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Li Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Ma S, Ma C, Zhou H, Chen G, Liu L, Cai D. Study on the mechanism of Yupingfeng powder in the treatment of immunosuppression based on UPLC⁃QTOF⁃MS, network pharmacology and molecular biology verification. Life Sci 2022; 289:120211. [PMID: 34875251 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The current study aims to investigate the effect of Yupingfeng (YPF) powder on immunosuppression, and explore the possible mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Firstly, the monomer components of YPF powder were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with UNIFI automatic analysis platform, then the mechanism of YPF on immunosuppressive treatment was investigated using network pharmacological method, and finally the prediction was verified in a Candida albicans (Can)-induced immunosuppressive BALB/c mouse model. KEY FINDINGS 98 monomer compounds in YPF were obtained. Through virtual analysis and screening on the oral utilization and drug likeness properties of the components, 47 effective components were got. 9 core targets obtained were enriched in IL-17 signaling pathway. In the mouse model, YPF could reduce the number of Can and alleviate Can-induced inflammation in the kidney effectively, upregulate Can-induced low proportion of CD4+/CD8+ of splenic lymphocytes, and increase Can-induced low activity of IL-17 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that YPF could improve the immunity of Can-induced immunosuppression in BALB/c mice through upregulating the activity of IL-17 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, the First Naval Force Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Zhanjiang 524005, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shumei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200437, PR China; Shanghai Professional and Technical Service Center for Biological Material Drug-ability Evaluation, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200437, PR China; Shanghai Professional and Technical Service Center for Biological Material Drug-ability Evaluation, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Naval Force Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Zhanjiang 524005, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Gui'e Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Naval Force Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, Zhanjiang 524005, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200437, PR China; Shanghai Professional and Technical Service Center for Biological Material Drug-ability Evaluation, Shanghai 200437, PR China.
| | - De Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, PR China.
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Velasco-de Andrés M, Casadó-Llombart S, Català C, Leyton-Pereira A, Lozano F, Aranda F. Soluble CD5 and CD6: Lymphocytic Class I Scavenger Receptors as Immunotherapeutic Agents. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122589. [PMID: 33287301 PMCID: PMC7761703 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 and CD6 are closely related signal-transducing class I scavenger receptors mainly expressed on lymphocytes. Both receptors are involved in the modulation of the activation and differentiation cell processes triggered by clonotypic antigen-specific receptors present on T and B cells (TCR and BCR, respectively). To serve such a relevant immunomodulatory function, the extracellular region of CD5 and CD6 interacts with soluble and/or cell-bound endogenous counterreceptors but also microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Evidence from genetically-modified mouse models indicates that the absence or blockade of CD5- and CD6-mediated signals results in dysregulated immune responses, which may be deleterious or advantageous in some pathological conditions, such as infection, cancer or autoimmunity. Bench to bedside translation from transgenic data is constrained by ethical concerns which can be overcome by exogenous administration of soluble proteins acting as decoy receptors and leading to transient “functional knockdown”. This review gathers information currently available on the therapeutic efficacy of soluble CD5 and CD6 receptor infusion in different experimental models of disease. The existing proof-of-concept warrants the interest of soluble CD5 and CD6 as safe and efficient immunotherapeutic agents in diverse and relevant pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Velasco-de Andrés
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Sergi Casadó-Llombart
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Cristina Català
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Alejandra Leyton-Pereira
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
- Servei d’Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Immunoregulació de la Resposta Innata i Adaptativa, Department de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación de Navarra (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.A.)
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Li H, Burgueño-Bucio E, Xu S, Das S, Olguin-Alor R, Elmets CA, Athar M, Raman C, Soldevila G, Xu H. CD5 on dendritic cells regulates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation and induction of immune responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222301. [PMID: 31491023 PMCID: PMC6730919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CD5 as a regulator of T cell signaling and tolerance is well recognized. Recent data show expression of CD5 on different subtypes of human dendritic cells, however its functional relevance in modulating DC mediated responses remains poorly understood. In this study, we show CD5 is expressed on CD11c+ DC from murine thymus, lymph node, spleen, skin and lung. Although the development of DC subpopulations in CD5-/- mice was normal, CD5-deficient DC produced significantly higher levels of IL-12 than wild type DC in response to LPS. CD5-/- DC, in comparison to CD5+/+ DC, enhanced the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo and induced significantly higher production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma by T cells. Consequently, CD5-/- DC were significantly more potent than wild type DC in the induction of anti-tumor immunity and contact hypersensitivity responses in mice. Restoration of CD5 expression in CD5-/- DC reduced IL-12 production and inhibited their capacity to stimulate T cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the specific expression of CD5 on DC inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines and has a regulatory effect on their activity to stimulate T cells and induce immune responses. This study reveals a previously unrecognized regulatory role for CD5 on DC and provides novel insights into mechanisms for DC biology in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Erica Burgueño-Bucio
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Shin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shaonli Das
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Roxana Olguin-Alor
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. Immunopathology of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Infections: New Aspects and Research Directions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2034. [PMID: 31555269 PMCID: PMC6722227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal infections (RVVI), a devastating group of mucosal infection, are severely affecting women's quality of life. Our understanding of the vaginal defense mechanisms have broadened recently with studies uncovering the inflammatory nature of bacterial vaginosis, inflammatory responses against novel virulence factors, innate Type 17 cells/IL-17 axis, neutrophils mediated killing of pathogens by a novel mechanism, and oxidative stress during vaginal infections. However, the pathogens have fine mechanisms to subvert or manipulate the host immune responses, hijack them and use them for their own advantage. The odds of hijacking increases, due to impaired immune responses, the net magnitude of which is the result of numerous genetic variations, present in multiple host genes, detailed in this review. Thus, by underlining the role of the host immune responses in disease etiology, modern research has clarified a major hypothesis shift in the pathophilosophy of RVVI. This knowledge can further be used to develop efficient immune-based diagnosis and treatment strategies for this enigmatic disease conditions. As for instance, plasma-derived MBL replacement, adoptive T-cell, and antibody-based therapies have been reported to be safe and efficacious in infectious diseases. Therefore, these emerging immune-therapies could possibly be the future therapeutic options for RVVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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De Bernardis F, Graziani S, Tirelli F, Antonopoulou S. Candida vaginitis: virulence, host response and vaccine prospects. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538739 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common mucosal infection affecting a large proportion of women with some of them affected by recurrent often intractable forms of the disease. Thus, there is an increasing interest in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of our work was to characterize, in animal models of vaginal candidiasis, the components of the host-fungus interaction at the mucosal level.The evidence of an immune response in the vaginal compartment was very encouraging to identify the proper targets for new strategies for vaccination or immunotherapy of vaginal candidiasis. Aspartyl-proteinase (Sap2), which is an important immunodominant antigens and virulence factors of C.albicans acting in mucosal infections, was assembled with virosomes and a vaccine PEV7 was obtained. The results obtained in the mouse model and in the clinical trial conducted by Pevion on women have evidenced that the vaccine PEV7, intravaginally administered, has an encouraging therapeutic potential for the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. This opens the way to a modality for anti-Candida protection at mucosal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia De Bernardis
- Department. of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Graziani
- Department. of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Tirelli
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Stavroula Antonopoulou
- Departmentt. of Clinical Microbiology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, 154 Avenue Mesogeion, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Avenue oulof Palme, Ano Ilisia 15784, Athens, Greece
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Yano J, Peters BM, Noverr MC, Fidel PL. Novel Mechanism behind the Immunopathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: "Neutrophil Anergy". Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00684-17. [PMID: 29203543 PMCID: PMC5820946 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00684-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 3 decades, investigators have studied the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent VVC (RVVC) through clinical studies and animal models. While there was considerable consensus that susceptibility was not associated with any apparent deficiencies in adaptive immunity, protective immune mechanisms and the role of innate immunity remained elusive. It was not until an innovative live-challenge design was conducted in women that a fuller understanding of the natural history of infection/disease was achieved. These studies revealed that symptomatic infection is associated with recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) into the vaginal lumen. Subsequent studies in the established mouse model demonstrated that infiltrating PMNs were incapable of reducing the fungal burden, which supported the hypothesis that VVC/RVVC was an immunopathology, whereby Candida and the host response drive symptomatic disease. Further studies in mice revealed the requirement for C. albicans hyphae and identified pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and proinflammatory mediators responsible for the PMN response, all of which are critical pieces of the immunopathogenesis. However, a mechanism explaining PMN dysfunction at the vaginal mucosa remained an enigma. Ultimately, by employing mouse strains resistant or susceptible to chronic VVC, it was determined that heparan sulfate (HS) in the vaginal environment of susceptible mice serves as a competitive ligand for Mac-1 on PMNs, which effectively renders the PMNs incapable of binding to Candida to initiate killing. Hence, the outcome of symptomatic VVC/RVVC is postulated to be dependent on a PMN-mediated immunopathogenic response involving HS that effectively places the neutrophils in a state of functional anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Yano
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mairi C Noverr
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Paul L Fidel
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Yu XY, Fu F, Kong WN, Xuan QK, Wen DH, Chen XQ, He YM, He LH, Guo J, Zhou AP, Xi YH, Ni LJ, Yao YF, Wu WJ. Streptococcus agalactiae Inhibits Candida albicans Hyphal Development and Diminishes Host Vaginal Mucosal TH17 Response. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29527193 PMCID: PMC5829043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans often co-colonize the female genital tract, and under certain conditions induce mucosal inflammation. The role of the interaction between the two organisms in candidal vaginitis is not known. In this study, we found that co-infection with S. agalactiae significantly attenuated the hyphal development of C. albicans, and that EFG1-Hwp1 signal pathway of C. albicans was involved in this process. In a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), the fungal burden and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α showed a increase on co-infection with S. agalactiae, while the level of TH17 T cells and IL-17 in the cervicovaginal lavage fluid were significantly decreased. Our results indicate that S. agalactiae inhibits C. albicans hyphal development by downregulating the expression of EFG1-Hwp1. The interaction between S. agalactiae and C. albicans may attenuate host vaginal mucosal TH17 immunity and contribute to mucosal colonization by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Na Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Kun Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Hua Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ming He
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Hong Xi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li L, Luo Z, Song Z, Zheng L, Chen T. Pre-transplant infusion of donor-derived dendritic cells maintained at the immature stage by sinomenine increases splenic Foxp3 + Tregs in recipient rats after renal allotransplantation. Transpl Immunol 2017; 45:22-28. [PMID: 28802587 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immunosuppressive mechanism of sinomenine in organ allotransplantation was investigated, especially its effect of blocking dendritic cell (DC) maturation, which might influence the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS Bone marrow cells from male donor Wistar rats were induced to differentiate into DCs in vitro in the presence or absence of sinomenine, and characterized by flow cytometry. These two groups of DCs were respectively injected into male recipient Sprague-Dawley rats via the tail vein, at both high and low doses. Sprague-Dawley rats receiving saline injection were used as controls. Seven days later, renal transplantation was performed from donor Wistar rats to the recipient Sprague-Dawley rats. Seven days after transplantation, spleens were collected from the recipients. The proportions of Tregs and Foxp3+ Tregs to CD4+ T cells were determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS With sinomenine treatment, the frequency of mature DCs was reduced, as indicated by lower expression of the surface markers CD80, CD86, and RT1B. In recipient Sprague-Dawley rats that received sinomenine-treated DCs before renal allotransplantation, the proportions of splenic Tregs and Foxp3+ Tregs were significantly higher than in control recipients receiving saline or DCs without sinomenine treatment (all p<0.05). A high dose of sinomenine-treated DCs (106 cells) had a more obvious effect in increasing Tregs than the low dose (105 cells) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Pre-transplant infusion of donor-derived sinomenine-induced maturation arrested DCs could result in the increase of Foxp3+ Tregs in the spleens of recipients after renal allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhigang Luo
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Song
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Liwen Zheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hengyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan, China
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9
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Li Y, Zheng B, Tian H, Xu X, Sun Y, Mei Q, Lin X, Liu L. Yupingfeng Powder relieves the immune suppression induced by dexamethasone in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 200:117-123. [PMID: 28161541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yupingfeng Powder (YPF), a Chinese medical formula, is used traditionally for allergic diseases and characterized by reducing allergy relapse. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effect of YPF on the immunity of mice and the possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS An immunosuppressive mice model induced by Dexamethasone (Dex) was used. Blood samples, spleen and thymus were collected. Then, hematology parameters and organ weight were measured; Phenotypic analyses (CD4+/CD8+) of lymphocytes were performed using a flow cytometer; Phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages were evaluated by particle tracers; Spleen lymphocytes were isolated, whose proliferation and apoptosis were assessed. NK cells' cytotoxicity was determined using the LDH release assay. RESULTS YPF could ameliorate weight loss and improve low thymus and spleen coefficients caused by Dex. Treatment with YPF made decreased lymphocytic activity of Dex-treated mice back to normal and inhibited Dex-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes. YPF increased the Dex caused low proportion of CD4+/CD8+, and upregulated Dex-reduced NK cells' activity. CONCLUSION The series of experiments demonstrated that YPF could exert immune regulation and enhance immunity of immunosuppressive mice through adjusting nonspecific and cellular immunity. The results would provide a basis for clinical application of YPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- No. 422 Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang 524005, Guangdong, PR China; Laboratory of Oncological Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Huajie Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xiaotao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Qibing Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xiaotian Lin
- No. 422 Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang 524005, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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De Bernardis F, Arancia S, Sandini S, Graziani S, Norelli S. Studies of Immune Responses in Candida vaginitis. Pathogens 2015; 4:697-707. [PMID: 26473934 PMCID: PMC4693159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of vaginal candidiasis and the development of resistance against anti-fungal agents has stimulated interest in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of our work was to characterize, in an animal model of vaginal candidiasis, the mechanisms that play a role in the induction of mucosal immunity against C. albicans and the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity. Our studies evidenced the elicitation of cell-mediated immunity (CMIs) and antibody (Abs)-mediated immunity with a Th1 protective immunity. An immune response of this magnitude in the vagina was very encouraging to identify the proper targets for new strategies for vaccination or immunotherapy of vaginal candidiasis. Overall, our data provide clear evidence that it is possible to prevent C. albicans vaginal infection by active intravaginal immunization with aspartyl proteinase expressed as recombinant protein. This opens the way to a modality for anti-Candida protection at the mucosa. The recombinant protein Sap2 was assembled with virosomes, and a vaccine PEVION7 (PEV7) was obtained. The results have given evidence that the vaccine, constituted of virosomes and Secretory aspartyl proteinase 2 (Sap2) (PEV7), has an encouraging therapeutic potential for the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia De Bernardis
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Arancia
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Sandini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sofia Graziani
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sandro Norelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Bruno VM, Shetty AC, Yano J, Fidel PL, Noverr MC, Peters BM. Transcriptomic analysis of vulvovaginal candidiasis identifies a role for the NLRP3 inflammasome. mBio 2015; 6:e00182-15. [PMID: 25900651 PMCID: PMC4453569 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00182-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused most frequently by Candida albicans, represents a significant unmet clinical need. C. albicans, as both a commensal and a pathogenic organism, has a complex and poorly understood interaction with the vaginal environment. Understanding the complex nature of this relationship is necessary for the development of desperately needed therapies to treat symptomatic infection. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), we characterized the early murine vaginal and fungal transcriptomes of the organism during VVC. Network analysis of host genes that were differentially expressed between infected and naive mice predicted the activation or repression of several signaling pathways that have not been previously associated with VVC, including NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Intravaginal challenge of Nlrp3(-/-) mice with C. albicans demonstrated severely reduced levels of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), alarmins, and inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (the hallmarks of VVC immunopathogenesis) in vaginal lavage fluid. Intravaginal administration of wild-type (WT) mice with glyburide, a potent inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, reduced PMN infiltration and IL-1β to levels comparable to those observed in Nlrp3(-/-) mice. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis of C. albicans genes indicated robust expression of hypha-associated secreted aspartyl proteinases 4, 5, and 6 (SAP4-6), which are known inflammasome activators. Despite colonization similar to that of the WT strain, ΔSAP4-6 triple and ΔSAP5 single mutants induced significantly less PMN influx and IL-1β during intravaginal challenge. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for the inflammasome in the immunopathogenesis of VVC and implicate the hypha-associated SAPs as major C. albicans virulence determinants during vulvovaginal candidiasis. IMPORTANCE Vaginitis, most commonly caused by the fungus Candida albicans, results in significant quality-of-life issues for all women of reproductive age. Recent efforts have suggested that vaginitis results from an immunopathological response governed by host innate immunity, although an explanatory mechanism has remained undefined. Using comprehensive genomic, immunological, and pharmacological approaches, we have elucidated the NLRP3 inflammasome as a crucial molecular mechanism contributing to host immunopathology. We have also demonstrated that C. albicans hypha-associated secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAP4-6 and SAP5, more specifically) contribute to disease immunopathology. Ultimately, this study enhances our understanding of the complex interplay between host and fungus at the vaginal mucosa and provides proof-of-principle evidence for therapeutic targeting of inflammasomes for symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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12
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Alves CT, Wei XQ, Silva S, Azeredo J, Henriques M, Williams DW. Candida albicans promotes invasion and colonisation of Candida glabrata in a reconstituted human vaginal epithelium. J Infect 2014; 69:396-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Zaga-Clavellina V, Flores-Espinosa P, Pineda-Torres M, Sosa-González I, Vega-Sánchez R, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Espejel-Núñez A, Flores-Pliego A, Maida-Claros R, Estrada-Juárez H, Chávez-Mendoza A. Tissue-specific IL-10 secretion profile from term human fetal membranes stimulated with pathogenic microorganisms associated with preterm labor in a two-compartment tissue culture system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:1320-7. [PMID: 24138141 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.857397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin (IL)-10 is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties that plays pivotal roles in immune recognition and maintenance of pregnancy, limiting the harmful effects of pro-inflammatory modulators. The aim of this work was to characterize the contribution of amnion and choriodecidua regions of the human fetal membranes in the production of IL-10 after selective stimulation with Candida albicans, Gardnerella vaginalis and Streptococcus agalactiae. METHODS Pre-labor human fetal membranes were cultured in a two-compartment tissue culture system and stimulated with 1 × 10(6) CFU/ml of each pathogen added to either the amniotic or choriodecidual region or both. RESULTS Candida albicans and G. vaginalis were the pathogens most effective in inducing IL-10 secretion, increasing 20 and 10 times, respectively, the levels of this cytokine in the choriodecidual compartment. Stimulation with S. agalactiae was effective only in the choriodecidual region, increasing two times IL-10 concentration. CONCLUSIONS Synthesis and secretion of IL-10 in response to three different pathogens associated with intrauterine infection and preterm birth are differential and depend on the nature of the microorganism and initial contact region.
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Lasarte S, Elsner D, Guía-González M, Ramos-Medina R, Sánchez-Ramón S, Esponda P, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Relloso M. Female sex hormones regulate the Th17 immune response to sperm and Candida albicans. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:3283-91. [PMID: 24065277 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What role do female sex hormones play in the antisperm immune response? SUMMARY ANSWER We found that sperm induce a Th17 immune response and that estradiol down-regulates the antisperm Th17 response by dendritic cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Estradiol down-regulates the immune response to several pathogens and impairs the triggering of dendritic cell maturation by microbial products. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Ex vivo and in vivo murine models of vaginal infection with sperm and Candida albicans were used to study the induction of Th17 and its hormonal regulation. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We analyzed the induction of Th17 cytokines and T cells in splenocytes obtained from BALB/c mice challenged with sperm and C. albicans. For the in vivo vaginal infection models, we used ovariectomized mice treated with vehicle, estradiol or progesterone, and we assessed the effect of these hormones on the immune response in the lymph nodes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Th17 cytokines and T cells were induced by sperm antigens in both ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Estrus levels of estradiol down-regulated the Th17 response to sperm and C. albicans in vivo. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was conducted using murine models; whether or not the results are applicable to humans is not known. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results describe an adaptive mechanism that reconciles immunity and reproduction and further explains why unregulated Th17 could be linked to infertility and recurrent infections. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by research grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (PI10/00897) and Fundación Mutua Madrileña to M.R. M.R. holds a Miguel Servet contract from the ISCIII (CP08/00228). M.A.M.-F. was supported by (ISCIII) INTRASALUD PI09/02029. We have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lasarte
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Estradiol downregulates NF-κb translocation by Ikbkg transcriptional repression in dendritic cells. Genes Immun 2013; 14:462-9. [PMID: 23883819 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To reconcile immunity and reproduction, females must allow spermatozoa to survive and control the presence of commensal microbiota and sexually transmitted pathogens during ovulation. Female steroid sex hormones exert a powerful effect on the immune system, as do the hormonal changes associated with the ovarian cycle. Dendritic cells (DCs) are immunological sentinels that link innate immunity to adaptive immunity. Upon exposure to microbial invaders in tissue, they undergo a maturational process that culminates in the lymph nodes and activates T-cell-specific immune responses. Estradiol, which is highly expressed during ovulation, has an effect on the maturation of DCs, although the molecular mechanism remains elusive. We detected that estradiol regulates expression of Ikbkg in DCs and modulates nuclear factor-κb translocation to the nucleus, thus explaining the reduced DC function observed during ovulation. This change may be an adaptive mechanism to reconcile control of infection and reproductive functions.
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Remes Lenicov F, Rodriguez Rodrigues C, Sabatté J, Cabrini M, Jancic C, Ostrowski M, Merlotti A, Gonzalez H, Alonso A, Pasqualini RA, Davio C, Geffner J, Ceballos A. Semen promotes the differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4777-86. [PMID: 23066152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Seminal plasma is not just a carrier for spermatozoa. It contains high concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, and other biological compounds that are able to exert potent effects on the immune system of the receptive partner. Previous studies have shown that semen induces an acute inflammatory response at the female genital mucosa after coitus. Moreover, it induces regulatory mechanisms that allow the fetus (a semiallograft) to grow and develop in the uterus. The mechanisms underlying these regulatory mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. In this study, we show that seminal plasma redirects the differentiation of human dendritic cells (DCs) toward a regulatory profile. DCs differentiated from human monocytes in the presence of high dilutions of seminal plasma did not express CD1a but showed high levels of CD14. They were unable to develop a fully mature phenotype in response to LPS, TNF-α, CD40L, Pam2CSK4 (TLR2/6 agonist), or Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 agonist). Upon activation, they produced low amounts of the inflammatory cytokines IL-12p70, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but expressed a high ability to produce IL-10 and TGF-β. Inhibition of the PG receptors E-prostanoid receptors 2 and 4 prevented the tolerogenic effect induced by seminal plasma on the phenotype and function of DCs, suggesting that E-series PGs play a major role. By promoting a tolerogenic profile in DCs, seminal plasma might favor fertility, but might also compromise the capacity of the receptive partner to mount an effective immune response against sexually transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
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Yano J, Noverr MC, Fidel PL. Cytokines in the host response to Candida vaginitis: Identifying a role for non-classical immune mediators, S100 alarmins. Cytokine 2011; 58:118-28. [PMID: 22182685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by Candida albicans, affects a significant number of women during their reproductive years. More than two decades of research have been focused on the mechanisms associated with susceptibility or resistance to symptomatic infection. Adaptive immunity by Th1-type CD4(+) T cells and downstream cytokine responses are considered the predominant host defense mechanisms against mucosal Candida infections. However, numerous clinical and animal studies have indicated no or limited protective role of cells and cytokines of the Th1 or Th2 lineage against vaginal infection. The role for Th17 is only now begun to be investigated in-depth for VVC with results already showing significant controversy. On the other hand, a clinical live-challenge study and an established animal model have shown that a symptomatic condition is intimately associated with the vaginal infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) but with no effect on vaginal fungal burden. Subsequent studies identified S100A8 and S100A9 alarmins as key chemotactic mediators of the acute PMN response. These chemotactic danger signals appear to be secreted by vaginal epithelial cells upon interaction and early adherence of Candida. Thus, instead of a putative immunodeficiency against Candida involving classical immune cells and cytokines of the adaptive response, the pathological inflammation in VVC is now considered a consequence of a non-productive innate response initiated by non-classical immune mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Yano
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Th17 cells and IL-17 in protective immunity to vaginal candidiasis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22770. [PMID: 21818387 PMCID: PMC3144947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cells play a major role in coordinating the host defence in oropharyngeal candidiasis. In this study we investigated the involvement of the Th17 response in an animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). METHODS To monitor the course of infection we exploited a new in vivo imaging technique. RESULTS i) The progression of VVC leads to a strong influx of neutrophils in the vagina soon after the challenge which persisted despite the resolution of infection; ii) IL-17, produced by vaginal cells, particularly CD4 T cells, was detected in the vaginal wash during the infection, reaching a maximum 14 days after the challenge; iii) The amount and kinetics of IL-23 in vaginal fluids were comparable to those in vaginal cells; iv) The inhibition of Th17 differentiation led to significant inhibition of IL-17 production with consequent exacerbation of infection; v) An increased production of βdefensin 2 was manifested in cells of infected mice. This production was strongly reduced when Th17 differentiation was inhibited and was increased by rIL-17 treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that IL-17 and Th17, along with innate antimicrobial factors, have a role in the immune response to vaginal candidiasis.
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Damke E, Tsuzuki JK, Cortez DAG, Ferreira ICP, Bertoni TA, Batista MR, Donati L, Svidzinski TIE, Consolaro MEL. In vivo activity of Sapindus saponaria against azole-susceptible and -resistant human vaginal Candida species. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 11:35. [PMID: 21542936 PMCID: PMC3097010 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Study of in vivo antifungal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and n-BuOH extract (BUTE) of Sapindus saponaria against azole-susceptible and -resistant human vaginal Candida spp. Methods The in vitro antifungal activity of HE, BUTE, fluconazole (FLU), and itraconazole (ITRA) was determined by the broth microdilution method. We obtained values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) for 46 strains of C. albicans and 10 of C. glabrata isolated from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). VVC was induced in hyperestrogenic Wistar rats with azole-susceptible C. albicans (SCA), azole-resistant C. albicans (RCA), and azole-resistant C. glabrata (RCG). The rats were treated intravaginally with 0.1 mL of HE or BUTE at concentrations of 1%, 2.5% and 5%; 100 μg/mL of FLU (treatment positive control); or distilled water (negative control) at 1, 24, and 48 h after induction of the infection, and the progress of VVC was monitored by culturing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicity was evaluated in cervical cells of the HeLa cell line. Results The extracts showed in vitro inhibitory and fungicidal activity against all the isolates, and the MIC and MFC values for the C. glabrata isolates were slightly higher. In vivo, the SCA, RCA, and RCG infections were eliminated by 21 days post-infection, with up to 5% HE and BUTE, comparable to the activity of FLU. No cytotoxic action was observed for either extract. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that HE and BUTE from S. saponaria show inhibitory and fungicidal activity in vitro, in addition to in vivo activity against azole-resistant vaginal isolates of C. glabrata and azole-susceptible and resistant isolates of C. albicans. Also considering the lack of cytotoxicity and the low concentrations of the extracts necessary to eliminate the infection in vivo, HE and BUTE show promise for continued studies with purified antifungal substances in VVC yeast isolates.
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Soldevila G, Raman C, Lozano F. The immunomodulatory properties of the CD5 lymphocyte receptor in health and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:310-8. [PMID: 21482089 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD5 is a scavenger-like receptor expressed in association with the antigen-specific receptors on T and B-1a lymphocytes. Recent studies reveal a broader biology for CD5 that includes its role as regulator of cell death and as a receptor for pathogen-associated molecular patterns, in addition to its previously described function as an inhibitory receptor. These findings shed new light into the mechanistic role of CD5 in leukemias and effector cells to exogenous (infectious) or endogenous (autoimmune, tumoral) antigens. The newly identified properties make this receptor a potential candidate to be targeted for therapeutic intervention as well as immune modulation. This review describes the current knowledge on the function of CD5 as an immunomodulatory receptor both in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Escolar s/n, Aptdo Postal 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico.
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Rennemeier C, Schwab M, Lermann U, Albert C, Kammerer U, Frambach T, Morschhauser J, Dietl J, Staib P. Seminal plasma protects human spermatozoa and pathogenic yeasts from capture by dendritic cells. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:987-99. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Carrara MA, Donatti L, Damke E, Svidizinski TIE, Consolaro MEL, Batista MR. A new model of vaginal infection by Candida albicans in rats. Mycopathologia 2010; 170:331-8. [PMID: 20532984 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is regarded as an important public health issue, and several aspects of its pathogenesis are not yet sufficiently clear. Experimental in vivo models of vaginal infection with Candida albicans have been extremely useful in the identification of factors concerning hormonal influences on the infection, the virulence of the yeasts, the susceptibility, and the treatment of the infection. The development of easily manageable, reproducible, and economically viable animal models of VVC is highly important. We describe a simple experimental model of VVC in rats, using a pharmaceutical brand of estradiol hexa-hydrobenzoate for human treatment. All the steps of this model were standardized; and after the experiments, the rats were euthanized for further examination of their tissues by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Standardized features included the use of non-ovariectomized rats, sterile distilled water as the hormone vehicle, estradiol hexa-hydrobenzoate administered at 0.20 mg/week/rat fractionated three times/week, and a yeast suspension of 5 × 10(8) yeasts/ml in a single vaginal administration 1 week after hormone induction. In this way, 100% of the rats were in pseudo-estrus and developed and maintained the infection until the third week of the experiment. Electron microscopy observation of the vagina of the rats confirmed the presence of both pseudo-estrus and vaginal infection. The standardized experimental model proved inexpensive, reproducible, and easily feasible for the induction of vaginal infection with C. albicans and may help to clarify important aspects of the pathogenesis and treatment of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia A Carrara
- Department of Clinical Analyses, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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Damke E, Storti-Filho A, Irie MMT, Carrara MA, Batista MR, Donatti L, Gunther LSA, Patussi EV, Svidzinski TIE, Consolaro MEL. Ultrastructural imaging of Candida albicans adhesion to rat genital epithelium through scanning and transmission electron microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2010; 16:337-345. [PMID: 20374679 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of Candida albicans to the genital epithelium has not been fully investigated in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural aspects of C. albicans adhesion in the lower genital system of female Wistar rats through scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The genital infection persisted until the end of the experiment, and all rats showed the same adhesion aspects. Various associated yeast/hyphae were observed in the lumen and adhered both at the vaginal and endocervical levels where the fungal filamentation process occurred. In the vaginal epithelium, closely adhered yeasts were observed as stretched strands bridging between yeasts and the epithelium surface. Different stages of the adhesion, where yeasts internalized into the epithelial cell inside a cytoplasmic vacuole, resembling endocytosis, and a wide fibrillar-floccular, glycocalyx-like layer on the yeasts were observed. On the endocervix, the adhesion occurred between the cilia. In the uterine body, only a yeast-like form was observed with superficial contact. This study reached the initial goal of demonstrating an experimental model for in vivo studies. Continuation of this line of research is important for studies of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson Damke
- Department of Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Pietrella D, Rachini A, Torosantucci A, Chiani P, Brown AJP, Bistoni F, Costantino P, Mosci P, d'Enfert C, Rappuoli R, Cassone A, Vecchiarelli A. A beta-glucan-conjugate vaccine and anti-beta-glucan antibodies are effective against murine vaginal candidiasis as assessed by a novel in vivo imaging technique. Vaccine 2009; 28:1717-25. [PMID: 20038431 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The protective capacity of a parenterally administered beta-glucan-conjugate vaccine formulated with the human-compatible MF59 adjuvant was assessed in a murine model of vaginal candidiasis. To monitor infection, an in vivo imaging technique exploiting genetically engineered, luminescent Candida albicans was adopted, and compared with measurements of colony forming units. The vaccine conferred significant protection, and this was associated with production of serum and vaginal anti-beta-glucan IgG antibodies. Vaginal IgG molecules were the likely mediators of protection as inferred by the efficacy of passive transfer of immune vaginal fluid and passive protection by an anti-beta-1,3-glucan mAb. Overall, the in vivo imaging technique was more reliable than vaginal CFU counts in assessing the extent and duration of the vaginal infection, and the consequent protection level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Pietrella
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, but the ontogeny and functions of lung DCs are not known during prenatal period. Here, we isolated lung DC population from fetal (125 −175dGA) and adult baboons. The cells were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated-HLA-DP, DQ, DR, CD1a, CD11c, CD14, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD209, CMKLR1, ILT7-specific antibodies, and staining was analyzed by Flow-cytometry. The phagocytic function was investigated by incubating the cells with fluorescent-labeled Escherichia coli bioparticles and analyzed by Flow-cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The fetal baboon lung DCs expressed low levels of HLA-DP, DQ, DR, CD11c and CD86 as compared to adult baboon lung DCs and showed distinct DC morphology. The fetal lung DCs were also less capable of phagocytosing E. coli as compared to the adult lung DCs (p<0.05). In conclusion, the fetal lung DCs are not only phenotypically immature, but also less efficient in phagocytosing E. coli.
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The CD5 ectodomain interacts with conserved fungal cell wall components and protects from zymosan-induced septic shock-like syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1506-11. [PMID: 19141631 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805846106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD5 lymphocyte surface receptor is a group B member of the ancient and highly conserved scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily. CD5 is expressed on mature T and B1a cells, where it is known to modulate lymphocyte activation and/or differentiation processes. Recently, the interaction of a few group B SRCR members (CD6, Spalpha, and DMBT1) with conserved microbial structures has been reported. Protein binding assays presented herein indicate that the CD5 ectodomain binds to and aggregates fungal cells (Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans) but not to Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) or Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Accordingly, the CD5 ectodomain binds to zymosan but not to purified bacterial cell wall constituents (LPS, lipotheicoic acid, or peptidoglycan), and such binding is specifically competed by beta-glucan but not by mannan. The K(d) of the rshCD5/(1-->3)-beta-d-glucan phosphate interaction is 3.7 +/- 0.2 nM as calculated from tryptophan fluorescence data analysis of free and bound rshCD5. Moreover, zymosan binds to membrane-bound CD5, and this induces both MAPK activation and cytokine release. In vivo validation of the fungal binding properties of the CD5 ectodomain is deduced from its protective effect in a mouse model of zymosan-induced septic shock-like syndrome. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the CD5 lymphocyte receptor may sense the presence of conserved fungal components [namely, (1-->3)-beta-d-glucans] and support the therapeutic potential of soluble CD5 forms in fungal sepsis.
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Lello J, Hussell T. Functional group/guild modelling of inter-specific pathogen interactions: a potential tool for predicting the consequences of co-infection. Parasitology 2008; 135:825-39. [PMID: 18477416 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although co-infection is the norm in most human and animal populations, clinicians currently have no practical tool to assist them in choosing the best treatment strategy for such patients. Given the vast range of potential pathogens which may co-infect the host, obtaining such a practical tool may seem an intractable problem. In ecology the joint concepts of functional groups and guilds have been used to conceptually simplify complex ecosystems, in order to understand how their component parts interact and may be manipulated. Here we propose a mechanism by which to apply these concepts to pathogen co-infection systems. Further, we describe how these groups could be incorporated into a mathematical modelling framework which, after validation, could be used as a clinical tool to predict the outcome of any particular combination of pathogens co-infecting a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lello
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3US.
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Abstract
Rodent models of oral, vaginal and gastrointestinal Candida infection are described and discussed in terms of their scientific merits. The common feature of all experimental mucosal Candida infections is the need for some level of host immunocompromise or exogenous treatment to ensure quantitatively reproducible disease. A growing literature describes the contributions of such candidiasis models to our understanding of certain aspects of fungal virulence and host response to mucosal Candida albicans challenge. Evidence to date shows that T-lymphocyte responses dominate host immune defences to oral and gastrointestinal challenge, while other, highly compartmentalized responses defend vaginal surfaces. By contrast the study of C. albicans virulence factors in mucosal infection models has only begun to unravel the complex of attributes required to define the difference between strongly and weakly muco-invasive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Naglik
- Department of Oral Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
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29
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Fungal vaccines: real progress from real challenges. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 8:114-24. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Cassone A, De Bernardis F, Santoni G. Anticandidal immunity and vaginitis: novel opportunities for immune intervention. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4675-86. [PMID: 17562759 PMCID: PMC2044548 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00083-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cassone
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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31
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Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by Candida albicans, remains a significant problem in women of childbearing age. While cell-mediated immunity is considered the predominant host defense mechanism against mucosal candidal infections, two decades of research from animal models and clinical studies have revealed a lack of a protective role for adaptive immunity against VVC caused by putative immunoregulatory mechanisms. Moreover, natural protective mechanisms and factors associated with susceptibility to infection have remained elusive. That is until recently, when through a live challenge model in humans, it was revealed that protection against vaginitis coincides with a non-inflammatory innate presence, whereas symptomatic infection correlates with a neutrophil infiltrate in the vaginal lumen and elevated fungal burden. Thus, instead of VVC being caused by a putative deficient adaptive immune response, it is now being considered that symptomatic vaginitis is caused by an aggressive innate response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Fidel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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