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Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142021. [PMID: 34910573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an Enterobacteriaceae family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine, Y. pseudotuberculosis can invade through Peyer's patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Infection of MLNs by Y. pseudotuberculosis results in the clinical presentation of mesenteric lymphadenitis. MLNs are important for immune responses to intestinal pathogens and microbiota in addition to their clinical relevance to Y. pseudotuberculosis infections. A characteristic of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in MLNs is the formation of pyogranulomas. Pyogranulomas are composed of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and lymphocytes surrounding extracellular microcolonies of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Key elements of the complex pathogen-host interaction in MLNs have been identified using mouse infection models. Y. pseudotuberculosis requires the virulence plasmid pYV to induce the formation of pyogranulomas in MLNs. The YadA adhesin and the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) are encoded on pYV. YadA mediates bacterial binding to host receptors, which engages the T3SS to preferentially translocate seven Yop effectors into phagocytes. The effectors promote pathogenesis by blocking innate immune defenses such as superoxide production, degranulation, and inflammasome activation, resulting in survival and growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis. On the other hand, certain effectors can trigger immune defenses in phagocytes. For example, YopJ triggers activation of caspase-8 and an apoptotic cell death response in monocytes within pyogranulomas that limits dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis from MLNs to the bloodstream. YopE can be processed as an antigen by phagocytes in MLNs, resulting in T and B cell responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immune responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis in MLNs can also be detrimental to the host in the form of chronic lymphadenopathy. This review focuses on interactions between Y. pseudotuberculosis and phagocytes mediated by pYV that concurrently promote pathogenesis and host defense in MLNs. We propose that MLN pyogranulomas are immunological arenas in which opposing pYV-driven forces determine the outcome of infection in favor of the pathogen or host.
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Precursor Abundance Influences Divergent Antigen-Specific CD8 + T Cell Responses after Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Foodborne Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0026521. [PMID: 34031132 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00265-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary infection of C57BL/6 mice with the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis elicits an unusually large H-2Kb-restricted CD8+ T cell response to the endogenous and protective bacterial epitope YopE69-77. To better understand the basis for this large response, the model OVA257-264 epitope was inserted into YopE in Y. pseudotuberculosis and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in mice were characterized after foodborne infection with the resulting strain. The epitope YopE69-77 elicited significantly larger CD8+ T cell populations in the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), spleen, and liver between 7 and 30 days postinfection, despite residing in the same protein and having an affinity for H-2Kb similar to that of OVA257-264. YopE-specific CD8+ T cell precursors were ∼4.6 times as abundant as OVA-specific precursors in the MLNs, spleens, and other lymph nodes of naive mice, explaining the dominance of YopE69-77 over OVA257-264 at early infection times. However, other factors contributed to this dominance, as the ratio of YopE-specific to OVA-specific CD8+ T cells increased between 7 and 30 days postinfection. We also compared the YopE-specific and OVA-specific CD8+ T cells generated during infection for effector and memory phenotypes. Significantly higher percentages of YopE-specific cells were characterized as short-lived effectors, while higher percentages of OVA-specific cells were memory precursor effectors at day 30 postinfection in spleen and liver. Our results suggest that a large precursor number contributes to the dominance and effector and memory functions of CD8+ T cells generated in response to the protective YopE69-77 epitope during Y. pseudotuberculosis infection of C57BL/6 mice.
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Byvalov AA, Konyshev IV, Uversky VN, Dentovskaya SV, Anisimov AP. Yersinia Outer Membrane Vesicles as Potential Vaccine Candidates in Protecting against Plague. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1694. [PMID: 33353123 PMCID: PMC7766529 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relatively low incidence of plague, its etiological agent, Yersinia pestis, is an exceptional epidemic danger due to the high infectivity and mortality of this infectious disease. Reports on the isolation of drug-resistant Y. pestis strains indicate the advisability of using asymmetric responses, such as phage therapy and vaccine prophylaxis in the fight against this problem. The current relatively effective live plague vaccine is not approved for use in most countries because of its ability to cause heavy local and system reactions and even a generalized infectious process in people with a repressed immune status or metabolic disorders, as well as lethal infection in some species of nonhuman primates. Therefore, developing alternative vaccines is of high priority and importance. However, until now, work on the development of plague vaccines has mainly focused on screening for the potential immunogens. Several investigators have identified the protective potency of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as a promising basis for bacterial vaccine candidates. This review is aimed at presenting these candidates of plague vaccine and the results of their analysis in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Byvalov
- Komi Research Center, Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia;
- Department of Biotechnology, Vyatka State University, 610000 Kirov, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Konyshev
- Komi Research Center, Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia;
- Department of Biotechnology, Vyatka State University, 610000 Kirov, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Dentovskaya
- Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia;
| | - Andrey P. Anisimov
- Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Russia;
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For the Greater (Bacterial) Good: Heterogeneous Expression of Energetically Costly Virulence Factors. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00911-19. [PMID: 32041785 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00911-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial populations are phenotypically heterogeneous, which allows subsets of cells to survive and thrive following changes in environmental conditions. For bacterial pathogens, changes within the host environment occur over the course of the immune response to infection and can result in exposure to host-derived, secreted antimicrobials or force direct interactions with immune cells. Many recent studies have shown host cell interactions promote virulence factor expression, forcing subsets of bacterial cells to battle the host response, while other bacteria reap the benefits of this pacification. It still remains unclear whether virulence factor expression is truly energetically costly within host tissues and whether expression is sufficient to impact the growth kinetics of virulence factor-expressing cells. However, it is clear that slow-growing subsets of bacteria emerge during infection and that these subsets are particularly difficult to eliminate with antibiotics. This minireview will focus on our current understanding of heterogenous virulence factor expression and discuss the evidence that supports or refutes the hypothesis that virulence factor expression is linked to slowed growth and antibiotic tolerance.
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Yersinia pestis Pla Protein Thwarts T Cell Defense against Plague. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00126-19. [PMID: 30804102 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00126-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague is a rapidly lethal human disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis This study demonstrated that the Y. pestis plasminogen activator Pla, a protease that promotes fibrin degradation, thwarts T cell-mediated defense against fully virulent Y. pestis Introducing a single point mutation into the active site of Pla suffices to render fully virulent Y. pestis susceptible to primed T cells. Mechanistic studies revealed essential roles for fibrin during T cell-mediated defense against Pla-mutant Y. pestis Moreover, the efficacy of T cell-mediated protection against various Y. pestis strains displayed an inverse relationship with their levels of Pla activity. Together, these data indicate that Pla functions to thwart fibrin-dependent T cell-mediated defense against plague. Other important human bacterial pathogens, including staphylococci, streptococci, and borrelia, likewise produce virulence factors that promote fibrin degradation. The discovery that Y. pestis thwarts T cell defense by promoting fibrinolysis suggests novel therapeutic approaches to amplifying T cell responses against human pathogens.
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Gaudino SJ, Kumar P. Cross-Talk Between Antigen Presenting Cells and T Cells Impacts Intestinal Homeostasis, Bacterial Infections, and Tumorigenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:360. [PMID: 30894857 PMCID: PMC6414782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is maintained in part by antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. APCs interact with T cells to link innate and adaptive immune responses. By displaying bacterial and tumorigenic antigens on their surface via major histocompatibility complexes, APCs can directly influence the differentiation of T cells. Likewise, T cell activation, differentiation, and effector functions are modulated by APCs utilizing multiple mechanisms. The objective of this review is to describe how APCs interact with and influence the activation of T cells to maintain innate immunity during exposure to microbial infection and malignant cells. How bacteria and cancer cells take advantage of some of these interactions for their own benefit will also be discussed. While this review will cover a broad range of topics, a general focus will be held around pathogens, cancers, and interactions that typically occur within the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gaudino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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CCR2 + Inflammatory Monocytes Are Recruited to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Pyogranulomas and Dictate Adaptive Responses at the Expense of Innate Immunity during Oral Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00782-17. [PMID: 29263104 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00782-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes (IMs) require CCR2 to leave the bone marrow and enter mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and other organs in response to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. We are investigating how IMs, which can differentiate into CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), contribute to innate and adaptive immunity to Y. pseudotuberculosis Previously, we obtained evidence that IMs are important for a dominant CD8+ T cell response to the epitope YopE69-77 and host survival using intravenous infections with attenuated Y. pseudotuberculosis Here we challenged CCR2+/+ or CCR2-/- mice orally with wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis to investigate how IMs contribute to immune responses during intestinal infection. Unexpectedly, CCR2-/- mice did not have reduced survival but retained body weight better and their MLNs cleared Y. pseudotuberculosis faster and with reduced lymphadenopathy compared to controls. Enhanced bacterial clearance in CCR2-/- mice correlated with reduced numbers of IMs in spleens and increased numbers of neutrophils in livers. In situ imaging of MLNs and spleens from CCR2-GFP mice showed that green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP+) IMs accumulated at the periphery of neutrophil-rich Yersinia-containing pyogranulomas. GFP+ IMs colocalized with CD11c+ cells and YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells in MLNs, suggesting that IM-derived DCs prime adaptive responses in Yersinia pyogranulomas. Consistently, CCR2-/- mice had reduced numbers of splenic DCs, YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and B cells in organs and lower levels of serum antibodies to Y. pseudotuberculosis antigens. Our data suggest that IMs differentiate into DCs in MLN pyogranulomas and direct adaptive responses in T cells at the expense of innate immunity during oral Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
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Tsugo K, Nakamura SI, Yamanaka H, Une Y. A study on the efficacy of the recombinant Yersinia adhesin A vaccine against yersiniosis in the early phase. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:855-863. [PMID: 28320976 PMCID: PMC5447973 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Y. ptb) is a zoonotic pathogenic bacterial species of the family Enterobacteriaceae and causes yersiniosis, an acute intestinal infection in humans and animals.
Y. ptb is often implicated in lethal epidemics in zoo animals and reductions in the breeding population, but a valid prevention method has not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a vaccine
for yersiniosis control. The immunogenicity of one of the adhesion factors involved in pathogenic mechanisms of Y. ptb, Yersinia adhesin A (YadA), was investigated. BALB/c mice were divided into 3
groups: in group 1, mice received insoluble recombinant YadA (rYadA) produced in genetically engineered Escherichia coli (100 µg/dose); in group 2, mice received inactivated Y.
ptb with strong expression of YadA (20 mg/dose);and in group 3, mice received phosphate-buffered saline (0.2 ml/dose). All interventions were administered subcutaneously twice at an interval of 1 week.
One week after the second administration, Y. ptb (107 cells/mouse) was inoculated orally. As a result, the survival rate was 100% in group 1, 60% in group 2, and 0% in group 3. The anti-YadA antibody
titer increased in a stepwise fashion in groups 1 and 2. The present study results suggest that rYadA shows promise as a protective antigen against yersiniosis. This study concluded that vaccination against Y. ptb
may become available as a new method to prevent lethal epidemics in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tsugo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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González-Juarbe N, Shen H, Bergman MA, Orihuela CJ, Dube PH. YopE specific CD8+ T cells provide protection against systemic and mucosal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172314. [PMID: 28207901 PMCID: PMC5313184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies indicated that CD8+ T cells responding to a surrogate single antigen expressed by Y. pseudotuberculosis, ovalbumin, were insufficient to protect against yersiniosis. Herein we tested the hypothesis that CD8+ T cells reactive to the natural Yersinia antigen YopE would be more effective at providing mucosal protection. We first confirmed that immunization with the attenuated ksgA- strain of Y. pseudotuberculosis generated YopE-specific CD8+ T cells. These T cells were protective against challenge with virulent Listeria monocytogenes expressing secreted YopE. Mice immunized with an attenuated L. monocytogenes YopE+ strain generated large numbers of functional YopE-specific CD8+ T cells, and initially controlled a systemic challenge with virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis, yet eventually succumbed to yersiniosis. Mice vaccinated with a YopE peptide and cholera toxin vaccine generated robust T cell responses, providing protection to 60% of the mice challenged mucosally but failed to show complete protection against systemic infection with virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis. These studies demonstrate that vaccination with recombinant YopE vaccines can generate YopE-specific CD8+ T cells, that can provide significant mucosal protection but these cells are insufficient to provide sterilizing immunity against systemic Y. pseudotuberculosis infection. Our studies have implications for Yersinia vaccine development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto González-Juarbe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United states of America
| | - Haiqian Shen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United states of America
| | - Molly A. Bergman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United states of America
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United states of America
| | - Peter H. Dube
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United states of America
- * E-mail:
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Daniel C, Titecat M, Poiret S, Cayet D, Boutillier D, Simonet M, Sirard JC, Lemaître N, Sebbane F. Characterization of the protective immune response to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in mice vaccinated with an LcrV-secreting strain of Lactococcus lactis. Vaccine 2016; 34:5762-5767. [PMID: 27742220 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudotuberculosis is an infection caused by the bacterial enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and is considered to be a significant problem in veterinary medicine. We previously found that intranasal administration of a recombinant Lactococcus lactis strain that secretes the low-calcium response V (LcrV) antigen from Y. pseudotuberculosis (Ll-LcrV) confers protection against a lethal Y. pseudotuberculosis infection. Here, we aimed at characterizing the immunological basis of this LcrV-elicited protective response and at determining the duration of vaccine-induced immunity. METHODS Splenocytes from BALB/c mice intranasally immunized with Ll-LcrV or Ll as control were immunostained then analyzed by flow cytometry. Protection against a lethal intravenous injection of Y. pseudotuberculosis was also determined (i) in immunized BALB/c mice depleted or not of CD4+, CD8+ or CD25+ cells and (ii) in naïve BALB/c mice receiving serum from immunized mice by counting the number of bacteria in liver and spleen. Lastly, survival rate of immunized BALB/c mice following a lethal intravenous injection of Y. pseudotuberculosis was followed up to 9-months. RESULTS We found that T and B lymphocytes but not non-conventional lymphoid cells were affected by Ll-LcrV immunization. We also observed that depletion of CD4+ and CD25+ but not CD8+ cells in immunized mice eradicated protection against a lethal systemic Y. pseudotuberculosis infection, suggesting that activated CD4+ T lymphocytes are required for vaccine-induced protection. Adoptive transfer of LcrV-specific antibodies from Ll-LcrV-immunized animals significantly reduced the bacterial counts in the liver compared to non-vaccinated mice. Lastly, the protective immunity conferred by Ll-LcrV decreased slightly over time; nevertheless almost 60% of the mice survived a lethal bacterial challenge at 9months post-vaccination. CONCLUSION Mucosal vaccination of mice with Ll-LcrV induced cell- and antibody-mediated protective immunity against Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in the mouse and the protection is long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Daniel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie Titecat
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sabine Poiret
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Cayet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denise Boutillier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michel Simonet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadine Lemaître
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Shen H, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Blanchette K, Crimmins G, Bergman MA, Isberg RR, Orihuela CJ, Dube PH. CD8(+) T cells specific to a single Yersinia pseudotuberculosis epitope restrict bacterial replication in the liver but fail to provide sterilizing immunity. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:289-96. [PMID: 27268148 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells use contact-dependent cytolysis of target cells to protect the host against intracellular pathogens. We have previously shown that CD8(+) T cells and perforin are required to protect against the extracellular pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Here we establish an experimental system where CD8(+) T cells specific to a single model antigen are the only memory response present at time of challenge. Using mice immunized with a vaccine strain of Listeria monocytogenes that expresses secreted ovalbumin (Lm-OVA), we show that OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells are generated and provide limited protection against challenge with virulent OVA(+)Y. pseudotuberculosis. Perforin expression by OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells was required, as Lm-OVA-immunized perforin-deficient mice showed higher bacterial burden as compared to Lm-OVA-immunized perforin-sufficient mice. Surprisingly, antigen-specific T cell protection waned over time, as Lm-OVA-immune mice eventually succumbed to Yersinia infection. Kinetic analysis of infection in mice with and without OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells revealed that bacterial numbers increased sharply in OVA-naïve mice until death, while OVA-immune mice held bacterial burden to a lower level throughout the duration of illness until death. Clonal analysis of bacterial populations in OVA-naïve and OVA-immune mice at distinct time points revealed equivalent and severe bottle-neck effects for bacteria in both sets of mice immediately after intravenous challenge, demonstrating a dominant role for other aspects of the immune system regardless of CD8(+) T cell status. These studies indicate that CD8(+) T cells against a single antigen can restrict Y. pseudotuberculosis colonization in a perforin-dependent manner, but ultimately are insufficient in their ability to provide sterilizing immunity and protect against death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqian Shen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Krystle Blanchette
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gregory Crimmins
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly A Bergman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ralph R Isberg
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peter H Dube
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Fonseca DMD, Hand TW, Han SJ, Gerner MY, Glatman Zaretsky A, Byrd AL, Harrison OJ, Ortiz AM, Quinones M, Trinchieri G, Brenchley JM, Brodsky IE, Germain RN, Randolph GJ, Belkaid Y. Microbiota-Dependent Sequelae of Acute Infection Compromise Tissue-Specific Immunity. Cell 2016; 163:354-66. [PMID: 26451485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections have been proposed as initiating factors for inflammatory disorders; however, identifying associations between defined infectious agents and the initiation of chronic disease has remained elusive. Here, we report that a single acute infection can have dramatic and long-term consequences for tissue-specific immunity. Following clearance of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, sustained inflammation and associated lymphatic leakage in the mesenteric adipose tissue deviates migratory dendritic cells to the adipose compartment, thereby preventing their accumulation in the mesenteric lymph node. As a consequence, canonical mucosal immune functions, including tolerance and protective immunity, are persistently compromised. Post-resolution of infection, signals derived from the microbiota maintain inflammatory mesentery remodeling and consequently, transient ablation of the microbiota restores mucosal immunity. Our results indicate that persistent disruption of communication between tissues and the immune system following clearance of an acute infection represents an inflection point beyond which tissue homeostasis and immunity is compromised for the long-term. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Morais da Fonseca
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arielle Glatman Zaretsky
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allyson L Byrd
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra M Ortiz
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair and Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mariam Quinones
- Bioinformatics and Computational Bioscience Branch, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair and Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Singh AK, Kingston JJ, Gupta SK, Batra HV. Recombinant Bivalent Fusion Protein rVE Induces CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cell Mediated Memory Immune Response for Protection Against Yersinia enterocolitica Infection. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1407. [PMID: 26733956 PMCID: PMC4679870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating the correlates of immune protection against Yersinia infection have established that both humoral and cell mediated immune responses are required for the comprehensive protection. In our previous study, we established that the bivalent fusion protein (rVE) comprising immunologically active regions of Y. pestis LcrV (100–270 aa) and YopE (50–213 aa) proteins conferred complete passive and active protection against lethal Y. enterocolitica 8081 challenge. In the present study, cohort of BALB/c mice immunized with rVE or its component proteins rV, rE were assessed for cell mediated immune responses and memory immune protection against Y. enterocolitica 8081. rVE immunization resulted in extensive proliferation of both CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets; significantly high antibody titer with balanced IgG1: IgG2a/IgG2b isotypes (1:1 ratio) and up-regulation of both Th1 (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines. On the other hand, rV immunization resulted in Th2 biased IgG response (11:1 ratio) and proliferation of CD4+ T-cell; rE group of mice exhibited considerably lower serum antibody titer with predominant Th1 response (1:3 ratio) and CD8+ T-cell proliferation. Comprehensive protection with superior survival (100%) was observed among rVE immunized mice when compared to the significantly lower survival rates among rE (37.5%) and rV (25%) groups when IP challenged with Y. enterocolitica 8081 after 120 days of immunization. Findings in this and our earlier studies define the bivalent fusion protein rVE as a potent candidate vaccine molecule with the capability to concurrently stimulate humoral and cell mediated immune responses and a proof of concept for developing efficient subunit vaccines against Gram negative facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organisation Mysore, India
| | - Joseph J Kingston
- Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organisation Mysore, India
| | - Shishir K Gupta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harsh V Batra
- Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organisation Mysore, India
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Chung LK, Bliska JB. Yersinia versus host immunity: how a pathogen evades or triggers a protective response. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 29:56-62. [PMID: 26638030 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogenic Yersinia species cause diseases that represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Despite this, specific mechanisms underlying Yersinia pathogenesis and protective host responses remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that Yersinia disrupt cell death pathways, perturb inflammatory processes and exploit immune cells to promote disease. The ensuing host responses following Yersinia infection include coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses in an attempt to control bacterial replication. Here, we highlight current advances in our understanding of the interactions between the pathogenic yersiniae and host cells, as well as the protective host responses mobilized to counteract these pathogens. Together, these studies enhance our understanding of Yersinia pathogenesis and highlight the ongoing battle between host and microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawton K Chung
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5120, United States
| | - James B Bliska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5120, United States.
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15
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Zhang Y, Tam JW, Mena P, van der Velden AWM, Bliska JB. CCR2+ Inflammatory Dendritic Cells and Translocation of Antigen by Type III Secretion Are Required for the Exceptionally Large CD8+ T Cell Response to the Protective YopE69-77 Epitope during Yersinia Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005167. [PMID: 26468944 PMCID: PMC4607306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection of C57BL/6 mice, an exceptionally large CD8+ T cell response to a protective epitope in the type III secretion system effector YopE is produced. At the peak of the response, up to 50% of splenic CD8+ T cells recognize the epitope YopE69-77. The features of the interaction between pathogen and host that result in this large CD8+ T cell response are unknown. Here, we used Y. pseudotuberculosis strains defective for production, secretion and/or translocation of YopE to infect wild-type or mutant mice deficient in specific dendritic cells (DCs). Bacterial colonization of organs and translocation of YopE into spleen cells was measured, and flow cytometry and tetramer staining were used to characterize the cellular immune response. We show that the splenic YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells generated during the large response are polyclonal and are produced by a “translocation-dependent” pathway that requires injection of YopE into host cell cytosol. Additionally, a smaller YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cell response (~10% of the large expansion) can be generated in a “translocation-independent” pathway in which CD8α+ DCs cross present secreted YopE. CCR2-expressing inflammatory DCs were required for the large YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cell expansion because this response was significantly reduced in Ccr2-/- mice, YopE was translocated into inflammatory DCs in vivo, inflammatory DCs purified from infected spleens activated YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells ex vivo and promoted the expansion of YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells in infected Ccr2-/- mice after adoptive transfer. A requirement for inflammatory DCs in producing a protective CD8+ T cell response to a bacterial antigen has not previously been demonstrated. Therefore, the production of YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells by inflammatory DCs that are injected with YopE during Y. pseudotuberculosis infection represents a novel mechanism for generating a massive and protective adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) direct host protective adaptive immune responses during infection. How different subpopulations of DCs contribute to the formation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells is incompletely understood. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis results in the production of an exceptionally large CD8+ T cell response to an epitope in the type III secretion system effector YopE. Here, we show that this large CD8+ T cell response requires translocation of YopE into inflammatory DCs, which express CCR2 and accumulate in infected tissues. In contrast, when mice are infected with a Y. pseudotuberculosis strain that can secrete but not translocate YopE, a smaller response is seen, and under these conditions the generation of YopE-specific CD8+ T cell requires CD8α+ DCs. Our results indicate that distinct DC subsets participate in constructing the CD8+ T cell response to secreted, versus translocated, YopE. Furthermore our data indicate that inflammatory DCs are a driving force behind the massive CD8+ T cell response to a protective epitope in a bacterial virulence factor that is translocated into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Tam
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricio Mena
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Adrianus W. M. van der Velden
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Bliska
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Bergsbaken T, Bevan MJ. Proinflammatory microenvironments within the intestine regulate the differentiation of tissue-resident CD8⁺ T cells responding to infection. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:406-14. [PMID: 25706747 PMCID: PMC4368475 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report that oral infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) results in development of two distinct populations of pathogen-specific CD8 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells in the lamina propria (LP). CD103– T cells did not require transforming-growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, but were true resident memory cells. Unlike CD103+ CD8 T cells, which were TGF-β-dependent and scattered in the tissue, CD103– T cells clustered with CD4 T cells and CX3CR1+ macrophages and/or dendritic cells around areas of bacterial infection. CXCR3-dependent recruitment to inflamed areas was critical for development of the CD103– population and pathogen clearance. These studies have identified the preferential development of CD103– LP TRM cells in inflammatory microenvironments within the LP and suggest that this subset plays a critical role in controlling infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Bergsbaken
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael J Bevan
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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17
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Du Z, Yang H, Tan Y, Tian G, Zhang Q, Cui Y, Yanfeng Yan, Wu X, Chen Z, Cao S, Bi Y, Han Y, Wang X, Song Y, Yang R. Transcriptomic response to Yersinia pestis: RIG-I like receptor signaling response is detrimental to the host against plague. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:379-96. [PMID: 25064677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to modulate host immune responses for successful infection. In this study, RNA-sequencing technology was used to analyze the responses of human monocytes THP1 to Yersinia pestis infection. Over 6000 genes were differentially expressed over the 12 h infection. Kinetic responses of pathogen recognition receptor signaling pathways, apoptosis, antigen processing, and presentation pathway and coagulation system were analyzed in detail. Among them, RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway, which was established for antiviral defense, was significantly affected. Mice lacking MAVS, the adaptor of the RLR signaling pathway, were less sensitive to infection and exhibited lower IFN-β production, higher Th1-type cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 production, and lower Th2-type cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 production in the serum compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, infection of pathogenic bacteria other than Y. pestis also altered the expression of the RLR pathway, suggesting that the response of RLR pathway to bacterial infection is a universal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Huiying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control of Qinghai Province, Xining 811602, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | | | - Shiyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
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18
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Miller HK, Kwuan L, Schwiesow L, Bernick DL, Mettert E, Ramirez HA, Ragle JM, Chan PP, Kiley PJ, Lowe TM, Auerbuch V. IscR is essential for yersinia pseudotuberculosis type III secretion and virulence. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004194. [PMID: 24945271 PMCID: PMC4055776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SS) are essential for virulence in dozens of pathogens, but are not required for growth outside the host. Therefore, the T3SS of many bacterial species are under tight regulatory control. To increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind T3SS regulation, we performed a transposon screen to identify genes important for T3SS function in the food-borne pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We identified two unique transposon insertions in YPTB2860, a gene that displays 79% identity with the E. coliiron-sulfur cluster regulator, IscR. A Y. pseudotuberculosis iscR in-frame deletion mutant (ΔiscR) was deficient in secretion of Ysc T3SS effector proteins and in targeting macrophages through the T3SS. To determine the mechanism behind IscR control of the Ysc T3SS, we carried out transcriptome and bioinformatic analysis to identify Y. pseudotuberculosis genes regulated by IscR. We discovered a putative IscR binding motif upstream of the Y. pseudotuberculosis yscW-lcrF operon. As LcrF controls transcription of a number of critical T3SS genes in Yersinia, we hypothesized that Yersinia IscR may control the Ysc T3SS through LcrF. Indeed, purified IscR bound to the identified yscW-lcrF promoter motif and mRNA levels of lcrF and 24 other T3SS genes were reduced in Y. pseudotuberculosis in the absence of IscR. Importantly, mice orally infected with the Y. pseudotuberculosis ΔiscR mutant displayed decreased bacterial burden in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleens, and livers, indicating an essential role for IscR in Y. pseudotuberculosis virulence. This study presents the first characterization of Yersinia IscR and provides evidence that IscR is critical for virulence and type III secretion through direct regulation of the T3SS master regulator, LcrF. Bacterial pathogens use regulators that sense environmental cues to enhance their fitness. Here, we identify a transcriptional regulator in the human gut pathogen, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which controls a specialized secretion system essential for bacterial growth in mammalian tissues. This regulator was shown in other bacterial species to alter its activity in response to changes in iron concentration and oxidative stress, but has never been studied in Yersinia. Importantly, Y. pseudotuberculosis experiences large changes in iron bioavailability upon transit from the gut to deeper tissues and iron is a critical component in Yersinia virulence, as individuals with iron overload disorders have enhanced susceptibility to systemic Yersinia infections. Our work places this iron-modulated transcriptional regulator within the regulatory network that controls virulence gene expression in Y. pseudotuberculosis, identifying it as a potential new target for antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie K. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Kwuan
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Leah Schwiesow
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Bernick
- Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Erin Mettert
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hector A. Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - James M. Ragle
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia P. Chan
- Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia J. Kiley
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Lowe
- Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Szaba FM, Kummer LW, Duso DK, Koroleva EP, Tumanov AV, Cooper AM, Bliska JB, Smiley ST, Lin JS. TNFα and IFNγ but not perforin are critical for CD8 T cell-mediated protection against pulmonary Yersinia pestis infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004142. [PMID: 24854422 PMCID: PMC4031182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic pneumonias resulting from bacterial infections of the lung are a leading cause of human death worldwide. Little is known about the capacity of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity to combat these infections and the types of effector functions that may be most effective. Pneumonic plague is an acutely lethal septic pneumonia caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis. We recently identified a dominant and protective Y. pestis antigen, YopE69-77, recognized by CD8 T cells in C57BL/6 mice. Here, we use gene-deficient mice, Ab-mediated depletion, cell transfers, and bone marrow chimeric mice to investigate the effector functions of YopE69-77-specific CD8 T cells and their relative contributions during pulmonary Y. pestis infection. We demonstrate that YopE69-77-specific CD8 T cells exhibit perforin-dependent cytotoxicity in vivo; however, perforin is dispensable for YopE69-77-mediated protection. In contrast, YopE69-77-mediated protection is severely impaired when production of TNFα and IFNγ by CD8 T cells is simultaneously ablated. Interestingly, TNFα is absolutely required at the time of challenge infection and can be provided by either T cells or non-T cells, whereas IFNγ provided by T cells prior to challenge appears to facilitate the differentiation of optimally protective CD8 T cells. We conclude that cytokine production, not cytotoxicity, is essential for CD8 T cell-mediated control of pulmonary Y. pestis infection and we suggest that assays detecting Ag-specific TNFα production in addition to antibody titers may be useful correlates of vaccine efficacy against plague and other acutely lethal septic bacterial pneumonias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M. Szaba
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Debra K. Duso
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Bliska
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Jr-Shiuan Lin
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Effector CD8+ T cells are generated in response to an immunodominant epitope in type III effector YopE during primary Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3033-44. [PMID: 24799630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01687-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
YopE is a virulence factor that is secreted into host cells infected by Yersinia species. The YopE C-terminal domain has GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity. The YopE N-terminal domain contains an epitope that is an immunodominant CD8(+) T cell antigen during primary infection of C57BL/6 mice with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The characteristics of the CD8(+) T cells generated in response to the epitope, which comprises YopE amino acid residues 69 to 77 (YopE(69-77)), and the features of YopE that are important for antigenicity during primary infection, are unknown. Following intravenous infection of naïve C57BL/6 mice with a yopE GAP mutant (the R144A mutant), flow cytometry analysis of splenocytes by tetramer and intracellular cytokine staining over a time course showed that YopE69-77-specific CD8(+) T cells producing gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were generated by day 7, with a peak at day 14. In addition, ∼80% of YopE(69-77)-specific CD8(+) T cells were positive for KLRG1, a memory phenotype marker, at day 21. To determine if residues that regulate YopE activity by ubiquitination or membrane localization affect the antigenicity of YopE(69-77), mice were infected with a yopE ubiquitination or membrane localization mutant (the R62K or L55N I59N L63N mutant, respectively). These mutants elicited YopE(69-77)-specific CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α with kinetics and magnitudes similar to those of the parental R144A strain, indicating that primary infection primes effector CD8(+) T cells independently of the ubiquitination or membrane localization of YopE. Additionally, at day 7, there was an unexpected positive correlation between the numbers of YopE(69-77)-specific CD8(+) T cells and CD11b(+) cells, but not between the numbers of YopE(69-77)-specific CD8(+) T cells and bacterial cells, in spleens, suggesting that the innate immune response contributes to the immunodominance of YopE(69-77).
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21
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Singh AK, Kingston JJ, Murali HS, Batra HV. A recombinant bivalent fusion protein rVE confers active and passive protection against Yersinia enterocolitica infection in mice. Vaccine 2014; 32:1233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Rotem S, Cohen O, Bar-Haim E, Bar-On L, Ehrlich S, Shafferman A. Protective immunity against lethal F. tularensis holarctica LVS provided by vaccination with selected novel CD8+ T cell epitopes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85215. [PMID: 24400128 PMCID: PMC3882263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we described an unbiased bacterial whole-genome immunoinformatic analysis aimed at selection of potential CTL epitopes located in "hotspots" of predicted MHC-I binders. Applying this approach to the proteome of the facultative intra-cellular pathogen Francisella tularensis resulted in identification of 170 novel CTL epitopes, several of which were shown to elicit highly robust T cell responses. Here we demonstrate that by DNA immunization using a short DNA fragment expressing six of the most prominent identified CTL epitopes a potent and specific CD8+ T cell responses is being induced, to all encoded epitopes, a response not observed in control mice immunized with the DNA vector alone Moreover, this CTL-specific mediated immune response prevented disease development, allowed for a rapid clearance of the bacterial infection and provided complete protection against lethal challenge (10LD50) with F. tularensis holarctica Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) (a total to 30 of 30 immunized mice survived the challenge while all control DNA vector immunized mice succumbed). Furthermore, and in accordance with these results, CD8 deficient mice could not be protected from lethal challenge after immunization with the CTL-polyepitope. Vaccination with the DNA poly-epitope construct could even protect mice (8/10) against the more demanding pulmonary lethal challenge of LVS. Our approach provides a proof-of-principle for selecting and generating a multi-epitpoe CD8 T cell-stimulating vaccine against a model intracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Rotem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofer Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Liat Bar-On
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Ehrlich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Avigdor Shafferman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Vanden Bergh P, Heller M, Braga-Lagache S, Frey J. The Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida exoproteome: global analysis, moonlighting proteins and putative antigens for vaccination against furunculosis. Proteome Sci 2013; 11:44. [PMID: 24127837 PMCID: PMC3826670 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen of fisheries worldwide. Despite the identification of several virulence factors the pathogenesis is still poorly understood. We have used high-throughput proteomics to display the differences between in vitro secretome of A. salmonicida wild-type (wt, hypervirulent, JF5054) and T3SS-deficient (isogenic ΔascV, extremely low-virulent, JF2747) strains in exponential (GP) and stationary (SP) phases of growth. RESULTS Among the different experimental conditions we obtained semi-quantitative values for a total of 2136 A. salmonicida proteins. Proteins of specific A. salmonicida species were proportionally less detected than proteins common to the Aeromonas genus or those shared with other Aeromonas species, suggesting that in vitro growth did not induce the expression of these genes. Four detected proteins which are unidentified in the genome of reference strains of A. salmonicida were homologous to components of the conjugative T4SS of A. hydrophila pRA1 plasmid. Polypeptides of three proteins which are specific to the 01-B526 strain were also discovered. In supernatants (SNs), the number of detected proteins was higher in SP (326 for wt vs 329 for mutant) than in GP (275 for wt vs 263 for mutant). In pellets, the number of identified proteins (a total of 1536) was approximately the same between GP and SP. Numerous highly conserved cytoplasmic proteins were present in A. salmonicida SNs (mainly EF-Tu, EF-G, EF-P, EF-Ts, TypA, AlaS, ribosomal proteins, HtpG, DnaK, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases, GAPDH, Enolase, FbaA, TpiA, Pgk, TktA, AckA, AcnB, Mdh, AhpC, Tpx, SodB and PNPase), and several evidences support the theory that their extracellular localization was not the result of cell lysis. According to the Cluster of Orthologous Groups classification, 29% of excreted proteins in A. salmonicida SNs were currently poorly characterized. CONCLUSIONS In this part of our work we elucidated the whole in vitro exoproteome of hypervirulent A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and showed the secretion of several highly conserved cytoplasmic proteins with putative moonlighting functions and roles in virulence. All together, our results offer new information about the pathogenesis of furunculosis and point out potential candidates for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vanden Bergh
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, P.O. Box 37, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Braga-Lagache
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, P.O. Box 37, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Vanden Bergh P, Frey J. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in the light of its type-three secretion system. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 7:381-400. [PMID: 24119189 PMCID: PMC4229320 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is an important pathogen in salmonid aquaculture and is responsible for the typical furunculosis. The type-three secretion system (T3SS) is a major virulence system. In this work, we review structure and function of this highly sophisticated nanosyringe in A. salmonicida. Based on the literature as well as personal experimental observations, we document the genetic (re)organization, expression regulation, anatomy, putative functional origin and roles in the infectious process of this T3SS. We propose a model of pathogenesis where A. salmonicida induces a temporary immunosuppression state in fish in order to acquire free access to host tissues. Finally, we highlight putative important therapeutic and vaccine strategies to prevent furunculosis of salmonid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vanden Bergh
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
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