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Optimized APEX2 peroxidase-mediated proximity labeling in fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. Methods Enzymol 2022; 664:267-289. [PMID: 35331378 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proximity labeling is a technology for tagging proteins and other biomolecules in living cells. These methods use enzymes that generate reactive species whose properties afford high spatial resolution for the localization of proteins to subcellular compartments and the identification of endogenous interaction partners. Here we present the adaptation of the engineered peroxidase APEX2 to proximity labeling in mycobacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. APEX2 is uniquely suited for general use in bacteria because unlike other proximity labeling enzymes, it does not depend on metabolites like ATP that are found in the cytoplasm, but are absent from the bacterial periplasm. Importantly, we found that in slow-growing mycobacteria like M. tuberculosis, codon usage optimization is required for APEX2 export into the periplasm via fusion to an N-terminal secretion signal. APEX2 expressed from codon-optimized genes affords robust, compartment-specific protein labeling in the cytoplasm and the periplasm of both fast- and slow-growing species. Here we detail these updated constructs and provide an optimized protocol for APEX2-mediated protein labeling in mycobacteria. We expect this approach to be broadly useful for determining the localization of specific proteins, cataloging subcellular proteomes, and identifying interaction partners of 'bait' proteins expressed as fusions to APEX2.
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Akhter M, Arif S, Khaliq A, Nisa ZU, Khan IH, Akhtar MW. Designing fusion molecules from antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for detection of multiple antibodies in plasma of TB patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 124:101981. [PMID: 32810724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is amongst the deadliest diseases worldwide. For effective control of TB a rapid, reliable and sensitive method for its diagnosis is essential. Serodiagnosis detecting multiple antibodies against antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in blood samples could prove beneficial. Based on the epitope position in the molecule, two truncated variants of Rv1984c, i.e., Tn1Rv1984c and Tn2Rv1984c were expressed in Escherichia coli. Screening of the Rv1984c, Tn1Rv1984c and Tn2Rv1984c against 231 sera samples from the culture positive TB patients showed sensitivities of 34.2%, 49.4% and 26.8%, respectively. Another antigen Rv1352 was analyzed for the location of epitopes, which had not been reported before. A fusion molecule consisting of Tn1Rv1984c and Rv1352, expressed in E. coli, showed enhanced sensitivity of 62.8%. Joining another antigen Rv2031c to the N-terminus of Tn1Rv1984c-Rv1352, improved sensitivity to 71.4%. The fusion construct Rv2031c-Tn1Rv1984c-Rv1352 showed comparatively higher sensitivity of 73.4% in the male group as compared to 67% in the female group. Data derived for the secondary structure analysis through Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and prediction on the basis of molecular modelling was also in agreement. This construct can be a potential base for producing constructs with greater sensitivity through fusion of epitopes from additional Mtb antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsina Akhter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Arif
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aasia Khaliq
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Imran H Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Xu S, Hou X, Sun L, Zhang J, Ji X, Wang X, Li H, Li Z. An immunoproteomic approach to identify antigenic proteins in Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103705. [PMID: 31487535 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nocardia farcinica is the etiological agent of nocardiosis, leading to serious pulmonary or systemic infections. To uncover virulence factors and early diagnostic markers, secreted proteins of N. farcinica IFM 10152 were analyzed using an immunoproteome-based approach. A total of 5 proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption (MALDI-TOF-MS). Bioinformatic analyses showed that the identified proteins were involved in defense against the host innate immune system and required for pathogenesis. All proteins were expressed in E. coli and antigenicity was analyzed with Western blot. To our knowledge, these proteins with antigenicity were identified for the first time in N. farcinica and they may help elucidate the pathogenesis underlying Nocardia and provide potential future diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Heqiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Park WB, Im YB, Shim S, Yoo HS. Analysis of protein expression in Brucella abortus mutants with different growth rates by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS peptide analysis. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:216-231. [PMID: 29032658 PMCID: PMC5879070 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus is a bacterium that causes brucellosis and is the causative agent of worldwide zoonoses. Pathogenesis of the B. abortus infection is complicated, and several researchers have attempted to elucidate the infection mechanism of B. abortus. While several proteins have been revealed as pathogenic factors by previous researchers, the underlying mechanism of B. abortus infection is unresolved. In this study, we identified proteins showing different expression levels in B. abortus mutants with different biological characteristics that were generated by random insertion of a transposon. Five mutants were selected based on biological characteristics, in particular, their growth features. Total proteins of mutant and wild-type B. abortus were purified and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Thirty protein spots of each mutant with expression increases or decreases were selected; those with a change of more than 2-fold were compared with the wild-type. Selected spots underwent liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for peptide analysis. DnaK and ClpB, involved in protein aggregation, increased. SecA and GAPDH, associated with energy metabolism, decreased in some mutants with a growth rate slower than that of the wild-type. Mutants with slower growth showed a decrease in energy metabolism-related proteins, while mutants with faster growth showed an increase in pathogenicity-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Young Bin Im
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soojin Shim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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Agarwal S, Ghosh S, Sharma S, Kaur K, Verma I. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv expresses differential proteome during intracellular survival within alveolar epithelial cells compared with macrophages. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5052203. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - K Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - I Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Protein tyrosine kinase, PtkA, is required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:155. [PMID: 29317718 PMCID: PMC5760654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays a key role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) physiology and pathogenesis. We have previously shown that a secreted protein tyrosine phosphatase, PtpA, is essential for Mtb inhibition of host macrophage acidification and maturation, and is a substrate of the protein tyrosine kinase, PtkA, encoded in the same operon. In this study, we constructed a ∆ptkA deletion mutant in Mtb and found that the mutant exhibited impaired intracellular survival in the THP-1 macrophage infection model, correlated with the strain's inability to inhibit macrophage phagosome acidification. By contrast, the mutant displayed increased resistance to oxidative stress in vitro. Proteomic and transcriptional analyses revealed upregulation of ptpA, and increased secretion of TrxB2, in the ΔptkA mutant. Kinase and protein-protein interaction studies demonstrated that TrxB2 is a substrate of PtkA phosphorylation. Taken together these studies establish a central role for the ptkA-ptpA operon in Mtb pathogenesis.
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PknG senses amino acid availability to control metabolism and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006399. [PMID: 28545104 PMCID: PMC5448819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing and response to changes in nutrient availability are essential for the lifestyle of environmental and pathogenic bacteria. Serine/threonine protein kinase G (PknG) is required for virulence of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its putative substrate GarA regulates the tricarboxylic acid cycle in M. tuberculosis and other Actinobacteria by protein-protein binding. We sought to understand the stimuli that lead to phosphorylation of GarA, and the roles of this regulatory system in pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. We discovered that M. tuberculosis lacking garA was severely attenuated in mice and macrophages and furthermore that GarA lacking phosphorylation sites failed to restore the growth of garA deficient M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Additionally we examined the impact of genetic disruption of pknG or garA upon protein phosphorylation, nutrient utilization and the intracellular metabolome. We found that phosphorylation of GarA requires PknG and depends on nutrient availability, with glutamate and aspartate being the main stimuli. Disruption of pknG or garA caused opposing effects on metabolism: a defect in glutamate catabolism or depletion of intracellular glutamate, respectively. Strikingly, disruption of the phosphorylation sites of GarA was sufficient to recapitulate defects caused by pknG deletion. The results suggest that GarA is a cellular target of PknG and the metabolomics data demonstrate that the function of this signaling system is in metabolic regulation. This function in amino acid homeostasis is conserved amongst the Actinobacteria and provides an example of the close relationship between metabolism and virulence.
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Tallman KR, Levine SR, Beatty KE. Profiling Esterases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Far-Red Fluorogenic Substrates. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1810-5. [PMID: 27177211 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-activated, fluorogenic probes are powerful tools for studying bacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In prior work, we reported two 7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one) (DDAO)-derived acetoxymethyl ether probes for esterase and lipase detection. Here, we report four-carbon (C4) and eight-carbon (C8) acyloxymethyl ether derivatives, which are longer-chain fluorogenic substrates. These new probes demonstrate greater stability and lipase reactivity than the two-carbon (C2) acetoxymethyl ether-masked substrates. We used these new C4 and C8 probes to profile esterases and lipases from Mtb. The C8-masked probes revealed a new esterase band in gel-resolved Mtb lysates that was not present in lysates from nonpathogenic M. bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin), a close genetic relative. We identified this Mtb-specific enzyme as the secreted esterase Culp1 (Rv1984c). Our C4- and C8-masked probes also produced distinct Mtb banding patterns in lysates from Mtb-infected macrophages, demonstrating the potential of these probes for detecting Mtb esterases that are active during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Tallman
- Program in Chemical Biology and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Samantha R. Levine
- Program in Chemical Biology and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Kimberly E. Beatty
- Program in Chemical Biology and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
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Abstract
The emerging field of proteomics has contributed greatly to improving our understanding of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis over the last two decades. In this chapter we provide a comprehensive overview of mycobacterial proteome research and highlight key findings. First, studies employing a combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS) provided insights into the proteomic composition, initially of the whole bacillus and subsequently of subfractions, such as the cell wall, cytosol, and secreted proteins. Comparison of results obtained under various culture conditions, i.e., acidic pH, nutrient starvation, and low oxygen tension, aiming to mimic facets of the intracellular lifestyle of M. tuberculosis, provided initial clues to proteins relevant for intracellular survival and manipulation of the host cell. Further attempts were aimed at identifying the biological functions of the hypothetical M. tuberculosis proteins, which still make up a quarter of the gene products of M. tuberculosis, and at characterizing posttranslational modifications. Recent technological advances in MS have given rise to new methods such as selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and data-independent acquisition (DIA). These targeted, cutting-edge techniques combined with a public database of specific MS assays covering the entire proteome of M. tuberculosis allow the simple and reliable detection of any mycobacterial protein. Most recent studies attempt not only to identify but also to quantify absolute amounts of single proteins in the complex background of host cells without prior sample fractionation or enrichment. Finally, we will discuss the potential of proteomics to advance vaccinology, drug discovery, and biomarker identification to improve intervention and prevention measures for tuberculosis.
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Roles of Triolein and Lipolytic Protein in the Pathogenesis and Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Novel Therapeutic Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:1377-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Verma D, Das L, Gambhir V, Dikshit KL, Varshney GC. Heterogeneity among Homologs of Cutinase-Like Protein Cut5 in Mycobacteria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133186. [PMID: 26177502 PMCID: PMC4503659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of genomic variability within various pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of mycobacteria provides insight into their evolution and pathogenesis. The mycobacterial genome encodes seven cutinase-like proteins and each one of these exhibit distinct characteristics. We describe the presence of Cut5, a member of the cutinase family, in mycobacteria and the existence of a unique genomic arrangement in the cut5 gene of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. A single nucleotide (T) insertion is observed in the cut5 gene, which is specific for Mtb strains. Using in silico analysis and RT-PCR, we demonstrate the transcription of Rv3724/cut5 as Rv3724a/cut5a and Rv3724b/cut5b in Mtb H37Rv and as full length cut5 in M. bovis. Cut5b protein of Mtb H37Rv (MtbCut5b) was found to be antigenically similar to its homologs in M. bovis and M. smegmatis, without any observed cross-reactivity with other Mtb cutinases. Also, the presence of Cut5b in Mtb and its homologs in M. bovis and M. smegmatis were confirmed by western blotting using antibodies raised against recombinant Cut5b. In Mtb H37Rv, Cut5b was found to be localized in the cell wall, cytosol and membrane fractions. We also report the vast prevalence of Cut5 homologs in pathogenic and non pathogenic species of mycobacteria. In silico analysis revealed that this protein has three possible organizations in mycobacteria. Also, a single nucleotide (T) insertion in Mtb strains and varied genomic arrangements within mycobacterial species make Rv3724/Cut5 a potential candidate that can be exploited as a biomarker in Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Verma
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
| | - Lahari Das
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
| | - Vandana Gambhir
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
| | - Kanak Lata Dikshit
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
| | - Grish C. Varshney
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
- * E-mail:
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Li W, Fan X, Long Q, Xie L, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis effectors involved in host-pathogen interaction revealed by a multiple scales integrative pipeline. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:1-11. [PMID: 25709069 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved multiple strategies to counter host immunity. Proteins are one important player in the host-pathogen interaction. A comprehensive list of such proteins will benefit our understanding of pathogenesis of Mtb. METHODS A genome-scale dataset was created from different sources of published data: global gene expression studies in disease models; genome-wide insertional mutagenesis defining gene essentiality under different conditions; genes lost in clinical isolates; subcellular localization analysis and non-homology analysis. Using data mining and meta-analysis, expressed proteins critical for intracellular survival of Mtb are first identified, followed by subcellular localization analysis, finally filtering a series of subtractive channel of analysis to find out promising drug target candidates. RESULTS The analysis found 54 potential candidates essential for the intracellular survival of the pathogen and non-homologous to host or gut flora, and might be promising drug targets. CONCLUSION Based on our meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis, 54 hits were found from Mtb around 4000 open reading frames. These hits can be good candidates for further experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiangyu Fan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Quanxin Long
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Medical Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Longxiang Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Baumann R, Kaempfer S, Chegou NN, Oehlmann W, Loxton AG, Kaufmann SHE, van Helden PD, Black GF, Singh M, Walzl G. Serologic diagnosis of tuberculosis by combining Ig classes against selected mycobacterial targets. J Infect 2014; 69:581-9. [PMID: 24968240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate, simple and cost-effective diagnostic tests are needed for diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB). Serodiagnosis is attractive as it can be harnessed for point-of-care tests. METHODS We evaluated, in a blinded fashion, the sensitivity and specificity of serologic immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA and/or IgM responses to Apa, heat shock protein (HSP) 16.3, HSP20, PE35, probable thiol peroxidase Tpx and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in 42 HIV-negative South African pulmonary TB patients and 67 control individuals. The status of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among controls was defined through the TST and IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs). We evaluated 47 definite LTBI (IGRA(+)/LTBI), 8 putative LTBI (IGRA(-)/TST(+)) and 12 TB-uninfected (non-LTBI) subjects. RESULTS In contrast to anti-PE35 IgA, anti-PE35 IgG and particularly anti-Apa IgA, performances of anti-LAM IgG and selected anti-protein antibodies were less affected by inclusion of LTBI participants into the analysis. Anti-LAM IgG showed with a sensitivity/specificity of 71.4%/86.6% (p < 0.001) the best discrimination between TB and non-TB subjects. Selected five-antibody-combinations (including anti-LAM IgG, anti-LAM IgA and anti-Tpx IgG) further improved this performance to an accuracy exceeding 86%. CONCLUSIONS Antibody responses to some Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens often also reflect latent infection explaining the poor performance of antibody-based tests for active TB in TB-endemic settings. Our results suggest that rather a combination of serological responses against selected protein and non-protein antigens and different Ig classes should be investigated for TB serodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Baumann
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics, 38126 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kaempfer
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics, 38126 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Novel N Chegou
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Wulf Oehlmann
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics, 38126 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - André G Loxton
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul D van Helden
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Gillian F Black
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics, 38126 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
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Bhaduri A, Misra R, Maji A, Bhetaria PJ, Mishra S, Arora G, Singh LK, Dhasmana N, Dubey N, Virdi JS, Singh Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis cyclophilin A uses novel signal sequence for secretion and mimics eukaryotic cyclophilins for interaction with host protein repertoire. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88090. [PMID: 24505389 PMCID: PMC3913756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins are prolyl isomerases with multitude of functions in different cellular processes and pathological conditions. Cyclophilin A (PpiA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is secreted during infection in intraphagosomal niche. However, our understanding about the evolutionary origin, secretory mechanism or the interactome of M. tuberculosis PpiA is limited. This study demonstrates through phylogenetic and structural analyses that PpiA has more proximity to human cyclophilins than the prokaryotic counterparts. We report a unique N-terminal sequence (MADCDSVTNSP) present in pathogenic mycobacterial PpiA and absent in non-pathogenic strains. This sequence stretch was shown to be essential for PpiA secretion. The overexpression of full-length PpiA from M. tuberculosis in non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis resulted in PpiA secretion while truncation of the N-terminal stretch obstructed the secretion. In addition, presence of an ESX pathway substrate motif in M. tuberculosis PpiA suggested possible involvement of Type VII secretion system. Site-directed mutagenesis of key residues in this motif in full-length PpiA also hindered the secretion in M. smegmatis. Bacterial two-hybrid screens with human lung cDNA library as target were utilized to identify interaction partners of PpiA from host repertoire, and a number of substrates with functional representation in iron storage, signal transduction and immune responses were detected. The extensive host interactome coupled with the sequence and structural similarity to human cyclophilins is strongly suggestive of PpiA being deployed by M. tuberculosis as an effector mimic against the host cyclophilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asani Bhaduri
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Richa Misra
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Maji
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Sonakshi Mishra
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Arora
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Neha Dhasmana
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Neha Dubey
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Yogendra Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- * E-mail: mail:
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15
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Zheng J, Ren X, Wei C, Yang J, Hu Y, Liu L, Xu X, Wang J, Jin Q. Analysis of the secretome and identification of novel constituents from culture filtrate of bacillus Calmette-Guerin using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2081-95. [PMID: 23616670 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.027318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease that causes morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Although its efficacy against TB has displayed a high degree of variability (0%-80%) in different trials, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been recognized as an important weapon for preventing TB worldwide for over 80 years. Because secreted proteins often play vital roles in the interaction between bacteria and host cells, the secretome of mycobacteria is considered to be an attractive reservoir of potential candidate antigens for the development of novel vaccines and diagnostic reagents. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of BCG culture filtrate proteins using SDS-PAGE and high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. In total, 239 proteins (1555 unique peptides) were identified, including 185 secreted proteins or lipoproteins. Furthermore, 17 novel protein products not annotated in the BCG database were detected and validated by means of RT-PCR at the transcriptional level. Additionally, the translational start sites of 52 proteins were confirmed, and 22 proteins were validated through extension of the translational start sites based on N-terminus-derived peptides. There are 103 secreted proteins that have not been reported in previous studies on BCG [corrected] secretome and are unique to our study. The physicochemical characteristics of the secreted proteins were determined. Major components from the culture supernatant, including low-molecular-weight antigens, lipoproteins, Pro-Glu and Pro-Pro-Glu family proteins, and Mce family proteins, are discussed; some components represent potential predominant antigens in the humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zheng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, China
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16
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Baumann R, Kaempfer S, Chegou NN, Nene NF, Veenstra H, Spallek R, Bolliger CT, Lukey PT, van Helden PD, Singh M, Walzl G. Serodiagnostic markers for the prediction of the outcome of intensive phase tuberculosis therapy. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ocampo M, Patarroyo MA, Vanegas M, Alba MP, Patarroyo ME. Functional, biochemical and 3D studies ofMycobacterium tuberculosisprotein peptides for an effective anti-tuberculosis vaccine. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:117-45. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.763221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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BAO HONG, YU TING, JIN YUFEN, TENG CHUNYAN, LIU XIMING, LI YANLEI. Construction of a DNA vaccine based on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85A/MPT64 fusion gene and evaluation of its immunogenicity. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1375-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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19
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Tyagi AK, Nangpal P, Satchidanandam V. Development of vaccines against tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:469-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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de Souza GA, Wiker HG. A proteomic view of mycobacteria. Proteomics 2011; 11:3118-27. [PMID: 21726049 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a relevant public health issue. This is due mostly to the coepidemiology with HIV/AIDS, the appearance of multidrug-resistant strains globally, and failure of BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccination to confer complete protection. This bacterium was one of the first to have its genome sequenced, yet over a decade after the release of the genomic information, the characterization of its phylogenetic tree and of different strain variants inside this species revealed that much is still needed to be done for a full understanding of the M. tuberculosis genome and proteome. Current methods using LC-MS/MS and hybrid high-resolution mass spectrometers can identify 2400-2800 proteins of the 4000 predicted genes in M. tuberculosis. In this article, we review relevant details of this bacterium's pathology and immunology, describing articles where proteomics helped the community to tackle some of the organism biology, from understanding strain diversity, cellular structure composition, immunogenicity, and host-pathogen interactions. Finally, we will discuss the challenges yet to be fulfilled in order to better characterize M. tuberculosis by proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A de Souza
- The Gade Institute, Section for Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Beamer GL, Cyktor J, Carruthers B, Turner J. H-2 alleles contribute to antigen 85-specific interferon-gamma responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:53-61. [PMID: 21714962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro immune responses to mycobacterial antigens have been linked to the H-2 loci in mice. We evaluated in vitro and in vivo immune responses during early Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) pulmonary infection of C57BL/6 (H-2(b)), C57BL/6 (H-2(k)), CBA/J (H-2(k)), and C3H/HeJ (H-2(k)) mice to determine H-2(k)-dependent and -independent effects. H-2(k)-dependent effects included delayed and diminished Ag85-specific Th1 cell priming, a reduced frequency of Ag85-specific IFN-γ producing cells, reduced IFN-γ protein in vivo, and increased M.tb lung burden as demonstrated by C57BL/6 H-2(k) mice vs. C57BL/6 mice. H-2(k)-independent factors controlled the amount of Ag85-specific IFN-γ produced by each cell, T cell numbers, granuloma size, and lymphocytic infiltrates in the lungs. Overall, these results suggest that an H-2(k)-dependent suboptimal generation of Ag85-specific cells impairs control of early M.tb growth in the lungs. H-2(k)-independent factors influence the potency of IFN-γ producing cells and immune cell trafficking during pulmonary M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Beamer
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Peptides derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2301 protein are involved in invasion to human epithelial cells and macrophages. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2067-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Cáceres SM, Ocampo M, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Jimenez RA, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane protein Rv0180c: Evaluation of peptide sequences implicated in mycobacterial invasion of two human cell lines. Peptides 2011; 32:1-10. [PMID: 20883740 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of hypothetical membrane proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms used by this pathogen to invade and survive inside host cells. This study assessed the presence, transcription, localization and possible biological activity of the conserved hypothetical protein Rv0180c from M. tuberculosis. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that Rv0180c contains a signal peptide, six possible transmembrane helices and a Plasmodium Export Element (PEXEL)-like motif. PCR analyses showed the presence of the Rv0180c gene in strains from the M. tuberculosis complex; but transcription was not detected in Mycobacterium microti. Sera against synthetic peptides of Rv0180c recognized two protein bands in M. tuberculosis H37Rv sonicate: a ∼48-kDa band close to the predicted molecular mass of Rv0180c (47.6 kDa), and a 63-kDa band probably caused by protein modifications. Moreover, the same sera located the protein on the surface of M. tuberculosis H37Rv bacilli by immunoelectron microscopy. Twenty-three synthetic peptides spanning the entire length of Rv0180c were tested for their ability to bind to U937 and A549 cells, finding nine high-activity binding peptides (HABPs) specific for both cell types, two HABPs specific for A549 cells (namely 31032 and 31044) and two HABPs specific for U937 cells (namely 31025 and 31041). HABPs inhibited invasion of M. tuberculosis H37Rv into A549 or U937 cells by significant percentages and facilitated internalization of latex beads in A549 cells. The Rv0180c HABPs herein reported could be preliminary candidates to be assessed as components of a multiepitope, chemically synthesized, subunit-based vaccine against tuberculosis.
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Rahman A, Srivastava SS, Sneh A, Ahmed N, Krishnasastry MV. Molecular characterization of tlyA gene product, Rv1694 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a non-conventional hemolysin and a ribosomal RNA methyl transferase. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 11:35. [PMID: 20854656 PMCID: PMC2954847 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a virulent bacillus causing tuberculosis, a disease responsible for million deaths each year worldwide. In order to understand its mechanism of pathogenesis in humans and to help control tuberculosis, functions of numerous Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes are being characterized. In this study we report the dual functionality of tlyA gene product of Mycobacterium tuberculosis annotated as Rv1694, a 268 amino acid long basic protein. Results The recombinant purified Rv1694 protein was found to exhibit hemolytic activity in vitro. It showed concentration and time-dependent hemolysis of rabbit and human erythrocytes. Multiple oligomeric forms (dimers to heptamers) of this protein were seen on the membranes of the lysed erythrocytes. Like the oligomers of conventional, well-known, pore-forming toxins, the oligomers of Rv1694 were found to be resistant to heat and SDS, but were susceptible to reducing agents like β-mercaptoethanol as it had abolished the hemolytic activity of Rv1694 indicating the role of disulfide bond(s). The Rv1694 generated de novo by in vitro transcription and translation also exhibited unambiguous hemolysis confirming the self assembly and oligomerization properties of this protein. Limited proteolytic digestion of this protein has revealed that the amino terminus is susceptible while in solution but is protected in presence of membrane. Striking feature of Rv1694 is its presence on the cell wall of E. coli as visualized by confocal microscopy. The surface expression is consistent with the contact dependent haemolytic ability of E. coli expressing this protein. Also, immune serum specific to this protein inhibits the contact dependent hemolysis. Moreover, Rv1694 protein binds to and forms stable oligomers on the macrophage phagosomal membranes. In addition to all these properties, E. coli expressing Rv1694 was found to be susceptible to the antibiotic capreomycin as its growth was significantly slower than mock vector transformed E. coli. The S30 extract of E. coli expressing the Rv1694 had poor translational activity in presence of capreomycin, further confirming its methylation activity. Finally, incorporation of methyl group of [3H]-S-adenosylmethionine in isolated ribosomes also confirmed its methylation activity. Conclusions The Rv1694 has an unusual dual activity. It appears to contain two diverse functions such as haemolytic activity and ribosomal RNA methylation activity. It is possible that the haemolytic activity might be relevant to intra-cellular compartments such as phagosomes rather than cell lysis of erythrocytes and the self-assembly trait may have a potential role after successful entry into macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aejazur Rahman
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune - 411007, Maharashtra, India
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Mehaffy C, Hess A, Prenni JE, Mathema B, Kreiswirth B, Dobos KM. Descriptive proteomic analysis shows protein variability between closely related clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proteomics 2010; 10:1966-84. [PMID: 20217870 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of isobaric tags such as iTRAQ allows the relative and absolute quantification of hundreds of proteins in a single experiment for up to eight different samples. More classical techniques such as 2-DE can offer a complimentary approach for the analysis of complex protein samples. In this study, the proteomes of secreted and cytosolic proteins of genetically closely related strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were analyzed. Analysis of 2-D gels afforded 28 spots with variations in protein abundance between strains. These were identified by MS/MS. Meanwhile, a rigorous statistical analysis of iTRAQ data allowed the identification and quantification of 101 and 137 proteins in the secreted and cytosolic fractions, respectively. Interestingly, several differences in protein levels were observed between the closely related strains BE, C28 and H6. Seven proteins related to cell wall and cell processes were more abundant in BE, while enzymes related to metabolic pathways (GltA2, SucC, Gnd1, Eno) presented lower levels in the BE strain. Proteins involved in iron and sulfur acquisition (BfrB, ViuB, TB15.3 and SseC2) were more abundant in C28 and H6. In general, iTRAQ afforded rapid identification of fine differences between protein levels such as those presented between closely related strains. This provides a platform from which the relevance of these differences can be assessed further using complimentary proteomic and biological modeling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mehaffy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
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Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens of high serodiagnostic value. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1539-47. [PMID: 20719988 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00198-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with several million new cases detected each year. Current methods of diagnosis are time-consuming and/or expensive or have a low level of accuracy. Therefore, new diagnostics are urgently needed to address the global tuberculosis burden and to improve control programs. Serological assays remain attractive for use in resource-limited settings because they are simple, rapid, and inexpensive and offer the possibility of detecting cases often missed by routine sputum smear microscopy. The aim of this study was to identify M. tuberculosis seroreactive antigens from a panel of 103 recombinant proteins selected as diagnostic candidates. Initial library screening by protein array analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) identified 42 antigens with serodiagnostic potential. Among these, 25 were novel proteins. The reactive antigens demonstrated various individual sensitivities, ranging from 12% to 78% (specificities, 76 to 100%). When the antigens were analyzed in combinations, up to 93% of antibody responders could be identified among the TB patients. Selected seroreactive proteins were used to design 3 new polyepitope fusion proteins. Characterization of these antigens by multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) revealed that the vast majority of the TB patients (90%) produced antibody responses. The results confirmed that due to the remarkable variation in immune recognition patterns, an optimal multiantigen cocktail should be designed to cover the heterogeneity of antibody responses and thus achieve the highest possible test sensitivity.
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Eweda G, Suzuki D, Nagata T, Tsujimura K, Koide Y. Identification of murine T-cell epitopes on low-molecular-mass secretory proteins (CFP11, CFP17, and TB18.5) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2010; 28:4616-25. [PMID: 20457290 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The low-molecular-mass secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been shown to be major T-cell antigens during infection with the pathogenic bacterium. In this study, we determined murine T-cell epitopes on three low-molecular-mass proteins, CFP11 (Rv2433c), CFP17 (Rv1827), and TB18.5 (Rv0164) using DNA immunization of inbred mice. We analyzed interferon-gamma production from immune splenocytes in response to overlapping peptides covering these proteins. We identified two CD8+ T-cell epitopes on CFP11 and CFP17, one in BALB/c mice and the other in C57BL/6 mice, respectively. On TB18.5, we identified a CD8+ T-cell epitope in BALB/c mice and a CD4+ T-cell epitope in C57BL/6 mice. With the aid of computer algorithms, we could identify the minimal CD8+ T-cell epitopes. These T-cell epitopes are feasible for analysis of the role of antigen-specific T cells during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Eweda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Higashi-ku, Handa-yama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Zhang G, Zhang L, Zhang M, Pan L, Wang F, Huang J, Li G, Yu J, Hu S. Screening and assessing 11 Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins as potential serodiagnostical markers for discriminating TB patients from BCG vaccinees. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2010; 7:107-15. [PMID: 19944383 PMCID: PMC5054411 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(08)60039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin tests often yield poor specificity, so that to develop new serological antigens for distinguishing between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination is a priority, especially for developing countries like China. We predicted the antigenicity for selected open reading frames (ORFs) based on the genome sequences of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. bovis BCG, as well as their functions and differences of expression under different stimulus. The candidate ORFs were cloned from H37Rv sequences and expressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. We studied the serodiagnostic potential of 11 purified recombinants by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and involving a cohort composed of 58 TB patients (34 males and 24 females), 8 healthy volunteers and 50 PPD-negative individuals before and after BCG vaccination. For all the 11 antigens, the median OD values for the sera from TB patients were statistically significantly higher than those for PPD-negative individuals before or after BCG vaccination (P<0.01). They had at least 92% specificity in healthy controls and six seroantigens (Rv0251c, Rv1973, Rv2376c, Rv2537c, Rv2785c and Rv3873A) were never reported with seroantigenicities previously. Thus the approach combining comparative genomics, bioinformatics and ELISA techniques can be employed to identify new seroantigens distinguishing M. tuberculosis infection from BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Immunological and proteomic analysis of preparative isoelectric focusing separated culture filtrate antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Schué M, Maurin D, Dhouib R, Bakala N'Goma JC, Delorme V, Lambeau G, Carrière F, Canaan S. Two cutinase-like proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis show very different lipolytic activities reflecting their physiological function. FASEB J 2010; 24:1893-903. [PMID: 20103719 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-144766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cutinases are extracellular enzymes that are able to degrade cutin, a polyester protecting plant leaves and many kinds of lipids. Although cutinases are mainly found in phytopathogenic fungi or bacteria, 7 genes related to the cutinase family have been predicted in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These genes may encode proteins that are involved in the complex lipid metabolism of the bacterium. Here, we report on the biochemical characterization of two secreted proteins of M. tuberculosis, Rv1984c and Rv3452, belonging to the cutinase family. Although their amino acid sequence shows 50% identity with that of the well-characterized cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi, and a high level of homology has been found to exist between these two enzymes, they show distinct substrate specificities. Rv1984c preferentially hydrolyzes medium-chain carboxylic esters and monoacylglycerols, whereas Rv3452 behaves like a phospholipase A(2), and it is able to induce macrophage lysis. The tetrahydrolipstatin inhibitor, a specific lipase inhibitor, abolishes the activity of both enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to identify the catalytic triad of Rv1984c. Structural models for Rv1984c and Rv3452 were built, based on the crystal structure of F. solani cutinase, with a view to investigating the contribution of specific residues to the substrate specificity. Our findings open new prospects for investigating the physiological roles of cutinase-like proteins in the lipid metabolism and virulence of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schué
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UPR 9025, Marseille, France
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31
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Shanahan ER, Pinto R, Triccas JA, Britton WJ, West NP. Cutinase-like protein-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is recognised in tuberculosis patients and protects mice against pulmonary infection as a single and fusion protein vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 28:1341-6. [PMID: 19941992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be a leading cause of death in many regions of the world, and control of this disease is hampered by the lack of a safe and effective vaccine. Secreted proteins of M. tuberculosis are an important group of antigens for subunit vaccines which target this infection. We have tested three secreted members of the cutinase-like protein (CULP) family of M. tuberculosis for their potential as protein vaccine antigens. Culp6 elicited a strong T lymphocyte response in M. tuberculosis infected mice, and importantly, in tuberculosis (TB) patients tested. Culp1, Culp2 and Culp6 when delivered as protein vaccines to mice, induced potent IFN-gamma responses which in turn translated into a significant level of protection against aerosol M. tuberculosis infection. A Culp1-6 fusion protein provided an increased level of protection against infection compared to Culp1 or Culp6 alone. The data presented here may indicate that the cell wall-associated, putatively essential protein Culp6, shown here for the first time to be recognised in TB patients, is an attractive candidate for inclusion in future subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Shanahan
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, New South Wales, Australia
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32
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Kumar K, Tharad M, Ganapathy S, Ram G, Narayan A, Khan JA, Pratap R, Ghosh A, Samuchiwal SK, Kumar S, Bhalla K, Gupta D, Natarajan K, Singh Y, Ranganathan A. Phenylalanine-rich peptides potently bind ESAT6, a virulence determinant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and concurrently affect the pathogen's growth. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7615. [PMID: 19901982 PMCID: PMC2768790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) have been known to be involved in the virulence, pathogenesis as well as proliferation of the pathogen. Among this set, many proteins have been hypothesized to play a critical role at the genesis of the onset of infection, the primary site of which is invariably the human lung. Methodology/Principal Findings During our efforts to isolate potential binding partners of key secretory proteins of M. tuberculosis from a human lung protein library, we isolated peptides that strongly bound the virulence determinant protein Esat6. All peptides were less than fifty amino acids in length and the binding was confirmed by in vivo as well as in vitro studies. Curiously, we found all three binders to be unusually rich in phenylalanine, with one of the three peptides a short fragment of the human cytochrome c oxidase-3 (Cox-3). The most accessible of the three binders, named Hcl1, was shown also to bind to the Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) Esat6 homologue. Expression of hcl1 in M. tuberculosis H37Rv led to considerable reduction in growth. Microarray analysis showed that Hcl1 affects a host of key cellular pathways in M. tuberculosis. In a macrophage infection model, the sets expressing hcl1 were shown to clear off M. tuberculosis in much greater numbers than those infected macrophages wherein the M. tuberculosis was not expressing the peptide. Transmission electron microscopy studies of hcl1 expressing M. tuberculosis showed prominent expulsion of cellular material into the matrix, hinting at cell wall damage. Conclusions/Significance While the debilitating effects of Hcl1 on M. tuberculosis are unrelated and not because of the peptide's binding to Esat6–as the latter is not an essential protein of M. tuberculosis–nonetheless, further studies with this peptide, as well as a closer inspection of the microarray data may shed important light on the suitability of such small phenylalanine-rich peptides as potential drug-like molecules against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Megha Tharad
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Swetha Ganapathy
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Geeta Ram
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Azeet Narayan
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Rana Pratap
- School of Life Sciences, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anamika Ghosh
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Samuchiwal
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuhulika Bhalla
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Gupta
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Anand Ranganathan
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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33
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Comparative analysis of immune responses to Mycobacterium abscessus infection and its antigens in two murine models. J Microbiol 2009; 47:633-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-009-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tiwari D, Singh RK, Goswami K, Verma SK, Prakash B, Nandicoori VK. Key residues in Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein kinase G play a role in regulating kinase activity and survival in the host. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:27467-79. [PMID: 19638631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.036095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase G (PknG) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to modulate phagosome-lysosome fusion. The protein has three distinct domains, an N-terminal Trx domain, a kinase domain, and a C-terminal TPR domain. The present study extensively analyzes the roles of these domains in regulating PknG kinase activity and function. We find that the kinase domain of PknG by itself is inactive, signifying the importance of the flanking domains. Although the deletion of the Trx domain severely impacts the activity of the protein, the C-terminal region also contributes significantly in regulating the activity of the kinase. Apart from this, PknG kinase activity is dependent on the presence of threonine 309 in the p + 1 loop of the activation segment. Mutating the conserved cysteine residues in the Trx motifs makes PknG refractory to changes in the redox environment. In vitro experiments identify threonine 63 as the major phosphorylation site of the protein. Importantly, we find that this is the only site in the protein that is phosphorylated in vivo. Macrophage infection studies reveal that the first 73 residues, the Trx motifs, and the threonine 63 residue are independently essential for modulating PknG-mediated survival of mycobacteria in its host. We have extended these studies to investigate the role of PknG and PknG mutants in the pathogenesis of mycobacteria in mice. Our results reinforce the findings from the macrophage infection experiments, and for the first time demonstrate that the expression of PknG in non-pathogenic mycobacteria allows the continued existence of these bacteria in host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Tiwari
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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35
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Sun R, Skeiky YAW, Izzo A, Dheenadhayalan V, Imam Z, Penn E, Stagliano K, Haddock S, Mueller S, Fulkerson J, Scanga C, Grover A, Derrick SC, Morris S, Hone DM, Horwitz MA, Kaufmann SHE, Sadoff JC. Novel recombinant BCG expressing perfringolysin O and the over-expression of key immunodominant antigens; pre-clinical characterization, safety and protection against challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2009; 27:4412-23. [PMID: 19500523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronggai Sun
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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36
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Fu R, Wang C, Shi C, Lu M, Fang Z, Lu J, Wang F, Fan X. An improved whole-blood gamma interferon assay based on the CFP21-MPT64 fusion protein. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:686-91. [PMID: 19279170 PMCID: PMC2681596 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00486-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from a healthy, unexposed population plays a vital role in the strategy of controlling and eliminating tuberculosis (TB). Both CFP21 and MPT64, antigens encoded by the RD2 region which are restricted in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, are TB-specific diagnostic candidate antigens. In this study, we designed a fusion protein by linking both CFP21 and MPT64 with a 15-amino-acid peptide, (G(4)S(1))(3), and overexpressed the fusion protein in Escherichia coli. A new whole-blood gamma interferon assay based on the recombinant fusion protein, CFP21-MPT64 (rCM-WBIA), was developed and compared with the tuberculin skin test (TST) for screening of LTBI in household contacts of patients with sputum-positive TB. rCM-WBIA had a slightly higher sensitivity (66.7%; 24/36 contacts) than that of the TST (61.1%; 22/36 contacts) for household contacts. We found that rCM-WBIA had a very high sensitivity (90.9%) and specificity (71.4%) for LTBI detection compared with TST. The overall agreement between rCM-WBIA and TST was 83.3% (k = 0.64); rCM-WBIA positivity was associated with a larger TST induration. These results suggest that rCM-WBIA, based on the recombinant fusion protein CFP21-MPT64, is a promising alternative diagnostic tool for detection of LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Laboratory of Bio-Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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37
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West NP, Chow FME, Randall EJ, Wu J, Chen J, Ribeiro JMC, Britton WJ. Cutinase-like proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: characterization of their variable enzymatic functions and active site identification. FASEB J 2009; 23:1694-704. [PMID: 19225166 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-114421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Discovery and characterization of novel secreted enzymes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are important for understanding the pathogenesis of one of the most important human bacterial pathogens. The proteome of M. tuberculosis contains over 400 potentially secreted proteins, the majority of which are uncharacterized. A family of seven cutinase-like proteins (CULPs) was identified by bioinformatic analysis, expressed and purified from Escherichia coli, and characterized in terms of their enzymatic activities. These studies revealed a functional diversity of enzyme classes based on differential preferences for substrate chain length. One member, Culp1, exhibited strong esterase activity, 40-fold higher than that of Culp6, which had strong activity as a lipase. Another, Culp4, performed moderately as an esterase and weakly as a lipase. Culp6 lipase activity was optimal above pH 7.0, and fully maintained to pH 8.5. None of the CULP members exhibited cutinase activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of each residue of the putative catalytic triad in Culp6 confirmed that each was essential for activity toward all fatty acid chain lengths of nitrophenyl esters and lipolytic function. Culp1 and Culp2 were present only in culture supernatants of M. tuberculosis, while Culp6, which is putatively essential for mycobacterial growth, was retained in the cell wall, suggesting the proteins play distinct roles in mycobacterial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P West
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
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38
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Coexpression of 16.8 kDa antigen of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and murine gamma interferon in a bicistronic vector and studies on its potential as DNA vaccine. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:597-610. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics of mycobacteria. Methods Mol Biol 2009. [PMID: 20560054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-207-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) is the classic proteomics approach used to monitor the dynamics of protein abundance and posttranslational modifications in biological systems. In this chapter, we provide detailed protocols for 2-DE-based proteomics of mycobacteria. Adequate standard operating procedures for mycobacterial culture, subcellular fractionation, and selective enrichment of proteins are indispensable prerequisites for targeted proteome analyses. Therefore, we also provide approved protocols for selective and efficient extraction of cytosolic, secreted, and hydrophobic plasma membrane proteins of mycobacteria, as well as for isolation of mycobacteria from infected macrophages.
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40
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Ganguly N, Siddiqui I, Sharma P. Role of M. tuberculosis RD-1 region encoded secretory proteins in protective response and virulence. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 88:510-7. [PMID: 18640874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A gene fragment corresponding to the region of difference-1 (RD-1) of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, spanning open reading frames Rv3871 to Rv3879c, is missing in all bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine strains of M. bovis, indicating that this was perhaps the primary deletion event responsible for attenuation of virulent M. bovis. The RD-1 locus has, therefore, been considered crucial in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Two most predominant secretory proteins encoded by this region viz. CFP-10 (Rv3874) and ESAT-6 (Rv3875) are being widely evaluated as candidate vaccine(s) and used as antigens in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. However, several recent reports have implicated their putative role in deactivation of the macrophage and dendritic cell functions. A large body of recent literature provides an inkling of various mechanisms these proteins might use to down regulate normal macrophage functions and their possible contribution to virulence of M. tuberculosis. This review re-emphasizes the suggestion about the dual function of these two secreted mycobacterial proteins, viz., they have both T-cell activation and macrophage deactivation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Ganguly
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box-10504, New Delhi 110067, India
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41
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West NP, Wozniak TM, Valenzuela J, Feng CG, Sher A, Ribeiro JMC, Britton WJ. Immunological diversity within a family of cutinase-like proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2008; 26:3853-9. [PMID: 18565629 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Secreted proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis play key roles in the assembly of the mycobacterial cell wall, with many being major targets of the host immune response. To date, meaningful characterization of a significant proportion of this important group of proteins is lacking. Among the group of putatively secreted proteins of M. tuberculosis are 7 cutinase-like proteins (CLP), not previously characterized in terms of their immunogenicity or vaccine protective efficacy. Although the CLP vary in the degree of homology with one another, they all share a similar active catalytic triad, closely homologous to that of the cutinase of Fusarium solani. By construction of DNA vaccines of all 7 CLP, and expression and purification of soluble, recombinant CLP, this study addresses the immunological responses to these proteins. Clp1, 2, 3 and 6 were found to elicit significant IFN-gamma secretion in DNA immunized mice, with the antigens also demonstrating specificity in terms of CLP-generated T cell IFN-gamma release, with minimal cross reactivity of humoral responses. Finally, following delivery of DNA vaccines, Clp1, 2 and 6, conferred a moderate yet reproducible and significant level of protection in a murine aerosol model of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P West
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology. Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
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42
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Målen H, Berven FS, Søfteland T, Arntzen MØ, D'Santos CS, De Souza GA, Wiker HG. Membrane and membrane-associated proteins in Triton X-114 extracts ofMycobacterium bovis BCG identified using a combination of gel-based and gel-free fractionation strategies. Proteomics 2008; 8:1859-70. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Målen H, Søfteland T, Wiker HG. Antigen Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Culture Filtrate Proteins. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:245-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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44
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Abstract
Peroxiredoxins constitute an important component of the bacterial defense against toxic peroxides. These enzymes use reactive cysteine thiols to reduce peroxides with electrons ultimately derived from reduced pyridine dinucleotides. Studies examining the regulation and physiological roles of AhpC, Tpx, Ohr and OsmC reveal the multilayered nature of bacterial peroxide defense. AhpC is localized in the cytoplasm and has a wide substrate range that includes H2O2, organic peroxides and peroxynitrite. This enzyme functions in both the control of endogenous peroxides, as well as in the inducible defense response to exogenous peroxides or general stresses. Ohr, OsmC and Tpx are organic peroxide specific. Tpx is localized to the periplasm and can be involved in either constitutive peroxide defense or participate in oxidative stress inducible responses depending on the organism. Ohr is an organic peroxide specific defense system that is under the control of the organic peroxide sensing repressor OhrR. In some organisms Ohr homologs are regulated in response to general stress. Clear evidence indicates that AhpC, Tpx and Ohr are involved in virulence. The role of OsmC is less clear. Regulation of OsmC expression is not oxidative stress inducible, but is controlled by multiple general stress responsive regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dubbs
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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45
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Kalra M, Grover A, Mehta N, Singh J, Kaur J, Sable SB, Behera D, Sharma P, Verma I, Khuller GK. Supplementation with RD antigens enhances the protective efficacy of BCG in tuberculous mice. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:173-83. [PMID: 17766185 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different combinations of ESAT-6, CFP-10, CFP-21, MPT-64, encoded by RD1 and RD2 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were evaluated on the basis of antigenicity in PPD positive TB contacts and immunogenicity in C57BL/6J mice immunized with the combination of all four RD antigens. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of TB contacts showed maximum recognition in response to the combination of ESAT-6+MPT-64 in terms of predominant lymphoproliferation, IFN-gamma levels and the number of responders. On the contrary, the combination of ESAT-6+CFP-21+MPT-64 was found to be most immunogenic based on both T-cell and antibody responses in immunized mice. Prophylactic potential of the selected combinations was assessed as supplementation vaccines to BCG against intravenous challenge with M. tuberculosis in mice. BCG supplementation with the selected combinations resulted in significantly greater protection as compared to BCG alone against experimental tuberculosis and thus appears to be a promising approach to enhance the protective efficacy of the existing vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India
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46
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La Carbona S, Sauvageot N, Giard JC, Benachour A, Posteraro B, Auffray Y, Sanguinetti M, Hartke A. Comparative study of the physiological roles of three peroxidases (NADH peroxidase, Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and Thiol peroxidase) in oxidative stress response, survival inside macrophages and virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. Mol Microbiol 2007; 66:1148-63. [PMID: 17971082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis is well equipped with peroxidatic activities. It harbours three loci encoding a NADH peroxidase, an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and a protein (EF2932) belonging to the AhpC/TSA family. We present results demonstrating that ef2932 does encode a thiol peroxidase (Tpx) and show that it is part of the regulon of the hydrogen peroxide regulator HypR. Characterization of unmarked deletion mutants showed that all three peroxidases are important for the defence against externally provided H(2)O(2). Exposure to internal generated H(2)O(2) by aerobic growth on glycerol, lactose, galactose or ribose showed that Npr was absolutely required for aerobic growth on glycerol and optimal growth on the other substrates. Growth on glycerol was also dependent on Ahp. Addition of catalase restored growth of the mutants, and therefore, extracellular H(2)O(2) concentrations have been determined. This showed that the time point of growth arrest of the Deltanpr mutant correlated with the highest H(2)O(2) concentration measured. Analysis of the survival of the different strains inside peritoneal macrophages revealed that Tpx was the most important antioxidant activity for protecting the cells against the hostile phagocyte environment. Finally, the Deltatpx and the triple mutant showed attenuated virulence in a mouse peritonitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie La Carbona
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l'Université de Caen, EA956 USC INRA2017, 14032 CAEN cedex, France
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47
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Mattow J, Siejak F, Hagens K, Schmidt F, Koehler C, Treumann A, Schaible UE, Kaufmann SHE. An improved strategy for selective and efficient enrichment of integral plasma membrane proteins of mycobacteria. Proteomics 2007; 7:1687-701. [PMID: 17436267 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial plasma membrane proteins play essential roles in many cellular processes, yet their comprehensive proteomic profiling remains challenging. This is mainly due to obstacles related to their extraction and solubilization. To tackle this problem, we have developed a novel procedure to selectively enrich mycobacterial plasma membrane proteins based on alkaline sodium carbonate washing of crude membranes followed by Triton X-114 phase partitioning. The present study assesses the efficiency of this method by proteome analysis of plasma membrane proteins from Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Extracted proteins were separated in parallel by 1-D SDS-PAGE and 2-DE and then analyzed by LC-MS/MS and MALDI-MS/MS. Our study revealed 125 proteins, of which 54 contained 1-14 predicted transmembrane domains (TMD) including nine novel proteins. The 1-D SDS-PAGE-based proteome analysis identified 81 proteins, of which 49 (60.5%) harbored TMD. This approach also revealed many hydrophobic membrane-associated/periplasmic proteins lacking TMD, but only few soluble proteins. The identified proteins were characterized with regard to biological functions and physicochemical properties providing further evidence for the high efficiency of the prefractionation method described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mattow
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Målen H, Berven FS, Fladmark KE, Wiker HG. Comprehensive analysis of exported proteins fromMycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Proteomics 2007; 7:1702-18. [PMID: 17443846 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis play an essential role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. The culture filtrates of M. tuberculosis H37Rv made by Sadamu Nagai (Japan), are considerably enriched for secreted proteins compared to other culture filtrates. Complementary approaches were used to identify the secreted proteins in these culture filtrates: (i) 2-DE combined with MALDI-TOF MS and (ii) LC coupled MS/MS. Peptides derived from a total of 257 proteins were identified of which 144 were identified by more than one peptide. Several members of the immunologically important early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) family of proteins were found to be major components. The majority of the identified proteins, 159 (62%), were predicted to be exported through the general secretory pathway. We experimentally verified that the signal peptides, which mediate translocation through the cell membrane, had been removed in 41 of the identified proteins, and in 35 of those, there was an AXA motif N-terminally to the cleavage site, showing that this motif is important for the recognition and cleavage of signal peptides in mycobacteria. A large fraction of the secreted proteins were unknown, suggesting that we have mapped an unexplored part of the exported proteome of M. tuberculosis. complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa Målen
- Section for Microbiology and Immunology, Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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49
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Parker SK, Curtin KM, Vasil ML. Purification and characterization of mycobacterial phospholipase A: an activity associated with mycobacterial cutinase. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4153-60. [PMID: 17416658 PMCID: PMC1913378 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01909-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe mycobacterial phospholipase A activity (MPLA) and, using reverse genetics, have associated this activity with putative mycobacterial cutinase. PLAs, which hydrolyze fatty acids on phospholipids, play a significant role in human inflammatory states and disease pathogenesis. In prokaryotes, the recognition of their role in virulence is more recent. Cutinases are serine esterases whose primary substrate is cutin, the waxy exterior layer of plants. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has maintained seven putative cutinases, though it should not encounter cutin; we demonstrate that known cutinases and MPLA cleave phospholipids in a PLA-type manner and also hydrolyze Tween. We analyzed cutinase motifs in mycobacteria and found the motif very prevalent. All mycobacteria tested had MPLA activity. These studies suggest an alternative use for putative cutinases by the M. tuberculosis group that is likely related to MPLA activity and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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50
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Sable SB, Plikaytis BB, Shinnick TM. Tuberculosis subunit vaccine development: Impact of physicochemical properties of mycobacterial test antigens. Vaccine 2007; 25:1553-66. [PMID: 17166640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be one of the major public health problems in the world. The eventual control of this disease will require the development of a safe and effective vaccine. One of the approaches receiving a great deal of attention recently is subunit vaccination. An efficacious antituberculous subunit vaccine requires the identification and isolation of key components of the pathogen that are capable of inducing a protective immune response. Clues to identify promising subunit vaccine candidates may be found in their physicochemical and immunobiological properties. In this article, we review the evidence that the physicochemical properties of mycobacterial components can greatly impact the induction of either protective or deleterious immune response and consequently influence the potential utility as an antituberculous subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj B Sable
- Division of TB Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop G35, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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