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Fayet M, Long M, Han B, Belkorchia A, Delbac F, Polonais V. New insights into Microsporidia polar tube function and invasion mechanism. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13043. [PMID: 38973152 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Microsporidia comprise a large phylum of single-cell and obligate intracellular parasites that can infect a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts including humans. These fungal-related parasites are characterized by a highly reduced genome, a strong energy dependence on their host, but also by their unique invasion organelle known as the polar tube which is coiled within the resistant spore. Upon appropriate environmental stimulation, the long hollow polar tube (ranging from 50 to 500 μm in length) is extruded at ultra-fast speeds (300 μm/s) from the spore acting as a harpoon-like organelle to transport and deliver the infectious material or sporoplasm into the host cell. To date, seven polar tube proteins (PTPs) with distinct localizations along the extruded polar tube have been described. For example, the specific location of PTP4 and PTP7 at the tip of the polar tube supports their role in interacting with cellular receptor(s). This chapter provides a brief overview on the current understanding of polar tube structure and dynamics of extrusion, primarily through recent advancements in cryo-tomography and 3D reconstruction. It also explores the various mechanisms used for host cell invasion. Finally, recent studies on the structure and maturation of sporoplasm and its moving through the tube are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Fayet
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Abdel Belkorchia
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valerie Polonais
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Yu B, Zheng R, Bian M, Liu T, Lu K, Bao J, Pan G, Zhou Z, Li C. A monoclonal antibody targeting spore wall protein 1 inhibits the proliferation of Nosema bombycis in Bombyx mori. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0068123. [PMID: 37811955 PMCID: PMC10714992 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00681-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There are a few reports on the resistance of microsporidia, including Nosema bombycis. Here, the alkali-soluble germination proteins of N. bombycis were used as immunogens to prepare a monoclonal antibody, and its single-chain variable fragments effectively blocked microsporidia infection. Our study has provided novel strategies for microsporidiosis control and demonstrated a useful method for the potential treatment of other microsporidia diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maofei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Prevention, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Wang R, Chen Y, Xu S, Wei E, He P, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Tang X, Shen Z. Ssn6 Interacts with Polar Tube Protein 2 and Transcriptional Repressor for RNA Polymerase II: Insight into Its Involvement in the Biological Process of Microsporidium Nosema bombycis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:990. [PMID: 37888246 PMCID: PMC10608102 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosema bombycis is a representative species of Microsporidia, and is the pathogen that causes pebrine disease in silkworms. In the process of infection, the polar tube of N. bombycis is injected into the host cells. During proliferation, N. bombycis recruits the mitochondria of host cells. The general transcriptional corepressor Ssn6 contains six tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) and undertakes various important functions. In this study, we isolated and characterized Nbssn6 of the microsporidium N. bombycis. The Nbssn6 gene contains a complete ORF of 1182 bp in length that encodes a 393 amino acid polypeptide. Indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that the Ssn6 protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus at the proliferative phase of N. bombycis. We revealed the interaction of Nbssn6 with polar tube protein 2 (Nbptp2) and the transcriptional repressor for RNA polymerase II (Nbtrrp2) by Co-IP and yeast two-hybrid assays. Results from RNA interference further confirmed that the transcriptional level of Nbptp2 and Nbtrrp2 was regulated by Nbssn6. These results suggest that Nbssn6 impacts the infection and proliferation of N. bombycis via interacting with the polar tube protein and transcriptional repressor for RNA polymerase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runpeng Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Sheng Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Erjun Wei
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Ping He
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
- Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
- Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
- Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
- Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Chen Y, Lv Q, Liao H, Xie Z, Hong L, Qi L, Pan G, Long M, Zhou Z. The microsporidian polar tube: origin, structure, composition, function, and application. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:305. [PMID: 37649053 PMCID: PMC10468886 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a class of obligate intracellular parasitic unicellular eukaryotes that infect a variety of hosts, even including humans. Although different species of microsporidia differ in host range and specificity, they all share a similar infection organelle, the polar tube, which is also defined as the polar filament in mature spores. In response to the appropriate environmental stimulation, the spore germinates with the polar filament everted, forming a hollow polar tube, and then the infectious cargo is transported into host cells via the polar tube. Hence, the polar tube plays a key role in microsporidian infection. Here, we review the origin, structure, composition, function, and application of the microsporidian polar tube, focusing on the origin of the polar filament, the structural differences between the polar filament and polar tube, and the characteristics of polar tube proteins. Comparing the three-dimensional structure of PTP6 homologous proteins provides new insight for the screening of additional novel polar tube proteins with low sequence similarity in microsporidia. In addition, the interaction of the polar tube with the spore wall and the host are summarized to better understand the infection mechanism of microsporidia. Due to the specificity of polar tube proteins, they are also used as the target in the diagnosis and prevention of microsporidiosis. With the present findings, we propose a future study on the polar tube of microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhengkai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liuyi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Biomedical Research Center for Structural Analysis, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
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Fayet M, Prybylski N, Collin ML, Peyretaillade E, Wawrzyniak I, Belkorchia A, Akossi RF, Diogon M, El Alaoui H, Polonais V, Delbac F. Identification and localization of polar tube proteins in the extruded polar tube of the microsporidian Anncaliia algerae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8773. [PMID: 37253964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites able to infect a wide range of hosts from invertebrates to vertebrates. The success of their invasion process is based on an original organelle, the polar tube, which is suddenly extruded from the spore to inoculate the sporoplasm into the host cytoplasm. The polar tube is mainly composed of proteins named polar tube proteins (PTPs). A comparative analysis allowed us to identify genes coding for 5 PTPs (PTP1 to PTP5) in the genome of the microsporidian Anncaliia algerae. While PTP1 and PTP2 are found on the whole polar tube, PTP3 is present in a large part of the extruded polar tube except at its end-terminal part. On the contrary, PTP4 is specifically detected at the end-terminal part of the polar tube. To complete PTPs repertoire, sequential sporal protein extractions were done with high concentration of reducing agents. In addition, a method to purify polar tubes was developed. Mass spectrometry analysis conducted on both samples led to the identification of a PTP3-like protein (PTP3b), and a new PTP (PTP7) only found at the extremity of the polar tube. The specific localization of PTPs asks the question of their roles in cell invasion processes used by A. algerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Fayet
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nastasia Prybylski
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Laure Collin
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Peyretaillade
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ivan Wawrzyniak
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Abdel Belkorchia
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Reginald Florian Akossi
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Diogon
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hicham El Alaoui
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Polonais
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Karunakar P, P B S, V K. In silico modelling and virtual screening for identification of inhibitors for spore wall protein-5 in Nosema bombycis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:1748-1763. [PMID: 33050775 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1832579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is an insect of economic importance in the production of silk. It often gets infected by Nosema bombycis, an intracellular parasite. The infection causes a fatal disease known as a Pebrine which affects the development of the worm. The infected larvae of silkworms are coated with brown spots and are unable to spin the silkworm thread. They lose appetite, become sluggish, opaque and ultimately die. The Spore Wall Protein 5 is an exospore protein in N. bombycis and interacts with the polar tube proteins PTP2 and PTP3, a part of the extrusion apparatus that facilitates infection of the host. SWP5 also plays an essential part in maintaining the structural integrity of the spore wall and could possibly regulate the route of the infection in N. bombycis. In the present study, the homology modelling of three protein structures SWP5, PTP2 and PTP3 were performed. The protein-protein interaction was studied and a complete complex of SWP5, PTP2 and PTP3 was generated to understand the discharge of the penetrating polar tube. Virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation was performed and a potential lead-like molecule is identified.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saarika P B
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnamurthy V
- Department of Chemistry, Dayanand Sagar University (DSU), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Fan Y, Wang J, Yu K, Zhang W, Cai Z, Sun M, Hu Y, Zhao X, Xiong C, Niu Q, Chen D, Guo R. Comparative Transcriptome Investigation of Nosema ceranae Infecting Eastern Honey Bee Workers. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030241. [PMID: 35323539 PMCID: PMC8952433 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary At present, interaction between Nosema ceranae and Apis cerana is poorly understood, though A. cerana is the original host for N. ceranae. Here, comparative investigation was conducted using transcriptome data from N. ceranae infecting Apis cerana cerana workers at seven days post inoculation (dpi) and 10 dpi (NcT1 and NcT2 groups) as well as N. ceranae spores (NcCK group). There were 1411, 604, and 38 DEGs identified in NcCK vs. NcT1, NcCK vs. NcT2, and NcT1 vs. NcT2 comparison groups. Additionally, 10 upregulated genes and nine downregulated ones were shared by above-mentioned comparison groups. GO classification and KEGG pathway analysis suggested that these DEGs were engaged in a number of key functional terms and pathways such as cell part and glycolysis. Further analysis indicated that most of virulence factor-encoding genes were upregulated, while a few were downregulated during the fungal infection. Findings in this current work provide a basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism udnerlying N. ceranae infection and host-microsporidian interaction during bee nosemosis. Abstract Apis cerana is the original host for Nosema ceranae, a widespread fungal parasite resulting in honey bee nosemosis, which leads to severe losses to the apiculture industry throughout the world. However, knowledge of N. ceranae infecting eastern honey bees is extremely limited. Currently, the mechanism underlying N. ceranae infection is still largely unknown. Based on our previously gained high-quality transcriptome datasets derived from N. ceranae spores (NcCK group), N. ceranae infecting Apis cerana cerana workers at seven days post inoculation (dpi) and 10 dpi (NcT1 and NcT2 groups), comparative transcriptomic investigation was conducted in this work, with a focus on virulence factor-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Microscopic observation showed that the midguts of A. c. cerana workers were effectively infected after inoculation with clean spores of N. ceranae. In total, 1411, 604, and 38 DEGs were identified from NcCK vs. NcT1, NcCK vs. NcT2, and NcT1 vs. NcT2 comparison groups. Venn analysis showed that 10 upregulated genes and nine downregulated ones were shared by the aforementioned comparison groups. The GO category indicated that these DEGs were involved in a series of functional terms relevant to biological process, cellular component, and molecular function such as metabolic process, cell part, and catalytic activity. Additionally, KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the DEGs were engaged in an array of pathways of great importance such as metabolic pathway, glycolysis, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, expression clustering analysis demonstrated that the majority of genes encoding virulence factors such as ricin B lectins and polar tube proteins displayed apparent upregulation, whereas a few virulence factor-associated genes such as hexokinase gene and 6-phosphofructokinase gene presented downregulation during the fungal infection. Finally, the expression trend of 14 DEGs was confirmed by RT-qPCR, validating the reliability of our transcriptome datasets. These results together demonstrated that an overall alteration of the transcriptome of N. ceranae occurred during the infection of A. c. cerana workers, and most of the virulence factor-related genes were induced to activation to promote the fungal invasion. Our findings not only lay a foundation for clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying N. ceranae infection of eastern honey bee workers and microsporidian–host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchan Fan
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Kejun Yu
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Wende Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Zongbing Cai
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Minghui Sun
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Ying Hu
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Xiao Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Cuiling Xiong
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
| | - Qingsheng Niu
- Jilin Province Institute of Apicultural Science, Jilin 132000, China;
| | - Dafu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
- Apitherapy Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (R.G.); Tel./Fax: +86-0591-87640197 (R.G.)
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.F.); (J.W.); (K.Y.); (W.Z.); (Z.C.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (X.Z.); (C.X.)
- Apitherapy Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (R.G.); Tel./Fax: +86-0591-87640197 (R.G.)
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Proteomic Analysis of Spore Surface Proteins and Characteristics of a Novel Spore Wall Protein and Biomarker, EhSWP3, from the Shrimp Microsporidium Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020367. [PMID: 35208822 PMCID: PMC8874471 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, a spore-forming and obligate intracellular microsporidium, mainly infects shrimp and results in growth retardation and body length variation, causing huge economic losses to the Asian shrimp aquaculture industry. However, the lack of a full understanding of the surface proteins of spores associated with host infection has hindered the development of technologies for the detection of EHP. In this study, the surface proteins of EHP spores were extracted using the improved SDS method, and 130 proteins were identified via LC-MS/MS analysis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these proteins were enriched in biological processes (67), cellular components (62), and molecular functions (71) based on GO terms. KEGG pathway analysis showed that 20 pathways, including the proteasome (eight proteins) and the fatty acid metabolism (15 proteins), were enriched. Among 15 high-abundance surface proteins (HASPs), EhSWP3 was identified as a novel spore wall protein (SWP), and was localized on the endospore of the EHP spores with an indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy assay. Polyclonal antibodies against EhSWP3 showed strong species specificity and high sensitivity to the hepatopancreas of EHP-infected shrimp. As a specific high-abundance protein, EhSWP3 is therefore a promising target for the development of immunoassay tools for EHP detection, and may play a crucial role in the invasion of EHP into the host.
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Han B, Takvorian PM, Weiss LM. The Function and Structure of the Microsporidia Polar Tube. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:179-213. [PMID: 35544004 PMCID: PMC10037675 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens that were initially identified about 160 years ago. Current phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are grouped with Cryptomycota as a basal branch or sister group to the fungi. Microsporidia are found worldwide and can infect a wide range of animals from invertebrates to vertebrates, including humans. They are responsible for a variety of diseases once thought to be restricted to immunocompromised patients but also occur in immunocompetent individuals. The small oval spore containing a coiled polar filament, which is part of the extrusion and invasion apparatus that transfers the infective sporoplasm to a new host, is a defining characteristic of all microsporidia. When the spore becomes activated, the polar filament uncoils and undergoes a rapid transition into a hollow tube that will transport the sporoplasm into a new cell. The polar tube has the ability to increase its diameter from approximately 100 nm to over 600 nm to accommodate the passage of an intact sporoplasm and penetrate the plasmalemma of the new host cell. During this process, various polar tube proteins appear to be involved in polar tube attachment to host cell and can interact with host proteins. These various interactions act to promote host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Peter M Takvorian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.
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10
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Chandrakanth N, Makwana P, Satish L, Rabha M, Sivaprasad V. Molecular approaches for detection of pebrine disease in sericulture. J Microbiol Methods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Tamim El Jarkass H, Reinke AW. The ins and outs of host-microsporidia interactions during invasion, proliferation and exit. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13247. [PMID: 32748538 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a large group of fungal-related obligate intracellular parasites. They are responsible for infections in humans as well as in agriculturally and environmentally important animals. Although microsporidia are abundant in nature, many of the molecular mechanisms employed during infection have remained enigmatic. In this review, we highlight recent work showing how microsporidia invade, proliferate and exit from host cells. During invasion, microsporidia use spore wall and polar tube proteins to interact with host receptors and adhere to the host cell surface. In turn, the host has multiple defence mechanisms to prevent and eliminate these infections. Microsporidia encode numerous transporters and steal host nutrients to facilitate proliferation within host cells. They also encode many secreted proteins which may modulate host metabolism and inhibit host cell defence mechanisms. Spores exit the host in a non-lytic manner that is dependent on host actin and endocytic recycling proteins. Together, this work provides a fuller picture of the mechanisms that these fascinating organisms use to infect their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Han B, Takvorian PM, Weiss LM. Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:172. [PMID: 32132983 PMCID: PMC7040029 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are found worldwide and both vertebrates and invertebrates can serve as hosts for these organisms. While microsporidiosis in humans can occur in both immune competent and immune compromised hosts, it has most often been seen in the immune suppressed population, e.g., patients with advanced HIV infection, patients who have had organ transplantation, those undergoing chemotherapy, or patients using other immune suppressive agents. Infection can be associated with either focal infection in a specific organ (e.g., keratoconjunctivitis, cerebritis, or hepatitis) or with disseminated disease. The most common presentation of microsporidiosis being gastrointestinal infection with chronic diarrhea and wasting syndrome. In the setting of advanced HIV infection or other cases of profound immune deficiency microsporidiosis can be extremely debilitating and carries a significant mortality risk. Microsporidia are transmitted as spores which invade host cells by a specialized invasion apparatus the polar tube (PT). This review summarizes recent studies that have provided information on the composition of the spore wall and PT, as well as insights into the mechanism of invasion and interaction of the PT and spore wall with host cells during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peter M. Takvorian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Guo Q, Liu Y, Zhai Y, Gu Z. A fast and effective method for dissecting parasitic spores: myxozoans as an example. J Exp Biol 2020:jeb.214916. [PMID: 34005559 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disassembling the parasitic spores and acquiring the main subunits is a prerequisite for deep understanding of the basic biology of parasites. Herein we present a fast and efficient method to dissect the myxospores in a few steps, which mainly involved sonication, sucrose density gradient and Percoll density gradient. We tested our method on three myxozoans species and demonstrated this method allows the dismembering of myxospores, isolation of intact and clean nematocysts and shell valves within 2h by low-cost. This new tool will facilitate subsequent analyses and enable a better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary significance of parasitic spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430070, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430070, PR China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yanhua Zhai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430070, PR China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430070, PR China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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14
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Li Z, Fan Y, Wei J, Mei X, He Q, Zhang Y, Li T, Long M, Chen J, Bao J, Pan G, Li C, Zhou Z. Baculovirus Utilizes Cholesterol Transporter NIEMANN-Pick C1 for Host Cell Entry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2825. [PMID: 31866985 PMCID: PMC6906155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dual roles of baculovirus for the control of natural insect populations as an insecticide, and as a tool for foreign gene expression and delivery, have called for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that the Bombyx mori Niemann-Pick C1 (BmNPC1) is essential for baculovirus infection in insect cells. Both pretreatment of B. mori embryonic cells (BmE) with NPC1 antagonists (imipramine or U18666A) and down-regulation of NPC1 expression resulted in a significant reduction in baculovirus BmNPV (B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus) infectivity. Disruption of BmNPC1 could decrease viral entry (2 hpi) rather than reduce the viral binding to the BmE cells. Furthermore, our results showed that NPC1 domain C binds directly and specifically to the viral glycoprotein GP64, which is responsible for both receptor binding and fusion. Antibody blocking assay also revealed that the domain C specific polyclonal antibody inhibited BmNPV infection, indicating that NPC1 domain C most likely plays a role during viral fusion in endosomal compartments. Our results, combined with previous studies identifying an essential role of human NPC1 (hNPC1) in filovirus infection, suggest that the glycoprotein of several enveloped viruses possess a shared strategy of exploiting host NPC1 proteins during virus intracellular entry events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Youpeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xionge Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Liu F, Chen J, Dang X, Meng X, Wang R, Bao J, Long M, Li T, Ma Q, Huang J, Pan G, Zhou Z. Nbseptin2 Expression Pattern and Its Interaction with Nb
PTP
1 during Microsporidia
Nosema bombycis
Polar Tube Extrusion. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 67:45-53. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Xiaoqun Dang
- Laboratory of Animal Biology Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Research Laboratory Center Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College Chongqing 404120 China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China
- Laboratory of Animal Biology Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
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16
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Han B, Ma Y, Tu V, Tomita T, Mayoral J, Williams T, Horta A, Huang H, Weiss LM. Microsporidia Interact with Host Cell Mitochondria via Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels Using Sporoplasm Surface Protein 1. mBio 2019; 10:e01944-19. [PMID: 31431557 PMCID: PMC6703431 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01944-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are opportunistic intracellular pathogens that can infect a wide variety of hosts ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. During invasion, the microsporidian polar tube pushes into the host cell, creating a protective microenvironment, the invasion synapse, into which the sporoplasm extrudes. Within the synapse, the sporoplasm then invades the host cell, forming a parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Using a proteomic approach, we identified Encephalitozoon hellem sporoplasm surface protein 1 (EhSSP1), which localized to the surface of extruded sporoplasms. EhSSP1 was also found to interact with polar tube protein 4 (PTP4). Recombinant EhSSP1 (rEhSSP1) bound to human foreskin fibroblasts, and both anti-EhSSP1 and rEhSSP1 caused decreased levels of host cell invasion, suggesting that interaction of SSP1 with the host cell was involved in invasion. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) followed by proteomic analysis identified host cell voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) as EhSSP1 interacting proteins. Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that EhSSP1 was able to interact with VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3. rEhSSP1 colocalized with the host mitochondria which were associated with microsporidian PVs in infected cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the outer mitochondrial membrane interacted with meronts and the PV membrane, mitochondria clustered around meronts, and the VDACs were concentrated at the interface of mitochondria and parasite. Knockdown of VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3 in host cells resulted in significant decreases in the number and size of the PVs and a decrease in mitochondrial PV association. The interaction of EhSSP1 with VDAC probably plays an important part in energy acquisition by microsporidia via its role in the association of mitochondria with the PV.IMPORTANCE Microsporidia are important opportunistic human pathogens in immune-suppressed individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS and recipients of organ transplants. The sporoplasm is critical for establishing microsporidian infection. Despite the biological importance of this structure for transmission, there is limited information about its structure and composition that could be targeted for therapeutic intervention. Here, we identified a novel E. hellem sporoplasm surface protein, EhSSP1, and demonstrated that it can bind to host cell mitochondria via host VDAC. Our data strongly suggest that the interaction between SSP1 and VDAC is important for the association of mitochondria with the parasitophorous vacuole during microsporidian infection. In addition, binding of SSP1 to the host cell is associated with the final steps of invasion in the invasion synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Yanfen Ma
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Tu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tadakimi Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Mayoral
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tere Williams
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Aline Horta
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
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17
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Jaroenlak P, Boakye DW, Vanichviriyakit R, Williams BAP, Sritunyalucksana K, Itsathitphaisarn O. Identification, characterization and heparin binding capacity of a spore-wall, virulence protein from the shrimp microsporidian, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29530076 PMCID: PMC5848443 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a spore-forming, intracellular parasite that causes an economically debilitating disease (hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis or HPM) in cultured shrimp. HPM is characterized by growth retardation and wide size variation that can result in economic loss for shrimp farmers. Currently, the infection mechanism of EHP in shrimp is poorly understood, especially at the level of host-parasite interaction. In other microsporidia, spore wall proteins have been reported to be involved in host cell recognition. For the host, heparin, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) molecule found on cell surfaces, has been shown to be recognized by many parasites such as Plasmodium spp. and Leishmania spp. Results We identified and characterized the first spore wall protein of EHP (EhSWP1). EhSWP1 contains three heparin binding motifs (HBMs) at its N-terminus and a Bin-amphiphysin-Rvs-2 (BAR2) domain at its C-terminus. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that EhSWP1 is similar to an uncharacterized spore wall protein from Enterospora canceri. In a cohabitation bioassay using EHP-infected shrimp with naïve shrimp, the expression of EhSWP1 was detected by RT-PCR in the naïve test shrimp at 20 days after the start of cohabitation. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that EhSWP1 was localized in the walls of purified, mature spores. Subcellular localization by an immunoelectron assay revealed that EhSWP1 was distributed in both the endospore and exospore layers. An in vitro binding assay, a competition assay and mutagenesis studies revealed that EhSWP1 is a bona fide heparin binding protein. Conclusions Based on our results, we hypothesize that EhSWP1 is an important host-parasite interaction protein involved in tethering spores to host-cell-surface heparin during the process of infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2758-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattana Jaroenlak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dominic Wiredu Boakye
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bryony A P Williams
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand.,Shrimp Pathogen Interaction Laboratory (SPI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ornchuma Itsathitphaisarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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18
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Yang D, Pan L, Chen Z, Du H, Luo B, Luo J, Pan G. The roles of microsporidia spore wall proteins in the spore wall formation and polar tube anchorage to spore wall during development and infection processes. Exp Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29522765 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are highly specialized obligate intracellular, spore forming divergent fungi with a wide variety host range that includes most vertebrates and invertebrates. The resistant spores are surrounded by a rigid cell wall which consists of three layers: the electron-lucent chitin and protein inner endospore, the outer-electron-dense and mainly proteinaceous exospore and plasma membrane. Interestingly, microsporidia owns a special invasion organelle, called polar tube, coiled within the interior of the spore wall and attached to anchoring disk at the anterior end of spore. Spore wall and polar tube are the major apparatuses for mature spores adhering and infecting to the host cells. In this review, we summarize the research advances in spore wall proteins (SWPs) related to spore adherence and infection, and SWPs and deproteinated chitin spore coats (DCSCs) interaction associated with SWPs deposit processes and spore wall assembly. Furthermore, we highlight the SWPs-polar tube proteins (PTPs) interaction correlated to polar tube orderly orientation, arrangement and anchorage to anchoring disk. Based on results obtained, it is helpful to improve understanding of the spore wall assembly and polar tube orderly arrangement mechanisms and molecular pathogenesis of microsporidia infection. Also, such information will provide a basis for developing effective control strategies against microporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Yang
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lixia Pan
- Chongqing Water Resources and Electric Engineering College, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongzhu Chen
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Huihui Du
- Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Luo
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou province, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Forestry and Life Sciences, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Meng XZ, Luo B, Tang XY, He Q, Xiong TR, Fang ZY, Pan G, Li T, Zhou ZY. Pathological analysis of silkworm infected by two microsporidia Nosema bombycis CQ1 and Vairimorpha necatrix BM. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 153:75-84. [PMID: 29258842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia Nosema bombycis CQ1 can be vertically transmitted in silkworm Bombyx mori but Vairimorpha necatrix BM cannot. Therefore, the pathological differences in silkworm infected with these two microsporidia required clarification. Here, we compared the virulence of N. bombycis CQ1 and V. necatrix BM against silkworm. The pathological characteristics in intestine, testis and ovary were surveyed using paraffin sections, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Our data firstly showed that the virulence of V. necatrix BM was weaker than that of N. bombycis CQ1. Secondly, the typical symptom of V. necatrix BM infection is making xenomas, which are full of pathogens in different stages, at the posterior of intestine. However, no xenomas were formed surrounding intestines infected with N. bombycis CQ1. Thirdly, N. bombycis CQ1 can cluster spores near the trachea while infecting ovaries. It is worth noting that N. bombycis CQ1 infected epithelial cells and connective tissues of ovaries, while V. necatrix BM did not. Although silkworm ovaries can not be infected by V. necatrix BM in vivo, it can infect embryonic and ovarian cell lines in vitro. This study is the first report about comparing infection features of N. bombycis CQ1 and V. necatrix BM in silkworm tissues and it provided elaborate and visual information of pathological characteristics which can help to explain the different transmission strategies of these two microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Bo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, PR China
| | - Xiang-You Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Ting-Rong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Ya Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
| | - Ze-Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, PR China.
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20
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Wang Y, Geng H, Dang X, Xiang H, Li T, Pan G, Zhou Z. Comparative Analysis of the Proteins with Tandem Repeats from 8 Microsporidia and Characterization of a Novel Endospore Wall Protein Colocalizing with Polar Tube from Nosema bombycis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:707-715. [PMID: 28321967 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a common feature of eukaryotic proteins, tandem amino acid repeat has been studied extensively in both animal and plant proteins. Here, a comparative analysis focusing on the proteins having tandem repeats was conducted in eight microsporidia, including four mammal-infecting microsporidia (Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon bieneusi) and four insect-infecting microsporidia (Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae, Vavraia culicis and Nosema bombycis). We found that the proteins with tandem repeats were abundant in these species. The quantity of these proteins in insect-infecting microsporidia was larger than that of mammal-infecting microsporidia. Additionally, the hydrophilic residues were overrepresented in the tandem repeats of these eight microsporidian proteins and the amino acids residues in these tandem repeat sequences tend to be encoded by GC-rich codons. The tandem repeat position within proteins of insect-infecting microsporidia was randomly distributed, whereas the tandem repeats within proteins of mammal-infecting microsporidia rarely tend to be present in the N terminal regions, when compared with those present in the C terminal and middle regions. Finally, a hypothetical protein EOB14572 possessing four tandem repeats was successfully characterized as a novel endospore wall protein, which colocalized with polar tube of N. bombycis. Our study provided useful insight for the study of the proteins with tandem repeats in N. bombycis, but also further enriched the spore wall components of this obligate unicellular eukaryotic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Huixia Geng
- School of Mathematics and Finance, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Xiaoqun Dang
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
| | - Heng Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
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21
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Chen L, Li R, You Y, Zhang K, Zhang L. A Novel Spore Wall Protein from Antonospora locustae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) Contributes to Sporulation. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:779-791. [PMID: 28277606 PMCID: PMC5697631 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites, existing in a wide variety of animal hosts. Here, we reported AlocSWP2, a novel protein identified from the spore wall of Antonospora locustae (formerly, Nosema locustae, and synonym, Paranosema locustae), containing four cysteines that are conserved among the homologues of several Microspodian pathogens in insects and mammals. AlocSWP2 was detected in the wall of mature spores via indirect immunofluorescence assay. In addition, immunocytochemistry localization experiments showed that the protein was observed in the wall of sporoblasts, sporonts, and meronts during sporulation within the host body, also in the wall of mature spores. AlocSWP2 was not detected in the fat body of infected locust until the 9th day after inoculating spores via RT‐PCR experiments. Furthermore, the survival percentage of infected locusts injected with dsRNA of AlocSWP2 on the 15th, 16th, and 17th days after inoculation with microsporidian were significantly higher than those of infected locusts without dsRNA treatment. Conversely, the amount of spores in locusts infected with A. locustae after treated with RNAi AlocSWP2 was significantly lower than those of infected locusts without RNAi of this gene. This novel spore wall protein from A. locustae may be involved in sporulation, thus contributing to host mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxin Chen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, China
| | - Runting Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, China
| | - Yinwei You
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Bio-tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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