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Sangiorgio G, Calvo M, Migliorisi G, Campanile F, Stefani S. The Impact of Enterococcus spp. in the Immunocompromised Host: A Comprehensive Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:409. [PMID: 38787261 PMCID: PMC11124283 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunocompromised host is usually vulnerable to infectious diseases due to broad-spectrum treatments and immunological dysregulation. The Enterococcus genus consists of normal gut commensals, which acquire a leading role in infective processes among individuals with compromised immune systems. These microorganisms may express a potential virulence and resistance spectrum, enabling their function as severe pathogens. The Enterococcus spp. infections in immunocompromised hosts appear to be difficult to resolve due to the immunological response impairment and the possibility of facing antimicrobial-resistant strains. As regards the related risk factors, several data demonstrated that prior antibiotic exposure, medical device insertion, prolonged hospitalization and surgical interventions may lead to Enterococcus overgrowth, antibiotic resistance and spread among critical healthcare settings. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of Enterococcus spp. in the immunocompromised host, summarizing the available knowledge about virulence factors, antimicrobial-resistance mechanisms and host-pathogen interaction. The review ultimately yearns for more substantial support to further investigations about enterococcal infections and immunocompromised host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sangiorgio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Maddalena Calvo
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Migliorisi
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Floriana Campanile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
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2
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Hembach N, Drechsel V, Sobol M, Kaster AK, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R, Schwartz T. Effect of glyphosate, its metabolite AMPA, and the glyphosate formulation Roundup ® on brown trout ( Salmo trutta f. fario) gut microbiome diversity. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1271983. [PMID: 38298542 PMCID: PMC10829098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is used worldwide as a compound of pesticides and is detectable in many environmental compartments. It enters water bodies primarily through drift from agricultural areas so that aquatic organisms are exposed to this chemical, especially after rain events. Glyphosate is advertised and sold as a highly specific herbicide, which interacts with the EPSP synthase, an enzyme of the shikimate metabolism, resulting in inhibition of the synthesis of vital aromatic amino acids. However, not only plants but also bacteria can possess this enzyme so that influences of glyphosate on the microbiomes of exposed organisms cannot be excluded. Those influences may result in subtle and long-term effects, e.g., disturbance of the symbiotic interactions of bionts with microorganisms of their microbiomes. Mechanisms how the transformation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) of glyphosate might interfere in this context have not understood so far. In the present study, molecular biological fingerprinting methods showed concentration-dependent effects of glyphosate and AMPA on fish microbiomes. In addition, age-dependent differences in the composition of the microbiomes regarding abundance and diversity were detected. Furthermore, the effect of exposure to glyphosate and AMPA was investigated for several fish pathogens of gut microbiomes in terms of their gene expression of virulence factors associated with pathogenicity. In vitro transcriptome analysis with the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri revealed that it is questionable whether the observed effect on the microbiome is caused by the intended mode of action of glyphosate, such as the inhibition of EPSP synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hembach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - V. Drechsel
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. Sobol
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A.-K. Kaster
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H.-R. Köhler
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R. Triebskorn
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T. Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Im EJ, Lee HHY, Kim M, Kim MK. Evaluation of Enterococcal Probiotic Usage and Review of Potential Health Benefits, Safety, and Risk of Antibiotic-Resistant Strain Emergence. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1327. [PMID: 37627747 PMCID: PMC10451534 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are often used in probiotics but can also cause nosocomial infections. As such, enterococcal consumption may have beneficial health effects, but a thorough evaluation of virulence absence and risk of antibiotic resistance spread is needed at the strain level. This article reviewed ten online health product shopping websites in the US. On these websites, 23 probiotic products using enterococci were found across 12 companies. In addition, this article reviewed studies that demonstrated the probiotic potential of enterococcal consumption (e.g., gastrointestinal and respiratory disease, hyperlipidemia alleviation, as well as infection prevention). To investigate the safety aspects of enterococci, the present work examined studies evaluating virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, this article assessed research that explored these virulent factors, specifically in probiotics containing enterococci, as well as the potential transfer mechanism of their antibiotic resistance. Based on reviewed data, enterococcal probiotic consumption has been proven beneficial for conditions or symptoms of multiple diseases without any apparent adverse effects. However, due to the plasmid- or transposon-mediated gene transfer ability of enterococci, surveillance monitoring and further studies regarding enterococcal consumption are warranted. Future studies that identify enterococcal strains safe to use in probiotics without virulence factors and antibiotic resistance are imperative for evidence-based decisions by health organizations and government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jeeho Im
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Harry Hyun-Yup Lee
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Lillington, NC 27546, USA
| | - Minzae Kim
- College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myo-Kyoung Kim
- Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
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Zhou Z, Shen D, Wang K, Liu J, Li M, Win-Shwe TT, Nagaoka K, Li C. Pulmonary microbiota intervention alleviates fine particulate matter-induced lung inflammation in broilers. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad207. [PMID: 37341706 PMCID: PMC10390102 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) released during the livestock industry endangers the respiratory health of animals. Our previous findings suggested that broilers exposed to PM2.5 exhibited lung inflammation and changes in the pulmonary microbiome. Therefore, this study was to investigate whether the pulmonary microbiota plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of PM2.5-induced lung inflammation. We first used antibiotics to establish a pulmonary microbiota intervention broiler model, which showed a significantly reduced total bacterial load in the lungs without affecting the microbiota composition or structure. Based on it, 45 AA broilers of similar body weight were randomly assigned to three groups: control (CON), PM2.5 (PM), and pulmonary microbiota intervention (ABX-PM). From 21 d of age, broilers in the ABX-PM group were intratracheally instilled with antibiotics once a day for 3 d. Meanwhile, broilers in the other two groups were simultaneously instilled with sterile saline. On 24 and 26 d of age, broilers in the PM and ABX-PM groups were intratracheally instilled with PM2.5 suspension to induce lung inflammation, and broilers in the CON group were simultaneously instilled with sterile saline. The lung histomorphology, inflammatory cytokines' expression levels, lung microbiome, and microbial growth conditions were analyzed to determine the effect of the pulmonary microbiota on PM2.5-induced lung inflammation. Broilers in the PM group showed lung histological injury, while broilers in the ABX-PM group had normal lung histomorphology. Furthermore, microbiota intervention significantly reduced mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa-B. PM2.5 induced significant changes in the β diversity and structure of the pulmonary microbiota in the PM group. However, no significant changes in microbiota structure were observed in the ABX-PM group. Moreover, the relative abundance of Enterococcus cecorum in the PM group was significantly higher than that in the CON and ABX-PM groups. And sterile bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the PM group significantly promoted the growth of E. cecorum, indicating that PM2.5 altered the microbiota's growth condition. In conclusion, pulmonary microbiota can affect PM2.5-induced lung inflammation in broilers. PM2.5 can alter the bacterial growth environment and promote dysbiosis, potentially exacerbating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Zhou
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Dan Shen
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Junze Liu
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chunmei Li
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Gastrointestinal Genomes, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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McEllistrem MC, Nordstrom HR, Lucas A, Decker BK, Van Tyne D. Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Endocarditis After Clearance of Vancomycin-Sensitive Enterococcus faecium Bacteremia. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:382-385. [PMID: 34918959 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) bacteremia is associated with higher mortality rates and longer hospitalizations than vancomycin-sensitive enterococcal (VSE) bacteremia. A 67-year-old man with a right psoas abscess and pacemaker-associated tricuspid valve endocarditis in September 2020 grew VSE Enterococcus faecium from blood cultures that cleared after administration of intravenous vancomycin and gentamicin. Subsequently, he underwent tricuspid valve repair, pacemaker removal, and partial lead extraction. Valve and postoperative blood cultures grew VRE E. faecium, which cleared after administration of intravenous daptomycin. One VSE and two VRE isolates were collected and sequenced. All isolates belonged to E. faecium multilocus sequence type ST17 and were closely related, having <20 mutations in pairwise genome comparisons. Vancomycin resistance was due to the acquisition of a plasmid-encoded VanA operon. None of the isolates encoded the virulence factors asa1, gelE, cylA, or hyl; all encoded a homologue of efaAfm. VSE E. faecium, but not VRE E. faecium isolates, encoded a glucose transporter gene mutation. Two VRE E. faecium isolates formed more robust biofilms than the VSE E. faecium isolate (p < 0.001). The VRE E. faecium isolates, which generated larger biofilms than the VSE E. faecium isolate, could have remained protected in the heart valve and only caused bacteremia when disrupted during cardiac surgery. This study demonstrates that bacteria detected in the bloodstream of patients with endocarditis may not fully represent the organisms adherent to the cardiac valves or indwelling devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Catherine McEllistrem
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Infectious Diseases Section, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hayley R Nordstrom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron Lucas
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Infectious Diseases Section, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brooke K Decker
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Infectious Diseases Section, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Oruc O, Ceti̇n O, Onal Darilmaz D, Yüsekdag ZN. Determination of the biosafety of potential probiotic Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from traditional white cheeses. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mariam SH. A sampling survey of enterococci within pasteurized, fermented dairy products and their virulence and antibiotic resistance properties. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254390. [PMID: 34264984 PMCID: PMC8282027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, fermented foods (FFs), which may be traditional or industrially-produced, are major sources of nutrition. In the traditional practice, the fermentation process is driven by communities of virtually uncharacterized microflora indigenous to the food substrate. Some of these flora can have virulent or antibiotic resistance properties, posing risk to consumers. Others, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, may also be found in such foods. Enterococci that harbor antibiotic resistance or virulence factors can cycle among animals, food, humans and the environment, thereby transferring these harmful properties at the gene level to harmless commensals in the food matrix, animals and humans. In this work, several microbial isolates obtained from different FF sources were analyzed for their identity and virulence and/or antibiotic resistance properties. For identification aiming at enterococci, isolates that were Gram-positive and catalase- and oxidase-negative were subjected to multiple tests including for growth in broth containing 6.5% NaCl, growth and hydrolytic activity on medium containing bile-esculin, hemolytic activity on blood agar, and growth at 45°C and survival after incubation at 60°C for 30 min. Furthermore, the isolates were tested for susceptibility/resistance to a select group of antibiotics. Finally, the isolates were molecularly-characterized with respect to species identity and presence of virulence-encoding genes by amplification of target genes. Most sources contained enterococci, in addition to most of them also containing Gram-negative flora. Most of these also harbored virulence factors. Several isolates were also antibiotic-resistant. These results strongly suggest attention should be given to better control presence of such potentially pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon H. Mariam
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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8
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Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Human Dental Plaque. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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El-Telbany M, El-Didamony G, Askora A, Ariny E, Abdallah D, Connerton IF, El-Shibiny A. Bacteriophages to Control Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Infection of Dental Root Canals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030517. [PMID: 33802385 PMCID: PMC7998577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is an alternative treatment to antibiotics that can overcome multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophages targeted against Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root canal infections obtained from clinics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Ismalia, Egypt. Bacteriophage, vB_ZEFP, was isolated from concentrated wastewater collected from hospital sewage. Morphological and genomic analysis revealed that the phage belongs to the Podoviridae family with a linear double-stranded DNA genome, consisting of 18,454, with a G + C content of 32.8%. Host range analysis revealed the phage could infect 10 of 13 E. faecalis isolates exhibiting a range of antibiotic resistances recovered from infected root canals with efficiency of plating values above 0.5. One-step growth curves of this phage showed that it has a burst size of 110 PFU per infected cell, with a latent period of 10 min. The lytic activity of this phage against E. faecalis biofilms showed that the phage was able to control the growth of E. faecalis in vitro. Phage vB_ZEFP could also prevent ex-vivo E. faecalis root canal infection. These results suggest that phage vB_ZEFP has potential for application in phage therapy and specifically in the prevention of infection after root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Telbany
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Gamal El-Didamony
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Eman Ariny
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Dalia Abdallah
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismaïlia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (I.F.C.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +44-115-9516119 (I.F.C.)
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12578, Egypt
- Correspondence: (I.F.C.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +44-115-9516119 (I.F.C.)
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Agius JE, Phalen DN, Rose K, Eden JS. Genomic Insights Into the Pathogenicity of a Novel Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus sp. Bacteria ( Enterococcus lacertideformus) Identified in Reptiles. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:635208. [PMID: 33737921 PMCID: PMC7960928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome analysis of a novel species of enterococci, Enterococcus lacertideformus, causing multi-systemic and invariably fatal disease in critically endangered Christmas Island reptiles was undertaken to determine the genetic elements and potential mechanisms conferring its pathogenic nature, biofilm-forming capabilities, immune recognition avoidance, and inability to grow in vitro. Comparative genomic analyses with related and clinically significant enterococci were further undertaken to infer the evolutionary history of the bacterium and identify genes both novel and absent. The genome had a G + C content of 35.1%, consisted of a circular chromosome, no plasmids, and was 2,419,934 bp in length (2,321 genes, 47 tRNAs, and 13 rRNAs). Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of multiple E. lacertideformus samples revealed they were effectively indistinguishable from one another and highly clonal. E. lacertideformus was found to be located within the Enterococcus faecium species clade and was closely related to Enterococcus villorum F1129D based on 16S rDNA and MLST house-keeping gene analysis. Antimicrobial resistance (DfreE, EfrB, tetM, bcrRABD, and sat4) and virulence genes (Fss3 and ClpP), and genes conferring tolerance to metals and biocides (n = 9) were identified. The detection of relatively few genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence indicates that this bacterium may have had no exposure to recently developed and clinically significant antibiotics. Genes potentially imparting beneficial functional properties were identified, including prophages, insertion elements, integrative conjugative elements, and genomic islands. Functional CRISPR-Cas arrays, and a defective prophage region were identified in the genome. The study also revealed many genomic loci unique to E. lacertideformus which contained genes enriched in cell wall/membrane/envelop biogenesis, and carbohydrate metabolism and transport functionality. This finding and the detection of putative enterococcal biofilm determinants (EfaAfs, srtC, and scm) may underpin the novel biofilm phenotype observed for this bacterium. Comparative analysis of E. lacertideformus with phylogenetically related and clinically significant enterococci (E. villorum F1129D, Enterococcus hirae R17, E. faecium AUS0085, and Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF) revealed an absence of genes (n = 54) in E. lacertideformus, that encode metabolic functionality, which potentially hinders nutrient acquisition and/or utilization by the bacterium and precludes growth in vitro. These data provide genetic insights into the previously determined phenotype and pathogenic nature of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Esther Agius
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - David Norton Phalen
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.,Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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11
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Francisco PA, Fagundes PIDG, Lemes-Junior JC, Lima AR, Passini MRZ, Gomes BPFA. Pathogenic potential of Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from root canals after unsuccessful endodontic treatment. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5171-5179. [PMID: 33559751 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate strains of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from endodontic failures cases for (a) presence of virulence genes, namely, gelatinase production (gelE), surface protein (esp), collagen-binding adhesin (ace), cytolysin activator (cylA), E. faecalis antigen A (efaA) and aggregation substance (asa), all by using PCR; (b) biofilm formation capacity; and (c) activity of gelatinase and β-lactamase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five strains of E. faecalis were tested. The DNA extracted from these strains was used for identification of virulence genes by PCR and 1% agarose gel. Biofilm formation was performed on polystyrene microplates by using the violet crystal staining method. For assessment of the gelatinase activity, inoculum of pure cultures was deposited in tubes containing gelatin and a nutrient broth, whereas nitrocefin disks were used to assess the β-lactamase action. RESULTS The virulence genes efaA and cylA were detected in 100% of the strains, whereas gelE was present in 84%, ace in 68%, esp in 56% and asa in 48%. Four strains had no biofilm formation, 17 had poor formation and four had moderate formation. Gelatinase production was observed in three strains and β-lactamase resistance in five strains of E. faecalis. TOPIC Diverse patterns of virulence gene detection were observed among the E. faecalis strains, with predominance of those capable of forming biofilm. A few strains have been found to hydrolyze gelatin proteins, whereas β-lactamase resistance was detected in different isolates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To understand the influence of virulence factors in E. faecalis on the host heath status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Amanda Francisco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ivo da Graça Fagundes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Lemes-Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Rodrigues Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maicon Ricardo Zieberg Passini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gholizadeh P, Aghazadeh M, Ghotaslou R, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Pirzadeh T, Köse Ş, Ganbarov K, Yousefi M, Kafil HS. CRISPR- cas system in the acquisition of virulence genes in dental-root canal and hospital-acquired isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Virulence 2020; 11:1257-1267. [PMID: 32930628 PMCID: PMC7549939 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1809329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is one of the important causative agents of nosocomial and life-threatening infections in human. Several studies have demonstrated that the presence of CRISPR-cas is associated with antibiotic susceptibility and lack of virulence traits. In this study, we aimed to assess the phenotypic and genotypic virulence determinants in relation to CRISPR elements from the dental-root canals and hospital-acquired isolates of E. faecalis. Eighty-eight hospital-acquired and 73 dental-root canal isolates of E. faecalis were assessed in this study. Phenotypic screening of the isolates included biofilm formation, and gelatinase and hemolysis activities. Genotypical screening using PCR was further used to evaluate the presence of CRISPR elements and different virulence-associated genes such as efaA, esp, cylA, hyl, gelE, ace, ebpR, and asa1. Biofilm formation, gelatinase, and hemolysis activities were detected in 93.8%, 29.2%, and 19.2% of the isolates, respectively. The most prevalent virulence-associated gene was ace, which was followed by efaA, whereas cylA was the least identified. The presence of CRISPR1-cas, orphan CRISPR2, and CRISPR3-cas was determined in 13%, 55.3%, and 17.4% of the isolates, respectively. CRISPR elements were significantly more prevalent in the dental-root canal isolates. An inverse significant correlation was found between CRISPR-cas loci, esp, and gelE, while direct correlations were observed in the case of cylA, hyl, gelE (among CRISPR-loci 1 and 3), asa1, ace, biofilm formation, and hemolysis activity. Findings, therefore, indicate that CRISPR-cas might prevent the acquisition of some respective pathogenicity factors in some isolates, though not all; so selective forces could not influence pathogenic traits. Abbreviations: BHI: brain-heart infusion agar; CRISPRs: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Esp: Cell wall-associated protein; ENT: ear-nose-throat; ICU: intensive care units; OD: optical densities; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; UTI: urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Gholizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Reza Ghotaslou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Pirzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Şükran Köse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
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García López E, Martín-Galiano AJ. The Versatility of Opportunistic Infections Caused by Gemella Isolates Is Supported by the Carriage of Virulence Factors From Multiple Origins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:524. [PMID: 32296407 PMCID: PMC7136413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of the pathogenesis of the opportunistic invasive infections caused by isolates of the Gemella genus remains largely unknown. Moreover, inconsistencies in the current species assignation were detected after genome-level comparison of 16 public Gemella isolates. A literature search detected that, between the two most pathogenic species, Gemella morbillorum causes about twice the number of cases compared to Gemella haemolysans. These two species shared their mean diseases - sepsis and endocarditis - but differed in causing other syndromes. A number of well-known virulence factors were harbored by all species, such as a manganese transport/adhesin sharing 83% identity from oral endocarditis-causing streptococci. Likewise, all Gemellae carried the genes required for incorporating phosphorylcholine into their cell walls and encoded some choline-binding proteins. In contrast, other proteins were species-specific, which may justify the known epidemiological differences. G. haemolysans, but not G. morbillorum, harbor a gene cluster potentially encoding a polysaccharidic capsule. Species-specific surface determinants also included Rib and MucBP repeats, hemoglobin-binding NEAT domains, peptidases of C5a complement factor and domains that recognize extracellular matrix molecules exposed in damaged heart valves, such as collagen and fibronectin. Surface virulence determinants were associated with several taxonomically dispersed opportunistic genera of the oral microbiota, such as Granulicatella, Parvimonas, and Streptococcus, suggesting the existence of a horizontally transferrable gene reservoir in the oral environment, likely facilitated by close proximity in biofilms and ultimately linked to endocarditis. The identification of the Gemella virulence pool should be implemented in whole genome-based protocols to rationally predict the pathogenic potential in ongoing clinical infections caused by these poorly known bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto García López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Martín-Galiano
- Intrahospital Infections Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain
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Neveling DP, Ahire JJ, Laubscher W, Rautenbach M, Dicks LMT. Genetic and Phenotypic Characteristics of a Multi-strain Probiotic for Broilers. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:369-387. [PMID: 31832841 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from different segments of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of healthy free-range broilers were screened for probiotic properties. Six strains were selected and identified as Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on 16S rRNA, gyrB and recA gene sequence analyses. All six strains produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) and formed biofilms under conditions simulating the broiler GIT. Lactobacillus johnsonii DPN184 and L. salivarius DPN181 produced hydrogen peroxide, and L. crispatus DPN167 and E. faecalis DPN94 produced bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and phytase. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DPN123 produced phytase, amylase, surfactin and iturin A1. No abnormalities were observed when broilers were fed the multi-strain combination, suggesting that it could be used as a probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deon P Neveling
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Jayesh J Ahire
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Wikus Laubscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Narenji H, Teymournejad O, Rezaee MA, Taghizadeh S, Mehramuz B, Aghazadeh M, Asgharzadeh M, Madhi M, Gholizadeh P, Ganbarov K, Yousefi M, Pakravan A, Dal T, Ahmadi R, Samadi Kafil H. Antisense peptide nucleic acids againstftsZ andefaA genes inhibit growth and biofilm formation of Enterococcusfaecalis. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103907. [PMID: 31811888 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is one of the important causes of nosocomial infections. Nowadays, increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and slow progress in recognizing new antimicrobial agents has limited the efficiency of conventional antibiotics, which cause to find novel strategies to overcome bacteria. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the role of efaA gene in the biofilm formation and the role of ftsZ gene in the controlling of bacterial growth by the anti-sense PNAs(Peptide Nucleic Acid).E. faecalis ATCC® 29212™was used for the study of PNAs designed to targeting the start codon section of the ftsZ andefaA genes. PNA attachment to RNA was confirmed by blotting. Electroporation technique was used for the intracellular transfer of anti-ftsZ PNAs. The spot-plating method was used to the assessment of alteration in bacterial growth. Biofilm formation assay and real-time PCR were used for detection of biofilm inhibitory effect of cell penetrating peptide (CPP) conjugated to anti-efaA PNAs.ByftsZ PNAs treatment, no growth was seen from the strain in agar by a spot plating method and the inhibition zone of anti-ftsZ PNAs was not seen. PNAs against the efaA gene decreased by 95% the expression of the efaA gene and biofilm formation. In addition, the(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay showed no toxicity on MCF7 cells for both of anti-ftsZand anti-efaA PNAs.This study used new genetic and molecular tools to inhibit pathogenicity and infection by E. faecalis. In this study, we suggested that efaA gene plays a critical role in the biofilm formation and anti-efaA PNAs could decrease the formation of biofilm, as well as, anti-ftsZ PNAs could eliminate bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanar Narenji
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Teymournejad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | | | - Sepehr Taghizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mehramuz
- Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Madhi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asrin Pakravan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tuba Dal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Raman Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Adaptation to Adversity: the Intermingling of Stress Tolerance and Pathogenesis in Enterococci. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:83/3/e00008-19. [PMID: 31315902 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00008-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus is a diverse and rugged genus colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of humans and numerous hosts across the animal kingdom. Enterococci are also a leading cause of multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired infections. In each of these settings, enterococci must contend with changing biophysical landscapes and innate immune responses in order to successfully colonize and transit between hosts. Therefore, it appears that the intrinsic durability that evolved to make enterococci optimally competitive in the host gastrointestinal tract also ideally positioned them to persist in hospitals, despite disinfection protocols, and acquire new antibiotic resistances from other microbes. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and regulation employed by enterococci to tolerate diverse stressors and highlight the role of stress tolerance in the biology of this medically relevant genus.
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Ayala DI, Cook PW, Franco JG, Bugarel M, Kottapalli KR, Loneragan GH, Brashears MM, Nightingale KK. A Systematic Approach to Identify and Characterize the Effectiveness and Safety of Novel Probiotic Strains to Control Foodborne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1108. [PMID: 31156609 PMCID: PMC6533568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 44 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains originally isolated from cattle feces and different food sources were screened for their potential probiotic features. The antimicrobial activity of all isolates was tested by well-diffusion assay and competitive exclusion on broth against Salmonella Montevideo, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strain N1-002. Thirty-eight LAB strains showed antagonistic effect against at least one of the pathogens tested in this study. Improved inhibitory effect was observed against L. monocytogenes with zones of inhibition up to 24 mm when LAB overnight cultures were used, and up to 21 mm when cell-free filtrates were used. For E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella maximum inhibitions of 12 and 11.5 mm were observed, respectively. On broth, 43 strains reduced L. monocytogenes up to 9.06 log10 CFU/ml, 41 reduced E. coli O157:H7 up to 0.84 log10 CFU/ml, and 32 reduced Salmonella up to 0.94 log10 CFU/ml 24 h after co-inoculation. Twenty-eight LAB isolates that exhibited the highest inhibitory effect among pathogens were further analyzed to determine their antimicrobial resistance profile, adhesion potential, and cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells. All LAB strains tested were susceptible to ampicillin, linezolid, and penicillin. Twenty-six were able to adhere to Caco-2 cells, five were classified as highly adhesive with > 40 bacterial cells/Caco-2 cells. Low cytotoxicity percentages were observed for the candidate LAB strains with values ranging from -5 to 8%. Genotypic identification by whole genome sequencing confirmed all as members of the LAB group; Enterococcus was the genus most frequently isolated with 21 isolates, followed by Pediococcus with 4, and Lactobacillus with 3. In this study, a systematic approach was used for the improved identification of novel LAB strains able to exert antagonistic effect against important foodborne pathogens. Our findings suggest that the selected panel of LAB probiotic strains can be used as biocontrol cultures to inhibit and/or reduce the growth of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7 in different matrices, and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I Ayala
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Peter W Cook
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jorge G Franco
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Marie Bugarel
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kameswara R Kottapalli
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Mindy M Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kendra K Nightingale
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Golob M, Pate M, Kušar D, Dermota U, Avberšek J, Papić B, Zdovc I. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from Humans and Retail Red Meat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2815279. [PMID: 31211134 PMCID: PMC6532320 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2815279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant and virulent enterococci is a major public health concern. While enterococci are commonly found in food of animal origin, the knowledge on their zoonotic potential is limited. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence traits of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from human clinical specimens and retail red meat in Slovenia. A total of 242 isolates were investigated: 101 from humans (71 E. faecalis, 30 E. faecium) and 141 from fresh beef and pork (120 E. faecalis, 21 E. faecium). The susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials was tested using a broth microdilution method, and the presence of seven common virulence genes was investigated using PCR. In both species, the distribution of several resistance phenotypes and virulence genes was disparate for isolates of different origin. All isolates were susceptible to daptomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. In both species, the susceptibility to antimicrobials was strongly associated with a food origin and the multidrug resistance, observed in 29.6% of E. faecalis and 73.3% E. faecium clinical isolates, with a clinical origin (Fisher's exact test). Among meat isolates, in total 66.0% of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested and 32.6% were resistant to either one or two antimicrobials. In E. faecalis, several virulence genes were significantly associated with a clinical origin; the most common (31.0%) gene pattern included all the tested genes except hyl. In meat isolates, the virulence genes were detected in E. faecalis only and the most common pattern included ace, efaA, and gelE (32.5%), of which gelE showed a statistically significant association with a clinical origin. These results emphasize the importance of E. faecalis in red meat as a reservoir of virulence genes involved in its persistence and human infections with reported severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Golob
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Pate
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Kušar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Dermota
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Gosposvetska ulica 12, SI-4000 Kranj, Slovenia
| | - Jana Avberšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Papić
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zdovc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bolhari B, Bahador A, Khoshkhounejad M, Afshar MS, Moghaddaszadeh M. Evaluation of the Effect of MTAD on Expression of Enterococcus faecalis Virulence Factors Considering the Role of Different Obturating Materials. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2018; 15:382-392. [PMID: 30842799 PMCID: PMC6399463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effect of MTAD on the expression of virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis) considering the role of Guttapercha/AH26 or Resilon/RealSeal SE as root canal obturating materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred and forty-four single-rooted human teeth were instrumented to a standardized apical size. Root canals were infected by E.faecalis (ATCC 29212). Ninety teeth were irrigated with MTAD and randomly divided into three groups. In two groups, root canals were obturated by either Gutta-percha/AH26 or Resilon/RealSeal SE. Root canals were kept unobturated in the third group. The remaining 54 teeth received no final irrigation. All groups were then subdivided into three timepoint subgroups in which dentin powder was obtained from each sample to determine the expression of specific virulence factors of E.faecalis (efa, esp, gel, fsr) using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test. The statistical power was set at P-value ≤0.05. RESULTS MTAD was effective against the expression of most of the tested virulence factors, and Gutta-percha/AH26 increased the antibacterial efficacy of MTAD. CONCLUSIONS MTAD could inhibit the expression of some known virulence factors of E.faecalis at the majority of tested timepoints. This may partly explain some of the mechanisms of antimicrobial efficacy of MTAD against this resistant microorganism which is known as one of the main causes of failure of root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Bolhari
- Associate Professor, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Research Center in Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrfam Khoshkhounejad
- Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: M. Khoshkhounejad, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sobhi Afshar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li B, Zhan M, Evivie SE, Jin D, Zhao L, Chowdhury S, Sarker SK, Huo G, Liu F. Evaluating the Safety of Potential Probiotic Enterococcus durans KLDS6.0930 Using Whole Genome Sequencing and Oral Toxicity Study. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1943. [PMID: 30186262 PMCID: PMC6110905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus durans KLDS6.0930 has previously been shown to have probiotic potential. However, being a potential clinical pathogen, it becomes necessary to evaluate its safety status for novel potential probiotic use. The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the safety of E. durans KLDS6.0930 based on its genomics, phenotypic characteristics and oral toxicity. The complete genome of E. durans KLDS6.0930 was sequenced and analyzed for safety-related genes. Antibiotic susceptibility and the production of harmful metabolites were tested. A 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity test was implemented in rats. In vitro, E. durans KLDS6.0930 was resistant to five antibiotics, with intrinsic resistances to four antibiotics and no identified genes for the last. E. durans KLDS6.0930 was not hemolytic and virulence factors were non-functional in its genome. E. durans KLDS6.0930 produced a small amount of tyramine and phenethylamine; genes encoding tyramine decarboxylase were identified. In addition, genotype and phenotype analyses showed that the strain did not have the ability to generate D-lactic acid, indole, or nitroreductase. In vivo, E. durans KLDS6.0930 did not induce adverse effects on the organs, hematological and serum biochemical parameters, or cecal bacterial populations in the oral toxicity test. These results indicate that E. durans KLDS6.0930 can be safely used as a potential probiotic for human consumption and animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Smith E. Evivie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Food Science and Nutrition Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Da Jin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Sathi Chowdhury
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuvan K. Sarker
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Department of Food Science, Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Fan W, Huang Z, Fan B. Effects of prolonged exposure to moderate static magnetic field and its synergistic effects with alkaline pH on Enterococcus faecalis. Microb Pathog 2017; 115:117-122. [PMID: 29241767 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Static magnetic field (SMF) has been shown to biologically affect various microorganisms, but its effects on Enterococcus faecalis, which is associated with multiple dental infections, have not been reported yet. Besides, Enterococcus faecalis was found to be resistant to the alkaline environment provided by a major dental antimicrobial, calcium hydroxide. Therefore, the antibacterial activity of prolonged exposure to moderate SMF (170 mT) and its possible synergistic activity with alkaline pH (pH = 9) were evaluated in the study. The ability to form a biofilm under these conditions was examined by crystal violet assay. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to evaluate the relative expression of stress (dnaK and groEL) and virulence (efaA, ace, gelE and fsrC) related genes. As the results indicated, cell proliferation was inhibited after 120 h of SMF exposure. What's more, the combined treatment of SMF and alkaline pH showed significantly improved antimicrobial action when compared to single SMF and alkaline pH treatment for more than 24 h and 72 h respectively. However, the ability to form a biofilm was also enhanced under SMF and alkaline pH treatments. SMF can induce stress response by up-regulating the expression of dnaK and elevate virulence gene expression (efaA and ace). These responses were more significant and more genes were up-regulated including groEL, gelE and fsrC when exposed to SMF and alkaline pH simultaneously. Hence, combination of SMF and alkaline pH could be a promising disinfection strategy in dental area and other areas associated with Enterococcus faecalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China.
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Beukers AG, Zaheer R, Goji N, Amoako KK, Chaves AV, Ward MP, McAllister TA. Comparative genomics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine feces. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:52. [PMID: 28270110 PMCID: PMC5341189 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus is ubiquitous in nature and is a commensal of both the bovine and human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is also associated with clinical infections in humans. Subtherapeutic administration of antibiotics to cattle selects for antibiotic resistant enterococci in the bovine GI tract. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be present in enterococci following antibiotic use in cattle. If located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) their dissemination between Enterococcus species and to pathogenic bacteria may be promoted, reducing the efficacy of antibiotics. Results We present a comparative genomic analysis of twenty-one Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine feces including Enterococcus hirae (n = 10), Enterococcus faecium (n = 3), Enterococcus villorum (n = 2), Enterococcus casseliflavus (n = 2), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 1), Enterococcus durans (n = 1), Enterococcus gallinarum (n = 1) and Enterococcus thailandicus (n = 1). The analysis revealed E. faecium and E. faecalis from bovine feces share features with human clinical isolates, including virulence factors. The Tn917 transposon conferring macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance was identified in both E. faecium and E. hirae, suggesting dissemination of ARGs on MGEs may occur in the bovine GI tract. An E. faecium isolate was also identified with two integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) belonging to the Tn916 family of ICE, Tn916 and Tn5801, both conferring tetracycline resistance. Conclusions This study confirms the presence of enterococci in the bovine GI tract possessing ARGs on MGEs, but the predominant species in cattle, E. hirae is not commonly associated with infections in humans. Analysis using additional complete genomes of E. faecium from the NCBI database demonstrated differential clustering of commensal and clinical isolates, suggesting that these strains may be specifically adapted to their respective environments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0962-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia G Beukers
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Noriko Goji
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Center for Animal Disease, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Kingsley K Amoako
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Center for Animal Disease, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Alexandre V Chaves
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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Khalifa L, Shlezinger M, Beyth S, Houri-Haddad Y, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Beyth N, Hazan R. Phage therapy against Enterococcus faecalis in dental root canals. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:32157. [PMID: 27640530 PMCID: PMC5027333 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.32157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an ever-growing problem faced by all major sectors of health care, including dentistry. Recurrent infections related to multidrug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in hospitals are untreatable and question the effectiveness of notable drugs. Two major reasons for these recurrent infections are acquired antibiotic resistance genes and biofilm formation. None of the traditionally known effective techniques have been able to efficiently resolve these issues. Hence, development of a highly effective antibacterial practice has become inevitable. One example of a hard-to-eradicate pathogen in dentistry is Enterococcus faecalis, which is one of the most common threats observed in recurrent root canal treatment failures, of which the most problematic to treat are its biofilm-forming VRE strains. An effective response against such infections could be the use of bacteriophages (phages). Phage therapy was found to be highly effective against biofilm and multidrug-resistant bacteria and has other advantages like ease of isolation and possibilities for genetic manipulations. The potential of phage therapy in dentistry, in particular against E. faecalis biofilms in root canals, is almost unexplored. Here we review the efforts to develop phage therapy against biofilms. We also focus on the phages isolated against E. faecalis and discuss the possibility of using phages against E. faecalis biofilm in root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leron Khalifa
- Institute of Dental Science, The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mor Shlezinger
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shaul Beyth
- Orthopedic Surgery Complex, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shunit Coppenhagen-Glazer
- Institute of Dental Science, The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nurit Beyth
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Hazan
- Institute of Dental Science, The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel;
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Lata P, Ram S, Shanker R. Multiplex PCR based genotypic characterization of pathogenic vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis recovered from an Indian river along a city landscape. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1199. [PMID: 27516937 PMCID: PMC4963349 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococci are normal commensals of human gut, but vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a severe threat to human health. Antimicrobial-resistant enterococci have been reported previously from Indian surface waters. However, the presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence markers in Enterococcus faecalis, the most dominant enterococci is yet to be investigated. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to analyse concentration of enterococci and distribution of antimicrobial resistance and virulence markers in E. faecalis isolates from river waters along an important north Indian city landscape. METHODS We enumerated enterococci in river water samples (n = 60) collected from five sites across the Lucknow city landscape using the most probable number and membrane-filtration methods. The antimicrobial sensitivity profile of E. faecalis isolate was generated with the Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial disc diffusion assay. The multiplex PCR was used for genotypic characterization of vancomycin-resistance and virulence in E. faecalis isolates. RESULTS Enterococci density (p < 0.0001) increased from up-to-down-stream sites. Multiplex PCR based genotypic characterization has shown a significant distribution of virulence-markers gelE, ace or efaA in the E. faecalis isolates (p < 0.05). The range of antimicrobial-resistance varied from 5 to 12 in the landscape with the frequency of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VRE) ranging from 22 to 100 %. CONCLUSION The occurrence of pathogenic VRE in river Gomti surface water is an important health concern. The observed high background pool of resistance and virulence in E. faecalis in river waters has the potential to disseminate more alarming antimicrobial resistance in the environment and poses serious health risk in developing countries like India as VRE infections could lead to increased cost of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Lata
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PO Box 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, U.P. 226001 India
| | - Siya Ram
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PO Box 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, U.P. 226001 India
| | - Rishi Shanker
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, PO Box 80, MG Marg, Lucknow, U.P. 226001 India
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University, University Road, Ahmedabad, 380009 India
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Joghataei M, Yavarmanesh M, Dovom MRE. Safety Evaluation and Antibacterial Activity of Enterococci Isolated from Lighvan Cheese. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Joghataei
- Department of Food science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - Masoud Yavarmanesh
- Department of Food science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
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Barbosa-Ribeiro M, De-Jesus-Soares A, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Almeida JFA, Gomes BPFA. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Virulence Genes of Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Teeth with Failure of the Endodontic Treatment. J Endod 2016; 42:1022-8. [PMID: 27221594 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of virulence factors and the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolates of teeth with failure of the endodontic treatment. METHODS Twenty root canal samples were collected from teeth with apical periodontitis. E. faecalis was firstly identified based on phenotypic features and then by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, azithromycin, benzylpenicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, rifampicin, tetracycline, and vancomycin using the E test method. Virulence factors (ace, asa, asa373, cylA, efaA, esp, and gelE) were detected by polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS Amoxicillin + clavulanate was effective against all strains. Intermediate and total resistance was found against the majority of the tested antimicrobials. The susceptibility of some microorganisms to some antimicrobial agents changed according to the evaluation time. MIC50 and MIC90 also varied according to the evaluation time. In relation to the virulence factors of the E faecalis isolates, ace was detected in 100% of the strains, asa (60%), asa373 (15%), efaA (95%), esp (70%), and gelE (75%), whereas cylA was not detected. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that E. faecalis isolates from persistent endodontic infections showed varied degrees of intermediate/total resistance to several antimicrobial agents, with amoxicillin + clavulanate being the most effective agent. Moreover, the strains showed different patterns for virulence gene detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlos Barbosa-Ribeiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana De-Jesus-Soares
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Zaia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio C R Ferraz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José F A Almeida
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kafil HS, Mobarez AM, Moghadam MF, Hashemi ZS, Yousefi M. Gentamicin induces efaA expression and biofilm formation in Enterococcus faecalis. Microb Pathog 2016; 92:30-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Romero-Saavedra F, Laverde D, Budin-Verneuil A, Muller C, Bernay B, Benachour A, Hartke A, Huebner J. Characterization of Two Metal Binding Lipoproteins as Vaccine Candidates for Enterococcal Infections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136625. [PMID: 26322633 PMCID: PMC4556446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecium and faecalis are Gram-positive opportunistic pathogens that have become leading causes of nosocomial infections over the last decades. Especially multidrug resistant enterococci have become a challenging clinical problem worldwide. Therefore, new treatment options are needed and the identification of alternative targets for vaccine development has emerged as a feasible alternative to fight the infections caused by these pathogens. Results We extrapolate the transcriptomic data from a mice peritonitis infection model in E. faecalis to identify putative up-regulated surface proteins under infection conditions in E. faecium. After the bionformatic analyses two metal binding lipoproteins were identified to have a high homology (>72%) between the two species, the manganese ABC transporter substrate-binding lipoprotein (PsaAfm,) and the zinc ABC transporter substrate-binding lipoprotein (AdcAfm). These candidate lipoproteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The recombinant proteins were used to produce rabbit polyclonal antibodies that were able to induce specific opsonic antibodies that mediated killing of the homologous strain E. faecium E155 as well as clinical strains E. faecium E1162, Enterococcus faecalis 12030, type 2 and type 5. Mice were passively immunized with the antibodies raised against recombinant lipoproteins, showing significant reduction of colony counts in mice livers after the bacterial challenge and demonstrating the efficacy of these metal binding lipoproteins as promising vaccine candidates to treat infections caused by these enterococcal pathogens. Conclusion Overall, our results demonstrate that these two metal binding lipoproteins elicited specific, opsonic and protective antibodies, with an extensive cross-reactivity and serotype-independent coverage among these two important nocosomial pathogens. Pointing these two protein antigens as promising immunogens, that can be used as single components or as carrier proteins together with polysaccharide antigens in vaccine development against enterococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Romero-Saavedra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- EA4655 U2RM Stress/Virulence, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Diana Laverde
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- EA4655 U2RM Stress/Virulence, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France
| | | | - Cécile Muller
- EA4655 U2RM Stress/Virulence, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Benoit Bernay
- Proteogen platform SFR ICORE 4206, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Abdellah Benachour
- EA4655 U2RM Stress/Virulence, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Axel Hartke
- EA4655 U2RM Stress/Virulence, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Muller C, Cacaci M, Sauvageot N, Sanguinetti M, Rattei T, Eder T, Giard JC, Kalinowski J, Hain T, Hartke A. The Intraperitoneal Transcriptome of the Opportunistic Pathogen Enterococcus faecalis in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126143. [PMID: 25978463 PMCID: PMC4433114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive lactic acid intestinal opportunistic bacterium with virulence potential. For a better understanding of the adapation of this bacterium to the host conditions, we performed a transcriptome analysis of bacteria isolated from an infection site (mouse peritonitis) by RNA-sequencing. We identified a total of 211 genes with significantly higher transcript levels and 157 repressed genes. Our in vivo gene expression database reflects well the infection process since genes encoding important virulence factors like cytolysin, gelatinase or aggregation substance as well as stress response proteins, are significantly induced. Genes encoding metabolic activities are the second most abundant in vivo induced genes demonstrating that the bacteria are metabolically active and adapt to the special nutrient conditions of the host. α- and β- glucosides seem to be important substrates for E. faecalis inside the host. Compared to laboratory conditions, the flux through the upper part of glycolysis seems to be reduced and more carbon may enter the pentose phosphate pathway. This may reflect the need of the bacteria under infection conditions to produce more reducing power for biosynthesis. Another important substrate is certainly glycerol since both pathways of glycerol catabolism are strongly induced. Strongly in vivo induced genes should be important for the infection process. This assumption has been verified in a virulence test using well characterized mutants affected in glycerol metabolism. This showed indeed that mutants unable to metabolize this sugar alcohol are affected in organ colonisation in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Muller
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
- * E-mail: (AH); (CM)
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Sauvageot
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Rattei
- CUBE-Division for Computational Systems Biology, Dept. of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Eder
- CUBE-Division for Computational Systems Biology, Dept. of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Christophe Giard
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medicine Microbiology, Gießen University, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Axel Hartke
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
- * E-mail: (AH); (CM)
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Arntzen MØ, Karlskås IL, Skaugen M, Eijsink VGH, Mathiesen G. Proteomic Investigation of the Response of Enterococcus faecalis V583 when Cultivated in Urine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126694. [PMID: 25915650 PMCID: PMC4411035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a robust bacterium, which is able to survive in and adapt to hostile environments such as the urinary tract and bladder. In this label-free quantitative proteomic study based on MaxQuant LFQ algorithms, we identified 127 proteins present in the secretome of the clinical vancomycin-resistant isolate E. faecalis V583 and we compared proteins secreted in the initial phase of cultivation in urine with the secretome during cultivation in standard laboratory medium, 2xYT. Of the 54 identified proteins predicted to be secreted, six were exclusively found after cultivation in urine including the virulence factor EfaA ("endocarditis specific antigen") and its homologue EF0577 ("adhesion lipoprotein"). These two proteins are both involved in manganese transport, known to be an important determinant of colonization and infection, and may additionally function as adhesins. Other detected urine-specific proteins are involved in peptide transport (EF0063 and EF3106) and protease inhibition (EF3054). In addition, we found an uncharacterized protein (EF0764), which had not previously been linked to the adaptation of V583 to a urine environment, and which is unique to E. faecalis. Proteins found in both environments included a histone-like protein, EF1550, that was up-regulated during cultivation in urine and that has a homologue in streptococci (HlpA) known to be involved in bacterial adhesion to host cells. Up-regulated secreted proteins included autolysins. These results from secretome analyses are largely compatible with previously published data from transcriptomics studies. All in all, the present data indicate that transport, in particular metal transport, adhesion, cell wall remodelling and the unknown function carried out by the unique EF0764 are important for enterococcal adaptation to the urine environment. These results provide a basis for a more targeted exploration of novel proteins involved in the adaptability and pathogenicity of E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Øverlie Arntzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingrid Lea Karlskås
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Skaugen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Donelli G, Vuotto C. Biofilm-based infections in long-term care facilities. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:175-88. [PMID: 24571072 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent trend in the early admittance to long-term care facilities (LTCFs) of severely injured patients transferred from general hospitals has given a new dynamic to the incidence of healthcare-associated infections, including biofilm-based infections related to the implant of urinary and intravascular catheters, and the onset of pressure ulcers. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections lead in most of the surveys on LTCFs, approximately 80% of urinary tract infections in these settings being due to the short- or long-term insertion of a urinary catheter. Furthermore, the implantation of intravascular catheters is often responsible for catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by the development of an intraluminal biofilm. Pressure ulcers, frequently occurring in bedridden patients admitted to LTCFs, are also susceptible to infection by biofilm-growing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, the biofilm formation on the wound being the main reason for its delayed healing.
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Wide distribution of virulence genes among Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:623174. [PMID: 25147855 PMCID: PMC4124215 DOI: 10.1155/2014/623174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus, a Gram-positive facultative anaerobic cocci belonging to the lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes, is known to be able to resist a wide range of hostile conditions such as different pH levels, high concentration of NaCl (6.5%), and the extended temperatures between 5°C and 65°C. Despite being the third most common nosocomial pathogen, our understanding on its virulence factors is still poorly understood. The current study was aimed to determine the prevalence of different virulence genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. For this purpose, 79 clinical isolates of Malaysian enterococci were evaluated for the presence of virulence genes. pilB, fms8, efaAfm, and sgrA genes are prevalent in all clinical isolates. In conclusion, the pathogenicity of E. faecalis and E. faecium could be associated with different virulence factors and these genes are widely distributed among the enterococcal species.
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EfaR is a major regulator of Enterococcus faecalis manganese transporters and influences processes involved in host colonization and infection. Infect Immun 2013; 81:935-44. [PMID: 23297382 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06377-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ions, in particular manganese, are important modulators of bacterial pathogenicity. However, little is known about the role of manganese-dependent proteins in the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis, a major cause of bacterial endocarditis. The present study demonstrates that the DtxR/MntR family metalloregulator EfaR of E. faecalis controls the expression of several of its regulon members in a manganese-dependent way. We also show that efaR inactivation impairs the ability of E. faecalis to form biofilms, to survive inside macrophages, and to tolerate oxidative stress. Our results reveal that EfaR is an important modulator of E. faecalis virulence and link manganese homeostasis to enterococcal pathogenicity.
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Kwon KH, Hwang SY, Moon BY, Park YK, Shin S, Hwang CY, Park YH. Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and distribution of enterococcal clonal complex 17 from animals and human beings in Korea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:924-31. [PMID: 22855376 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712455634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are major zoonotic bacteria that cause opportunistic infections in human beings and animals. Moreover, pathogenic strains can be disseminated between human beings and animals, particularly companion animals that come into frequent contact with people. Recently, Enterococcus faecium clonal complex 17 (CC17) has emerged as a pandemic clone. Most CC17 strains are ampicillin resistant and possess virulence genes such as esp and hyl. Despite the possible dissemination of CC17 between human beings and animals, prevalence data about CC17 in animals is limited. In the present study, the phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance were compared, as well as virulence gene profiles from 184 enterococci strains isolated from chickens, pigs, companion animals, and human patients in Korea. Ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREF) strains were selected, and multilocus sequence typing was performed to investigate the dispersion of CC17 among animals and human beings. The companion animal and human isolates showed high resistance rates to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin, whereas food animal isolates showed high tetracycline and erythromycin resistance rates. Ampicillin-resistant E. faecium was only detected in human (21/21 E. faecium, 100%) and companion animal (3/5 E. faecium, 60%) isolates, and all human AREF strains and 1 canine AREF strain were confirmed as CC17. In conclusion, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and the distribution of enterococcal CC17 in companion animal enterococcal strains were similar to those of human strains rather than to those of food animal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hee Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ahmed W, Sidhu JPS, Toze S. Speciation and frequency of virulence genes of Enterococcus spp. isolated from rainwater tank samples in Southeast Queensland, Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6843-6850. [PMID: 22591397 DOI: 10.1021/es300595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 212 Enterococcus isolates from 23 rainwater tank samples in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia were identified to the species level. The isolates were also tested for the presence of 6 virulence genes associated with Enterococcus related infections. Among the 23 rainwater tank samples, 20 (90%), 10 (44%), 7 (30%), 5 (22%), 4 (17%), 2 (9%), and 1 (4%) samples yielded E. faecalis, E. mundtii, E. casseliflavus, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. avium, and E. durans, respectively. Among the 6 virulence genes tested, gelE and efaA were most prevalent, detected in 19 (83%) and 18 (78%) of 23 rainwater tank samples, respectively. Virulence gene ace was also detected in 14 (61%) rainwater tank samples followed by AS, esp (E. faecalis variant), and cylA genes which were detected in 3 (13%), 2 (9%), and 1 (4%) samples, respectively. In all, 120 (57%) Enterococcus isolates from 20 rainwater tank samples harbored virulence genes. Among these tank water samples, Enterococcus spp. from 5 (25%) samples harbored a single virulence gene and 15 (75%) samples were harboring two or more virulence genes. The significance of these strains in terms of health implications remains to be assessed. The potential sources of these strains need to be identified for the improved management of captured rainwater quality. Finally, it is recommended that Enterococcus spp. should be used as an additional fecal indicator bacterium in conjunction with E. coli for the microbiological assessment of rainwater tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water , Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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Franz CMAP, Huch M, Abriouel H, Holzapfel W, Gálvez A. Enterococci as probiotics and their implications in food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:125-40. [PMID: 21962867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci belong to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and they are of importance in foods due to their involvement in food spoilage and fermentations, as well as their utilisation as probiotics in humans and slaughter animals. However, they are also important nosocomial pathogens that cause bacteraemia, endocarditis and other infections. Some strains are resistant to many antibiotics and possess virulence factors such as adhesins, invasins, pili and haemolysin. The role of enterococci in disease has raised questions on their safety for use in foods or as probiotics. Studies on the incidence of virulence traits among enterococcal strains isolated from food showed that some can harbour virulence traits, but it is also thought that virulence is not the result of the presence of specific virulence determinants alone, but is rather a more intricate process. Specific genetic lineages of hospital-adapted strains have emerged, such as E. faecium clonal complex (CC) 17 and E. faecalis CC2, CC9, CC28 and CC40, which are high risk enterococcal clonal complexes. These are characterised by the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants and/or virulence factors, often located on pathogenicity islands or plasmids. Mobile genetic elements thus are considered to play a major role in the establishment of problematic lineages. Although enterococci occur in high numbers in certain types of fermented cheeses and sausages, they are not deliberately added as starter cultures. Some E. faecium and E. faecalis strains are used as probiotics and are ingested in high numbers, generally in the form of pharmaceutical preparations. Such probiotics are administered to treat diarrhoea, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea or irritable bowel syndrome, to lower cholesterol levels or to improve host immunity. In animals, enterococcal probiotics are mainly used to treat or prevent diarrhoea, for immune stimulation or to improve growth. From a food microbiological point of view, the safety of the bacteria used as probiotics must be assured, and data on the major strains in use so far indicate that they are safe. The advantage of use of probiotics in slaughter animals, from a food microbiological point of view, lies in the reduction of zoonotic pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of animals which prevents the transmission of these pathogens via food. The use of enterococcal probiotics should, in view of the development of problematic lineages and the potential for gene transfer in the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals, be carefully monitored, and the advantages of using these and new strains should be considered in a well contemplated risk/benefit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str.9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Reffuveille F, Leneveu C, Chevalier S, Auffray Y, Rincé A. Lipoproteins of Enterococcus faecalis: bioinformatic identification, expression analysis and relation to virulence. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:3001-3013. [PMID: 21903750 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a ubiquitous bacterium that is capable of surviving in a broad range of natural environments, including the human host, as either a natural commensal or an opportunistic pathogen involved in severe hospital-acquired infections. How such opportunistic pathogens cause fatal infections is largely unknown but it is likely that they are equipped with sophisticated systems to perceive external signals and interact with eukaryotic cells. Accordingly, being partially exposed at the cell exterior, some surface-associated proteins are involved in several steps of the infection process. Among them are lipoproteins, representing about 25 % of the surface-associated proteins, which could play a major role in bacterial virulence processes. This review focuses on the identification of 90 lipoprotein-encoding genes in the genome of the E. faecalis V583 clinical strain and their putative roles, and provides a transcriptional comparison of microarray data performed in environmental conditions including blood and urine. Taken together, these data suggest a potential involvement of lipoproteins in E. faecalis virulence, making them serious candidates for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Reffuveille
- USC INRA 2017, Microbiologie de l'Environnement, EA 956, Université de Caen, France
| | - Charlène Leneveu
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid Signaux et Micro-Environnement (LMDF-SME), UPRES EA4312, Université de Rouen, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid Signaux et Micro-Environnement (LMDF-SME), UPRES EA4312, Université de Rouen, France
| | - Yanick Auffray
- USC INRA 2017, Microbiologie de l'Environnement, EA 956, Université de Caen, France
| | - Alain Rincé
- USC INRA 2017, Microbiologie de l'Environnement, EA 956, Université de Caen, France
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Lin IH, Liu TT, Teng YT, Wu HL, Liu YM, Wu KM, Chang CH, Hsu MT. Sequencing and comparative genome analysis of two pathogenic Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies: genome plasticity, adaptation and virulence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20519. [PMID: 21633709 PMCID: PMC3102119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus infections in humans are often associated with bacteremia, infective endocarditis and colon cancers. The disease manifestations are different depending on the subspecies of S. gallolyticus causing the infection. Here, we present the complete genomes of S. gallolyticus ATCC 43143 (biotype I) and S. pasteurianus ATCC 43144 (biotype II.2). The genomic differences between the two biotypes were characterized with comparative genomic analyses. The chromosome of ATCC 43143 and ATCC 43144 are 2,36 and 2,10 Mb in length and encode 2246 and 1869 CDS respectively. The organization and genomic contents of both genomes were most similar to the recently published S. gallolyticus UCN34, where 2073 (92%) and 1607 (86%) of the ATCC 43143 and ATCC 43144 CDS were conserved in UCN34 respectively. There are around 600 CDS conserved in all Streptococcus genomes, indicating the Streptococcus genus has a small core-genome (constitute around 30% of total CDS) and substantial evolutionary plasticity. We identified eight and five regions of genome plasticity in ATCC 43143 and ATCC 43144 respectively. Within these regions, several proteins were recognized to contribute to the fitness and virulence of each of the two subspecies. We have also predicted putative cell-surface associated proteins that could play a role in adherence to host tissues, leading to persistent infections causing sub-acute and chronic diseases in humans. This study showed evidence that the S. gallolyticus still possesses genes making it suitable in a rumen environment, whereas the ability for S. pasteurianus to live in rumen is reduced. The genome heterogeneity and genetic diversity among the two biotypes, especially membrane and lipoproteins, most likely contribute to the differences in the pathogenesis of the two S. gallolyticus biotypes and the type of disease an infected patient eventually develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of BioMedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Tze Liu
- VGH Yang-Ming Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Teng
- VGH Yang-Ming Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Lun Wu
- VGH Yang-Ming Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Liu
- VGH Yang-Ming Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Ming Wu
- VGH Yang-Ming Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiung Chang
- Institute of BioMedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ta Hsu
- VGH Yang-Ming Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Ribeiro T, Oliveira M, Fraqueza MJ, Lauková A, Elias M, Tenreiro R, Barreto AS, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among Enterococci isolated from chouriço, a traditional Portuguese dry fermented sausage. J Food Prot 2011; 74:465-9. [PMID: 21375886 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms, found as part of the normal intestinal microbiota of many animals. They can be present in food products, for example, the Portuguese dry fermented sausage chouriço. Twenty enterococci were isolated from chouriço in two processing units; after identification and typification by conventional-molecular methods, the isolates were screened for virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Identification allocated all enterococci to the species Enterococcus faecalis, and PCR fingerprinting demonstrated that each isolate was specific to the processing unit and chouriço from which it was recovered. Regarding the screening for virulence factors, 1 strain produced cytolysin and 4 were gelatinase positive, but none produced lipase. The ace gene was detected in 1 enterococci, ebpABC and efaA(fs) in 16 isolates each, esp in 3, fsrB in 5, gelE in 7, and cylA in 1. A multiresistant phenotype was observed in 8 isolates, 6 belonging to factory A. The antibiotic resistance gene ere(B) was detected in 9 enterococci, whereas the genes tet(M), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2''), and vanA were detected in 8 isolates each. As some of the E. faecalis chouriço isolates present a multiresistant profile and harbor virulence and/or resistance genes, to assess further the safety of Portuguese dry sausages, a larger number of products and processing units must by analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ribeiro
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
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Virulence determinants in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium vanA isolated from different sources at University Hospital of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. J Microbiol 2011; 48:814-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lanthier M, Scott A, Zhang Y, Cloutier M, Durie D, Henderson V, Wilkes G, Lapen D, Topp E. Distribution of selected virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus species isolated from the South Nation River drainage basin, Ontario, Canada. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:407-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lanthier M, Scott A, Lapen DR, Zhang Y, Topp E. Frequency of virulence genes and antibiotic resistances inEnterococcusspp. isolates from wastewater and feces of domesticated mammals and birds, and wildlife. Can J Microbiol 2010; 56:715-29. [DOI: 10.1139/w10-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are gastrointestinal tract residents and also an important cause of nosocomial infections. To understand which species, virulence determinants, and antibiotic resistances are prevalent in enterococci shed by various hosts groups, a total of 1460 strains isolated from 144 fecal samples obtained from wastewater, domesticated mammals and birds, and wildlife were characterized. Identification of isolates to the species level showed that Enterococcus faecalis was dominant in domesticated mammals and birds and wildlife feces, whereas Enterococcus faecium was dominant among wastewater isolates, and that no single Enterococcus species could be associated with a specific host group. The frequency of 12 virulence determinants was evaluated among isolates, but no single virulence determinant could be associated with a specific host group. Resistance to 12 antibiotics was evaluated among isolates, and it was shown that the highest frequency of resistance at breakpoint concentration was found in domesticated mammals and birds (P ≤ 0.05 for 4 antibiotics). Our results suggests that (1) species identification and virulence typing of Enterococcus spp. isolates are not useful for the identification of the host groups responsible for fecal contamination of water by microbial source tracking and that (2) antibiotic use for clinical, veterinary, or animal husbandry practices is promoting resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lanthier
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Andrew Scott
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - David R. Lapen
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Yun Zhang
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sanford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
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Valenzuela AS, Benomar N, Abriouel H, Cañamero MM, Gálvez A. Isolation and identification of Enterococcus faecium from seafoods: antimicrobial resistance and production of bacteriocin-like substances. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:955-61. [PMID: 20688238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A collection of isolates from uncooked seafoods (molluscs, fish, and fish fillets) were identified as Enterococcus faecium species and studied in further detail. Isolates were clustered in well-defined genomic groups according to food origin after ERIC-PCR analysis. Four isolates (FR 1-2, FB 1-3-B, FB 3-1, FTA 1-2) decarboxylated lysine, ornithine, and tyrosine. Isolate FR 1-2 also decarboxylated histidine. Most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics of clinical use, but resistance was detected more frequently towards nitrofurantoin (50%), erythromycin (33.33%) or rifampicin (33.33%) to quinupristin/dalfopristin (12.5%). Resistance to beta-lactams or vancomycin was not detected. The enterococcal antigen A was the presumed virulence trait detected most frequently. None of isolates carried haemolysin/cytolysin genes. Twelve isolates produced anti-listerial activity. Among them, seven isolates also produced bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances against other enterococci, and one isolate was also able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. Three isolates only were active against Listeria monocytogenes, and two only were active against enterococci. One bacteriocinogenic isolate carried the enterocin A structural gene, but genes corresponding to other enterocins (EntB, EntP, EntQ, Ent1071, EntL50A/EntL50B, and Ent31) were not detected. Bacteriocin-producing enterococci lacking undesirable traits (such as antibiotic resistance or biogenic amine production) or their produced bacteriocins could be potential candidates to aid in preservation of seafoods and other food products as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sánchez Valenzuela
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Edif. B3, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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46
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Virulence factors among enterococci isolated from traditional fermented meat products produced in the North of Portugal. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Carlos A, Semedo-Lemsaddek T, Barreto-Crespo M, Tenreiro R. Transcriptional analysis of virulence-related genes in enterococci from distinct origins. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1563-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Sub-lethal stress effects on virulence gene expression in Enterococcus faecalis. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:317-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Belgacem ZB, Abriouel H, Omar NB, Lucas R, Martínez-Canamero M, Gálvez A, Manai M. Antimicrobial activity, safety aspects, and some technological properties of bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium from artisanal Tunisian fermented meat. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Wang X, He X, Jiang Z, Wang J, Chen X, Liu D, Wang F, Guo Y, Zhao J, Liu F, Huang L, Yuan J. Proteomic Analysis of the Enterococcus faecalis V583 Strain and Clinical Isolate V309 under Vancomycin Treatment. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1772-85. [DOI: 10.1021/pr901216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang He
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xuannan Chen
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangli Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Liuyu Huang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, and National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
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