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Srivastava R, González-Prieto C, Lynch JP, Muscolo ME, Lin CY, Brown MA, Lemos L, Shrestha A, Osburne MS, Leong JM, Lesser CF. In situ deposition of nanobodies by an engineered commensal microbe promotes survival in a mouse model of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae374. [PMID: 39262854 PMCID: PMC11388102 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Engineered smart microbes that deliver therapeutic payloads are emerging as treatment modalities, particularly for diseases with links to the gastrointestinal tract. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a causative agent of potentially lethal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Given concerns that antibiotic treatment increases EHEC production of Shiga toxin (Stx), which is responsible for systemic disease, novel remedies are needed. EHEC encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) that injects Tir into enterocytes. Tir inserts into the host cell membrane, exposing an extracellular domain that subsequently binds intimin, one of its outer membrane proteins, triggering the formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions that promote EHEC mucosal colonization. Citrobacter rodentium (Cr), a natural A/E mouse pathogen, similarly requires Tir and intimin for its pathogenesis. Mice infected with Cr(ΦStx2dact), a variant lysogenized with an EHEC-derived phage that produces Stx2dact, develop intestinal A/E lesions and toxin-dependent disease. Stx2a is more closely associated with human disease. By developing an efficient approach to seamlessly modify the C. rodentium genome, we generated Cr_Tir-MEHEC(ΦStx2a), a variant that expresses Stx2a and the EHEC extracellular Tir domain. We found that mouse precolonization with HS-PROT3EcT-TD4, a human commensal E. coli strain (E. coli HS) engineered to efficiently secrete an anti-EHEC Tir nanobody, delayed bacterial colonization and improved survival after challenge with Cr_Tir-MEHEC(ΦStx2a). This study suggests that commensal E. coli engineered to deliver payloads that block essential virulence determinants can be developed as a new means to prevent and potentially treat infections including those due to antibiotic resistant microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkamal Srivastava
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Coral González-Prieto
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason P Lynch
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michele E Muscolo
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Y Lin
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | - Markus A Brown
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luisa Lemos
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anishma Shrestha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Marcia S Osburne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - John M Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Tufts Stuart B Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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2
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Srivastava R, González-Prieto C, Lynch JP, Muscolo M, Lin CY, Brown MA, Lemos L, Shrestha A, Osburne MS, Leong JM, Lesser CF. In situ deposition of nanobodies by an engineered commensal microbe promotes survival in a mouse model of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.30.605899. [PMID: 39131305 PMCID: PMC11312530 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.30.605899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Engineered smart microbes that deliver therapeutic payloads are emerging as treatment modalities, particularly for diseases with links to the gastrointestinal tract. Enterohemorrhagic E coli (EHEC) is a causative agent of potentially lethal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Given concerns that antibiotic treatment increases EHEC production of Shiga toxin (Stx), which is responsible for systemic disease, novel remedies are needed. EHEC encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) that injects Tir into enterocytes. Tir inserts into the host cell membrane, exposing an extracellular domain that subsequently binds intimin, one of its outer membrane proteins, triggering the formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions that promote EHEC mucosal colonization. Citrobacter rodentium (Cr), a natural A/E mouse pathogen, similarly requires Tir and intimin for its pathogenesis. Mice infected with Cr(ΦStx2dact), a variant lysogenized with an EHEC-derived phage that produces Stx2dact, develop intestinal A/E lesions and toxin-dependent disease. Stx2a is more closely associated with human disease. By developing an efficient approach to seamlessly modify the C. rodentium genome, we generated Cr_Tir-MEHEC(ΦStx2a), a variant that expresses Stx2a and the EHEC extracellular Tir domain. We found that mouse pre-colonization with HS-PROT3EcT-TD4, a human commensal E. coli strain (E. coli HS) engineered to efficiently secrete- an anti-EHEC Tir nanobody, delayed bacterial colonization and improved survival after challenge with Cr_Tir-MEHEC(ΦStx2a). This study provides the first evidence to support the efficacy of engineered commensal E. coli to intestinally deliver therapeutic payloads that block essential enteric pathogen virulence determinants, a strategy that may serve as an antibiotic-independent antibacterial therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkamal Srivastava
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Coral González-Prieto
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jason P Lynch
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michele Muscolo
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Y Lin
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Markus A Brown
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Luisa Lemos
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anishma Shrestha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Marcia S Osburne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - John M Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Tufts Stuart B Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Liu ML, Liang XM, Jin MY, Huang HW, Luo L, Wang H, Shen X, Xu ZL. Food-Borne Biotoxin Neutralization in Vivo by Nanobodies: Current Status and Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10753-10771. [PMID: 38706131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Food-borne biotoxins from microbes, plants, or animals contaminate unclean, spoiled, and rotten foods, posing significant health risks. Neutralizing such toxins is vital for human health, especially after food poisoning. Nanobodies (Nbs), a type of single-domain antibodies derived from the genetic cloning of a variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHHs) in camels, offer unique advantages in toxin neutralization. Their small size, high stability, and precise binding enable effective neutralization. The use of Nbs in neutralizing food-borne biotoxins offers numerous benefits, and their genetic malleability allows tailored optimization for diverse toxins. As nanotechnology continues to evolve and improve, Nbs are poised to become increasingly efficient and safer tools for toxin neutralization, playing a pivotal role in safeguarding human health and environmental safety. This review not only highlights the efficacy of these agents in neutralizing toxins but also proposes innovative solutions to address their current challenges. It lays a solid foundation for their further development in this crucial field and propels their commercial application, thereby contributing significantly to advancements in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming-Yu Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- School of Life and Health Technology, Dongguan, University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Hui-Wei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Dhehibi A, Terrak M, Seddik MM, Hammadi M, Salhi I. Development of a bispecific Nanobody anti-F17 fimbria as a potential therapeutic tool. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106411. [PMID: 38056514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli F17+ are associated with various intestinal and extra-intestinal pathologies, including diarrhea, and result in significant animal mortality. These infections rely on the expression of virulence factors, such as F17 fimbriae, for adhesion. F17 fimbriae form a protective layer on the surface of E. coli bacteria, consisting of a major structural subunit, F17A, and a minor functional subunit, F17G. Because of the evolution of bacterial resistance, conventional antibiotic treatments have limited efficacy. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop novel therapeutic tools. In this study, we cloned and produced the F17G protein. We then immunized a camel with the purified F17G protein and constructed a VHH library consisting of 2 × 109 clones. The library was then screened against F17G protein using phage display technology. Through this process, we identified an anti-F17G nanobody that was subsequently linked, via a linker, to an anti-F17A nanobody, resulting in the creation of an effective bispecific nanobody. Comprehensive characterization of this bispecific nanobody demonstrated excellent production, specific binding capacity to both recombinant forms of the two F17 antigens and the E. coli F17+ strain, remarkable stability in camel serum, and superior resistance to pepsin protease. The successful generation of this bispecific nanobody with excellent production, specific binding capacity and stability highlights its potential as a valuable tool for fighting infections caused by pathogenic E. coli F17+ strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Dhehibi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory (LR16IRA04), Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, 4119, Tunisia.
| | - Mohammed Terrak
- InBioS-Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liege, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mabrouk-Mouldi Seddik
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory (LR16IRA04), Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, 4119, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammadi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory (LR16IRA04), Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, 4119, Tunisia
| | - Imed Salhi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory (LR16IRA04), Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, 4119, Tunisia
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Debatis M, Danz H, Tremblay JM, Gaspie K, Kudej RK, Vigdorovich V, Sather N, Jaskiewicz JJ, Tzipori S, Shoemaker CB. Enteric pharmacokinetics of monomeric and multimeric camelid nanobody single-domain antibodies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291937. [PMID: 38011121 PMCID: PMC10681176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) derived from Camelidae heavy-chain-only antibodies (also called nanobodies or VHHs) have advantages over conventional antibodies in terms of their small size and stability to pH and temperature extremes, their ability to express well in microbial hosts, and to be functionally multimerized for enhanced properties. For these reasons, VHHs are showing promise as enteric disease therapeutics, yet little is known as to their pharmacokinetics (PK) within the digestive tract. To improve understanding of enteric VHH PK, we investigated the functional and structural stability of monomeric and multimeric camelid VHH-agents following in vitro incubation with intestinal extracts (chyme) from rabbits and pigs or fecal extracts from human sources, and in vivo in rabbits. The results showed that unstructured domains such as epitopic tags and flexible spacers composed of different amino acid sequences were rapidly degraded by enteric proteases while the functional core VHHs were much more stable to these treatments. Individual VHHs were widely variable in their functional stability to GI tract proteases. Some VHH-based agents which neutralize enteric Shiga toxin Stx2 displayed a functional stability to chyme incubations comparable to that of Stx2-neutralizing IgG and IgA mAbs, thus indicating that selected nanobodies can approach the functional stability of conventional immunoglobulins. Enteric PK data obtained from in vitro incubation studies were consistent with similar incubations performed in vivo in rabbit surgical gut loops. These findings have broad implications for enteric use of VHH-based agents, particularly VHH fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Debatis
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Hillary Danz
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Gaspie
- Division of Animal Resources, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Raymond K. Kudej
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Justyna J. Jaskiewicz
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States of America
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6
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Harmsen MM, Cornelissen JC, van der Wal FJ, Bergervoet JHW, Koene M. Single-Domain Antibody Multimers for Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes C, D, and Their Mosaics in Endopep-MS. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:573. [PMID: 37755999 PMCID: PMC10535107 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly toxic proteins that require high-affinity immunocapture reagents for use in endopeptidase-based assays. Here, 30 novel and 2 earlier published llama single-domain antibodies (VHHs) against the veterinary-relevant BoNT serotypes C and D were yeast-produced. These VHHs recognized 10 independent antigenic sites, and many cross-reacted with the BoNT/DC and CD mosaic variants. As VHHs are highly suitable for genetically linking to increase antigen-binding affinity, 52 VHH multimers were produced and their affinity for BoNT/C, D, DC, and CD was determined. A selection of 15 multimers with high affinity (KD < 0.1 nM) was further shown to be resilient to a high salt wash that is used for samples from complex matrices and bound native BoNTs from culture supernatants as shown by Endopep-MS. High-affinity multimers suitable for further development of a highly sensitive Endopep-MS assay include four multimers that bind both BoNT/D and CD with KD of 14-99 pM, one multimer for BoNT/DC (65 pM) that also binds BoNT/C (75 pM), and seven multimers for BoNT/C (<1-19 pM), six of which also bind BoNT/DC with lower affinity (93-508 pM). In addition to application in diagnostic tests, these VHHs could be used for the development of novel therapeutics for animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel M. Harmsen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (F.J.v.d.W.)
| | - Jan C. Cornelissen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (F.J.v.d.W.)
| | - Fimme J. van der Wal
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (F.J.v.d.W.)
| | - Jan H. W. Bergervoet
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koene
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (F.J.v.d.W.)
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7
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Thran M, Pönisch M, Danz H, Horscroft N, Ichtchenko K, Tzipori S, Shoemaker CB. Co-administration of an effector antibody enhances the half-life and therapeutic potential of RNA-encoded nanobodies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14632. [PMID: 37670025 PMCID: PMC10480410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and associated mortality have increased rapidly worldwide in recent years. Therefore, it is critical to develop new therapies for CDI. Here we report on the development of mRNA-LNPs encoding camelid-derived VHH-based neutralizing agents (VNAs) targeting toxins A and/or B of C. difficile. In preclinical models, intravenous administration of the mRNA-LNPs provided serum VNA levels sufficient to confer protection of mice against severe disease progression following toxin challenge. Furthermore, we employed an mRNA-LNP encoded effector antibody, a molecular tool designed to specifically bind an epitopic tag linked to the VNAs, to prolong VNA serum half-life. Co-administration of VNA-encoding mRNA-LNPs and an effector antibody, either provided as recombinant protein or encoded by mRNA-LNP, increased serum VNA half-life in mice and in gnotobiotic piglets. Prolonged serum half-life was associated with higher concentrations of serum VNA and enhanced prophylactic protection of mice in challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hillary Danz
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | | | - Konstantin Ichtchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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8
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Yu S, Zhang L, Wang A, Jin Y, Zhou D. Nanobodies: the Potential Application in Bacterial Treatment and Diagnosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115640. [PMID: 37315818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An infection caused by bacteria is one of the main factors that poses a threat to human health. A recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted that bacteria that cause blood infections have become increasingly drug-resistant. Therefore, it is crucial to research and develop new techniques for detecting and treating these infections. Since their discovery, nanobodies have exhibited numerous outstanding biological properties. They are easy to express, modify, and have high stability, robust permeability and low immunogenicity, all of which indicate their potential as a substitute. Nanobodies have been utilized in a variety of studies on viruses and cancer. This article primarily focuses on nanobodies and introduces their characteristics and application in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational&Technical College, Xianyang, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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9
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Lynch JP, González-Prieto C, Reeves AZ, Bae S, Powale U, Godbole NP, Tremblay JM, Schmidt FI, Ploegh HL, Kansra V, Glickman JN, Leong JM, Shoemaker CB, Garrett WS, Lesser CF. Engineered Escherichia coli for the in situ secretion of therapeutic nanobodies in the gut. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:634-649.e8. [PMID: 37003258 PMCID: PMC10101937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug platforms that enable the directed delivery of therapeutics to sites of diseases to maximize efficacy and limit off-target effects are needed. Here, we report the development of PROT3EcT, a suite of commensal Escherichia coli engineered to secrete proteins directly into their surroundings. These bacteria consist of three modular components: a modified bacterial protein secretion system, the associated regulatable transcriptional activator, and a secreted therapeutic payload. PROT3EcT secrete functional single-domain antibodies, nanobodies (Nbs), and stably colonize and maintain an active secretion system within the intestines of mice. Furthermore, a single prophylactic dose of a variant of PROT3EcT that secretes a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-neutralizing Nb is sufficient to ablate pro-inflammatory TNF levels and prevent the development of injury and inflammation in a chemically induced model of colitis. This work lays the foundation for developing PROT3EcT as a platform for the treatment of gastrointestinal-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Lynch
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Coral González-Prieto
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Analise Z Reeves
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sena Bae
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Harvard T.H. Chan Center for the Microbiome in Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Urmila Powale
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neha P Godbole
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Florian I Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John M Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Tufts Stuart B Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Harvard T.H. Chan Center for the Microbiome in Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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10
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Hussack G, Rossotti MA, van Faassen H, Murase T, Eugenio L, Schrag JD, Ng KKS, Tanha J. Structure-guided design of a potent Clostridiodes difficile toxin A inhibitor. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1110541. [PMID: 36778856 PMCID: PMC9909335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystal structures of camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (VHHs) bound to fragments of the combined repetitive oligopeptides domain of Clostridiodes difficile toxin A (TcdA) reveal that the C-terminus of VHH A20 was located 30 Å away from the N-terminus of VHH A26. Based on this observation, we generated a biparatopic fusion protein with A20 at the N-terminus, followed by a (GS)6 linker and A26 at the C-terminus. This A20-A26 fusion protein shows an improvement in binding affinity and a dramatic increase in TcdA neutralization potency (>330-fold [IC 50]; ≥2,700-fold [IC 99]) when compared to the unfused A20 and A26 VHHs. A20-A26 also shows much higher binding affinity and neutralization potency when compared to a series of control antibody constructs that include fusions of two A20 VHHs, fusions of two A26 VHHs, a biparatopic fusion with A26 at the N-terminus and A20 at the C-terminus (A26-A20), and actoxumab. In particular, A20-A26 displays a 310-fold (IC 50) to 29,000-fold (IC 99) higher neutralization potency than A26-A20. Size-exclusion chromatography-multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS) analyses further reveal that A20-A26 binds to TcdA with 1:1 stoichiometry and simultaneous engagement of both A20 and A26 epitopes as expected based on the biparatopic design inspired by the crystal structures of TcdA bound to A20 and A26. In contrast, the control constructs show varied and heterogeneous binding modes. These results highlight the importance of molecular geometric constraints in generating highly potent antibody-based reagents capable of exploiting the simultaneous binding of more than one paratope to an antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hussack
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin A. Rossotti
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tomohiko Murase
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Luiz Eugenio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joseph D. Schrag
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kenneth K.-S. Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Kenneth K.-S. Ng,
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Jamshid Tanha,
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11
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Liu Y, Thaker H, Wang C, Xu Z, Dong M. Diagnosis and Treatment for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:10. [PMID: 36668830 PMCID: PMC9862836 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is a clinical syndrome involving hemolytic anemia (with fragmented red blood cells), low levels of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), and acute kidney injury (AKI). It is the major infectious cause of AKI in children. In severe cases, neurological complications and even death may occur. Treating STEC-HUS is challenging, as patients often already have organ injuries when they seek medical treatment. Early diagnosis is of great significance for improving prognosis and reducing mortality and sequelae. In this review, we first briefly summarize the diagnostics for STEC-HUS, including history taking, clinical manifestations, fecal and serological detection methods for STEC, and complement activation monitoring. We also summarize preventive and therapeutic strategies for STEC-HUS, such as vaccines, volume expansion, renal replacement therapy (RRT), antibiotics, plasma exchange, antibodies and inhibitors that interfere with receptor binding, and the intracellular trafficking of the Shiga toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Zhonggao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Qin Q, Liu H, He W, Guo Y, Zhang J, She J, Zheng F, Zhang S, Muyldermans S, Wen Y. Single Domain Antibody application in bacterial infection diagnosis and neutralization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1014377. [PMID: 36248787 PMCID: PMC9558170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance to bacterial infections causes a serious threat to human health. Efficient detection and treatment strategies are the keys to preventing and reducing bacterial infections. Due to the high affinity and antigen specificity, antibodies have become an important tool for diagnosis and treatment of various human diseases. In addition to conventional antibodies, a unique class of “heavy-chain-only” antibodies (HCAbs) were found in the serum of camelids and sharks. HCAbs binds to the antigen through only one variable domain Referred to as VHH (variable domain of the heavy chain of HCAbs). The recombinant format of the VHH is also called single domain antibody (sdAb) or nanobody (Nb). Sharks might also have an ancestor HCAb from where SdAbs or V-NAR might be engineered. Compared with traditional Abs, Nbs have several outstanding properties such as small size, high stability, strong antigen-binding affinity, high solubility and low immunogenicity. Furthermore, they are expressed at low cost in microorganisms and amenable to engineering. These superior properties make Nbs a highly desired alternative to conventional antibodies, which are extensively employed in structural biology, unravelling biochemical mechanisms, molecular imaging, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this review, we summarized recent progress of nanobody-based approaches in diagnosis and neutralization of bacterial infection and further discussed the challenges of Nbs in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Center for Microbiome Research of Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of General Surgery, Center for Microbiome Research of Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yucheng Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjun She
- Department of General Surgery, Center for Microbiome Research of Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sicai Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yurong Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Center for Microbiome Research of Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Derkaev AA, Ryabova EI, Esmagambetov IB, Shcheblyakov DV, Godakova SA, Vinogradova ID, Noskov AN, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL. rAAV expressing recombinant neutralizing antibody for the botulinum neurotoxin type A prophylaxis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960937. [PMID: 36238585 PMCID: PMC9551282 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the most dangerous bacterial toxins and a potential biological weapon component. BoNT mechanism of pathological action is based on inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from nerve endings. To date, anti-BoNT therapy is reduced to the use of horse hyperimmune serum, which causes many side effects, as well as FDA-approved drug BabyBig which consists of human-derived anti-BoNT antibodies (IgG) for infant botulinum treatment. Therapeutics for botulism treatment based on safer monoclonal antibodies are undergoing clinical trials. In addition, agents have been developed for the specific prevention of botulism, but their effectiveness has not been proved. In this work, we have obtained a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV-B11-Fc) expressing a single-domain antibody fused to the human IgG Fc-fragment (B11-Fc) and specific to botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A). We have demonstrated that B11-Fc antibody, expressed via rAAV-B11-Fc treatment, can protect animals from lethal doses of botulinum toxin type A, starting from day 3 and at least 120 days after administration. Thus, our results showed that rAAV-B11-Fc can provide long-term expression of B11-Fc-neutralizing antibody in vivo and provide long-term protection against BoNT/A intoxication. Consequently, our study demonstrates the applicability of rAAV expressing protective antibodies for the prevention of intoxication caused by botulinum toxins.
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14
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Zeng Y, Jiang M, Robinson S, Peng Z, Chonira V, Simeon R, Tzipori S, Zhang J, Chen Z. A Multi-Specific DARPin Potently Neutralizes Shiga Toxin 2 via Simultaneous Modulation of Both Toxin Subunits. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:511. [PMID: 36290479 PMCID: PMC9598796 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is a common cause of bloody diarrhea. The pathology of STEC infection derives from two exotoxins-Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-that are secreted by STEC in the gut, from where they are systemically absorbed, causing severe kidney damage leading to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Currently, there is no effective treatment for HUS, and only supportive care is recommended. We report the engineering of a panel of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin) with potent neutralization activity against Stx2a, the major subtype associated with HUS. The best dimeric DARPin, SD5, created via a combination of directed evolution and rational design, neutralizes Stx2a with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.61 nM in vitro. The two monomeric DARPin constituents of SD5 exhibit complementary functions-SHT targets the enzymatic A subunit of Stx2a and inhibits the toxin's catalytic activity, while DARPin #3 binds the B subunit, based on the cryo-EM study, and induces a novel conformational change in the B subunit that distorts its five-fold symmetry and presumably interferes with toxin attachment to target cells. SD5 was fused to an albumin-binding DARPin, and the resulting trimeric DARPin DA1-SD5 efficiently protects mice in a toxin challenge model, pointing to a high potential of this DARPin as a therapeutic for STEC infection. Finally, the unprecedented toxin conformational change induced by DARPin #3 represents a novel mode of action for neutralizing Stx2 toxicity and reveals new targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8847 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Mengqiu Jiang
- Center for Phage Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 300 Olsen Blvd., College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sally Robinson
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Zeyu Peng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8847 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Vikas Chonira
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8847 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Rudo Simeon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8847 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Center for Phage Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 300 Olsen Blvd., College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8847 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, 300 Olsen Blvd., College Station, TX 77843, USA
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15
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Gelfat I, Aqeel Y, Tremblay JM, Jaskiewicz JJ, Shrestha A, Lee JN, Hu S, Qian X, Magoun L, Sheoran A, Bedenice D, Giem C, Manjula-Basavanna A, Pulsifer AR, Tu HX, Li X, Minus ML, Osburne MS, Tzipori S, Shoemaker CB, Leong JM, Joshi NS. Single domain antibodies against enteric pathogen virulence factors are active as curli fiber fusions on probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010713. [PMID: 36107831 PMCID: PMC9477280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric microbial pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Shigella and Cryptosporidium species, take a particularly heavy toll in low-income countries and are highly associated with infant mortality. We describe here a means to display anti-infective agents on the surface of a probiotic bacterium. Because of their stability and versatility, VHHs, the variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies, have potential as components of novel agents to treat or prevent enteric infectious disease. We isolated and characterized VHHs targeting several enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) virulence factors: flagellin (Fla), which is required for bacterial motility and promotes colonization; both intimin and the translocated intimin receptor (Tir), which together play key roles in attachment to enterocytes; and E. coli secreted protein A (EspA), an essential component of the type III secretion system (T3SS) that is required for virulence. Several VHHs that recognize Fla, intimin, or Tir blocked function in vitro. The probiotic strain E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) produces on the bacterial surface curli fibers, which are the major proteinaceous component of E. coli biofilms. A subset of Fla-, intimin-, or Tir-binding VHHs, as well as VHHs that recognize either a T3SS of another important bacterial pathogen (Shigella flexneri), a soluble bacterial toxin (Shiga toxin or Clostridioides difficile toxin TcdA), or a major surface antigen of an important eukaryotic pathogen (Cryptosporidium parvum) were fused to CsgA, the major curli fiber subunit. Scanning electron micrographs indicated CsgA-VHH fusions were assembled into curli fibers on the EcN surface, and Congo Red binding indicated that these recombinant curli fibers were produced at high levels. Ectopic production of these VHHs conferred on EcN the cognate binding activity and, in the case of anti-Shiga toxin, was neutralizing. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of the curli-based pathogen sequestration strategy described herein and contribute to the development of novel VHH-based gut therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Gelfat
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yousuf Aqeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Justyna J. Jaskiewicz
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anishma Shrestha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James N. Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shenglan Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xi Qian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Loranne Magoun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abhineet Sheoran
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniela Bedenice
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Colter Giem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Avinash Manjula-Basavanna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Pulsifer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hann X. Tu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marilyn L. Minus
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcia S. Osburne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Neel S. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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Raeisi H, Azimirad M, Nabavi-Rad A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Yadegar A, Zali MR. Application of recombinant antibodies for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: Current status and future perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972930. [PMID: 36081500 PMCID: PMC9445313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), known as the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is regarded as one of the most common healthcare-associated bacterial infections worldwide. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains, development of new therapeutic methods for C. difficile infection (CDI) has become crucially important. In this context, antibodies have been introduced as valuable tools in the research and clinical environments, as far as the effectiveness of antibody therapy for CDI was reported in several clinical investigations. Hence, production of high-performance antibodies for treatment of CDI would be precious. Traditional approaches of antibody generation are based on hybridoma technology. Today, application of in vitro technologies for generating recombinant antibodies, like phage display, is considered as an appropriate alternative to hybridoma technology. These techniques can circumvent the limitations of the immune system and they can be exploited for production of antibodies against different types of biomolecules in particular active toxins. Additionally, DNA encoding antibodies is directly accessible in in vitro technologies, which enables the application of antibody engineering in order to increase their sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the application of antibodies for CDI treatment with an emphasis on recombinant fragment antibodies. Also, this review highlights the current and future prospects of the aforementioned approaches for antibody-mediated therapy of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nabavi-Rad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Intramuscular delivery of formulated RNA encoding six linked nanobodies is highly protective for exposures to three Botulinum neurotoxin serotypes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11664. [PMID: 35803998 PMCID: PMC9266081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain antibodies (sdAbs), also called nanobodies, have substantial biophysical advantages over conventional antibodies and are increasingly being employed as components of immunotherapeutic agents. One particularly favorable property is the ability to link different sdAbs into heteromultimers. This feature allows production of single molecules capable of simultaneously targeting more than one antigen. In addition, cooperative binding of multiple linked sdAbs to non-overlapping epitopes on the same target can produce synergistic improvements in target affinity, variant specificity, and in vivo potencies. Here we seek to test the option of increased component sdAbs in these heteromultimers by testing different sdAb heterohexamers in which each of the six camelid sdAb components (VHHs) can neutralize one of three different Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes, A, B or E. Each heterohexamer bound all three targeted BoNT serotypes and protected mice from at least 100 MIPLD50 of each serotype. To test the potential of mRNA therapeutics encoding long sdAb heteromultimers, one heterohexamer was encoded as replicating RNA (repRNA), formulated with a cationic nanocarrier, and delivered to mice via intramuscular injection. Heterohexamer antitoxin serum expression levels were easily detected by 8 h post-treatment, peaked at 5–10 nM around two days, and persisted for more than three days. Mice treated with the formulated repRNA one day post-treatment survived challenge with 100 MIPLD50 of each toxin serotype, demonstrating the function of all six component VHHs. Use of long sdAb multimers, administered as proteins or repRNA, offer the potential for substantially improved versatility in the development of antibody-based therapeutics.
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18
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Gangaiah D, Ryan V, Van Hoesel D, Mane SP, Mckinley ET, Lakshmanan N, Reddy ND, Dolk E, Kumar A. Recombinant
Limosilactobacillus
(
Lactobacillus
) delivering nanobodies against
Clostridium perfringens
NetB and alpha toxin confers potential protection from necrotic enteritis. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1270. [PMID: 35478283 PMCID: PMC8924699 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dharanesh Gangaiah
- Division of Bacteriology and Microbiome Elanco Animal Health Greenfield Indiana USA
| | - Valerie Ryan
- Division of Bacteriology and Microbiome Elanco Animal Health Greenfield Indiana USA
| | - Daphne Van Hoesel
- Division of Nanobody Discovery and Development QVQ Holding BV Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Shrinivasrao P. Mane
- Division of Bacteriology and Microbiome Elanco Animal Health Greenfield Indiana USA
| | - Enid T. Mckinley
- Division of Bacteriology and Microbiome Elanco Animal Health Greenfield Indiana USA
| | | | - Nandakumar D. Reddy
- Division of Bacteriology and Microbiome Elanco Animal Health Greenfield Indiana USA
| | - Edward Dolk
- Division of Nanobody Discovery and Development QVQ Holding BV Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Division of Bacteriology and Microbiome Elanco Animal Health Greenfield Indiana USA
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19
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Lu Z, Liu Z, Li X, Qin X, Hong H, Zhou Z, Pieters RJ, Shi J, Wu Z. Nanobody-Based Bispecific Neutralizer for Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:321-329. [PMID: 35015516 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, no specific therapeutics are available for foodborne Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections that cause severe gastroenteritis and life-threatening complications of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). As STEC attachment to intestinal epithelium might increase the host absorption of Shiga toxins and severity of the disease, we were inspired to develop a bispecific neutralizer capable of blocking its Shiga toxin and adhesin intimin simultaneously. Two nanobodies against the B subunit of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2B) and the C terminus of Intimin (IntC280) were genetically fused together as the bispecific neutralizer, and it can be efficiently produced in a conventional E. coli expression system. We demonstrated that each of the nanobody modules in the bispecific format showed increased antigen binding capability and was able to functionally neutralize the binding of Stx2B or IntC280 to the respective host receptors even in the presence of the two virulence factors together. Moreover, the bispecific neutralizer was relatively stable to harsh storage conditions and gastrointestinal pH extremes. Taking into account its easy and economical production and superior pharmaceutical properties, we believe that a nanobody-based bispecific neutralizer would be more favorable and practical to be developed as a therapeutic to fight STEC in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xinfang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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20
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Henrique IDM, Sacerdoti F, Ferreira RL, Henrique C, Amaral MM, Piazza RMF, Luz D. Therapeutic Antibodies Against Shiga Toxins: Trends and Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:825856. [PMID: 35223548 PMCID: PMC8866733 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.825856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stx) are AB5-type toxins, composed of five B subunits which bind to Gb3 host cell receptors and an active A subunit, whose action on the ribosome leads to protein synthesis suppression. The two Stx types (Stx1 and Stx2) and their subtypes can be produced by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains and some Shigella spp. These bacteria colonize the colon and induce diarrhea that may progress to hemorrhagic colitis and in the most severe cases, to hemolytic uremic syndrome, which could lead to death. Since the use of antibiotics in these infections is a topic of great controversy, the treatment remains supportive and there are no specific therapies to ameliorate the course. Therefore, there is an open window for Stx neutralization employing antibodies, which are versatile molecules. Indeed, polyclonal, monoclonal, and recombinant antibodies have been raised and tested in vitro and in vivo assays, showing differences in their neutralizing ability against deleterious effects of Stx. These molecules are in different phases of development for which we decide to present herein an updated report of these antibody molecules, their source, advantages, and disadvantages of the promising ones, as well as the challenges faced until reaching their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Sacerdoti
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Camila Henrique
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Marta Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxane Maria Fontes Piazza
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roxane Maria Fontes Piazza, ; Daniela Luz,
| | - Daniela Luz
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roxane Maria Fontes Piazza, ; Daniela Luz,
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21
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Neutralization of typhoid toxin by alpaca-derived, single-domain antibodies targeting the PltB and CdtB subunits. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0051521. [PMID: 34898253 PMCID: PMC8852740 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00515-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid toxin is secreted by the typhoid fever-causing bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and has tropism for immune cells and brain endothelial cells. Here, we generated a camelid single-domain antibody (VHH) library from typhoid toxoid-immunized alpacas and identified 41 VHHs selected on the glycan receptor-binding PltB and nuclease CdtB. VHHs exhibiting potent in vitro neutralizing activities from each sequence-based family were epitope binned via competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), leading to 6 distinct VHHs, 2 anti-PltBs (T2E7 and T2G9), and 4 anti-CdtB VHHs (T4C4, T4C12, T4E5, and T4E8), whose in vivo neutralizing activities and associated toxin-neutralizing mechanisms were investigated. We found that T2E7, T2G9, and T4E5 effectively neutralized typhoid toxin in vivo, as demonstrated by 100% survival of mice administered a lethal dose of typhoid toxin and with little to no typhoid toxin-mediated upper motor function defect. Cumulatively, these results highlight the potential of the compact antibodies to neutralize typhoid toxin by targeting the glycan-binding and/or nuclease subunits.
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22
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Luz D, Gómez FD, Ferreira RL, Melo BS, Guth BEC, Quintilio W, Moro AM, Presta A, Sacerdoti F, Ibarra C, Chen G, Sidhu SS, Amaral MM, Piazza RMF. The Deleterious Effects of Shiga Toxin Type 2 Are Neutralized In Vitro by FabF8:Stx2 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110825. [PMID: 34822608 PMCID: PMC8621789 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) infections is the principal cause of acute renal injury in pediatric age groups. Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) has in vitro cytotoxic effects on kidney cells, including human glomerular endothelial (HGEC) and Vero cells. Neither a licensed vaccine nor effective therapy for HUS is available for humans. Recombinant antibodies against Stx2, produced in bacteria, appeared as the utmost tool to prevent HUS. Therefore, in this work, a recombinant FabF8:Stx2 was selected from a human Fab antibody library by phage display, characterized, and analyzed for its ability to neutralize the Stx activity from different STEC-Stx2 and Stx1/Stx2 producing strains in a gold standard Vero cell assay, and the Stx2 cytotoxic effects on primary cultures of HGEC. This recombinant Fab showed a dissociation constant of 13.8 nM and a half maximum effective concentration (EC50) of 160 ng/mL to Stx2. Additionally, FabF8:Stx2 neutralized, in different percentages, the cytotoxic effects of Stx2 and Stx1/2 from different STEC strains on Vero cells. Moreover, it significantly prevented the deleterious effects of Stx2 in a dose-dependent manner (up to 83%) in HGEC and protected this cell up to 90% from apoptosis and necrosis. Therefore, this novel and simple anti-Stx2 biomolecule will allow further investigation as a new therapeutic option that could improve STEC and HUS patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Luz
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.L.); (R.L.F.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Fernando D. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
| | - Raíssa L. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.L.); (R.L.F.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Bruna S. Melo
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.L.); (R.L.F.); (B.S.M.)
| | - Beatriz E. C. Guth
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Sāo Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
| | - Wagner Quintilio
- Laboratório de Biofármacos, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (W.Q.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Ana Maria Moro
- Laboratório de Biofármacos, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (W.Q.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Agostina Presta
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
| | - Flavia Sacerdoti
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
| | - Cristina Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
| | - Gang Chen
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, OT M5S 3E1, Canada; (G.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, OT M5S 3E1, Canada; (G.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - María Marta Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina; (F.D.G.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (C.I.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (R.M.F.P.)
| | - Roxane M. F. Piazza
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.L.); (R.L.F.); (B.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (R.M.F.P.)
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23
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de Smit H, Ackerschott B, Tierney R, Stickings P, Harmsen MM. A novel single-domain antibody multimer that potently neutralizes tetanus neurotoxin. Vaccine X 2021; 8:100099. [PMID: 34169269 PMCID: PMC8207222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetanus antitoxin, produced in animals, has been used for the prevention and treatment of tetanus for more than 100 years. The availability of antitoxins, ethical issues around production, and risks involved in the use of animal derived serum products are a concern. We therefore developed a llama derived single-domain antibody (VHH) multimer to potentially replace the conventional veterinary product. In total, 28 different tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) binding VHHs were isolated, 14 of which were expressed in yeast for further characterization. Four VHH monomers (T2, T6, T15 and T16) binding TeNT with high affinity (KD < 1 nM), covering different antigenic domains as revealed by epitope binning, and including 3 monomers (T6, T15 and T16) that inhibited TeNT binding to neuron gangliosides, were chosen as building blocks to generate 11 VHH multimers. These multimers contained either 1 or 2 different TeNT binding VHHs fused to 1 VHH binding to either albumin (A12) or immunoglobulin (G13) to extend serum half-life in animals. Multimers consisting of 2 TeNT binding VHHs showed more than a 10-fold increase in affinity (KD of 4-23 pM) when compared to multimers containing only one TeNT binding VHH. The T6 and T16 VHHs showed synergistic in vivo TeNT neutralization and, when incorporated into a single VHH trimer (T6T16A12), they showed a very high TeNT neutralizing capacity (1,510 IU/mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans de Smit
- R&D, Smivet B.V., Diemewei 4110, 6605XC Wijchen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Ackerschott
- R&D, Smivet B.V., Diemewei 4110, 6605XC Wijchen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Tierney
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), MHRA, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Stickings
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), MHRA, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Michiel M. Harmsen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
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24
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Roth KDR, Wenzel EV, Ruschig M, Steinke S, Langreder N, Heine PA, Schneider KT, Ballmann R, Fühner V, Kuhn P, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Dübel S, Schubert M, Moreira GMSG, Bertoglio F, Russo G, Hust M. Developing Recombinant Antibodies by Phage Display Against Infectious Diseases and Toxins for Diagnostics and Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:697876. [PMID: 34307196 PMCID: PMC8294040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.697876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential molecules for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and their toxins. Antibodies were integrated in our medical repertoire against infectious diseases more than hundred years ago by using animal sera to treat tetanus and diphtheria. In these days, most developed therapeutic antibodies target cancer or autoimmune diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was a reminder about the importance of antibodies for therapy against infectious diseases. While monoclonal antibodies could be generated by hybridoma technology since the 70ies of the former century, nowadays antibody phage display, among other display technologies, is robustly established to discover new human monoclonal antibodies. Phage display is an in vitro technology which confers the potential for generating antibodies from universal libraries against any conceivable molecule of sufficient size and omits the limitations of the immune systems. If convalescent patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is possible to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity-matured antibodies. A further advantage is the availability of the DNA sequence encoding the phage displayed antibody fragment, which is packaged in the phage particles. Therefore, the selected antibody fragments can be rapidly further engineered in any needed antibody format according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, we present an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens, as well as microbial toxins, intended for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Federico Bertoglio
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
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25
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Birnbaum DP, Manjula‐Basavanna A, Kan A, Tardy BL, Joshi NS. Hybrid Living Capsules Autonomously Produced by Engineered Bacteria. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004699. [PMID: 34141524 PMCID: PMC8188213 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has excellent material properties and can be produced sustainably through simple bacterial culture, but BC-producing bacteria lack the extensive genetic toolkits of model organisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). Here, a simple approach is reported for producing highly programmable BC materials through incorporation of engineered E. coli. The acetic acid bacterium Gluconacetobacter hansenii is cocultured with engineered E. coli in droplets of glucose-rich media to produce robust cellulose capsules, which are then colonized by the E. coli upon transfer to selective lysogeny broth media. It is shown that the encapsulated E. coli can produce engineered protein nanofibers within the cellulose matrix, yielding hybrid capsules capable of sequestering specific biomolecules from the environment and enzymatic catalysis. Furthermore, capsules are produced which can alter their own bulk physical properties through enzyme-induced biomineralization. This novel system uses a simple fabrication process, based on the autonomous activity of two bacteria, to significantly expand the functionality of BC-based living materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Birnbaum
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Avinash Manjula‐Basavanna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Anton Kan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityEspooFI‐00076Finland
| | - Neel S. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
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26
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Sasou A, Yuki Y, Kurokawa S, Sato S, Goda Y, Uchida M, Matsumoto N, Sagara H, Watanabe Y, Kuroda M, Sakon N, Sugiura K, Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Ushijima H, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H. Development of Antibody-Fragment-Producing Rice for Neutralization of Human Norovirus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:639953. [PMID: 33868338 PMCID: PMC8047661 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.639953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human norovirus is the leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide. Currently, no licensed norovirus vaccine, pharmaceutical drug, or therapy is available for the control of norovirus infection. Here, we used a rice transgenic system, MucoRice, to produce a variable domain of a llama heavy-chain antibody fragment (VHH) specific for human norovirus (MucoRice-VHH). VHH is a small heat- and acid-stable protein that resembles a monoclonal antibody. Consequently, VHHs have become attractive and useful antibodies (Abs) for oral immunotherapy against intestinal infectious diseases. MucoRice-VHH constructs were generated at high yields in rice seeds by using an overexpression system with RNA interference to suppress the production of the major rice endogenous storage proteins. The average production levels of monomeric VHH (7C6) to GII.4 norovirus and heterodimeric VHH (7C6-1E4) to GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses in rice seed were 0.54 and 0.28% (w/w), respectively, as phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-soluble VHHs. By using a human norovirus propagation system in human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), we demonstrated the high neutralizing activity of MucoRice expressing monomeric VHH (7C6) against GII.4 norovirus and of heterodimeric VHH (7C6-1E4) against both GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses. In addition, MucoRice-VHH (7C6-1E4) retained neutralizing activity even after heat treatment at 90°C for 20 min. These results build a fundamental platform for the continued development of MucoRice-VHH heterodimer as a candidate for oral immunotherapy and for prophylaxis against GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses in not only healthy adults and children but also immunocompromised patients and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Sasou
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Kurokawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Mucosal Vaccine Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Goda
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Uchida
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Mucosal Vaccine Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sagara
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Watanabe
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kuroda
- The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakon
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotomi Sugiura
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Division of Clinical Vaccinology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chiba University – University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Deal CE, Carfi A, Plante OJ. Advancements in mRNA Encoded Antibodies for Passive Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020108. [PMID: 33572679 PMCID: PMC7910832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are the fastest growing therapeutic class in medicine today. They hold great promise for a myriad of indications, including cancer, allergy, autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, the wide accessibility of these therapeutics is hindered by manufacturing and purification challenges that result in high costs and long lead times. Efforts are being made to find alternative ways to produce and deliver antibodies in more expedient and cost-effective platforms. The field of mRNA has made significant progress in the last ten years and has emerged as a highly attractive means of encoding and producing any protein of interest in vivo. Through the natural role of mRNA as a transient carrier of genetic information for translation into proteins, in vivo expression of mRNA-encoded antibodies offer many advantages over recombinantly produced antibodies. In this review, we examine both preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrate the feasibility of mRNA-encoded antibodies and discuss the remaining challenges ahead.
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Ruano-Gallego D, Fernández LÁ. Identification of Nanobodies Blocking Intimate Adherence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli to Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:253-272. [PMID: 33704757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies (Abs) inhibiting bacterial adhesion to host epithelia are an attractive option to reduce the load of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in the intestine of the patient and also in the bovine reservoir, thereby minimizing the risk of STEC contamination in the food chain. Of particular interest are recombinant single-domain Ab fragments called nanobodies (Nbs) derived from the variable domain of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH). The outer membrane adhesin intimin and the translocated intimin receptor (Tir) are essential for the attachment of STEC to host epithelia. In addition, EspA filaments of the bacterial type III protein secretion system are needed for Tir translocation into the host cell. Given their importance for bacterial adhesion and colonization, we developed Nbs against intimin, Tir and EspA proteins of STEC serotype O157:H7. Here, we report the screening methods used to isolate inhibitory Nbs blocking intimin-Tir protein-protein interaction, actin-pedestal formation, and intimate adhesion of STEC to epithelial cells in vitro. First, we describe how VHH gene repertoires can be produced as Nbs secreted by E. coli using the α-hemolysin (HlyA) protein secretion system. Next, we report the methods for identification of inhibitors of intimin-Tir protein-protein interaction and of STEC intimate adhesion to HeLa cells in culture. These methods can be adapted for the screening of Nbs against different adhesin-receptor complexes to block the adhesion of other pathogens to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ruano-Gallego
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Lai JY, Lim TS. Infectious disease antibodies for biomedical applications: A mini review of immune antibody phage library repertoire. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:640-648. [PMID: 32650013 PMCID: PMC7340592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody phage display is regarded as a critical tool for the development of monoclonal antibodies for infectious diseases. The different classes of antibody libraries are classified based on the source of repertoire used to generate the libraries. Immune antibody libraries are generated from disease infected host or immunization against an infectious agent. Antibodies derived from immune libraries are distinct from those derived from naïve libraries as the host's in vivo immune mechanisms shape the antibody repertoire to yield high affinity antibodies. As the immune system is constantly evolving in accordance to the health state of an individual, immune libraries can offer more than just infection-specific antibodies but also antibodies derived from the memory B-cells much like naïve libraries. The combinatorial nature of the gene cloning process would give rise to a combination of natural and un-natural antibody gene pairings in the immune library. These factors have a profound impact on the coverage of immune antibody libraries to target both disease-specific and non-disease specific antigens. This review looks at the diverse nature of antibody responses for immune library generation and discusses the extended potential of a disease-specified immune library in the context of phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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30
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Tremblay JM, Vazquez-Cintron E, Lam KH, Mukherjee J, Bedenice D, Ondeck CA, Conroy MT, Bodt SML, Winner BM, Webb RP, Ichtchenko K, Jin R, McNutt PM, Shoemaker CB. Camelid VHH Antibodies that Neutralize Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E Intoxication or Protease Function. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100611. [PMID: 32987745 PMCID: PMC7598594 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype E is one of three serotypes that cause the preponderance of human botulism cases and is a Tier 1 Select Agent. BoNT/E is unusual among BoNT serotypes for its rapid onset and short duration of intoxication. Here we report two large panels of unique, unrelated camelid single-domain antibodies (VHHs) that were selected for their ability to bind to BoNT/E holotoxin and/or to the BoNT/E light chain protease domain (LC/E). The 19 VHHs which bind to BoNT/E were characterized for their subunit specificity and 8 VHHs displayed the ability to neutralize BoNT/E intoxication of neurons. Heterodimer antitoxins consisting of two BoNT/E-neutralizing VHHs, including one heterodimer designed using structural information for simultaneous binding, were shown to protect mice against co-administered toxin challenges of up to 500 MIPLD50. The 22 unique VHHs which bind to LC/E were characterized for their binding properties and 9 displayed the ability to inhibit LC/E protease activity. Surprisingly, VHHs selected on plastic-coated LC/E were virtually unable to recognize soluble or captured LC/E while VHHs selected on captured LC/E were poorly able to recognize LC/E coated to a plastic surface. This panel of anti-LC/E VHHs offer insight into BoNT/E function, and some may have value as components of therapeutic antidotes that reverse paralysis following BoNT/E exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (J.M.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Edwin Vazquez-Cintron
- The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Fort Detrick, MD 21010, USA; (E.V.-C.); (C.A.O.); (M.T.C.); (S.M.L.B.); (B.M.W.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4560, USA; (K.-H.L.); (R.J.)
| | - Jean Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (J.M.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniela Bedenice
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA;
| | - Celinia A. Ondeck
- The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Fort Detrick, MD 21010, USA; (E.V.-C.); (C.A.O.); (M.T.C.); (S.M.L.B.); (B.M.W.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Matthieu T. Conroy
- The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Fort Detrick, MD 21010, USA; (E.V.-C.); (C.A.O.); (M.T.C.); (S.M.L.B.); (B.M.W.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Skylar M. L. Bodt
- The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Fort Detrick, MD 21010, USA; (E.V.-C.); (C.A.O.); (M.T.C.); (S.M.L.B.); (B.M.W.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Brittany M. Winner
- The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Fort Detrick, MD 21010, USA; (E.V.-C.); (C.A.O.); (M.T.C.); (S.M.L.B.); (B.M.W.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Robert P. Webb
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA;
| | - Konstantin Ichtchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4560, USA; (K.-H.L.); (R.J.)
| | - Patrick M. McNutt
- The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Fort Detrick, MD 21010, USA; (E.V.-C.); (C.A.O.); (M.T.C.); (S.M.L.B.); (B.M.W.); (P.M.M.)
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (J.M.T.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Mühlen S, Dersch P. Treatment Strategies for Infections With Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:169. [PMID: 32435624 PMCID: PMC7218068 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause outbreaks of severe diarrheal disease in children and the elderly around the world. The severe complications associated with toxin production and release range from bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to hemolytic-uremic syndrome, kidney failure, and neurological issues. As the use of antibiotics for treatment of the infection has long been controversial due to reports that antibiotics may increase the production of Shiga toxin, the recommended therapy today is mainly supportive. In recent years, a variety of alternative treatment approaches such as monoclonal antibodies or antisera directed against Shiga toxin, toxin receptor analogs, and several vaccination strategies have been developed and evaluated in vitro and in animal models. A few strategies have progressed to the clinical trial phase. Here, we review the current understanding of and the progress made in the development of treatment options against STEC infections and discuss their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mühlen
- Institute for Infectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Site University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Institute for Infectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Site University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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32
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Development and Evaluation of a Novel VHH-Based Immunocapture Assay for High-Sensitivity Detection of Shiga Toxin Type 2 (Stx2) in Stool Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01566-19. [PMID: 31826960 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01566-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the main cause of postdiarrheal hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a life-threatening clinical complication characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure that mainly affects children. A relevant feature of STEC strains is the production of Stx, and all of them express Stx1 and/or Stx2 regardless of the strain serotype. Therefore, Stx detection assays are considered the most suitable methods for the early detection of STEC infections. Single-domain antibodies from camelids (VHHs) exhibit several advantages in comparison with conventional antibodies, making them promising tools for diagnosis. In this work, we have exploited VHH technology for the development of an immunocapture assay for Stx2 detection. Thirteen anti-Stx2 VHHs previously obtained from a variable-domain repertoire library were selected and evaluated in 130 capture-detection pair combinations for Stx detection. Based on this analysis, two VHHs were selected and a double VHH-based biotin-streptavidin capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with spectrophotometric detection was developed and optimized for Stx2 detection. This assay showed an excellent analytical and clinical sensitivity in both STEC culture supernatants and stool samples even higher than the sensitivity of a commercial ELISA. Furthermore, based on the analysis of stool samples, the VHH-based ELISA showed high correlation with stx 2 detection by PCR and a commercial rapid membrane-based immunoassay. The intrinsic properties of VHHs (high target affinity and specificity, stability, and ease of expression at high yields in recombinant bacteria) and their optimal performance for Stx detection make them attractive tools for the diagnosis of HUS related to STEC (STEC-HUS).
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Joseph A, Cointe A, Mariani Kurkdjian P, Rafat C, Hertig A. Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E67. [PMID: 31973203 PMCID: PMC7076748 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of human infection by one of the many Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is determined by a number of factors: the bacterial genome, the capacity of human societies to prevent foodborne epidemics, the medical condition of infected patients (in particular their hydration status, often compromised by severe diarrhea), and by our capacity to devise new therapeutic approaches, most specifically to combat the bacterial virulence factors, as opposed to our current strategies that essentially aim to palliate organ deficiencies. The last major outbreak in 2011 in Germany, which killed more than 50 people in Europe, was evidence that an effective treatment was still lacking. Herein, we review the current knowledge of STEC virulence, how societies organize the prevention of human disease, and how physicians treat (and, hopefully, will treat) its potentially fatal complications. In particular, we focus on STEC-induced hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS), where the intrusion of toxins inside endothelial cells results in massive cell death, activation of the coagulation within capillaries, and eventually organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Joseph
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Aurélie Cointe
- Department of Microbiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France; (A.C.); (P.M.K.)
| | | | - Cédric Rafat
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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Salhi I, Bessalah S, Snoun D, Khorchani T, Hammadi M. Construction of a Nanobodies Phage Display Library From an Escherichia coli Immunized Dromedary. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 18:e2247. [PMID: 32884952 PMCID: PMC7461715 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2020.127753.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young animals. Few treatment options are available,
mainly antibiotic therapy increasingly limited by resistance to commonly used drugs. Objectives: The aim of this work was to develop immunotherapy based on the use of camel VHH antibody fragments, or nanobodies, to target pathogenic E. coli surface antigens. Material and methods: We immunized a camel with a killed strain we had previously isolated from a diarrheic camel calf and identified as expressing the F17 fimbriae antigen Results: The immunized animal developed an anti-E.coli immune response including heavy-chain antibodies. Lymphocytes from this animal were purified and RNA isolated to create
a VHH library by phage display with a size of about 109 individual transformants. Panning on live E. coli cells resulted in the isolation of VHH fragments specific to the cell surface antigens. Conclusion: The identification of these antigens can lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools against diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imed Salhi
- Livestock and wildlife laboratory, Arid lands Institute, Gabès University, Medenine, Tunisia, Tel: +216 75 633 005, 633 006
| | - Salma Bessalah
- Livestock and wildlife laboratory, Arid lands Institute, Gabès University, Medenine, Tunisia, Tel: +216 75 633 005, 633 006
| | - Dalila Snoun
- Livestock and wildlife laboratory, Arid lands Institute, Gabès University, Medenine, Tunisia, Tel: +216 75 633 005, 633 006
| | - Touhami Khorchani
- Livestock and wildlife laboratory, Arid lands Institute, Gabès University, Medenine, Tunisia, Tel: +216 75 633 005, 633 006
| | - Mohamed Hammadi
- Livestock and wildlife laboratory, Arid lands Institute, Gabès University, Medenine, Tunisia, Tel: +216 75 633 005, 633 006
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35
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Sanaei M, Setayesh N, Sepehrizadeh Z, Mahdavi M, Yazdi MH. Nanobodies in Human Infections: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:875-896. [PMID: 31856615 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1688828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of vaccination, antibiotic therapy, and antibody therapies, infectious diseases still remain as one of the biggest challenges to human health all over the world. Among the different methods for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, antibodies are well known but poorly developed. There is a new subclass of antibodies calledheavy-chain antibodies that belong to the IgG isotype. However, they are low in molecular weight and lost the first constant domain (CH1). Their single-domain antigen-binding fragments, identified as nanobodies, have unique characteristics, which make them superior in comparison with the conventional antibodies. Low molecular weight and small size, high stability and solubility, ease of expression, good tissue penetration, and low-cost production make nanobodies an appropriate alternative to use against infectious disease. In this research, we review the properties of nanobodies and their potential applications in controlling human infections and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Sanaei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Setayesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Zargham Sepehrizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Yazdi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Ruano-Gallego D, Yara DA, Di Ianni L, Frankel G, Schüller S, Fernández LÁ. A nanobody targeting the translocated intimin receptor inhibits the attachment of enterohemorrhagic E. coli to human colonic mucosa. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008031. [PMID: 31465434 PMCID: PMC6738647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is a human intestinal pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. No vaccines or specific therapies are currently available to prevent or treat these infections. EHEC tightly attaches to the intestinal epithelium by injecting the intimin receptor Tir into the host cell via a type III secretion system (T3SS). In this project, we identified a camelid single domain antibody (nanobody), named TD4, that recognizes a conserved Tir epitope overlapping the binding site of its natural ligand intimin with high affinity and stability. We show that TD4 inhibits attachment of EHEC to cultured human HeLa cells by preventing Tir clustering by intimin, activation of downstream actin polymerization and pedestal formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TD4 significantly reduces EHEC adherence to human colonic mucosa in in vitro organ cultures. Altogether, these results suggest that nanobody-based therapies hold potential in the development of much needed treatment and prevention strategies against EHEC infection. Currently, there is no effective treatment or vaccine against enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), a bacterial pathogen that infects human colon after the ingestion of contaminated food. It thrives in the colon thanks to its ability to attach intimately to the intestinal epithelium. Here, we have identified and characterised a small antibody fragment (nanobody) that recognises Tir, a receptor injected by the bacterium into the host cell to mediate intimate attachment. This nanobody shows higher affinity against Tir than its natural bacterial ligand (intimin) and, most importantly, blocks the intimate attachment of the pathogen to the human colonic tissue. Our results show the potential of this nanobody to prevent and treat EHEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ruano-Gallego
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Life Sciences Department, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Yara
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenza Di Ianni
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Life Sciences Department, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights recent developments in the development of monoclonal antibodies to treat bacterial disease, including preclinical advances and the status of current clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is becoming increasingly promising in the infectious disease field. Though bacterial exotoxins continue to be a mainstay of mAb targets, searches for protein targets on the surface of bacteria have uncovered new mechanisms of antibody-mediated action against bacteria. Additionally, surveys of the polysaccharide serotype prevalence among antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations have yielded opportunities to leverage human selective pressures to our clinical advantage. Several mAb candidates are progressing through clinical development with great promise, especially those with structures altered to provide maximum benefit. Although other clinical trials have recently proved unsuccessful, these failures and lessons from immune profiling provide opportunities to understand how vulnerabilities of certain targets may change in different disease states. SUMMARY Despite the hurdles of identifying effective targets and understanding how mAbs provide protection within different infections, we show that the progress made in these fields is a positive indication of mAbs becoming more widely accepted as the future for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Motley
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kasturi Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Bettina C. Fries
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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38
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Schlake T, Thran M, Fiedler K, Heidenreich R, Petsch B, Fotin-Mleczek M. mRNA: A Novel Avenue to Antibody Therapy? Mol Ther 2019; 27:773-784. [PMID: 30885573 PMCID: PMC6453519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
First attempts to use exogenous mRNA for protein expression in vivo were made more than 25 years ago. However, widespread appreciation of in vitro transcribed mRNA as a powerful technology for supplying therapeutic proteins to the body has evolved only during the past few years. Various approaches to turning mRNA into a potent therapeutic have been developed. All of them share utilization of specifically designed, rather than endogenous, sequences and thorough purification protocols. Apart from this, there are two fundamental philosophies, one promoting the use of chemically modified nucleotides, the other advocating restriction to unmodified building blocks. Meanwhile, both strategies have received broad support by successful mRNA-based protein treatments in animal models. For such in vivo use, specifically optimized mRNA had to be combined with potent formulations to enable efficient in vivo delivery. The present review analyzes the applicability of mRNA technology to antibody therapy in all main fields: antitoxins, infectious diseases, and oncology.
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Bates A, Power CA. David vs. Goliath: The Structure, Function, and Clinical Prospects of Antibody Fragments. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E28. [PMID: 31544834 PMCID: PMC6640713 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the licensing of the first monoclonal antibody therapy in 1986, monoclonal antibodies have become the largest class of biopharmaceuticals with over 80 antibodies currently approved for a variety of disease indications. The development of smaller, antigen binding antibody fragments, derived from conventional antibodies or produced recombinantly, has been growing at a fast pace. Antibody fragments can be used on their own or linked to other molecules to generate numerous possibilities for bispecific, multi-specific, multimeric, or multifunctional molecules, and to achieve a variety of biological effects. They offer several advantages over full-length monoclonal antibodies, particularly a lower cost of goods, and because of their small size they can penetrate tissues, access challenging epitopes, and have potentially reduced immunogenicity. In this review, we will discuss the structure, production, and mechanism of action of EMA/FDA-approved fragments and of those in clinical and pre-clinical development. We will also discuss current topics of interest surrounding the potential use of antibody fragments for intracellular targeting and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bates
- Biopharm Molecular Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Christine A Power
- Biopharm Molecular Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
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del Rio B, Redruello B, Fernandez M, Martin MC, Ladero V, Alvarez MA. Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Live Delivery System for the in situ Production of Nanobodies in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Microbiol 2019. [PMCID: PMC6346216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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41
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A Two-Step Approach for the Design and Generation of Nanobodies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113444. [PMID: 30400198 PMCID: PMC6274671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies, the smallest possible antibody format, have become of considerable interest for biotechnological and immunotherapeutic applications. They show excellent robustness, are non-immunogenic in humans, and can easily be engineered and produced in prokaryotic hosts. Traditionally, nanobodies are selected from camelid immune libraries involving the maintenance and treatment of animals. Recent advances have involved the generation of nanobodies from naïve or synthetic libraries. However, such approaches demand large library sizes and sophisticated selection procedures. Here, we propose an alternative, two-step approach for the design and generation of nanobodies. In a first step, complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are grafted from conventional antibody formats onto nanobody frameworks, generating weak antigen binders. In a second step, the weak binders serve as templates to design focused synthetic phage libraries for affinity maturation. We validated this approach by grafting toxin- and hapten-specific CDRs onto frameworks derived from variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (VHH). We then affinity matured the hapten binder via panning of a synthetic phage library. We suggest that this strategy can complement existing immune, naïve, and synthetic library based methods, requiring neither animal experiments, nor large libraries, nor sophisticated selection protocols.
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Thran M, Mukherjee J, Pönisch M, Fiedler K, Thess A, Mui BL, Hope MJ, Tam YK, Horscroft N, Heidenreich R, Fotin-Mleczek M, Shoemaker CB, Schlake T. mRNA mediates passive vaccination against infectious agents, toxins, and tumors. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1434-1447. [PMID: 28794134 PMCID: PMC5623855 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of genetic information has emerged as a valid therapeutic approach. Various reports have demonstrated that mRNA, besides its remarkable potential as vaccine, can also promote expression without inducing an adverse immune response against the encoded protein. In the current study, we set out to explore whether our technology based on chemically unmodified mRNA is suitable for passive immunization. To this end, various antibodies using different designs were expressed and characterized in vitro and in vivo in the fields of viral infections, toxin exposure, and cancer immunotherapies. Single injections of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) were sufficient to establish rapid, strong, and long-lasting serum antibody titers in vivo, thereby enabling both prophylactic and therapeutic protection against lethal rabies infection or botulinum intoxication. Moreover, therapeutic mRNA-mediated antibody expression allowed mice to survive an otherwise lethal tumor challenge. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the utility of formulated mRNA as a potent novel technology for passive immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
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43
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Lafaye P, Li T. Use of camel single-domain antibodies for the diagnosis and treatment of zoonotic diseases. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 60:17-22. [PMID: 30396425 PMCID: PMC7112682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
VHHs provide many advantages over complete IgG in diagnostics and therapy. Toxins and viruses are more efficiently neutralized by multivalent VHHs. Camelids could be a source of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to treat zoonotic diseases.
Camelids produce both conventional heterotetrameric antibodies and homodimeric heavy-chain only antibodies. The antigen-binding region of such homodimeric heavy-chain only antibodies consists of one single domain, called VHH. VHHs provide many advantages over conventional full-sized antibodies and currently used antibody-based fragments (Fab, scFv), including high specificity, stability and solubility, and small size, allowing them to recognize unusual antigenic sites and deeply penetrate tissues. Since their discovery, VHHs have been used extensively in diagnostics and therapy. In recent decades, the number of outbreaks of diseases transmissible from animals to humans has been on the rise. In this review, we evaluate the status of VHHs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomolecular agents for the detection and treatment of zoonotic diseases, such as bacterial, parasitic, and viral zoonosis. VHHs show great adaptability to inhibit or neutralize pathogenic agents for the creation of multifunctional VHH-based diagnostic and therapeutic molecules against zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lafaye
- Institut Pasteur, Plate forme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, C2RT, Paris, France.
| | - Tengfei Li
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, France
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44
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Abeijon C, Dilo J, Tremblay JM, Viana AG, Bueno LL, Carvalho SFG, Fujiwara RT, Shoemaker CB, Campos-Neto A. Use of VHH antibodies for the development of antigen detection test for visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12584. [PMID: 30120856 PMCID: PMC6220836 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed a sensitive and specific urine‐based antigen detection ELISA for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This assay used rabbit IgG and chicken IgY polyclonal antibodies specific for the Leishmania infantum proteins iron superoxide dismutase 1 (Li‐isd1), tryparedoxin1 (Li‐txn1) and nuclear transport factor 2 (Li‐ntf2). However, polyclonal antibodies have limitations for upscaling and continuous supply. To circumvent these hurdles, we began to develop immortalized monoclonal antibodies. We opted for recombinant camelid VHHs because the technology for their production is well established and they do not have Fc, hence providing less ELISA background noise. We report here an assay development using VHHs specific for Li‐isd1 and Li‐ntf2. This new assay was specific and had analytical sensitivity of 15‐45 pg/mL of urine. The clinical sensitivity was comparable to that obtained with the ELISA assembled with conventional rabbit and chicken antibodies to detect these two antigens. Therefore, similar to our former studies with conventional antibodies, the future inclusion of VHH specific for Li‐txn1 and/or other antigens should further increase the sensitivity of the assay. These results confirm that immortalized VHHs can replace conventional antibodies for the development of an accurate and reproducible antigen detection diagnostic test for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Dilo
- DetectoGen Inc., Grafton, Massachusetts.,Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Jacqueline M Tremblay
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lilian L Bueno
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Antonio Campos-Neto
- DetectoGen Inc., Grafton, Massachusetts.,Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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45
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Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030045. [PMID: 30042307 PMCID: PMC6160957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi, namely typhoidal Salmonellae, are the cause of (para) typhoid fever, which is a devastating systemic infectious disease in humans. In addition, the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi in many low and middle-income countries poses a significant risk to human health. While currently available typhoid vaccines and therapeutics are efficacious, they have some limitations. One important limitation is the lack of controlling individuals who chronically carry S. Typhi. However, due to the strict host specificity of S. Typhi to humans, S. Typhi research is hampered. As a result, our understanding of S. Typhi pathogenesis is incomplete, thereby delaying the development and improvement of prevention and treatment strategies. Nonetheless, to better combat and contain S. Typhi, it is vital to develop a vaccine and therapy for controlling both acutely and chronically infected individuals. This review discusses how scientists are trying to combat typhoid fever, why it is so challenging to do so, which approaches show promise, and what we know about the pathogenesis of S. Typhi chronic infection.
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Bernedo-Navarro RA, Romão E, Yano T, Pinto J, De Greve H, Sterckx YGJ, Muyldermans S. Structural Basis for the Specific Neutralization of Stx2a with a Camelid Single Domain Antibody Fragment. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030108. [PMID: 29494518 PMCID: PMC5869396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a subset of pathogens leading to illnesses such as diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome and even death. The Shiga toxins are the main virulence factors and divided in two groups: Stx1 and Stx2, of which the latter is more frequently associated with severe pathologies in humans. RESULTS An immune library of nanobodies (Nbs) was constructed after immunizing an alpaca with recombinant Shiga toxin-2a B subunit (rStx2aB), to retrieve multiple rStx2aB-specific Nbs. The specificity of five Nbs towards rStx2aB was confirmed in ELISA and Western blot. Nb113 had the highest affinity (9.6 nM) and its bivalent construct exhibited a 100-fold higher functional affinity. The structure of the Nb113 in complex with rStx2aB was determined via X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of the Nb113-rStx2aB complex revealed that five copies of Nb113 bind to the rStx2aB pentamer and that the Nb113 epitope overlaps with the Gb3 binding site, thereby providing a structural basis for the neutralization of Stx2a by Nb113 that was observed on Vero cells. Finally, the tandem-repeated, bivalent Nb113₂ exhibits a higher toxin neutralization capacity compared to monovalent Nb113. CONCLUSIONS The Nb of highest affinity for rStx2aB is also the best Stx2a and Stx2c toxin neutralizing Nb, especially in a bivalent format. This lead Nb neutralizes Stx2a by competing for the Gb3 receptor. The fusion of the bivalent Nb113₂ with a serum albumin specific Nb is expected to combine high toxin neutralization potential with prolonged blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Alvin Bernedo-Navarro
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Ema Romão
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tomomasa Yano
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Joar Pinto
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Henri De Greve
- Structural Molecular Microbiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yann G-J Sterckx
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Hall G, Kurosawa S, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ. Shiga Toxin Therapeutics: Beyond Neutralization. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090291. [PMID: 28925976 PMCID: PMC5618224 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribotoxic Shiga toxins are the primary cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in patients infected with Shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (STEC), a pathogen class responsible for epidemic outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease around the globe. HUS is a leading cause of pediatric renal failure in otherwise healthy children, resulting in a mortality rate of 10% and a chronic morbidity rate near 25%. There are currently no available therapeutics to prevent or treat HUS in STEC patients despite decades of work elucidating the mechanisms of Shiga toxicity in sensitive cells. The preclinical development of toxin-targeted HUS therapies has been hindered by the sporadic, geographically dispersed nature of STEC outbreaks with HUS cases and the limited financial incentive for the commercial development of therapies for an acute disease with an inconsistent patient population. The following review considers potential therapeutic targeting of the downstream cellular impacts of Shiga toxicity, which include the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). Outcomes of the UPR and RSR are relevant to other diseases with large global incidence and prevalence rates, thus reducing barriers to the development of commercial drugs that could improve STEC and HUS patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Shinichiro Kurosawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Deborah J Stearns-Kurosawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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48
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Genetically engineered red cells expressing single domain camelid antibodies confer long-term protection against botulinum neurotoxin. Nat Commun 2017; 8:423. [PMID: 28871080 PMCID: PMC5583347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A short half-life in the circulation limits the application of therapeutics such as single-domain antibodies (VHHs). We utilize red blood cells to prolong the circulatory half-life of VHHs. Here we present VHHs against botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on the surface of red blood cells by expressing chimeric proteins of VHHs with Glycophorin A or Kell. Mice whose red blood cells carry the chimeric proteins exhibit resistance to 10,000 times the lethal dose (LD50) of BoNT/A, and transfusion of these red blood cells into naive mice affords protection for up to 28 days. We further utilize an improved CD34+ culture system to engineer human red blood cells that express these chimeric proteins. Mice transfused with these red blood cells are resistant to highly lethal doses of BoNT/A. We demonstrate that engineered red blood cells expressing VHHs can provide prolonged prophylactic protection against bacterial toxins without inducing inhibitory immune responses and illustrates the potentially broad translatability of our strategy for therapeutic applications. The therapeutic use of single-chain antibodies (VHHs) is limited by their short half-life in the circulation. Here the authors engineer mouse and human red blood cells to express VHHs against botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on their surface and show that an infusion of these cells into mice confers long lasting protection against a high dose of BoNT/A.
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49
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Barta ML, Shearer JP, Arizmendi O, Tremblay JM, Mehzabeen N, Zheng Q, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Tzipori S, Picking WD, Shoemaker CB, Picking WL. Single-domain antibodies pinpoint potential targets within Shigella invasion plasmid antigen D of the needle tip complex for inhibition of type III secretion. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16677-16687. [PMID: 28842484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous Gram-negative pathogens infect eukaryotes and use the type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into host cells. One important T3SS feature is an extracellular needle with an associated tip complex responsible for assembly of a pore-forming translocon in the host cell membrane. Shigella spp. cause shigellosis, also called bacillary dysentery, and invade colonic epithelial cells via the T3SS. The tip complex of Shigella flexneri contains invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD), which initially regulates secretion and provides a physical platform for the translocon pore. The tip complex represents a promising therapeutic target for many important T3SS-containing pathogens. Here, in an effort to further elucidate its function, we created a panel of single-VH domain antibodies (VHHs) that recognize distinct epitopes within IpaD. These VHHs recognized the in situ tip complex and modulated the infectious properties of Shigella Moreover, structural elucidation of several IpaD-VHH complexes provided critical insights into tip complex formation and function. Of note, one VHH heterodimer could reduce Shigella hemolytic activity by >80%. Our observations along with previous findings support the hypothesis that the hydrophobic translocator (IpaB in Shigella) likely binds to a region within the tip protein that is structurally conserved across all T3SS-possessing pathogens, suggesting potential therapeutic avenues for managing infections by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Barta
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jonathan P Shearer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, North Grafton, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Olivia Arizmendi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jacqueline M Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, North Grafton, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, and
| | - Qi Zheng
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, and
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, North Grafton, Massachusetts 02111
| | - William D Picking
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, North Grafton, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Wendy L Picking
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047,
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50
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A Tetraspecific VHH-Based Neutralizing Antibody Modifies Disease Outcome in Three Animal Models of Clostridium difficile Infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:774-84. [PMID: 27413067 PMCID: PMC5014919 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00730-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), a leading cause of nosocomial infection, is a serious disease in North America, Europe, and Asia. CDI varies greatly from asymptomatic carriage to life-threatening diarrhea, toxic megacolon, and toxemia. The incidence of community-acquired infection has increased due to the emergence of hypervirulent antibiotic-resistant strains. These new strains contribute to the frequent occurrence of disease relapse, complicating treatment, increasing hospital stays, and increasing morbidity and mortality among patients. Therefore, it is critical to develop new therapeutic approaches that bypass the development of antimicrobial resistance and avoid disruption of gut microflora. Here, we describe the construction of a single heteromultimeric VHH-based neutralizing agent (VNA) that targets the two primary virulence factors of Clostridium difficile, toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB). Designated VNA2-Tcd, this agent has subnanomolar toxin neutralization potencies for both C. difficile toxins in cell assays. When given systemically by parenteral administration, VNA2-Tcd protected against CDI in gnotobiotic piglets and mice and to a lesser extent in hamsters. Protection from CDI was also observed in gnotobiotic piglets treated by gene therapy with an adenovirus that promoted the expression of VNA2-Tcd.
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