live-attenuated vaccine against AHS in stallions, mares, and pregnant mares, including maternal immunity in foals born from pregnant mares during the outbreak in Thailand. Materials and Methods A total of 13 stallions and 23 non-pregnant and 21 pregnant mares were vaccinated with live-attenuated AHSV vaccines. Serum samples from selected horses were collected on the day of vaccination and 1, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12-months post-vaccination. Furthermore, seven serum samples of foals born from vaccinated pregnant mares were collected on parturition date and 1, 3, and 6-months old. The antibody titer against AHS in all collected serum samples was evaluated using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. All data were analyzed for mean and standard deviation for each group of samples using a spreadsheet program. Antibody titers between times were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance as repeated measurement, and antibody titers between horse groups were analyzed using a general linear model for statistically significant differences when p < 0.05. Results In stallion and non-pregnant mare groups, there were no statistically significant differences in antibody titers in all 6 time periods after vaccination. The antibody titer in the pregnant mare group showed a non-statistically significant difference between each gestation stage, except at 8 months post-vaccination. Furthermore, increasing antibody titers on days 1 and 3 after receiving colostrum in foals indicate the major role of transcolostral antibody transfer for AHS. Conclusion This study demonstrated that a single AHS vaccination using a live-attenuated vaccine could stimulate high antibody titers sufficient for AHS control and prevention during the outbreak in Thailand. Similarly, the antibody response of vaccinated horses of both genders, including various stages of pregnant mares, was statistically not different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutnaree Kunanusont
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Machimaporn Taesuji
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Usakorn Kulthonggate
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Khate Rattanamas
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Mamom
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Kosin Thongsri
- Department of Veterinary and Remount, Division of First Livestock and Agriculture, The Veterinary Hospital, Royal Thai Army, 57 Koh Samrong Subdistrict, Mueang District, Kanchanaburi Province 71000 Thailand
| | - Thawijit Phannithi
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
| | - Sakchai Ruenphet
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, 140 Cheum-Sampan Rd. Nong Chock, Bangkok 10530 Thailand
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Whole-Genome Sequence and Assembly of Eight Africa Horse Sickness Virus Strains Collected in Namibia and South Africa. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0103422. [PMID: 36920210 PMCID: PMC10112199 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01034-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we describe eight complete genome sequences of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) strains belonging to four different serotypes, namely, AHSV-5, AHSV-6, AHSV-8, and AHSV-9. Samples were collected in Namibia and South Africa from infected horses between 2000 and 2011. As expected, phylogenetic analyses of the variable outer capsid protein VP2 genomic sequences of AHSV-6 and AHSV-8 show higher nucleotide identity between the isolated viruses than that of the relevant reference strains. The full-genome sequence of AHSV will provide useful information on its geographical origin, and it will also be instrumental for comparing the distribution of the Namibian isolate with that of global isolates.
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Hoffmann B, Joseph S, Patteril NAG, Caveney MR, Elizabeth SK, Muhammed R, Wernery R, Wernery U. Comparative Genome Analysis of All Nine African Horse Sickness Serotypes Isolated From Equine Fatalities in Kenya and South Africa. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 119:104137. [PMID: 36223818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral disease of equids, caused by a virus of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. The African horse sickness virus (AHSV) genome is made up of ten double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments that together code for seven structural and four nonstructural proteins. AHS is endemic in sub-Saharan countries. The efficacy and safety of inactivated AHS vaccines containing all nine serotypes, produced at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates have been proven in the past. All nine AHSV serotypes were isolated from 102 samples collected in the last 20 years from horse fatalities in seven different area of Kenya, Africa. CVRL inactivated AHS vaccines are used in a few African countries defining the importance of this present study to compare the genome sequences of the nine AHSV serotypes isolated from horse fatalities in Kenya and nine AHSV serotypes isolated in South Africa. The hypothesized serotypes of the newly sequenced AHSV field strains from Kenya were likewise confirmed in this investigation, and they show substantial sequence homologies with recently isolated AHSV field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | - Rubeena Muhammed
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Renate Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Taesuji M, Rattanamas K, Kulthonggate U, Mamom T, Ruenphet S. Sensitivity and specificity for African horse sickness antibodies detection using monovalent and polyvalent vaccine antigen-based dot blotting. Vet World 2022; 15:2760-2763. [PMID: 36718334 PMCID: PMC9880840 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2760-2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The immune responses of animals infected with African horse sickness (AHS) virus are determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), complement fixation, and virus neutralization test. During the outbreaks of AHS in Thailand, the immune response after vaccination has been monitored using commercial test kits such as blocking ELISA, which are expensive imported products unavailable commercially in Thailand. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of anti-AHS virus antibodies using dot blotting based on monovalent and polyvalent strains of live attenuated AHS vaccine. Materials and Methods A total of 186 horse sera, namely, 93 AHS-unvaccinated samples and 93 AHS-vaccinated samples, were used in this study. All sera underwent antibodies detection using commercial blocking ELISA and in-house dot blotting based on monovalent and polyvalent strains of live attenuated AHS vaccine. The numbers of true positive, false positive, true negative, and false negative results in the dot blotting were compared with those in blocking ELISA and the sensitivity and specificity of dot blotting were assessed. Results For the monovalent antigen, there were 78, 19, 74, and 15 true positive, false positive, true negative, and false negative results, respectively, while for the polyvalent antigen, the corresponding numbers were 84, 34, 58, and 9. Meanwhile, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for monovalent antigen were 83.87% and 79.57%, respectively, but 90.32% and 62.37% for polyvalent antigen. Conclusion Dot blotting for AHS antibodies detection using vaccine antigen showed high sensitivity and rather a high specificity compared with the findings with the commercial ELISA test kit. In countries where commercial ELISA test kits are not available and when the size of a serum sample is small, dot blotting could become a good alternative test given its advantages, including its simplicity, rapidity, and convenience. To the best of our knowledge, these findings are the first report on the use of dot blotting for detecting AHS antibodies in horses. In conclusion, monovalent antigen-based dot blotting could be used as a reliable alternative serodiagnostic test for monitoring AHS humoral immune response, especially in vaccinated horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machimaporn Taesuji
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khate Rattanamas
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usakorn Kulthonggate
- Clinic for Horse, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Mamom
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakchai Ruenphet
- Master of Science Program in Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,Corresponding author: Sakchai Ruenphet, e-mail: Co-authors: MT: , KR: , UK: , TM:
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Bekker S, Potgieter CA, van Staden V, Theron J. Investigating the Role of African Horse Sickness Virus VP7 Protein Crystalline Particles on Virus Replication and Release. Viruses 2022; 14:2193. [PMID: 36298748 PMCID: PMC9608501 DOI: 10.3390/v14102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
African horse sickness is a deadly and highly infectious disease of equids, caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV). AHSV is one of the most economically important members of the Orbivirus genus. AHSV is transmitted by the biting midge, Culicoides, and therefore replicates in both insect and mammalian cell types. Structural protein VP7 is a highly conserved major core protein of orbiviruses. Unlike any other orbivirus VP7, AHSV VP7 is highly insoluble and forms flat hexagonal crystalline particles of unknown function in AHSV-infected cells and when expressed in mammalian or insect cells. To examine the role of AHSV VP7 in virus replication, a plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to generate a recombinant AHSV that does not form crystalline particles. We characterised the role of VP7 crystalline particle formation in AHSV replication in vitro and found that soluble VP7 interacted with viral proteins VP2 and NS2 similarly to wild-type VP7 during infection. Interestingly, soluble VP7 was found to form uncharacteristic tubule-like structures in infected cells which were confirmed to be as a result of unique VP7-NS1 colocalisation. Furthermore, it was found that VP7 crystalline particles play a role in AHSV release and yield. This work provides insight into the role of VP7 aggregation in AHSV cellular pathogenesis and contributes toward the understanding of the possible effects of viral protein aggregation in other human virus-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Bekker
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa
| | - Christiaan A. Potgieter
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd., 3 Bauhinia Street, Unit 34 Oxford Office Park, Highveld Techno Park, Centurion 0169, South Africa
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Vida van Staden
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa
| | - Jacques Theron
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa
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Bunpapong N, Charoenkul K, Nasamran C, Chamsai E, Udom K, Boonyapisitsopa S, Tantilertcharoen R, Kesdangsakonwut S, Techakriengkrai N, Suradhat S, Thanawongnuwech R, Amonsin A. African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 1 on Horse Farm, Thailand, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2208-2211. [PMID: 34287126 PMCID: PMC8314833 DOI: 10.3201/eid2708.210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate an outbreak of African horse sickness (AHS) on a horse farm in northeastern Thailand, we used whole-genome sequencing to detect and characterize the virus. The viruses belonged to serotype 1 and contained unique amino acids (95V,166S, 660I in virus capsid protein 2), suggesting a single virus introduction to Thailand.
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Evidence of Intragenic Recombination in African Horse Sickness Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070654. [PMID: 31323749 PMCID: PMC6669442 DOI: 10.3390/v11070654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intragenic recombination has been described in various RNA viruses as a mechanism to increase genetic diversity, resulting in increased virulence, expanded host range, or adaptability to a changing environment. Orbiviruses are no exception to this, with intragenic recombination previously detected in the type species, bluetongue virus (BTV). African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is a double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Oribivirus genus in the family Reoviridae. Genetic recombination through reassortment has been described in AHSV, but not through homologous intragenic recombination. The influence of the latter on the evolution of AHSV was investigated by analyzing the complete genomes of more than 100 viruses to identify evidence of recombination. Segment-1, segment-6, segment-7, and segment-10 showed evidence of intragenic recombination, yet only one (Segment-10) of these events was manifested in subsequent lineages. The other three hybrid segments were as a result of recombination between field isolates and the vaccine derived live attenuated viruses (ALVs).
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Schade-Weskott ML, van Schalkwyk A, Koekemoer JJO. A correlation between capsid protein VP2 and the plaque morphology of African horse sickness virus in cell culture. Virus Genes 2018; 54:527-535. [PMID: 29730763 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The attenuated live virus vaccine that is used in South Africa to protect against African horse sickness infection was developed more than 50 years ago. With the selection of the vaccine strains by cell culture passage, a correlation between the size of plaques formed in monolayer Vero cultures and attenuation of virus virulence in horses was found. The large plaque phenotype was used as an indication of cell culture adaptation and strongly correlated with attenuation of virulence in horses. There was never any investigation into the genetic causes of either the variation in plaque size, or the loss of virulence. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of attenuation would benefit the production of a safer AHSV vaccine. To this end, the genomes of different strains of two African horse sickness isolates, producing varying plaque sizes, were compared and the differences between them identified. This comparison suggested that proteins VP2, VP3, VP5 and NS3 were most likely involved in the determination of the plaque phenotype. Comparison between genome sequences (obtained from GenBank) of low and high passage strains from two additional serotypes indicated that VP2 was the only protein with amino acid substitutions in all four serotypes. The amino acid substitutions all occurred within the same hydrophilic area, resulting in increased hydrophilicity of VP2 in the large plaque strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde L Schade-Weskott
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J J O Koekemoer
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa
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Weyer CT, Grewar JD, Burger P, Rossouw E, Lourens C, Joone C, le Grange M, Coetzee P, Venter E, Martin DP, MacLachlan NJ, Guthrie AJ. African Horse Sickness Caused by Genome Reassortment and Reversion to Virulence of Live, Attenuated Vaccine Viruses, South Africa, 2004-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:2087-2096. [PMID: 27442883 PMCID: PMC5189153 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic and phylogenetic analyses show repeated outbreaks derived from
vaccine viruses. African horse sickness (AHS) is a hemorrhagic viral fever of horses. It is the
only equine disease for which the World Organization for Animal Health has
introduced specific guidelines for member countries seeking official recognition
of disease-free status. Since 1997, South Africa has maintained an AHS
controlled area; however, sporadic outbreaks of AHS have occurred in this area.
We compared the whole genome sequences of 39 AHS viruses (AHSVs) from field AHS
cases to determine the source of 3 such outbreaks. Our analysis confirmed that
individual outbreaks were caused by virulent revertants of AHSV type 1 live,
attenuated vaccine (LAV) and reassortants with genome segments derived from AHSV
types 1, 3, and 4 from a LAV used in South Africa. These findings show that
despite effective protection of vaccinated horses, polyvalent LAV may,
paradoxically, place susceptible horses at risk for AHS.
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