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Cianciotto NP. The type II secretion system as an underappreciated and understudied mediator of interbacterial antagonism. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0020724. [PMID: 38980047 PMCID: PMC11320942 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00207-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Interbacterial antagonism involves all major phyla, occurs across the full range of ecological niches, and has great significance for the environment, clinical arena, and agricultural and industrial sectors. Though the earliest insight into interbacterial antagonism traces back to the discovery of antibiotics, a paradigm shift happened when it was learned that protein secretion systems (e.g., types VI and IV secretion systems) deliver toxic "effectors" against competitors. However, a link between interbacterial antagonism and the Gram-negative type II secretion system (T2SS), which exists in many pathogens and environmental species, is not evident in prior reviews on bacterial competition or T2SS function. A current examination of the literature revealed four examples of a T2SS or one of its known substrates having a bactericidal activity against a Gram-positive target or another Gram-negative. When further studied, the T2SS effectors proved to be peptidases that target the peptidoglycan of the competitor. There are also reports of various bacteriolytic enzymes occurring in the culture supernatants of some other Gram-negative species, and a link between these bactericidal activities and T2SS is suggested. Thus, a T2SS can be a mediator of interbacterial antagonism, and it is possible that many T2SSs have antibacterial outputs. Yet, at present, the T2SS remains relatively understudied for its role in interbacterial competition. Arguably, there is a need to analyze the T2SSs of a broader range of species for their role in interbacterial antagonism. Such investigation offers, among other things, a possible pathway toward developing new antimicrobials for treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Cianciotto
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Cobe BL, Dey S, Minasov G, Inniss N, Satchell KJF, Cianciotto NP. Bactericidal effectors of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia type IV secretion system: functional definition of the nuclease TfdA and structural determination of TfcB. mBio 2024; 15:e0119824. [PMID: 38832773 PMCID: PMC11253643 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01198-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia expresses a type IV protein secretion system (T4SS) that promotes contact-dependent killing of other bacteria and does so partly by secreting the effector TfcB. Here, we report the structure of TfcB, comprising an N-terminal domain similar to the catalytic domain of glycosyl hydrolase (GH-19) chitinases and a C-terminal domain for recognition and translocation by the T4SS. Utilizing a two-hybrid assay to measure effector interactions with the T4SS coupling protein VirD4, we documented the existence of five more T4SS substrates. One of these was protein 20845, an annotated nuclease. A S. maltophilia mutant lacking the gene for 20845 was impaired for killing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the cloned 20845 gene conferred robust toxicity, with the recombinant E. coli being rescued when 20845 was co-expressed with its cognate immunity protein. The 20845 effector was an 899 amino-acid protein, comprised of a GHH-nuclease domain in its N-terminus, a large central region of indeterminant function, and a C-terminus for secretion. Engineered variants of the 20845 gene that had mutations in the predicted catalytic site did not impede E. coli, indicating that the antibacterial effect of 20845 involves its nuclease activity. Using flow cytometry with DNA staining, we determined that 20845, but not its mutant variants, confers a loss in DNA content of target bacteria. Database searches revealed that uncharacterized homologs of 20845 occur within a range of bacteria. These data indicate that the S. maltophilia T4SS promotes interbacterial competition through the action of multiple toxic effectors, including a potent, novel DNase.IMPORTANCEStenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multi-drug-resistant, Gram-negative bacterium that is an emerging pathogen of humans. Patients with cystic fibrosis are particularly susceptible to S. maltophilia infection. In hospital water systems and various types of infections, S. maltophilia co-exists with other bacteria, including other pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We previously demonstrated that S. maltophilia has a functional VirB/D4 type VI protein secretion system (T4SS) that promotes contact-dependent killing of other bacteria. Since most work on antibacterial systems involves the type VI secretion system, this observation remains noteworthy. Moreover, S. maltophilia currently stands alone as a model for a human pathogen expressing an antibacterial T4SS. Using biochemical, genetic, and cell biological approaches, we now report both the discovery of a novel antibacterial nuclease (TfdA) and the first structural determination of a bactericidal T4SS effector (TfcB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Cobe
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Supratim Dey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - George Minasov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicole Inniss
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karla J. F. Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Cianciotto
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Mikhailovich V, Heydarov R, Zimenkov D, Chebotar I. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia virulence: a current view. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1385631. [PMID: 38741741 PMCID: PMC11089167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen intrinsically resistant to multiple and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although the bacterium is considered a low-virulence pathogen, it can cause various severe diseases and contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of multibacterial infections. During the COVID-19 pandemic, S. maltophilia has been recognized as one of the most common causative agents of respiratory co-infections and bacteremia in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The high ability to adapt to unfavorable environments and new habitat niches, as well as the sophisticated switching of metabolic pathways, are unique mechanisms that attract the attention of clinical researchers and experts studying the fundamental basis of virulence. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge on the molecular aspects of S. maltophilia virulence and putative virulence factors, partially touched on interspecific bacterial interactions and iron uptake systems in the context of virulence, and have not addressed antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mikhailovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam Heydarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila Zimenkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Chebotar
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Ding J, Liao M, Wang Q. Co-regulation of Thermosensor Pathogenic Factors by C-di-GMP-Related Two-Component Systems and a cAMP Receptor-like Protein (Clp) in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Foods 2024; 13:1201. [PMID: 38672874 PMCID: PMC11049440 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a major threat to the food industry and human health owing to its strong protease production and biofilm formation abilities. However, information regarding regulatory factors or potential mechanisms is limited. Herein, we observed that temperature differentially regulates biofilm formation and protease production, and a cAMP receptor-like protein (Clp) negatively regulates thermosensor biofilm formation, in contrast to protease synthesis. Among four c-di-GMP-related two-component systems (TCSs), promoter fusion analysis revealed that clp transcription levels were predominantly controlled by LotS/LotR, partially controlled by both RpfC/RpfG and a novel TCS Sm0738/Sm0737, with no obvious effect caused by Sm1912/Sm1911. Biofilm formation in Δclp and ΔTCSs strains suggested that LotS/LotR controlled biofilm formation in a Clp-mediated manner, whereas both RpfC/RpfG and Sm0738/Sm0737 may occur in a distinct pathway. Furthermore, enzymatic activity analysis combined with c-di-GMP level indicated that the enzymatic activity of c-di-GMP-related metabolism proteins may not be a vital contributor to changes in c-di-GMP level, thus influencing physiological functions. Our findings elucidate that the regulatory pathway of c-di-GMP-related TCSs and Clp in controlling spoilage or the formation of potentially pathogenic factors in Stenotrophomonas expand the understanding of c-di-GMP metabolism and provide clues to control risk factors of S. maltophilia in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qingling Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.D.); (M.L.)
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Jiang Y, Lu L. New insight into the agonism of protease-activated receptors as an immunotherapeutic strategy. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105614. [PMID: 38159863 PMCID: PMC10810747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation and mobilization of immune cells play a crucial role in immunotherapy. Existing therapeutic interventions, such as cytokines administration, aim to enhance immune cell activity. However, these approaches usually result in modest effectiveness and toxic side effects, thereby restricting their clinical application. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, actively participate in the immune system by directly activating immune cells. The activation of PARs by proteases or synthetic ligands can modulate immune cell behavior, signaling, and responses to treat immune-related diseases, suggesting the significance of PARs agonism in immunotherapy. However, the agonism of PARs in therapeutical applications remains rarely discussed, since it has been traditionally considered that PARs activation facilitates disease progressions. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the activation, rather than inhibition, of PARs in immune-related physiological responses and diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic potential of PARs agonism, providing a new strategic direction for PARs-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lei Lu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang Y, Chi Y, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Li K, Chen J, Jiang X, Chen K, Li S. A novel anoikis-related gene signature predicts prognosis in patients with sepsis and reveals immune infiltration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2313. [PMID: 38281996 PMCID: PMC10822872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a common acute and severe medical condition with a high mortality rate. Anoikis, an emerging form of cell death, plays a significant role in various diseases. However, the role of anoikis in sepsis remains poorly understood. Based on the datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus and anoikis-related genes from GeneCards, the differentially expressed anoikis-related genes (DEARGs) were identified. Based on hub genes of DEARGs, a novel prognostic risk model was constructed, and the pattern of immune infiltration was investigated by CIBERSORT algorithm. And small molecule compounds targeting anoikis in sepsis were analyzed using Autodock. Of 23 DEARGs, CXCL8, CFLAR, FASLG and TP53 were significantly associated with the prognosis of sepsis (P < 0.05). Based on the prognostic risk model constructed with these four genes, high-risk population of septic patients had significant lower survival probability than low-risk population (HR = 3.30, P < 0.001). And the level of CFLAR was significantly correlated with the number of neutrophils in septic patients (r = 0.54, P < 0.001). Moreover, tozasertib had low binding energy with CXCL8, CFLAR, FASLG and TP53, and would be a potential compound for sepsis. Conclusively, our results identified a new prognostic model and potential therapeutic molecular for sepsis, providing new insights on mechanism and treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Chi
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiying Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejie Chen
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuping Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Huang C, Kuo S, Lin L. Hemorrhagic Pneumonia Caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:162. [PMID: 38256422 PMCID: PMC10819368 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: There is a need for information regarding the clinical picture of hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in patients with hematologic malignancies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Materials and Methods: A review of the clinical picture of hemorrhagic pneumonia based on reported cases in the literature was performed. In addition, patients with hematologic malignancies who had a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection were included in the meta-analysis to evaluate risk factors for hemorrhagic pneumonia. Results: A total of 91 patients had hemorrhagic pneumonia. Acute myeloid leukemia was present in 57 patients (62.6%). Those with bacteremia accounted for 94%, while those with neutropenia accounted for 95% and those with thrombocytopenia accounted for 86.7%. Hemorrhagic pneumonia was a risk factor for mortality of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection in patients with hematologic malignancies. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were identified as risk factors for hemorrhagic pneumonia. Conclusions: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia with hemorrhagic pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies is a situation with rapid development and high mortality. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were risk factors for hemorrhagic pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies and with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia; thus, these patients should be managed with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chienhsiu Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 2, Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Taiwan
| | - Sufang Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, No. 2, Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Taiwan; (S.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Lichen Lin
- Department of Nursing, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, No. 2, Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Taiwan; (S.K.); (L.L.)
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Bhaumik R, Aungkur NZ, Anderson GG. A guide to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia virulence capabilities, as we currently understand them. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1322853. [PMID: 38274738 PMCID: PMC10808757 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1322853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia causes a wide range of human infections. It causes particularly serious lung infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis, leading to high mortality rates. This pathogen is resistant to most known antibiotics and harbors a plethora of virulence factors, including lytic enzymes and serine proteases, that cause acute infection in host organisms. S. maltophilia also establishes chronic infections through biofilm formation. The biofilm environment protects the bacteria from external threats and harsh conditions and is therefore vital for the long-term pathogenesis of the microbe. While studies have identified several genes that mediate S. maltophilia's initial colonization and biofilm formation, the cascade of events initiated by these factors is poorly understood. Consequently, understanding these and other virulence factors can yield exciting new targets for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory G. Anderson
- Department of Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Rojas L, Cabrera-Muñoz A, Espinosa LA, Montané S, Alvarez-Lajonchere L, Mojarena JD, Moya G, Lorenzo J, González LJ, Betzel C, Alonso-Del-Rivero Antigua M. CogiTx1: A novel subtilisin A inhibitor isolated from the sea anemone Condylactis gigantea belonging to the defensin 4 protein family. Biochimie 2023; 213:41-53. [PMID: 37105301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like enzymes are recognized as key players in many infectious agents. In this context, its inhibitors are very valuable molecular lead compounds for structure based drug discovery and design. Marine invertebrates offer a great source of bioactive molecules, including protease inhibitors. In this work, we describe a new subtilisin inhibitor, from the sea anemone Condylactis gigantea (CogiTx1). CogiTx1 was purified using a combination of cation exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography and RP-HPLC chromatography. CogiTx1 it is a protein with 46 amino acid residues, with 4970.44 Da and three disulfide bridges. Is also able to inhibit subtilisin-like enzymes and pancreatic elastase. According to the amino acid sequence, it belongs to the defensin 4 family of proteins. The sequencing showed that CogiTx1 has an amidated C-terminal end, which was confirmed by the presence of the typical -XGR signal for amidation in the protein sequence deduced from the cDNA. This modification was described at protein level for the first time in this family of proteins. CogiTx1 is the first subtilisin inhibitor from the defensin 4 family and accordingly it has a folding consisting primarily in beta-strands in agreement with the analysis by CD and 3D modelling. Therefore, future in-depth functional studies may allow a more detailed characterization and will shed light on structure-function properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laritza Rojas
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, PC: 10400, Cuba
| | - Aymara Cabrera-Muñoz
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, PC: 10400, Cuba
| | - Luis A Espinosa
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, PC:60 200, Cuba
| | - Sergi Montané
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, PC:08193, Spain
| | - Luis Alvarez-Lajonchere
- Felipe Poey Natural History Museum, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, PC: 10400, Cuba
| | - Jesús D Mojarena
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, PC: 10400, Cuba
| | - Galina Moya
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, PC:60 200, Cuba
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, PC:08193, Spain
| | - Luis J González
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, PC:60 200, Cuba
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, PC: 20146, Germany
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Its Ability to Form Biofilms. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last ten years, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has gained increasing interest as an important agent of infection, which is why it has come to be recognized as a serious cause of nosocomial infections related to bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and cancer, mainly in patients with intensive care, and is associated with high mortality rates in immunocompromised patients, with prolonged hospital stays and extensive use of antimicrobials. The importance of this microorganism lies in its low pathogenicity, high multiresistance to various antibiotics, and frequent and persistent isolation in predisposed patients. In addition, few studies have evaluated its epidemiology and clinical relevance. The pathogenesis of biofilms lies mainly in the fact that they can generate persistent chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate. To this extent, it is important to make the characteristics of the biofilm formation behavior of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia known and generate more knowledge about its colonization or infection in humans through this review, which discusses more recent information.
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Matinfar A, Dezfulian M, Haghighipour N, Kurdtabar M, Pourbabaei AA. Replacement of Trypsin by Proteases for Medical Applications. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e126328. [PMID: 36942066 PMCID: PMC10024315 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-126328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Cell culture has a crucial role in many applications in biotechnology. The production of vaccines, recombinant proteins, tissue engineering, and stem cell therapy all need cell culture. Most of these activities needed adherent cells to move, which should be trypsinized several times until received on a large scale. Although trypsin is manufactured from the bovine or porcine pancreas, the problem of contamination by unwanted animal proteins, unwanted immune reactions, or contamination to pathogen reagents is the main problem. Objectives This study investigated microbial proteases as a safe alternative for trypsin replacement in cell culture experiments for the detachment of adherent cells. Methods The bacteria were isolated from the leather industry effluent based on their protease enzymes. After sequencing their 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid, their protease enzymes were purified, and their enzyme activities were assayed. The alteration of enzymatic activities using different substrates and the effect of substrate concentrations on enzyme activities were determined. The purified proteases were evaluated for cell detachment in the L929 fibroblast cells compared to trypsin. The separated cells were cultured again, and cell proliferation was determined by the MTT assay. Results The results showed that the isolated bacteria were Bacillus pumilus, Stenotrophomonas sp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Bacillus licheniformis. Among the isolated bacteria, the highest and the lowest protease activity belonged to Stenotrophomonas sp. and K. aerogenes, with 60.34 and 11.09 U/mL protease activity, respectively. All the isolated microbial proteases successfully affected L929 fibroblast cells' surface proteins and detached the cells. A significant induction in cell proliferation was observed in the cells treated with K. aerogenes protease and B. pumilus protease, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions The obtained results suggested that microbial proteases can be used as safe and efficient alternatives to trypsin in cell culture in biopharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Matinfar
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehrouz Dezfulian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Biotechnology Research Center, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
| | | | - Mehran Kurdtabar
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Pourbabaei
- Department of Soil Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Suraby EJ, Sruthi KB, Antony G. Genome-wide identification of type III effectors and other virulence factors in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum causing bacterial wilt in ginger (Zingiber officinale). Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1371-1388. [PMID: 35879566 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum causes bacterial wilt in ginger, reducing ginger production worldwide. We sequenced the whole genome of a highly virulent phylotype I, race 4, biovar 3 Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum strain GRsMep isolated from a severely infected ginger field in India. R. pseudosolanacearum GRsMep genome is organised into two replicons: chromosome and megaplasmid with a total genome size of 5,810,605 bp. This strain encodes approximately 72 effectors which include a combination of core effectors as well as highly variable, diverse repertoire of type III effectors. Comparative genome analysis with GMI1000 identified conservation in the genes involved in the general virulence mechanism. Our analysis identified type III effectors, RipBJ and RipBO as present in GRsMep but absent in the reported genomes of other strains infecting Zingiberaceae family. GRsMep contains 126 unique genes when compared to the pangenome of the Ralstonia strains that infect the Zingiberaceae family. The whole-genome data of R. pseudosolanacearum strain will serve as a resource for exploring the evolutionary processes that structure and regulate the virulence determinants of the strain. Pathogenicity testing of the transposon insertional mutant library of GRsMep through virulence assay on ginger plants identified a few candidate virulence determinants specific to bacterial wilt in ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinjery Jose Suraby
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - K Bharathan Sruthi
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Ginny Antony
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kasaragod, Kerala, India.
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Glasgow AMA, Greene CM. Epithelial damage in the cystic fibrosis lung: the role of host and microbial factors. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:737-748. [PMID: 35833354 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The airway epithelium is a key system within the lung. It acts as a physical barrier to inhaled factors, and can actively remove unwanted microbes and particles from the lung via the mucociliary escalator. On a physiological level, it senses the presence of pathogens and initiates innate immune responses to combat their effects. Hydration of the airways is also controlled by the epithelium. Within the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung, these properties are suboptimal and contribute to the pulmonary manifestations of CF. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss how various host and microbial factors can contribute to airway epithelium dysfunction in the CF lung focusing on mechanisms relating to the mucociliary escalator and protease expression and function. We also explore how alterations in microRNA expression can impact the behavior of the airway epithelium. EXPERT OPINION Notwithstanding the unprecedented benefits that CFTR modulator drugs now provide to the health of CF sufferers, it will be important to delve more deeply into additional mechanisms underpinning CF lung disease such as those illustrated here in an attempt to counteract these aberrant processes and further enhance quality of life for people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M A Glasgow
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Kumar R, Rojas IG, Edgerton M. Candida albicans Sap6 Initiates Oral Mucosal Inflammation via the Protease Activated Receptor PAR2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912748. [PMID: 35844627 PMCID: PMC9277060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans Sap6, a secreted aspartyl protease (Sap), contributes to fungal virulence in oral candidiasis. Beside its protease activity, Sap6 contains RGD (RGDRGD) motif required for its binding to host integrins. Sap6 activates immune cells to induce proinflammatory cytokines, although its ability to interact and activate human oral epithelial cells (OECs) remain unknown. Addition of purified recombinant Sap6 (rSap6) to OECs resulted in production of IL-1β and IL-8 cytokines similar to live hyphal C. albicans. OECs exposed to rSap6 showed phosphorylation of p38 and MKP1 and expression of c-Fos not found with C. albicans Δsap6, heat-inactivated Sap6, or rSap6ΔRGD . Heat inactivated rSap6 was able to induce IL-1β but not IL-8 in OECs, while rSap6ΔRGD induced IL-8 but not IL-1β suggesting parallel signaling pathways. C. albicans hyphae increased surface expression of Protease Activated Receptors PAR1, PAR2 and PAR3, while rSap6 increased PAR2 expression exclusively. Pretreatment of OECs with a PAR2 antagonist blocked rSap6-induced p38 MAPK signaling and IL-8 release, while rSap6ΔRGD had reduced MKP1 signaling and IL-1β release independent from PAR2. OECs exposed to rSap6 exhibited loss of barrier function as measured by TEER and reduction in levels of E-cadherin and occludin junctional proteins that was prevented by pretreating OECs with a PAR2 antagonist. OECs treated with PAR2 antagonist also showed reduced rSap6-mediated invasion by C. albicans cells. Thus, Sap6 may initiate OEC responses mediated both through protease activation of PAR2 and by its RGD domain. This novel role of PAR2 suggests new drug targets to block C. albicans oral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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15
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Fluit AC, Bayjanov JR, Aguilar MD, Cantón R, Elborn S, Tunney MM, Scharringa J, Benaissa-Trouw BJ, Ekkelenkamp MB. Taxonomic position, antibiotic resistance and virulence factor production by Stenotrophomonas isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis and other chronic respiratory infections. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:129. [PMID: 35549675 PMCID: PMC9097388 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential pathogenic role of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in lung disease and in particular in cystic fibrosis is unclear. To develop further understanding of the biology of this taxa, the taxonomic position, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of S. maltophilia isolates from patients with chronic lung disease were studied. RESULTS A total of 111 isolates recovered between 2003 and 2016 from respiratory samples from patients in five different countries were included. Based on a cut-off of 95%, analysis of average nucleotide identity by BLAST (ANIb) showed that the 111 isolates identified as S. maltophilia by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) belonged to S. maltophilia (n = 65), S. pavanii (n = 6) and 13 putative novel species (n = 40), which each included 1-5 isolates; these groupings coincided with the results of the 16S rDNA analysis, and the L1 and L2 ß-lactamase Neighbor-Joining phylogeny. Chromosomally encoded aminoglycoside resistance was identified in all S. maltophilia and S. pavani isolates, while acquired antibiotic resistance genes were present in only a few isolates. Nevertheless, phenotypic resistance levels against commonly used antibiotics, determined by standard broth microbroth dilution, were high. Although putative virulence genes were present in all isolates, the percentage of positive isolates varied. The Xps II secretion system responsible for the secretion of the StmPr1-3 proteases was mainly limited to isolates identified as S. maltophilia based on ANIb, but no correlation with phenotypic expression of protease activity was found. The RPF two-component quorum sensing system involved in virulence and antibiotic resistance expression has two main variants with one variant lacking 190 amino acids in the sensing region. CONCLUSIONS The putative novel Stenotrophomonas species recovered from patient samples and identified by MALDI-TOF/MS as S. maltophilia, differed from S. maltophilia in resistance and virulence genes, and therefore possibly in pathogenicity. Revision of the Stenotrophomonas taxonomy is needed in order to reliably identify strains within the genus and elucidate the role of the different species in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad C Fluit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jumamurat R Bayjanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - María Díez Aguilar
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.,Present Address: Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stuart Elborn
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Jelle Scharringa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Barry J Benaissa-Trouw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miquel B Ekkelenkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Majumdar R, Hariharan K, Vaishnavi S, Sugumar S. Review on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:329-354. [PMID: 35549857 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220512121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen that results in nosocomial infections in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria colonize on the surface of medical devices and therapeutic equipment like urinary catheters, endoscopes, and ventilators, causing respiratory and urinary tract infections. The low outer membrane permeability of multidrug-resistance efflux systems and the two chromosomally encoded β-lactamases present in S.maltophilia are challenging for arsenal control. The cell-associated and extracellular virulence factors in S.maltophilia are involved in colonization and biofilm formation on the host surfaces. The spread of antibiotic-resistant genes in the pathogenic S.maltophilia attributes to bacterial resistance against a wide range of antibiotics, including penicillin, quinolones, and carbapenems. So far, tetracycline derivatives, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) are considered promising antibiotics against S.maltophilia. Due to the adaptive nature of the intrinsically resistant mechanism towards the number of antibiotics and its ability to acquire new resistance via mutation and horizontal gene transfer, it is quite tricky for medicinal contribution against S.maltophilia. The current review summarizes the literary data of pathogenicity, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of S.maltophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikhia Majumdar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Hariharan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Vaishnavi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shobana Sugumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
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Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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18
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Effectors of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Type IV Secretion System Mediate Killing of Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mBio 2021; 12:e0150221. [PMID: 34182776 PMCID: PMC8262851 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01502-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we documented that Stenotrophomonas maltophilia encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) that allows the organism to kill, in contact-dependent fashion, heterologous bacteria, including wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioinformatic screens based largely on the presence of both a C-terminal consensus sequence and an adjacent gene encoding a cognate immunity protein identified 13 potential antibacterial effectors, most of which were highly conserved among sequenced strains of S. maltophilia. The immunity proteins of two of these proved especially capable of protecting P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli against attack from the Stenotrophomonas T4SS. In turn, S. maltophilia mutants lacking the putative effectors RS14245 and RS14255 were impaired for killing not only laboratory E. coli but clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, including ones isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. That complemented mutants behaved as wild type did confirmed that RS14245 and RS14255 are required for the bactericidal activity of the S. maltophilia T4SS. Moreover, a mutant lacking both of these proteins was as impaired as a mutant lacking the T4SS apparatus, indicating that RS14245 and RS14255 account for (nearly) all of the bactericidal effects seen. Utilizing an interbacterial protein translocation assay, we determined that RS14245 and RS14255 are bona fide substrates of the T4SS, a result confirmed by examination of mutants lacking both the T4SS and the individual effectors. Delivery of the cloned 14245 protein (alone) into the periplasm resulted in the killing of target bacteria, indicating that this effector, a putative lipase, is both necessary and sufficient for bactericidal activity.
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19
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The Potential of Phage Therapy against the Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061057. [PMID: 34204897 PMCID: PMC8228603 DOI: 10.3390/v13061057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is imperative as nosocomial and community-acquired infections are rapidly increasing in prevalence. This increase is largely due to the numerous virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes encoded by this bacterium. Research on S. maltophilia phages to date has focused on the isolation and in vitro characterization of novel phages, often including genomic characterization, from the environment or by induction from bacterial strains. This review summarizes the clinical significance, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of S. maltophilia, as well as all phages isolated and characterized to date and strategies for their use. We further address the limited in vivo phage therapy studies conducted against this bacterium and discuss the future research needed to spearhead phages as an alternative treatment option against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia.
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Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and community-acquired respiratory and bloodstream infections and various other infections in humans. Sources include water, plant rhizospheres, animals, and foods. Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of S. maltophilia strains have identified several new genogroups and suggested adaptation of this pathogen to its habitats. The mechanisms used by S. maltophilia during pathogenesis continue to be uncovered and explored. S. maltophilia virulence factors include use of motility, biofilm formation, iron acquisition mechanisms, outer membrane components, protein secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. S. maltophilia is intrinsically drug resistant to an array of different antibiotics and uses a broad arsenal to protect itself against antimicrobials. Surveillance studies have recorded increases in drug resistance for S. maltophilia, prompting new strategies to be developed against this opportunist. The interactions of this environmental bacterium with other microorganisms are being elucidated. S. maltophilia and its products have applications in biotechnology, including agriculture, biocontrol, and bioremediation.
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21
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Rojas L, Cabrera-Muñoz A, Gil Pradas D, González JB, Alonso-Del-Rivero M, González-González Y. Arginine substitution by alanine at the P1 position increases the selectivity of CmPI-II, a non-classical Kazal inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101008. [PMID: 34027134 PMCID: PMC8131977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CmPI-II is a Kazal-type tight-binding inhibitor isolated from the Caribbean snail Cenchritis muricatus. This inhibitor has an unusual specificity in the Kazal family, as it can inhibit subtilisin A (SUBTA), elastases and trypsin. An alanine in CmPI-II P1 site could avoid trypsin inhibition while improving/maintaining SUBTA and elastases inhibition. Thus, an alanine mutant of this position (rCmPI-II R12A) was obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. The gene cmpiR12A was expressed in P. pastoris KM71H yeast. The recombinant protein (rCmPI-II R12A) was purified by the combination of two ionic exchange chromatography (1:cationic, 2 anionic) followed by and size exclusion chromatography. The N-terminal sequence obtained as well as the experimental molecular weight allowed verifying the identity of the recombinant protein, while the correct folding was confirmed by CD experiments. rCmPI-II R12A shows a slightly increase in potency against SUBTA and elastases. The alanine substitution at P1 site on CmPI-II abolishes the trypsin inhibition, confirming the relevance of an arginine residue at P1 site in CmPI-II for trypsin inhibition and leading to a molecule with more potentialities in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laritza Rojas
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 # 455, Plaza de La Revolución, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Aymara Cabrera-Muñoz
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 # 455, Plaza de La Revolución, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Dayrom Gil Pradas
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 # 455, Plaza de La Revolución, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jessica B González
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 # 455, Plaza de La Revolución, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday Alonso-Del-Rivero
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 # 455, Plaza de La Revolución, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yamile González-González
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 # 455, Plaza de La Revolución, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba
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22
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Wang M, Yin S, Qin Q, Peng Y, Hu Z, Zhu X, Liu L, Li X. Stenotrophomonas-maltophilia inhibits host cellular immunity by activating PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway to induce T-cell exhaustion. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:37-48. [PMID: 33360150 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smalotrophomonas maltophilia(S. maltophilia) is common in nosocomial infections. However, few studies have revealed the effect of S. maltophilia on cellular immunity in the host's immune system up to now. In clinical work, we accidentally discovered that S. maltophilia directly stimulated T cells to secrete IFN-γ. MATERIALS AND METHODS S. maltophilia was co-cultured with PBMCs to detect secretion of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2) and expression of cell surface molecules (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD69, CD147 and CD152) of T cells. We used light microscopy and electron microscopy to observe the cell morphology and subcellular structure of S. maltophilia co-cultured with lymphocytes. Flow cytometry and Western Blot were used to detect the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and annexin V in cells. RESULTS T cells stimulated by S. maltophilia secreted a large amount of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. The expression of CD4 and CD8 on the cell surface were declined, accompanied by the activation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, which eventually led to the massive apoptosis of T cells. Electron microscopy showed that cells showed significant apoptotic morphology. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can inhibit the apoptosis-inducing effect of S. maltophilia on T cells. CONCLUSIONS These indicates that T cells are inhibited after being stimulated by S. maltophilia, and then accelerated to induce death without the initiation of an immunologic cascade. This paper demonstrates for the first time the inhibitory effect of S. maltophilia on cellular immunity, and the immunosuppressive effect induced by infection of S. maltophilia should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yizhi Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhengang Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xianping Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Seven Clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolates Identify a Small Set of Shared and Commonly Regulated Genes Involved in the Biofilm Lifestyle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02038-20. [PMID: 33097507 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02038-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is one of the most frequently isolated multidrug-resistant nosocomial opportunistic pathogens. It contributes to disease progression in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is frequently isolated from wounds, infected tissues, and catheter surfaces. On these diverse surfaces S. maltophilia lives in single-species or multispecies biofilms. Since very little is known about common processes in biofilms of different S. maltophilia isolates, we analyzed the biofilm profiles of 300 clinical and environmental isolates from Europe of the recently identified main lineages Sgn3, Sgn4, and Sm2 to Sm18. The analysis of the biofilm architecture of 40 clinical isolates revealed the presence of multicellular structures and high phenotypic variability at a strain-specific level. Further, transcriptome analyses of biofilm cells of seven clinical isolates identified a set of 106 shared strongly expressed genes and 33 strain-specifically expressed genes. Surprisingly, the transcriptome profiles of biofilm versus planktonic cells revealed that just 9.43% ± 1.36% of all genes were differentially regulated. This implies that just a small set of shared and commonly regulated genes is involved in the biofilm lifestyle. Strikingly, iron uptake appears to be a key factor involved in this metabolic shift. Further, metabolic analyses implied that S. maltophilia employs a mostly fermentative growth mode under biofilm conditions. The transcriptome data of this study together with the phenotypic and metabolic analyses represent so far the largest data set on S. maltophilia biofilm versus planktonic cells. This study will lay the foundation for the identification of strategies for fighting S. maltophilia biofilms in clinical and industrial settings.IMPORTANCE Microorganisms living in a biofilm are much more tolerant to antibiotics and antimicrobial substances than planktonic cells are. Thus, the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms living in biofilms is extremely difficult. Nosocomial infections (among others) caused by S. maltophilia, particularly lung infection among CF patients, have increased in prevalence in recent years. The intrinsic multidrug resistance of S. maltophilia and the increased tolerance to antimicrobial agents of its biofilm cells make the treatment of S. maltophilia infection difficult. The significance of our research is based on understanding the common mechanisms involved in biofilm formation of different S. maltophilia isolates, understanding the diversity of biofilm architectures among strains of this species, and identifying the differently regulated processes in biofilm versus planktonic cells. These results will lay the foundation for the treatment of S. maltophilia biofilms.
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Saito K, Aokage T, Sato T, Tsukahara K, Tokioka F, Otake T, Irie H, Ueda Y. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia during acute myeloid leukemia: A case report. Respir Med Case Rep 2020; 31:101224. [PMID: 32995263 PMCID: PMC7502370 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a Gram-negative, multidrug-resistant organism that both opportunistically infects the bloodstream and leads to pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients, including those with hematologic malignancies. In patients with severe respiratory failure, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) can stabilize the respiratory status. However, whether ECMO in patients with hematologic malignancies improves the clinical outcomes is still controversial because ECMO increases the risk of the exacerbation of sepsis and bleeding. We report a case of a 46-year-old man with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia hemorrhagic pneumonia acquired during consolidation chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in whom VV ECMO lead to a good clinical outcome. The stabilization of his respiratory status achieved with VV ECMO allowed time for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole antibiotic therapy to improve the pneumonia. We suggest the background of patients, including comorbidities and general conditions, should be taken into account when considering the clinical indications of ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenki Saito
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Aokage
- Department of Geriatric Emergency Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sato
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsukahara
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tokioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takanao Otake
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Irie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ueda
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan
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Hočevar K, Vizovišek M, Wong A, Kozieł J, Fonović M, Potempa B, Lamont RJ, Potempa J, Turk B. Proteolysis of Gingival Keratinocyte Cell Surface Proteins by Gingipains Secreted From Porphyromonas gingivalis - Proteomic Insights Into Mechanisms Behind Tissue Damage in the Diseased Gingiva. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32411104 PMCID: PMC7198712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main etiologic agent of periodontitis, secretes cysteine proteases named gingipains. HRgpA and RgpB gingipains have Arg-specificity, while Kgp gingipain is Lys-specific. Together they can cleave an array of proteins and importantly contribute to the development of periodontitis. In this study we focused on gingipain-exerted proteolysis at the cell surface of human gingival epithelial cells [telomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK)] in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind tissue destruction in periodontitis. Using mass spectrometry, we investigated the whole sheddome/degradome of TIGK cell surface proteins by P. gingivalis strains differing in gingipain expression and by purified gingipains, and performed the first global proteomic analysis of gignpain proteolysis at the membrane. Incubation of TIGK cells with P. gingivalis resulted in massive degradation of proteins already at low multiplicity of infection, whereas incubating cells with purified gingipains resulted in more discrete patterns, indicative of a combination of complete degradation and shedding of membrane proteins. Most of the identified gingipain substrates were molecules involved in adhesion, suggesting that gingipains may cause tissue damage through cleavage of cell contacts, resulting in cell detachment and rounding, and consequently leading to anoikis. However, HRgpA and RgpB gingipains differ in their mechanism of action. While RgpB rapidly degraded the proteins, HRgpA exhibited a much slower proteolysis indicative of ectodomain shedding, as demonstrated for the transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC). These results reveal a molecular underpinning to P. gingivalis-induced tissue destruction and enhance our knowledge of the role of P. gingivalis proteases in the pathobiology of periodontitis. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD015679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hočevar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozieł
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Esposito A, Vollaro A, Esposito EP, D’Alonzo D, Guaragna A, Zarrilli R, De Gregorio E. Antibacterial and Antivirulence Activity of Glucocorticoid PYED-1 against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E105. [PMID: 32131413 PMCID: PMC7148523 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an environmental Gram-negative bacterium, is an emerging nosocomial opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients and chronic pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients. Due to increasing resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, S. maltophilia infections are difficult to treat successfully. This makes the search for new antimicrobial strategies mandatory. In this study, the antibacterial activity of the heterocyclic corticosteroid deflazacort and several of its synthetic precursors was tested against S. maltophilia. All compounds were not active against standard strain S. maltophilia K279a. The compound PYED-1 (pregnadiene-11-hydroxy-16α,17α-epoxy-3,20-dione-1) showed a weak effect against some S. maltophilia clinical isolates, but exhibited a synergistic effect with aminoglycosides. PYED-1 at sub-inhibitory concentrations decreased S. maltophilia biofilm formation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis demonstrated that the expression of biofilm- and virulence- associated genes (StmPr1, StmPr3, sphB, smeZ, bfmA, fsnR) was significantly suppressed after PYED-1 treatment. Interestingly, PYED-1 also repressed the expression of the genes aph (3´)-IIc, aac (6´)-Iz, and smeZ, involved in the resistance to aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Esposito
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Adriana Vollaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Eliana Pia Esposito
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.P.E.); (R.Z.)
| | - Daniele D’Alonzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Annalisa Guaragna
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Raffaele Zarrilli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.P.E.); (R.Z.)
| | - Eliana De Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Molloy K, Cagney G, Dillon ET, Wynne K, Greene CM, McElvaney NG. Impaired Airway Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Response to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Proteases, Novel Insights Using Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Epithelial Cell Secretomics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:198. [PMID: 32161586 PMCID: PMC7053507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that can chronically colonize the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and is associated with lethal pulmonary hemorrhage in immunocompromised patients. Its secreted virulence factors include the extracellular serine proteases StmPR1, StmPR2, and StmPR3. To explore the impact of secreted virulence determinants on pulmonary mucosal defenses in CF, we examined the secretome of human CFBE41o- bronchial epithelial cells in response to treatment with S. maltophilia K279a cell culture supernatant (CS) using a liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based label-free quantitative (LFQ) shotgun proteomics approach for global profiling of the cell secretome. Secretome analysis identified upregulated pathways mainly relating to biological adhesion and epithelial cell signaling in infection, whereas no specific pathways relating to the immune response were enriched. Further exploration of the potentially harmful effects of K279a CS on CF bronchial epithelial cells, demonstrated that K279a CS caused CFBE41o- cell condensation and detachment, reversible by the serine protease inhibitor PMSF. K279a CS also decreased trans-epithelial electrical resistance in CFBE41o- cell monolayers suggestive of disruption of tight junction complexes (TJC). This finding was corroborated by an observed increase in fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran permeability and by demonstrating PMSF-sensitive degradation of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin, but not JAM-A or claudin-1. These observations demonstrating destruction of the CFBE41o- TJC provide a novel insight regarding the virulence of S. maltophilia and may explain the possible injurious effects of this bacterium on the CF bronchial epithelium and the pathogenic mechanism leading to lethal pulmonary hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Molloy
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eugene T Dillon
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Alcaraz E, Garcia C, Papalia M, Vay C, Friedman L, Passerini de Rossi B. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from patients exposed to invasive devices in a university hospital in Argentina: molecular typing, susceptibility and detection of potential virulence factors. J Med Microbiol 2019; 67:992-1002. [PMID: 29799387 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of selected potential virulence factors, susceptibility and clonal relatedness among 63 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates recovered from patients exposed to invasive devices in a university hospital in Argentina between January 2004 and August 2012.Methodology. Genetic relatedness was assessed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial resistance, the presence and/or expression of potential virulence determinants, and virulence in the Galleria mellonella model.Results/Key findings. ERIC-PCR generated 52 fingerprints, and PFGE added another pattern. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (6.35 %), levofloxacin (9.52 %) and ciprofloxacin (23.80 %) was detected. All isolates were susceptible to minocycline. All isolates were lipase, protease and siderophore producers, while all but Sm61 formed biofilms. However, 11/63 isolates did not amplify the major extracellular protease-coding gene (stmPr1). Sm61 is an stmPr1-negative isolate, and showed (as did Sm13 and the reference strain K279a) strong proteolysis and siderophore production, and high resistance to hydrogen peroxide. The three isolates were virulent in the G. mellonella model, while Sm10, a low-resistance hydrogen peroxide stmPr1-negative isolate, and weak proteolysis and siderophore producer, was not virulent.Conclusion. This is the first epidemiological study of the clonal relatedness of S. maltophilia clinical isolates in Argentina. Great genomic diversity was observed, and only two small clusters of related S. maltophilia types were found. Minocycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were the most active agents. S. maltophilia virulence in the G. mellonella model is multifactorial, and further studies are needed to elucidate the role of each potential virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alcaraz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Garcia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Papalia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Vay
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Friedman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Passerini de Rossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Encodes a VirB/VirD4 Type IV Secretion System That Modulates Apoptosis in Human Cells and Promotes Competition against Heterologous Bacteria, Including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00457-19. [PMID: 31235638 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00457-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen. S. maltophilia is also a risk factor for lung exacerbations in cystic fibrosis patients. S. maltophilia attaches to various mammalian cells, and we recently documented that the bacterium encodes a type II secretion system which triggers detachment-induced apoptosis in lung epithelial cells. We have now confirmed that S. maltophilia also encodes a type IVA secretion system (VirB/VirD4 [VirB/D4] T4SS) that is highly conserved among S. maltophilia strains and, looking beyond the Stenotrophomonas genus, is most similar to the T4SS of Xanthomonas To define the role(s) of this T4SS, we constructed a mutant of strain K279a that is devoid of secretion activity due to loss of the VirB10 component. The mutant induced a higher level of apoptosis upon infection of human lung epithelial cells, indicating that a T4SS effector(s) has antiapoptotic activity. However, when we infected human macrophages, the mutant triggered a lower level of apoptosis, implying that the T4SS also elaborates a proapoptotic factor(s). Moreover, when we cocultured K279a with strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the T4SS promoted the growth of S. maltophilia and reduced the numbers of heterologous bacteria, signaling that another effector(s) has antibacterial activity. In all cases, the effect of the T4SS required S. maltophilia contact with its target. Thus, S. maltophilia VirB/D4 T4SS appears to secrete multiple effectors capable of modulating death pathways. That a T4SS can have anti- and prokilling effects on different targets, including both human and bacterial cells, has, to our knowledge, not been seen before.
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Abstract
The type II secretion system (T2SS) delivers toxins and a range of hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases, lipases, and carbohydrate-active enzymes, to the cell surface or extracellular space of Gram-negative bacteria. Its contribution to survival of both extracellular and intracellular pathogens as well as environmental species of proteobacteria is evident. This dynamic, multicomponent machinery spans the entire cell envelope and consists of a cytoplasmic ATPase, several inner membrane proteins, a periplasmic pseudopilus, and a secretin pore embedded in the outer membrane. Despite the trans-envelope configuration of the T2S nanomachine, proteins to be secreted engage with the system first once they enter the periplasmic compartment via the Sec or TAT export system. Thus, the T2SS is specifically dedicated to their outer membrane translocation. The many sequence and structural similarities between the T2SS and type IV pili suggest a common origin and argue for a pilus-mediated mechanism of secretion. This minireview describes the structures, functions, and interactions of the individual T2SS components and the general architecture of the assembled T2SS machinery and briefly summarizes the transport and function of a growing list of T2SS exoproteins. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy, which have led to an increased understanding of the structure-function relationship of the secretin channel and the pseudopilus, are emphasized.
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Differential Gene Expression in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Reveals Shared and Cystic Fibrosis Strain-Specific Responses to the Sputum Environment. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00074-19. [PMID: 31109991 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00074-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that can infect the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF). The highly viscous mucus in the CF lung, expectorated as sputum, serves as the primary nutrient source for microbes colonizing this site and induces virulence-associated phenotypes and gene expression in several CF pathogens. Here, we characterized the transcriptional responses of three S. maltophilia strains during exposure to synthetic CF sputum medium (SCFM2) to gain insight into how this organism interacts with the host in the CF lung. These efforts led to the identification of 881 transcripts differentially expressed by all three strains, many of which reflect the metabolic pathways used by S. maltophilia in sputum, as well as altered stress responses. The latter correlated with increased resistance to peroxide exposure after pregrowth in SCFM2 for two of the strains. We also compared the SCFM2 transcriptomes of two S. maltophilia CF isolates to that of the acute infection strain, S. maltophilia K279a, allowing us to identify CF isolate-specific signatures in differential gene expression. The expression of genes from the accessory genomes was also differentially altered in response to SCFM2. Finally, a number of biofilm-associated genes were differentially induced in SCFM2, particularly in K279a, which corresponded to increased aggregation and biofilm formation in this strain relative to both CF strains. Collectively, this work details the response of S. maltophilia to an environment that mimics important aspects of the CF lung, identifying potential survival strategies and metabolic pathways used by S. maltophilia during infections.IMPORTANCE Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important infecting bacterium in the airways of people with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, compared to the other CF pathogens, S. maltophilia has been relatively understudied. The significance of our research is to provide insight into the global transcriptomic changes of S. maltophilia in response to a medium that was designed to mimic important aspects of the CF lung. This study elucidates the overall metabolic changes that occur when S. maltophilia encounters the CF lung and generates a road map of candidate genes to test using in vitro and in vivo models of CF.
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32
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Characterisation of the Major Extracellular Proteases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Their Effects on Pulmonary Antiproteases. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030092. [PMID: 31261656 PMCID: PMC6789491 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging global opportunistic pathogen that has been appearing with increasing prevalence in cystic fibrosis (CF). A secreted protease from S. maltophilia has been reported as its chief potential virulence factor. Here, using the reference clinical strain S. maltophilia K279a, the major secreted proteases were identified. Protein biochemistry and mass spectrometry were carried out on K279a culture supernatant. The effect of K279a culture supernatant on cleavage and anti-neutrophil elastase activity of the three majors pulmonary antiproteases was quantified. A deletion mutant of S. maltophilia lacking expression of a protease was constructed. The serine proteases StmPR1, StmPR2 and StmPR3, in addition to chitinase A and an outer membrane esterase were identified in culture supernatants. Protease activity was incompletely abrogated in a K279a-ΔStmPR1: Erm mutant. Wild type K279a culture supernatant degraded alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), secretory leucoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) and elafin, important components of the lung’s innate immune defences. Meanwhile SLPI and elafin, but not AAT, retained their ability to inhibit neutrophil elastase. StmPR3 together with StmPR1 and StmPR2, is likely to contribute to protease-mediated innate immune dysfunction in CF.
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Trifonova A, Strateva T. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia – a low-grade pathogen with numerous virulence factors. Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; 51:168-178. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1531145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Trifonova
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Military Epidemiology and Hygiene, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Strateva
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Pathogenic significance of hemorrhagic pneumonia in hematologic malignancy patients with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia: clinical and microbiological analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 38:285-295. [PMID: 30421302 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic pneumonia (HP) is known as the clinical manifestation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection, while catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is the common clinical presentation of S. maltophilia bacteremia (SMB). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for mortality in hematologic malignancy patients with SMB and to analyze clinical and microbiological characteristics of HP associated with SMB and CRBSI. SMB cases of patients with a hematologic malignancy were collected from 2006 through 2016. The overall 30-day mortality rate and mortality risk factors were assessed. The expression of major virulence-associated genes from S. maltophilia isolates, which included genes encoding type-1 fimbriae (smf-1), proteases (StmPr1 and StmPr2), and esterase (Smlt3773), from the blood of patients with HP and CRBSI was investigated. The phenotypic and genotypic traits were also compared. A total of 118 cases of SMB were included. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 61.0%. A multivariable analysis showed that HP was the most important risk factor for mortality (adjusted OR = 106.41; 95% CI = 5.18-2184.55). Although no statistical significance was observed in microbiological analysis, isolates from HP have a trend toward a higher protease activity (93.8% vs. 73.3%, P = 0.172). Clinical analysis showed that thrombocytopenia (P = 0.037) and prolonged neutropenia (P = 0.043) were significant factors associated with HP. Our data, which includes hematologic malignancy patients with SMB, suggest that HP is the significant risk factor for mortality and that the unique characteristics of patients and microbes contribute to the pathogenesis.
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35
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Adegoke AA, Stenström TA, Okoh AI. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as an Emerging Ubiquitous Pathogen: Looking Beyond Contemporary Antibiotic Therapy. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2276. [PMID: 29250041 PMCID: PMC5714879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a commensal and an emerging pathogen earlier noted in broad-spectrum life threatening infections among the vulnerable, but more recently as a pathogen in immunocompetent individuals. The bacteria are consistently being implicated in necrotizing otitis, cutaneous infections including soft tissue infection and keratitis, endocarditis, meningitis, acute respiratory tract infection (RTI), bacteraemia (with/without hematological malignancies), tropical pyomyositis, cystic fibrosis, septic arthritis, among others. S. maltophilia is also an environmental bacteria occurring in water, rhizospheres, as part of the animals' microflora, in foods, and several other microbiota. This review highlights clinical reports on S. maltophilia both as an opportunistic and as true pathogen. Also, biofilm formation as well as quorum sensing, extracellular enzymes, flagella, pili/fimbriae, small colony variant, other virulence or virulence-associated factors, the antibiotic resistance factors, and their implications are considered. Low outer membrane permeability, natural MDR efflux systems, and/or resistance genes, resistance mechanisms like the production of two inducible chromosomally encoded β-lactamases, and lack of carefully compiled patient history are factors that pose great challenges to the S. maltophilia control arsenals. The fluoroquinolone, some tetracycline derivatives and trimethoprim-sulphamethaxole (TMP-SMX) were reported as effective antibiotics with good therapeutic outcome. However, TMP-SMX resistance and allergies to sulfa together with high toxicity of fluoroquinolone are notable setbacks. S. maltophilia's production and sustenance of biofilm by quorum sensing enhance their virulence, resistance to antibiotics and gene transfer, making quorum quenching an imperative step in Stenotrophomonas control. Incorporating several other proven approaches like bioengineered bacteriophage therapy, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), essential oil, nanoemulsions, and use of cationic compounds are promising alternatives which can be incorporated in Stenotrophomonas control arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Adegoke
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Thor A Stenström
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Nas MY, Cianciotto NP. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia produces an EntC-dependent catecholate siderophore that is distinct from enterobactin. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1590-1603. [PMID: 28984234 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a Gram-negative, multi-drug-resistant bacterium, is increasingly recognized as a key opportunistic pathogen. Thus, we embarked upon an investigation of S. maltophilia iron acquisition. To begin, we determined that the genome of strain K279a is predicted to encode a complete siderophore system, including a biosynthesis pathway, an outer-membrane receptor for ferrisiderophore, and other import and export machinery. Compatible with these data, K279a and other clinical isolates of S. maltophilia secreted a siderophore-like activity when grown at 25-37 °C in low-iron media, as demonstrated by a chrome azurol S assay, which detects iron chelation, and Arnow and Rioux assays, which detect catecholate structures. Importantly, these supernatants rescued the growth of iron-starved S. maltophilia, documenting the presence of a biologically active siderophore. A mutation in one of the predicted biosynthesis genes (entC) abolished production of the siderophore and impaired bacterial growth in low-iron conditions. Inactivation of the putative receptor gene (fepA) prevented the utilization of siderophore-containing supernatants for growth in low-iron conditions. Although the biosynthesis and import loci showed some similarity to those of enterobactin, a well-known catecholate made by enteric bacteria, the siderophore of K279a was unable to rescue the growth of an enterobactin-utilizing indicator strain, and conversely iron-starved S. maltophilia could not use purified enterobactin. Furthermore, the S. maltophilia siderophore displayed patterns of solubility in organic compounds and mobility upon thin-layer chromatography that were distinct from those of enterobactin and its derivative, salmochelin. Together, these data demonstrate that S. maltophilia secretes a novel catecholate siderophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Y Nas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nicholas P Cianciotto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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