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Hames RG, Jasiunaite Z, Ercoli G, Wanford JJ, Carreno D, Straatman K, Martinez-Pomares L, Yesilkaya H, Glenn S, Moxon ER, Andrew PW, Kyriacou CP, Oggioni MR. Diurnal Differences in Intracellular Replication Within Splenic Macrophages Correlates With the Outcome of Pneumococcal Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907461. [PMID: 35720383 PMCID: PMC9201068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms affect the progression and severity of bacterial infections including those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, but the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain largely elusive. Following advances in our understanding of the role of replication of S. pneumoniae within splenic macrophages, we sought to investigate whether events within the spleen correlate with differential outcomes of invasive pneumococcal infection. Utilising murine invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) models, here we report that infection during the murine active phase (zeitgeber time 15; 15h after start of light cycle, 3h after start of dark cycle) resulted in significantly faster onset of septicaemia compared to rest phase (zeitgeber time 3; 3h after start of light cycle) infection. This correlated with significantly higher pneumococcal burden within the spleen of active phase-infected mice at early time points compared to rest phase-infected mice. Whole-section confocal microscopy analysis of these spleens revealed that the number of pneumococci is significantly higher exclusively within marginal zone metallophilic macrophages (MMMs) known to allow intracellular pneumococcal replication as a prerequisite step to the onset of septicaemia. Pneumococcal clusters within MMMs were more abundant and increased in size over time in active phase-infected mice compared to those in rest phase-infected mice which decreased in size and were present in a lower percentage of MMMs. This phenomenon preceded significantly higher levels of bacteraemia alongside serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in active phase-infected mice following re-seeding of pneumococci into the blood. These data greatly advance our fundamental knowledge of pneumococcal infection by linking susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal infection to variation in the propensity of MMMs to allow persistence and replication of phagocytosed bacteria. These findings also outline a somewhat rare scenario whereby the active phase of an organism’s circadian cycle plays a seemingly counterproductive role in the control of invasive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Hames
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Zydrune Jasiunaite
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Ercoli
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph J Wanford
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - David Carreno
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Kornelis Straatman
- Advanced Imaging Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hasan Yesilkaya
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Glenn
- Preclinical Research Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - E Richard Moxon
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Andrew
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos P Kyriacou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco R Oggioni
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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2
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You S, Yu AM, Roberts MA, Joseph IJ, Jackson FR. Circadian regulation of the Drosophila astrocyte transcriptome. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009790. [PMID: 34543266 PMCID: PMC8483315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that astrocytes cooperate with neurons of the brain to mediate circadian control of many rhythmic processes including locomotor activity and sleep. Transcriptional profiling studies have described the overall rhythmic landscape of the brain, but few have employed approaches that reveal heterogeneous, cell-type specific rhythms of the brain. Using cell-specific isolation of ribosome-bound RNAs in Drosophila, we constructed the first circadian “translatome” for astrocytes. This analysis identified 293 “cycling genes” in astrocytes, most with mammalian orthologs. A subsequent behavioral genetic screen identified a number of genes whose expression is required in astrocytes for normal sleep behavior. In particular, we show that certain genes known to regulate fly innate immune responses are also required for normal sleep patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha You
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alder M Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mary A Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivanna J Joseph
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - F Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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3
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Wyse C, O'Malley G, Coogan AN, McConkey S, Smith DJ. Seasonal and daytime variation in multiple immune parameters in humans: Evidence from 329,261 participants of the UK Biobank cohort. iScience 2021; 24:102255. [PMID: 33817568 PMCID: PMC8010467 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal disease outbreaks are perennial features of human infectious disease but the factors generating these patterns are unclear. Here we investigate seasonal and daytime variability in multiple immune parameters in 329,261 participants in UK Biobank and test for associations with a wide range of environmental and lifestyle factors, including changes in day length, outdoor temperature and vitamin D at the time the blood sample was collected. Seasonal patterns were evident in lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, and C-reactive protein CRP, but not monocytes, and these were independent of lifestyle, demographic, and environmental factors. All the immune parameters assessed demonstrated significant daytime variation that was independent of confounding factors. At a population level, human immune parameters vary across season and across time of day, independent of multiple confounding factors. Both season and time of day are fundamental dimensions of immune function that should be considered in all studies of immuno-prophylaxis and disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Wyse
- School of Physiotherapy, Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaux Lane House, Mercer Street Lower, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace O'Malley
- School of Physiotherapy, Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaux Lane House, Mercer Street Lower, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew N. Coogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sam McConkey
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland: University of Medicine and Health Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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4
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Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. Circadian rhythms: a regulator of gastrointestinal health and dysfunction. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:411-424. [PMID: 30874451 PMCID: PMC6533073 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1595588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate much of gastrointestinal physiology including cell proliferation, motility, digestion, absorption, and electrolyte balance. Disruption of circadian rhythms can have adverse consequences including the promotion of and/or exacerbation of a wide variety of gastrointestinal disorders and diseases. Areas covered: In this review, we evaluate some of the many gastrointestinal functions that are regulated by circadian rhythms and how dysregulation of these functions may contribute to disease. This review also discusses some common gastrointestinal disorders that are known to be influenced by circadian rhythms as well as speculation about the mechanisms by which circadian rhythm disruption promotes dysfunction and disease pathogenesis. We discuss how knowledge of circadian rhythms and the advent of chrono-nutrition, chrono-pharmacology, and chrono-therapeutics might influence clinical practice. Expert opinion: As our knowledge of circadian biology increases, it may be possible to incorporate strategies that take advantage of circadian rhythms and chronotherapy to prevent and/or treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Voigt
- Rush Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Rush Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Rush Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Domenech de Cellès M, Arduin H, Varon E, Souty C, Boëlle PY, Lévy-Bruhl D, van der Werf S, Soulary JC, Guillemot D, Watier L, Opatowski L. Characterizing and Comparing the Seasonality of Influenza-Like Illnesses and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases Using Seasonal Waveforms. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1029-1039. [PMID: 29053767 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The seasonalities of influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) and invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) remain incompletely understood. Experimental evidence indicates that influenza-virus infection predisposes to pneumococcal disease, so that a correspondence in the seasonal patterns of ILIs and IPDs might exist at the population level. We developed a method to characterize seasonality by means of easily interpretable summary statistics of seasonal shape-or seasonal waveforms. Nonlinear mixed-effects models were used to estimate those waveforms based on weekly case reports of ILIs and IPDs in 5 regions spanning continental France from July 2000 to June 2014. We found high variability of ILI seasonality, with marked fluctuations of peak amplitudes and peak times, but a more conserved epidemic duration. In contrast, IPD seasonality was best modeled by a markedly regular seasonal baseline, punctuated by 2 winter peaks in late December to early January and January to February. Comparing ILI and IPD seasonal waveforms, we found indication of a small, positive correlation. Direct models regressing IPDs on ILIs provided comparable results, even though they estimated moderately larger associations. The method proposed is broadly applicable to diseases with unambiguous seasonality and is well-suited to analyze spatially or temporally grouped data, which are common in epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Arduin
- Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Emmanuelle Varon
- Assistance publique–Hôpitaux de Paris
- Centre National de Référence des Pneumocoques, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Souty
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–UPMC
| | | | | | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
| | | | - Didier Guillemot
- Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Laurence Watier
- Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Lulla Opatowski
- Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases
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6
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Chen S, Fuller KK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. Circadian Clearance of a Fungal Pathogen from the Lung Is Not Based on Cell-intrinsic Macrophage Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 33:99-105. [PMID: 29281921 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417745178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms govern immune cell function, giving rise to time-of-day variation in the recognition and clearance of bacterial or viral pathogens; to date, however, no such regulation of the host-fungal interaction has been described. In this report, we use murine models to explore circadian control of either fungal-macrophage interactions in vitro or pathogen clearance from the lung in vivo. First, we show that expression of the important fungal pattern recognition receptor Dectin-1 ( clec7a), from either bone marrow-derived or peritoneum-derived macrophages, is not under circadian regulation at either the level of transcript or cell surface protein expression. Consistent with this finding, the phagocytic activity of macrophages in culture against spores of the pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus also did not vary over time. To account for the multiple cell types and processes that may be coordinated in a circadian fashion in vivo, we examined the clearance of A. fumigatus from the lungs of immunocompetent mice. Interestingly, animals inoculated at night demonstrated a 2-fold enhancement in clearance compared with animals inoculated in the morning. Taken together, our data suggest that while molecular recognition of fungi by immune cells may not be circadian, other processes in vivo may still allow for time-of-day differences in fungal clearance from the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
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7
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Smolensky MH, Reinberg AE, Sackett-Lundeen L. Perspectives on the relevance of the circadian time structure to workplace threshold limit values and employee biological monitoring. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:1439-1464. [PMID: 29215915 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1384740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The circadian time structure (CTS) and its disruption by rotating and nightshift schedules relative to work performance, accident risk, and health/wellbeing have long been areas of occupational medicine research. Yet, there has been little exploration of the relevance of the CTS to setting short-term, time-weighted, and ceiling threshold limit values (TLVs); conducting employee biological monitoring (BM); and establishing normative reference biological exposure indices (BEIs). Numerous publications during the past six decades document the CTS substantially affects the disposition - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination - and effects of medications. Additionally, laboratory animal and human studies verify the tolerance to chemical, biological (contagious), and physical agents can differ extensively according to the circadian time of exposure. Because of slow and usually incomplete CTS adjustment by rotating and permanent nightshift workers, occupational chemical and other contaminant encounters occur during a different circadian stage than for dayshift workers. Thus, the intended protection of some TLVs when working the nightshift compared to dayshift might be insufficient, especially in high-risk settings. The CTS is germane to employee BM in that large-amplitude predictable-in-time 24h variation can occur in the concentration of urine, blood, and saliva of monitored chemical contaminants and their metabolites plus biomarkers indicative of adverse xenobiotic exposure. The concept of biological time-qualified (for rhythms) reference values, currently of interest to clinical laboratory pathology practice, is seemingly applicable to industrial medicine as circadian time and workshift-specific BEIs to improve surveillance of night workers, in particular. Furthermore, BM as serial assessments performed frequently both during and off work, exemplified by employee self-measurement of lung function using a small portable peak expiratory flow meter, can easily identify intolerance before induction of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Smolensky
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Alain E Reinberg
- b Unité de Chronobiologie , Fondation A. de Rothschild , Paris , France
| | - Linda Sackett-Lundeen
- c American Association for Medical Chronobiology and Chronotherapeutics , Roseville , MN , USA
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8
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Kurupati RK, Kossenkoff A, Kannan S, Haut LH, Doyle S, Yin X, Schmader KE, Liu Q, Showe L, Ertl HCJ. The effect of timing of influenza vaccination and sample collection on antibody titers and responses in the aged. Vaccine 2017; 35:3700-3708. [PMID: 28583307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody responses, B cell subset distribution in blood and the blood transcriptome were analyzed in younger and aged human subjects before and after vaccination with the inactivated influenza vaccine. In the aged, but not the younger, individuals we saw a clear difference in antibody titers including those at baseline depending on the time of vaccination and sample collection. Differences in baseline titers in aged individuals treated in the morning or afternoon in turn affected responsiveness to the vaccine. In both younger and aged individuals, the time of sample collection also affected relative numbers of some of the B cell subsets in blood. A global gene expression analysis with whole blood samples from the aged showed small but statistically significant differences depending on the time of sample collection. Our data do not indicate that timing of vaccination affects immune responsiveness of the aged, but rather shows that in clinical influenza vaccine trials timing of collection of samples can have a major and potentially misleading influence on study outcome. In future vaccine trials, timing of vaccination and sample collection should be recorded carefully to allow for its use as a study covariant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Senthil Kannan
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Biomedical Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Susan Doyle
- GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center and Center for the Study of Aging and Human, Development and Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Kenneth E Schmader
- GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center and Center for the Study of Aging and Human, Development and Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Wang CY, Hsieh MJ, Hsieh IC, Shie SS, Ho MY, Yeh JK, Tsai ML, Yang CH, Hung KC, Wang CC, Wen MS. CLOCK modulates survival and acute lung injury in mice with polymicrobial sepsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:935-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Tsoumtsa LL, Torre C, Ghigo E. Circadian Control of Antibacterial Immunity: Findings from Animal Models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:54. [PMID: 27242972 PMCID: PMC4861709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the biological functions, including the immune system, are linked to circadian rhythms in living organisms. Changes occurring to biological parameters as the result of these circadian rhythms can therefore affect the outcome of a disease. For decades, model organisms have proven to be a great tool to understanding biological mechanisms such as circadian cycle and immunity. In this review, we created an inventory of the use of model organisms in order to decipher the relation between circadian rhythms and antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landry L Tsoumtsa
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Cedric Torre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Eric Ghigo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
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11
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Talbot TR, Poehling KA, Hartert TV, Arbogast PG, Halasa NB, Edwards KM, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Griffin MR. Seasonality of invasive pneumococcal disease: temporal relation to documented influenza and respiratory syncytial viral circulation. Am J Med 2005; 118:285-91. [PMID: 15745727 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal fluctuation in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease has been attributed to winter virus exposure (e.g., influenza and respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]). Evidence of a direct correlation of invasive pneumococcal disease with laboratory-confirmed virus seasons, however, is limited. Using two prospective surveillance networks, the temporal relation between invasive pneumococcal disease and isolation of circulating winter viruses was explored. METHODS Episodes of invasive pneumococcal disease in five Tennessee counties were collected prospectively from January 1995 through June 2002. Virus seasons were defined using prospective laboratory-based surveillance. Correlation between weekly identification of invasive pneumococcal disease and laboratory isolation of RSV and influenza, as well as comparisons of the frequencies of invasive pneumococcal disease episodes during viral and nonviral seasons were determined. RESULTS A total of 4147 invasive pneumococcal disease episodes were identified. Weekly frequency of invasive pneumococcal disease correlated directly with the weekly frequency of isolation of RSV (r = 0.56, P <0.001) and influenza (r= 0.40, P <0.001). The average weekly frequency of invasive pneumococcal disease during RSV and influenza seasons was higher than during the nonviral seasons (P <0.001 for each year). CONCLUSION Weekly episodes of invasive pneumococcal disease correlated temporally with laboratory-confirmed weekly isolation of RSV and influenza, and the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease was increased when these viruses were circulating in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Talbot
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The purpose of these experiments was to test the equivalence of pulmonary artery, urinary bladder, tympanic, rectal and femoral artery methods of temperature measurement in healthy and critically ill swine under clinical intensive care unit (ICU) conditions using a prospective, time series design. First, sensors were tested for error and sensitivity to change in temperature with a precision-controlled water bath and a laboratory-certified digital thermometer for temperatures 34-42 degrees C. There was virtually no systematic (bias) or random (precision) error (<0.2 degrees C). The bladder sensor had the slowest response time to change in temperature (105-120 s). Next, testing was done in an experimental porcine ICU in a non-profit research institution with four male, sedated, and mechanically ventilated domestic farm pigs. The in vivo experiments were conducted over periods of 41-168 h with temperatures measured every 1-5 s. The bladder, tympanic and rectal methods had unacceptable bias (>or=0.5 degrees C) and/or precision (>or=0.2 degrees C). Response time varied from 7 s with the femoral artery method to 280 s (4.7 min) with the tympanic method. We concluded that equivalence of the methods was insufficient for them to be used interchangeably in the porcine ICU. Intravascular monitoring of core body temperature produces optimal measurement of porcine temperature under varying conditions of physiological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hanneman
- Center for Nursing research, The University of Texas Nursing School at Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Pneumococcal infections increase each winter, a phenomenon that has not been well explained. We conducted population-based active surveillance for all cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in seven states; plotted annualized weekly rates by geographic location, age, and latitude; and assessed correlations by time-series analysis. In all geographic areas, invasive pneumococcal disease exhibited a distinct winter seasonality, including an increase among children in the fall preceding that for adults and a sharp spike in incidence among adults each year between December 24 and January 7. Pneumococcal disease correlated inversely with temperature (r -0.82 with a 1-week lag; p<0.0001), but paradoxically the coldest states had the lowest rates, and no threshold temperature could be identified. The pattern of disease correlated directly with the sinusoidal variations in photoperiod (r +0.85 with a 5-week lag; p<0.0001). Seemingly unrelated seasonal phenomena were also somewhat correlated. The reproducible seasonal patterns in varied geographic locations are consistent with the hypothesis that nationwide seasonal changes such as photoperiod-dependent variation in host susceptibility may underlie pneumococcal seasonality, but caution is indicated in assigning causality as a result of such correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Dowell
- International Emerging Infections Program, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Building 2, Tivanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Bangkok, Thailand.
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14
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Dowell SF. Seasonal Variation in Host Susceptibility and Cycles of Certain Infectious Diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2001. [DOI: 10.3201/eid0703.017301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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15
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Dowell SF. Seasonal variation in host susceptibility and cycles of certain infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:369-74. [PMID: 11384511 PMCID: PMC2631809 DOI: 10.3201/eid0703.010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal cycles of infectious diseases have been variously attributed to changes in atmospheric conditions, the prevalence or virulence of the pathogen, or the behavior of the host. Some observations about seasonality are difficult to reconcile with these explanations. These include the simultaneous appearance of outbreaks across widespread geographic regions of the same latitude; the detection of pathogens in the off-season without epidemic spread; and the consistency of seasonal changes, despite wide variations in weather and human behavior. In contrast, an increase in susceptibility of the host population, perhaps linked to the annual light/dark cycle and mediated by the pattern of melatonin secretion, might account for many heretofore unexplained features of infectious disease seasonality. Ample evidence indicates that photoperiod-driven physiologic changes are typical in mammalian species, including some in humans. If such physiologic changes underlie human resistance to infectious diseases for large portions of the year and the changes can be identified and modified, the therapeutic and preventive implications may be considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Dowell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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16
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Opp MR, Toth LA. Somnogenic and pyrogenic effects of interleukin-1beta and lipopolysaccharide in intact and vagotomized rats. Life Sci 1998; 62:923-36. [PMID: 9496715 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vagus nerve appears to serve a role in mediating peripheral immunologic influences on CNS processes. Previous work demonstrates that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevents or attenuates many of the behavioral and physiological responses to exogenous interleukin-1 (IL-1) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We determined whether the somnogenic effects of IL-1 and LPS were altered in vagotomized rats, and whether the effects of vagotomy on IL-1- and LPS-induced alterations in sleep would vary as a function of circadian phase. The data indicate that vagotomy does not influence the normal circadian patterns of sleep and wakefulness in untreated rats, or modify the pyrogenic or somnogenic effects of intracerebroventricular administration of IL-1. However, in unchallenged animals vagotomy reduces basal brain temperatures, increases delta wave amplitudes during slow-wave sleep (SWS), and induces a reduced rate of weight gain, gastric distension, and adrenal hypoplasia. Vagotomy attenuates the febrile effects of IL-1 during both light and dark phases, attenuated IL-1-induced sleep enhancement during the dark phase, and attenuated IL-1-induced increases in delta wave amplitudes within SWS during the light period. In LPS-treated rats, vagotomy attenuates the febrile and SWS responses to LPS after administration at light onset, but not after administration at dark onset. These results indicate that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy attenuates several of the somnogenic and pyrogenic effects of IL-1beta and LPS, although the effectiveness of the vagal transection in modulating these responses is influenced by circadian factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Opp
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA.
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Shackelford PG, Feigin RD. Periodicity of susceptibility to pneumococcal infection: influence of light and adrenocortical secretions. Science 1973; 182:285-7. [PMID: 4147530 DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4109.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Circadian periodicity of susceptibility to pneumococcal infection was altered but not abolished in blind or adrenalectomized mice. Serum corticosterone concentrations 24 hours after pneumococcal challenge were greatest in animals challenged at 0400 hours, a time when circulatory corticosterone is lowest; the smallest absolute increase in serum corticosterone followed challenge at 1600 hours.
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18
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Feigin RD, Middelkamp JN, Reed C. Circadian rhythmicity in susceptibility of mice to sublethal Coxsackie B3 infection. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 240:57-8. [PMID: 4629037 DOI: 10.1038/newbio240057a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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