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Zhang H, Zhang S, Wang W, Wang Q, Kuang H, Wang Q. Characterizing metabolites and potential metabolic pathways changes to understanding the mechanism of medicinal plant Phellodendri Amurensis cortex against doxorubicin-induced nephritis rats using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113336. [PMID: 32653762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phellodendri Amurensis cortex (PAC), a famous traditional Chinese herb with good anti-inflammatory efficacy, is used to treat various liver and kidney sickness in clinical practice. However, the potential mechanisms protecting against nephritis of PAC have not been comprehensively elucidated. The aim of this research was to explore the mechanism of PAC against doxorubicin- induced nephritis in rats by characterizing metabolites and potential metabolic pathways changes. The rat models of nephritis were established using 6.5 mg/kg doxorubicin injection from caudal vein for five weeks. The rats in the treatment group were respectively received PAC extract at the dose of 216, 432, and 864 mg/kg once a day during the experiment. Then, urine metabolomics strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) has been employed to discover the possible significant metabolites and metabolic pathway of nephritis rats. At the end of the experiment, serum, urine and kidney tissue were collected for biochemical and pathological examination. The results showed that PAC treatment notably decreased urinary protein, serum Cr content and renal tissue lesions, and increased serum TP and ALB content. A total of potential twenty- eight metabolites such as 5'-methylthioadenosine, cGMP, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, salbuta, 2-phenylaminoadenosine contributing to nephritis rat model were selected and identified in the urine samples. Compared with the model group, the high-dose PAC group can recall 18 metabolites level, the medium-dose group can recall 13 metabolites level, and the low-dose PAC group can recall 8 metabolites level, which were involved in nine primary metabolic pathways such as steroid hormone biosynthesis, alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism as well as glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. The protein expressions of key enzymes involving methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (Mtap), cytidine deaminase (Cda), thymidine kinase (Tk), argininosuccinate synthase (Ass) in metabolic pathways were further verified by Western blot. The results showed that Phellodendron chinense up-regulated the protein expressions of Cda and Tk and down-regulated the protein expressions of Mtap and Ass. In conclusion, PAC possesses renoprotective effect against doxorubicin-induced nephritis, which may be mediated via regulating differential metabolites, reducing oxidative stress response, improving renal function, enhancing the ability of the immune system, regulating the role of key enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcai Zhang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Wenran Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Huandong Road 280, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM. Purinergic signalling and immune cells. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:529-64. [PMID: 25352330 PMCID: PMC4272370 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a historical perspective on the role of purinergic signalling in the regulation of various subsets of immune cells from early discoveries to current understanding. It is now recognised that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides are released from cells following stress or injury. They can act on virtually all subsets of immune cells through a spectrum of P2X ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Furthermore, ATP is rapidly degraded into adenosine by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, and adenosine exerts additional regulatory effects through its own receptors. The resulting effect ranges from stimulation to tolerance depending on the amount and time courses of nucleotides released, and the balance between ATP and adenosine. This review identifies the various receptors involved in the different subsets of immune cells and their effects on the function of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Caljon G, Van Den Abbeele J, Stijlemans B, Coosemans M, De Baetselier P, Magez S. Tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of Trypanosoma brucei infection in a mouse model associated with a reduced host inflammatory response. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6324-30. [PMID: 16954393 PMCID: PMC1695494 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01046-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors that transmit African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause human sleeping sickness and veterinary infections in the African continent. These blood-feeding dipteran insects deposit saliva at the feeding site that enables the blood-feeding process. Here we demonstrate that tsetse fly saliva also accelerates the onset of a Trypanosoma brucei infection. This effect was associated with a reduced inflammatory reaction at the site of infection initiation (reflected by a decrease of interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-12 mRNA) as well as lower serum concentrations of the trypanocidal cytokine tumor necrosis factor. Variant-specific surface glycoprotein-specific antibody isotypes immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG2a, implicated in trypanosome clearance, were not suppressed. We propose that tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of trypanosome infection by inhibiting local and systemic inflammatory responses involved in parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Caljon
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Bours MJL, Swennen ELR, Di Virgilio F, Cronstein BN, Dagnelie PC. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:358-404. [PMID: 16784779 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 770] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human health is under constant threat of a wide variety of dangers, both self and nonself. The immune system is occupied with protecting the host against such dangers in order to preserve human health. For that purpose, the immune system is equipped with a diverse array of both cellular and non-cellular effectors that are in continuous communication with each other. The naturally occurring nucleotide adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolite adenosine (Ado) probably constitute an intrinsic part of this extensive immunological network through purinergic signaling by their cognate receptors, which are widely expressed throughout the body. This review provides a thorough overview of the effects of ATP and Ado on major immune cell types. The overwhelming evidence indicates that ATP and Ado are important endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Although the role of ATP and Ado during the course of inflammatory and immune responses in vivo appears to be extremely complex, we propose that their immunological role is both interdependent and multifaceted, meaning that the nature of their effects may shift from immunostimulatory to immunoregulatory or vice versa depending on extracellular concentrations as well as on expression patterns of purinergic receptors and ecto-enzymes. Purinergic signaling thus contributes to the fine-tuning of inflammatory and immune responses in such a way that the danger to the host is eliminated efficiently with minimal damage to healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J L Bours
- Maastricht University, Department of Epidemiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of amphotericin B on the yeast surface and phagocytic killing activity. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kruszewska H, Misicka A, Chmielowiec U. Biodegradation of DNA and nucleotides to nucleosides and free bases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:13-20. [PMID: 14751311 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two different microorganisms were examined in order to check their ability to degrade an exogenous DNA. Bacteria from species: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Brevundimonas diminuta, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium butyricum and fungus Fusarium moniliforme were capable to degrade DNA to nucleic bases or their derivatives. Degradation of DNA by S. maltophilia resulted in formation of free bases, such as hypoxanthine, thymine, uracil and xanthine. The optimum concentration of DNA seemed to be 3 mg ml(-1). The mode of degradation of DNA nucleotides depended on the type of nucleotide and its concentration, but nucleic bases or their derivatives were always formed at the end of the reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kruszewska
- National Institute of Public Health, 30/34 Chelmska, 00725, Warszawa, Poland.
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Thiel M, Caldwell CC, Sitkovsky MV. The critical role of adenosine A2A receptors in downregulation of inflammation and immunity in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:515-26. [PMID: 12758281 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine can be described as a retaliatory metabolite, the production and release of which is usually enhanced under adverse environmental conditions. Binding via specific receptors, adenosine activates endogenous protective mechanisms aiming at the restoration of tissue homeostasis. While adenosinergic downregulation of tissue damage is beneficial in acute inflammation, chronic suppression of the immune system by adenosine may account for immunoparalysis in long-term septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Thiel
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10/11N311, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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Hazen KC, Mandell G, Coleman E, Wu G. Influence of fluconazole at subinhibitory concentrations on cell surface hydrophobicity and phagocytosis of Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 183:89-94. [PMID: 10650207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) status influences virulence of Candida albicans and decreases the susceptibility of yeast cells to phagocytic killing. We tested whether subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazole, which is widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of candidiasis, affect CSH and the susceptibility of C. albicans to enzymatic digestion by glucanase and to phagocytic killing. Treatment of yeast cells with subinhibitory fluconazole concentrations resulted in greater phagocytosis. This effect was independent of CSH but may be related to increased cell wall porosity resulting from alterations in the cell envelope. The use of subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazole in patients with competent phagocytes may contribute to resistance to candidiasis regardless of yeast CSH status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Hazen
- Department of Pathology, P.O. Box 214, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Chmielowiec U, Kruszewska H, Cybulski J. Selective hydrolysis of nucleotides to nucleosides and free bases. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:611-4. [PMID: 10555263 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(99)00071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the hydrolysis of 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid (dAMP), 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid (dCMP), 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphoric acid (dGMP) and tymidine-5'-monophosphoric acid (dTMP) was studied in the presence of Xanthomonas maltophilia [1]. The reaction products are nucleosides: 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA), 2'-deoxycytidine (dC), 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) and tymidine (dT), respectively, or the respective free bases. Hydrolysis of dTMP and dGMP proceeded stepwise according to the sequence: nucleotide-->nucleoside-->free base, whereas no accumulation of the free base was observed during the hydrolysis of dAMP and dCMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Chmielowiec
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland.
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Chen X, Catravas JD. Release of a leukocyte activation inhibitor by staurosporine-treated pulmonary artery endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:L184-92. [PMID: 9688950 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.1.l184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAE) treated with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor staurosporine inhibited O-2. generation by neutrophils exposed to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but did not affect O-2. generated enzymatically by xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO). Similar results were obtained with conditioned medium from staurosporine-pretreated BPAE. The inhibitory effects of staurosporine-treated BPAE on O-2. generation were not altered by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethylcarbamazine. This BPAE-derived inhibitor was continuously released from staurosporine-pretreated BPAE for at least 5 h. The exact nature of the inhibitor remains unknown, but it appears to be a positively charged molecule with molecular weight <10,000. Treatment of either BPAE or neutrophils with staurosporine or conditioned medium from staurosporine-treated BPAE prevented the neutrophil-mediated decrease in endothelium-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and cytotoxicity in BPAE. In contrast, staurosporine potentiated the H2O2- and X/XO-mediated endothelial cytotoxicity. These data suggest that staurosporine-treated endothelial cells release a soluble factor that inhibits neutrophil activation and protects endothelial cells from neutrophil-mediated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Barnes CR, Mandell GL, Carper HT, Luong S, Sullivan GW. Adenosine modulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil activation. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:1851-7. [PMID: 8615864 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that adenosine, known to be release from inflammatory sites, could lessen the potentially damaging activity of neutrophils (PMN) primed by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) at sites of infection. We investigated the effect of adenosine on PMN primed with cell-free medium from mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) that had been treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) yielding a conditioned medium rich in TNF alpha and on PMN primed with recombinant human TNF alpha (rhTNF alpha). LPS (10 ng/mL) minimally primed PMN, but LPS-MNL-conditioned medium increased PMN chemiluminescence in response to f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) 1242% compared with unprimed PMN. LPS-MNL-conditioned medium contained adenosine (approximately 30 nM). Converting the adenosine in the LPS-MNL-conditioned medium to inosine with adenosine deaminase (ADA) or blocking adenosine binding to PMN with the adenosine receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-(phenyl-p-acrylate)-xanthine (BW A1433U) resulted in a near doubling of chemiluminescence. The LPS-MNL-conditioned medium contained TNF alpha (836 pg/mL; approximately 1 U/mL). Recombinant human TNF alpha (1 U/mL) primed PMN for a 1033% increase in chemiluminescence. Added adenosine decreased rhTNF alpha-primed PMN chemiluminescence (IC50 approximately 100 nM), and adenosine (100 nM) decreased both superoxide and myeloperoxidase release from rhTNF alpha-primed fMLP-stimulated PMN. The activity of adenosine was counteracted by ADA and BW A1433U, and the modulating effect of adenosine was on the primed response rather than on priming per se. Thus, physiological concentrations of adenosine reduce the effects of recombinant human TNF alpha and native human TNF alpha (released from LPS-treated MNL) on PMN activity. Endogenous adenosine may preclude or minimize damage to infected tissue by damping the TNF alpha-primed PMN oxidative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Barnes
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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