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Xu J, Yu L, Ye S, Ye Z, Yang L, Xu X. Oral microbiota-host interaction: the chief culprit of alveolar bone resorption. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1254516. [PMID: 38455060 PMCID: PMC10918469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1254516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There exists a bidirectional relationship between oral health and general well-being, with an imbalance in oral symbiotic flora posing a threat to overall human health. Disruptions in the commensal flora can lead to oral diseases, while systemic illnesses can also impact the oral cavity, resulting in the development of oral diseases and disorders. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, known as pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis, play a crucial role in linking periodontitis to accompanying systemic diseases. In periodontal tissues, these bacteria, along with their virulence factors, can excessively activate the host immune system through local diffusion, lymphatic circulation, and blood transmission. This immune response disruption contributes to an imbalance in osteoimmune mechanisms, alveolar bone resorption, and potential systemic inflammation. To restore local homeostasis, a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interactions and the immune network phenotype in local tissues is imperative. Defining the immune network phenotype in periodontal tissues offers a promising avenue for investigating the complex characteristics of oral plaque biofilms and exploring the potential relationship between periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying Porphyromonas gingivalis- and Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced alveolar bone resorption, as well as the immunophenotypes observed in host periodontal tissues during pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Surong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zitong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Braun ML, Tomek MB, Grünwald-Gruber C, Nguyen PQ, Bloch S, Potempa JS, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Shut-Down of Type IX Protein Secretion Alters the Host Immune Response to Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:835509. [PMID: 35223555 PMCID: PMC8869499 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.835509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis target distinct virulence factors bearing a structurally conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) to the type IX protein secretion system (T9SS). The T9SS comprises an outer membrane translocation complex which works in concert with a signal peptidase for CTD cleavage. Among prominent T9SS cargo linked to periodontal diseases are the TfsA and TfsB components of T. forsythia’s cell surface (S-) layer, the bacterium’s BspA surface antigen and a set of cysteine proteinases (gingipains) from P. gingivalis. To assess the overall role of the bacterial T9SS in the host response, human macrophages and human gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with T. forsythia and P. gingivalis wild-type bacteria and T9SS signal peptidase-deficient mutants defective in protein secretion, respectively. The immunostimulatory potential of these bacteria was compared by analyzing the mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and TNF-α by qPCR and by measuring the production of the corresponding proteins by ELISA. Shot-gun proteomics analysis of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis outer membrane preparations confirmed that several CTD-bearing virulence factors which interact with the human immune system were depleted from the signal peptidase mutants, supportive of effective T9SS shut-down. Three and, more profoundly, 16 hours post stimulation, the T. forsythia T9SS mutant induced significantly less production of cytokines and the chemokine in human cells compared to the corresponding parent strain, while the opposite was observed for the P. gingivalis T9SS mutant. Our data indicate that T9SS shut-down translates into an altered inflammatory response in periodontal pathogens. Thus, the T9SS as a potential novel target for periodontal therapy needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias L. Braun
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus B. Tomek
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Phuong Q. Nguyen
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Bloch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan S. Potempa
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Group, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Christina Schäffer, ; Oleh Andrukhov,
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Christina Schäffer, ; Oleh Andrukhov,
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Baek KJ, Ji S, Kim YC, Choi Y. Association of the invasion ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis with the severity of periodontitis. Virulence 2015; 6:274-81. [PMID: 25616643 PMCID: PMC4601282 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2014.1000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the well-characterized periodontal pathogens involved in periodontitis. The invasive and proteolytic activities of P. gingivalis clinical isolates have been shown to be associated with heterogenic virulence, as determined in a mouse abscess model. The aims of the present study were to identify a P. gingivalis strain with a low virulence among clinical isolates, based on its invasive ability and cytokine proteolytic activities, and to explore the preferential degradation of a certain cytokine by P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, W50, and 10 clinical isolates were used. After incubating bacteria with IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-1α, the amounts of remaining cytokines were determined by ELISA. Invasion ability was measured by a flow cytometric invasion assay. There was inter-strain variability both in the cytokine proteolytic activities and invasion ability. In addition, differential degradation of cytokines by P. gingivalis was observed: while IFNγ and IL-17A were almost completely degraded, inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1α were less susceptible to degradation. Interestingly, the invasion index, but not cytokine proteolytic activities, of P. gingivalis had strong positive correlations with clinical parameters of subjects who harbored the isolates. Therefore, the invasive ability of P. gingivalis is an important virulence factor, and the bacterial invasion step may be a good target for new therapeutics of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Jin Baek
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Korea
| | - Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontology; Anam Hospital; Korea University; Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Korea
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Ganuelas LA, Li N, Yun P, Hunter N, Collyer CA. The lysine gingipain adhesin domains from Porphyromonas gingivalis interact with erythrocytes and albumin: Structures correlate to function. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:152-62. [PMID: 24265933 PMCID: PMC3832095 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the K1 domain, an adhesin module of the lysine gingipain (Kgp) expressed on the cell surface by the periodontopathic anaerobic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis W83, is compared to the previously determined structures of homologues K2 and K3, all three being representative members of the cleaved adhesin domain family. In the structure of K1, the conformation of the most extensive surface loop is unexpectedly perturbed, perhaps by crystal packing, and is displaced from a previously reported arginine-anchored position observed in K2 and K3. This displacement allows the loop to become free to interact with other proteins; the alternate flipped-out loop conformation is a novel mechanism for interacting with target host proteins, other bacteria, or other gingipain protein domains. Further, the K1 adhesin module, like others, is found to be haemolytic in vitro, and so, functions in erythrocyte recognition thereby contributing to the haemolytic function of Kgp. K1 was also observed to selectively bind to haem-albumin with high affinity, suggesting this domain may be involved in gingipain-mediated haem acquisition from haem-albumin. Therefore, it is most likely that all cleaved adhesin domains of Kgp contribute to the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis in more complex ways than simply mediating bacterial adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Ganuelas
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - N. Li
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - P. Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and
Centre for Oral Health, Westmead HospitalSydney, NSWAustralia
| | - N. Hunter
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and
Centre for Oral Health, Westmead HospitalSydney, NSWAustralia,Faculty of Dentistry, The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - C. A. Collyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
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The K1K2 region of Lys-gingipain of Porphyromonas gingivalis blocks induction of HLA expression by gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3733-41. [PMID: 22802347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of periodontal disease, cysteine proteinases or gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis have been implicated in the hydrolysis of cytokines, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ). This cytokine plays a crucial role in host defenses, in part, by regulating expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules. Our recent analysis has identified three structurally defined modules, K1, K2, and K3, of the hemagglutinin region of the lysine gingipain Kgp. These three structurally homologous domains have a common β-sandwich topology that is similar to that found in a superfamily of adhesins and carbohydrate binding domains. The three Kgp hemagglutinin modules are distinguished by variation in some of the loops projecting from the β-sandwich core. Recombinant products corresponding to both single and multidomain regions as well as native Kgp bound IFN-γ with similar affinities. Among the adhesin domain constructs, only the K1K2 polypeptide inhibited the upregulation of HLA-1 expression in a human erythroleukemia (K562) line induced by both recombinant and native IFN-γ. The K1K2 polypeptide also inhibited HLA-DR expression induced by IFN-γ in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These effects were competitively inhibited by coincubation with sodium or potassium chloride solution. The N-terminal residues of IFN-γ were implicated in mediating the effect of K1K2, while antibody binding to loop 1 of K2 blocked the action of K1K2. The findings indicate the potential significance of structurally defined Kgp adhesin modules in the inactivation of IFN-γ but also the potential of K1K2 in locating the target for the catalytic domain of Kgp.
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Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis: an invasive and evasive opportunistic oral pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 333:1-9. [PMID: 22530835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative oral anaerobe that is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that destroys the tissues supporting the tooth, eventually leading to tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis has can locally invade periodontal tissues and evade the host defence mechanisms. In doing so, it utilizes a panel of virulence factors that cause deregulation of the innate immune and inflammatory responses. The present review discusses the invasive and evasive strategies of P. gingivalis and the role of its major virulence factors in these, namely lipopolysaccharide, capsule, gingipains and fimbriae. Moreover, the role of P. gingivalis as a 'keystone' biofilm species in orchestrating a host response, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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The Lysine-Specific Gingipain of Porphyromonas gingivalis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:15-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Guo Y, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:15-44. [PMID: 20712631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Pathirana RD, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Host immune responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens. Periodontol 2000 2010; 52:218-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Fitzpatrick RE, Wijeyewickrema LC, Pike RN. The gingipains: scissors and glue of the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:471-87. [PMID: 19416015 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is associated with chronic periodontal disease (periodontitis or gum disease). The disease is not only the leading cause of tooth loss in the developed world, but is associated with a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The most potent virulence factors of this bacterium are the gingipains, three cysteine proteases that bind and cleave a wide range of host proteins. This article summarizes current knowledge of the structure and function of the enzymes, with a particular focus on what remains to be elucidated regarding the structure and function of the nonenzymatic adhesin domains of the high-molecular-weight forms of the proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Fitzpatrick
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Sciences & Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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The RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes of Porphyromonas gingivalis Inactivate the Th2 cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-5. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1451-8. [PMID: 19168731 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01377-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes are a primary virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen in the development of chronic periodontitis. The RgpA-Kgp complexes have been suggested to bias the immune response to a Th2 phenotype in disease by hydrolysis of Th1 cytokines. Here, we show that the RgpA-Kgp complexes hydrolyze and inactivate interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5 under physiologically relevant conditions. Using the IL-4/IL-5-dependent TF1.8 T-cell line, it was found that at equimolar ratios of cytokine to RgpA-Kgp complexes, IL-4 and IL-5 were inactivated in the culture medium. The inactivation of IL-4 and IL-5 was RgpA-Kgp concentration dependent, as at an enzyme-to-cytokine molar ratio of 1:8, the bioactivity of the cytokines was greater than at the higher concentration of RgpA-Kgp of 1:1. Furthermore, inactivation of the cytokines by the RgpA-Kgp complexes was time dependent, as longer preincubation times resulted in lower cytokine activity. IL-5 was found to be slightly more resistant to inactivation than IL-4. Mass spectrometric analyses of IL-4 and IL-5 showed that hydrolysis by RgpA-Kgp complexes was C terminal to Arg and Lys residues of the cytokines. The peptides released indicated that the regions of IL-4 and IL-5 important for bioactivity were being hydrolyzed in the first 15 min of incubation. The ability of the RgpA-Kgp complexes to degrade Th2 cytokines may contribute to immune dysregulation and may play a role in the pathology of chronic periodontitis.
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12
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de Oliveira CC, de Oliveira SM, Goes VM, Probst CM, Krieger MA, Buchi DDF. Gene expression profiling of macrophages following mice treatment with an immunomodulator medication. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1364-77. [PMID: 18286468 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Canova (CA) is a complex homeopathic medication used in diseases where the immune system is depressed. Previous studies demonstrated that it is neither toxic nor mutagenic and activates macrophages. We now evaluate CA effects on cytokine production and gene expression from mice macrophages. The global view of changes in expression of genes with known functions can provide a vivid picture of the way in which cell adapts to a changing environment or a challenge. We found a decrease in IL-2 and IL-4 production and a differential expression in 147 genes from CA group. These genes are mainly involved in transcription/translation, cell structure and dynamics, immune response, cytoprotection, enzymatic process, and receptors/ligands. With gene expression analysis we state that this medication provokes a reaction that involves alterations in gene expression profile mainly in the ones involved with macrophages activation, corroborating the laboratorial research and the clinical data.
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Yokoyama K, Sugano N, Rahman AKMS, Oshikawa M, Ito K. Activity of anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis egg yolk antibody against gingipains in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 22:352-5. [PMID: 17803634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effect of anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis egg yolk antibody against gingipains [immunoglobulin Y (IgY)-GP] on gingipain activity in vitro. METHODS IgY-GP was isolated from the yolks of White Leghorn hens immunized with purified gingipains. Control antibody (IgY) was isolated from the yolks of non-immunized hens. Gingipain activity was assessed according to the rate of enzymatic substrate hydrolysis. Human epithelial cells were cultured with or without gingipains and with gingipains pretreated with either IgY-GP or IgY. RESULTS Hydrolytic activity decreased in the presence of IgY-GP. Cells incubated with gingipains showed a dose-dependent loss of adhesion activity. Pretreatment of gingipains with IgY-GP was associated with strong inhibition of cell detachment, whereas pretreatment with IgY was not. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that IgY-GP may be an effective immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokoyama
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Yun LWP, Decarlo AA, Hunter N. Blockade of protease-activated receptors on T cells correlates with altered proteolysis of CD27 by gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:217-29. [PMID: 17937677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases, termed gingipains, of Porphyromonas gingivalis are able to inactivate a broad range of host proteins involved in cellular responses and have been implicated as key virulence factors in the onset and progression of adult periodontitis. In the present study, the high molecular weight Arg-gingipain, RgpA, produced a time- and concentration-dependent hydrolysis of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor family member CD27 on resting T cells. As a consequence of CD27 degradation, a reduction in CD27-ligation dependent co-stimulatory CD40L expression was observed. Concomitantly, RgpA activated the protease-activated receptors (PAR)-1, PAR-2 and PAR-4 and induced CD69 and CD25 expression on T cells, thereby demonstrating T cell activation. The Lys-gingipain Kgp demonstrated a low capacity to degrade CD27 but the ability to affect CD27 expression and biological activity was increased when T cells were pretreated with blocking peptide against PAR-2. CD70, the ligand for CD27 induced on activated B cells, was significantly reduced by RgpA treatment and weakly affected by Kgp. These findings suggest that while RgpA can activate T cells through PARs, the parallel action of direct hydrolysis of membrane CD27 as well as CD70 indicates a potential down-regulatory effect through inhibition of CD27/CD70-mediated cell activation in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W P Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis increase the chemotactic and respiratory burst-priming properties of the 77-amino-acid interleukin-8 variant. Infect Immun 2007; 76:317-23. [PMID: 18025101 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00618-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe which is implicated in the etiology of active periodontitis, secretes degradative enzymes (gingipains) and sheds proinflammatory mediators (e.g., lipopolysaccharides [LPS]). LPS triggers the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from immune (72-amino-acid [aa] variant [IL-8(72aa)]) and nonimmune (IL-8(77aa)) cells. IL-8(77aa) has low chemotactic and respiratory burst-inducing activity but is susceptible to cleavage by gingipains. This study shows that both R- and K-gingipain treatments of IL-8(77aa) significantly enhance burst activation by fMLP and chemotactic activity (P < 0.05) but decrease burst activation and chemotactic activity of IL-8(72aa) toward neutrophil-like HL60 cells and primary neutrophils (P < 0.05). Using tandem mass spectrometry, we have demonstrated that R-gingipain cleaves 5- and 11-aa peptides from the N-terminal portion of IL-8(77aa) and the resultant peptides are biologically active, while K-gingipain removes an 8-aa N-terminal peptide yielding a 69-aa isoform of IL-8 that shows enhanced biological activity. During periodontitis, secreted gingipains may differentially affect neutrophil chemotaxis and activation in response to IL-8 according to the cellular source of the chemokine.
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Seppänen M, Lokki ML, Notkola IL, Mattila K, Valtonen V, Nieminen A, Vesanen M, Asikainen S, Meri S. Complement and c4 null alleles in severe chronic adult periodontitis. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:176-81. [PMID: 17257223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe forms of chronic periodontitis affect up to 10% of adults. Tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin-alpha genes in the major histocompatibility complex are associated with severe periodontitis. Complement factor C4 is a nearby, polymorphic, functionally relevant gene region. Although associated with chronic mucosal infections, C4 deficiencies have not been assessed in adult periodontitis patients. We tested whether complement levels are systemically altered and C4 deficiencies associated with severe chronic periodontitis. In a case-control study, we analysed levels of plasma C3, and C4, serum classical pathway haemolytic activity, C4 allotypes and C4 gene numbers in 37 patients with severe chronic periodontitis and in 150 voluntary controls. Plasma levels of C3 were higher, and classical pathway haemolytic activity was lower in patients than in controls. Partial C4 gene deficiencies were more frequent in patients than in controls (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1-5.5, P = 0.032). Changes in complement levels may reflect chronic, recurring inflammation. C4 gene deficiencies are associated with predisposition to chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seppänen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS), Helsinki, Finland.
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Yokoyama K, Sugano N, Shimada T, Shofiqur RAKM, Ibrahim ESM, Isoda R, Umeda K, Sa NV, Kodama Y, Ito K. Effects of egg yolk antibody against Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains in periodontitis patients. J Oral Sci 2007; 49:201-6. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.49.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Yun PLW, Decarlo AA, Hunter N. Gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis modulate leukocyte adhesion molecule expression induced in human endothelial cells by ligation of CD99. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1661-72. [PMID: 16495537 PMCID: PMC1418641 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1661-1672.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated as a key etiologic agent in the pathogenesis of destructive chronic periodontitis. Among virulence factors of this organism are cysteine proteinases, or gingipains, that have the capacity to modulate host inflammatory defenses. Intercellular adhesion molecule expression by vascular endothelium represents a crucial process for leukocyte transendothelial migration into inflamed tissue. Ligation of CD99 on endothelial cells was shown to induce expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and to increase adhesion of leukocytes. CD99 ligation was also found to induce nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. These results indicate that endothelial cell activation by CD99 ligation may lead to the up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression via NF-kappaB activation. However, pretreatment of endothelial cells with gingipains caused a dose-dependent reduction of adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte adhesion induced by ligation of CD99 on endothelial cells. The data provide evidence that the gingipains can reduce the functional expression of CD99 on endothelial cells, leading indirectly to the disruption of adhesion molecule expression and of leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L W Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, P.O. Box 533 Wentworthville, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Yonezawa H, Kato T, Kuramitsu HK, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Immunization by Arg-gingipain A DNA vaccine protects mice against an invasive Porphyromonas gingivalis infection through regulation of interferon-gamma production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 20:259-66. [PMID: 16101960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2005.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a Porphyromonas gingivalis rgpA DNA vaccine induced protective immune responses against P. gingivalis infection in mice. In the present study, reduction in lethality against infection by lethal doses of P. gingivalis was observed in the rgpA DNA vaccine-immunized mice. Cytokine levels in the mouse model with nonlethal doses of infection by P. gingivalis were evaluated to analyze the mechanism of protection by immunization with the rgpA DNA vaccine. After nonlethal challenge with invasive P. gingivalis W50, production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12 was elevated; however, interferon (IFN)-gamma was lower in the serum of the DNA vaccine-immunized mice than in the serum of nonimmunized mice. The regulation of IFN-gamma production elicited by immunization with the rgpA DNA vaccine may play a significant role in protection against P. gingivalis infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yonezawa
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Yun PLW, Decarlo AA, Chapple CC, Collyer CA, Hunter N. Binding of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains to human CD4(+) T cells preferentially down-regulates surface CD2 and CD4 with little affect on co-stimulatory molecule expression. Microb Pathog 2005; 38:85-96. [PMID: 15748810 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) in the evasion of host cell-mediated immunity has not been fully determined. In this study, modulation by gingipains of accessory and co-stimulatory molecule expression on human CD4(+) T cells was evaluated. Arg-gingipain rather than Lys-gingipain binds to resting CD4(+) T cells in the presence of serum. The constitutive expression of CD28 on T cells was slightly up-regulated following challenge with gingipains, whereas CD45 and CD3 were not affected. Binding of anti-CD2 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was reduced after challenge of T cells with gingipains, but restored to 50 and 100%, respectively, of control levels, after 48h of incubation in medium depleted of gingipains. The induced expression, by anti-CD3 mAb, of CTLA-4, CD25, and CD40 ligand (CD40L) was decreased following incubation of T cells with gingipains which also led to decreased response to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs as shown by reduction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Cumulatively, these results indicate that activated gingipains attach to T cells and preferentially cleave CD2 and CD4 molecules, with potential to impair T cell responses at periodontal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L W Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Centre for Oral Health, P. O. Box 533 Wentworthville, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2005; 38:72-122. [PMID: 15853938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Holt
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Yun PLW, Decarlo AA, Chapple CC, Hunter N. Functional implication of the hydrolysis of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD31) by gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis for the pathology of periodontal disease. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1386-98. [PMID: 15731036 PMCID: PMC1064963 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.3.1386-1398.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a response of highly vascularized tissues to the adjacent microflora of dental plaque. Progressive disease has been related to consortia of anaerobic bacteria, with the gram-negative organism Porphyromonas gingivalis particularly implicated. The gingipains, comprising a group of cysteine proteinases and associated hemagglutinin domains, are major virulence determinants of this organism. As vascular expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules is a critical determinant of tissue response to microbial challenge, the objective of this study was to determine the capacity of gingipains to modulate the expression and function of these receptors. Given the potential multifunctional role of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) in the vasculature, the effect of gingipains on PECAM-1 expression by endothelial cells was examined. Activated gingipains preferentially down-regulated PECAM-1 expression on endothelial cells compared with vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, but the reduction in PECAM-1 expression was completely inhibited in the presence of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor TLCK (Nalpha-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone). Endothelial monolayers treated with activated gingipains demonstrated progressive intercellular gap formation that correlated with reduced intercellular junctional PECAM-1 expression as determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. This was accompanied by enhanced transfer of both albumin and neutrophils across the monolayer. The results suggest that degradation of PECAM-1 by gingipains contributes to increased vascular permeability and neutrophil flux at disease sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L W Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, P.O. Box 533, Wentworthville, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
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23
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Modulation of cytokine production by Porphyromonas gingivalis in a macrophage and epithelial cell co-culture model. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:448-56. [PMID: 15811635 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells and macrophages play a major role in the host response to Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis. Secretion of high levels of cytokines by these cells is believed to contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. To investigate the interactions between P. gingivalis and these two major cell types, we characterized the production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) by an in vitro co-culture model composed of epithelial-like transformed cells (HeLa cell line) and macrophage-like cells (phorbol myristic acid-differentiated U937 cell line) following a challenge with different strains of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis cells stimulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8 and RANTES) in the co-culture model. Responses to P. gingivalis infection were influenced by the macrophage/epithelial cell ratios of the cultures. In addition, the level of secretion of these inflammatory mediators was dependent on the bacterial strain and the multiplicity of infection (MOI) used. The use of a gingipain-deficient mutant of P. gingivalis or the addition of a cysteine protease inhibitor suggested that the level of cytokines secreted by the co-culture model was underestimated due to an extensive proteolytic degradation. This study showed that P. gingivalis can modulate the levels of inflammatory mediators, which may contribute to the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Que., Canada, G1K 7P4
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24
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Rautemaa R, Järvensivu A, Kari K, Wahlgren J, DeCarlo A, Richardson M, Sorsa T. Intracellular localization of Porphyromonas gingivalis thiol proteinase in periodontal tissues of chronic periodontitis patients. Oral Dis 2004; 10:298-305. [PMID: 15315648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Porphyromonas gingivalis is a significant periodontal pathogen that has been shown in vitro to be able to invade gingival epithelial cells and grow intracellularly. The aim of the present study was to detect P. gingivalis in gingival tissues from chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monoclonal antibodies specific to a cell membrane-bound thiol proteinase of P. gingivalis were used to detect the microbe in gingival tissues of CP patients (n = 13) by immunohistochemistry. The presence of P. gingivalis was also analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of the periodontal tissues revealed positive staining for P. gingivalis thiol proteinase in 11 of the 13 patients. Positive staining was mainly located intracellularly in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm in the periodontal epithelial cells and it could be detected throughout the whole depth of both pocket and oral epithelium. The sensitivity of immunohistochemistry was found to be comparable with that of PCR. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide in vivo evidence of the ability of P. gingivalis to enter human gingival epithelial cells. Intracellular localization of P. gingivalis contributes to its evasion of the host immune surveillance and eventually increases its resistance to conventional treatments of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rautemaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Microbiology Unit of Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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Yun LWP, Decarlo AA, Collyer C, Hunter N. Enhancement of Th2 pathways and direct activation of B cells by the gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:295-302. [PMID: 14616790 PMCID: PMC1808861 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) have been associated with virulence in destructive periodontitis, a disease process that has been linked with Th2 pathways. Critical in maintaining Th2 activity is the response of B lymphocytes to environmental interleukin (IL)-4, a cytokine that also counteracts Th1-cell differentiation. Here we demonstrate that while the gingipains effectively degrade interleukin (IL)-4 under serum-free conditions, limited hydrolysis was observed in the presence of serum even after prolonged incubation. Gingipains up-regulated CD69 expression directly in purified peripheral blood B cell preparations. Further, the induction of IL-4 receptor expression on B cells by gingipains correlates with B cell activation, which is also manifested by a mitogenic response. These results suggest that the gingipains of P. gingivalis act during the early stage of B-cell growth as a competence signal, whereby sensitized B cells might become more responsive to further challenge in the disease-susceptible individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W P Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Centre for Oral Health, Wentworthville, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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26
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Nelson KE, Fleischmann RD, DeBoy RT, Paulsen IT, Fouts DE, Eisen JA, Daugherty SC, Dodson RJ, Durkin AS, Gwinn M, Haft DH, Kolonay JF, Nelson WC, Mason T, Tallon L, Gray J, Granger D, Tettelin H, Dong H, Galvin JL, Duncan MJ, Dewhirst FE, Fraser CM. Complete genome sequence of the oral pathogenic Bacterium porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:5591-601. [PMID: 12949112 PMCID: PMC193775 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.18.5591-5601.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete 2,343,479-bp genome sequence of the gram-negative, pathogenic oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83, a major contributor to periodontal disease, was determined. Whole-genome comparative analysis with other available complete genome sequences confirms the close relationship between the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB) phylum and the green-sulfur bacteria. Within the CFB phyla, the genomes most similar to that of P. gingivalis are those of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis. Outside of the CFB phyla the most similar genome to P. gingivalis is that of Chlorobium tepidum, supporting the previous phylogenetic studies that indicated that the Chlorobia and CFB phyla are related, albeit distantly. Genome analysis of strain W83 reveals a range of pathways and virulence determinants that relate to the novel biology of this oral pathogen. Among these determinants are at least six putative hemagglutinin-like genes and 36 previously unidentified peptidases. Genome analysis also reveals that P. gingivalis can metabolize a range of amino acids and generate a number of metabolic end products that are toxic to the human host or human gingival tissue and contribute to the development of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Nelson
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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27
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Paramaesvaran M, Nguyen KA, Caldon E, McDonald JA, Najdi S, Gonzaga G, Langley DB, DeCarlo A, Crossley MJ, Hunter N, Collyer CA. Porphyrin-mediated cell surface heme capture from hemoglobin by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:2528-37. [PMID: 12670977 PMCID: PMC152631 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.8.2528-2537.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The porphyrin requirements for growth recovery of Porphyromonas gingivalis in heme-depleted cultures are investigated. In addition to physiologically relevant sources of heme, growth recovery is stimulated by a number of noniron porphyrins. These data demonstrate that, as for Haemophilus influenzae, reliance on captured iron and on exogenous porphyrin is manifest as an absolute growth requirement for heme. A number of outer membrane proteins including some gingipains contain the hemoglobin receptor (HA2) domain. In cell surface extracts, polypeptides derived from HA2-containing proteins predominated in hemoglobin binding. The in vitro porphyrin-binding properties of a recombinant HA2 domain were investigated and found to be iron independent. Porphyrins that differ from protoporphyrin IX in only the vinyl aspect of the tetrapyrrole ring show comparable effects in competing with hemoglobin for HA2 and facilitate growth recovery. For some porphyrins which differ from protoporphyrin IX at both propionic acid side chains, the modification is detrimental in both these assays. Correlations of porphyrin competition and growth recovery imply that the HA2 domain acts as a high-affinity hemophore at the cell surface to capture porphyrin from hemoglobin. While some proteins involved with heme capture bind directly to the iron center, the HA2 domain of P. gingivalis recognizes heme by a mechanism that is solely porphyrin mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Paramaesvaran
- Institute of Dental Research, Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia
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28
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Abstract
Gingipains are trypsin-like cysteine proteinases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major causative bacterium of adult periodontitis. HRgpA (95 kDa) and RgpB (50 kDa), products of 2 distinct but related genes, rgpA and rgpB, respectively, are specific for Arg-Xaa peptide bonds. Kgp, a product of the kgp gene, is specific for Lys-Xaa bonds. HRgpA and Kgp are non-covalent complexes containing separate catalytic and adhesion/ hemagglutinin domains, while RgpB has only a catalytic domain with a primary structure essentially identical to that of the catalytic subunit of HRgp. HRgpA and RgpB induce vascular permeability enhancement through activation of the kallikrein/kinin pathway and activate the blood coagulation system, which, respectively, are potentially associated with gingival crevicular fluid production and progression of inflammation leading to alveolar bone loss in the periodontitis site. Kgp is the most potent fibrinogen/fibrin degrading enzyme of the 3 gingipains in human plasma and is involved in the bleeding tendency at the diseased gingiva. HRgpA activates coagulation factors and degrades fibrinogen/fibrin more efficiently than RgpB due to the adhesion/hemagglutinin domains, which have affinity for phospholipids and fibrinogen. Gingipains degrade macrophage CD14, thus inhibiting activation of the leukocytes through the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, and thereby facilitating sustained colonization of P. gingivalis. Gingipains play a role in bacterial housekeeping and infection, including amino acid uptake from host proteins and fimbriae maturation. Based on the important activities of gingipains in the bacterial infection and the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the bacterial proteinases can be targets for periodontal disease therapy. Immunization with RgpB, HRgpA, or a portion of HRgpA catalytic domain attenuated P. gingivalis induced disorders in mice. In addition, a trypsin-like proteinase inhibitor retarded P. gingivalis growth specifically. Gingipains are potent virulence factors of P. gingivalis, and are likely to be associated with the development of periodontitis. It is, therefore, suggested that gingipain inhibition by vaccination and gingipain-specific inhibitors is a useful therapy for adult periodontitis caused by P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Imamura
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Neuroscience and Immunology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan.
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29
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DeCarlo AA, Huang Y, Collyer CA, Langley DB, Katz J. Feasibility of an HA2 domain-based periodontitis vaccine. Infect Immun 2003; 71:562-6. [PMID: 12496212 PMCID: PMC143394 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.1.562-566.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a rat periodontitis model, preinoculation with the Porphyromonas gingivalis HA2 binding domain for hemoglobin provided protection from disease. Protection was associated with induced anti-HA2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) humoral antibodies. The IgG subclass ratios suggested that relatively lower Th2/Th1-driven responses were directly associated with protection when rHA2 was administered in saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A DeCarlo
- Vaccine Research Division, Agenta Biotechnologies, Birmingham, Alabama 35253, USA.
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30
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Yun PLW, DeCarlo AA, Collyer C, Hunter N. Modulation of an interleukin-12 and gamma interferon synergistic feedback regulatory cycle of T-cell and monocyte cocultures by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in the absence or presence of cysteine proteinases. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5695-705. [PMID: 12228299 PMCID: PMC128344 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.10.5695-5705.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an efficient inducer and enhancer of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by both resting and activated T cells. There is evidence that human monocytes exposed to IFN-gamma have enhanced ability to produce IL-12 when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, it was demonstrated that LPS from the oral periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis stimulated monocytes primed with IFN-gamma to release IL-12, thereby enhancing IFN-gamma accumulation in T-cell populations. P. gingivalis LPS was shown to enhance IL-12 induction of IFN-gamma in T cells in a manner independent from TNF-alpha contribution. The levels of T-cell IL-12 receptors were not affected by P. gingivalis LPS and played only a minor role in the magnitude of the IFN-gamma response. These data suggest that LPS from P. gingivalis establishes an activation loop with IL-12 and IFN-gamma with potential to augment the production of inflammatory cytokines in relation to the immunopathology of periodontitis. We previously reported that the major cysteine proteinases (gingipains) copurifying with LPS in this organism were responsible for reduced IFN-gamma accumulation in the presence of IL-12. However, the addition of the gingipains in the presence of LPS resulted in partial restoration of the IFN-gamma levels. In the destructive periodontitis lesion, release of gingipains from the outer membrane (OM) of P. gingivalis could lead to the downregulation of Th1 responses, while gingipain associated with LPS in the OM or in OM vesicles released from the organism could have net stimulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L W Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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31
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Yun PL, Decarlo AA, Collyer C, Hunter N. Hydrolysis of interleukin-12 by Porphyromonas gingivalis major cysteine proteinases may affect local gamma interferon accumulation and the Th1 or Th2 T-cell phenotype in periodontitis. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5650-60. [PMID: 11500441 PMCID: PMC98681 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.9.5650-5660.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) have been associated with virulence in destructive periodontitis, a disease process variously considered to represent an unregulated stimulation of either T helper type 1 (Th1)- or Th2-type cells. Critical in maintaining Th1 activity is the response of T lymphocytes to environmental interleukin 12 (IL-12) in the form of up-regulation of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production. Here we demonstrate that in the presence or absence of serum, gingipains were able to hydrolyze IL-12 and reduce the IL-12-induced IFN-gamma production from CD4+ T cells. However, the induction of IL-12 receptors on T cells by gingipains did not correlate with the enhancement of IFN-gamma production. The gingipains cleaved IL-12 within the COOH-terminal region of the p40 and p35 subunit chains, which leads to IL-12 inactivity, whereas IL-2 in these assays was not affected. Inactivation of IL-12 by the gingipains could disrupt the cytokine balance or favor Th2 activities in the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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32
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Oido-Mori M, Rezzonico R, Wang PL, Kowashi Y, Dayer JM, Baehni PC, Chizzolini C. Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipain-R enhances interleukin-8 but decreases gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 production by human gingival fibroblasts in response to T-cell contact. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4493-501. [PMID: 11401991 PMCID: PMC98524 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.7.4493-4501.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral pathogen, are considered important virulence factors and may affect the responses of cells equipped with proteinase-activated receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the arginine-specific cysteine protease gingipain-R produced by P. gingivalis on chemokine production by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and the effect of gingipain-R treatment on the subsequent contact-dependent activation of HGF by T cells. HGF incubated in the presence of purified 47-kDa gingipain-R showed increased levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA was also induced. Further exposure of HGF to activated T cells resulted in the dose- and time-dependent enhancement of IL-8 transcription and release. T-cell membrane-bound tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was the ligand inducing IL-8 production by HGF, since TNF neutralization abrogated HGF responses to T-cell contact. The enhanced IL-8 release was due, at least in part, to prostaglandin-E(2) production, which was mostly blocked by indomethacin. Gingipain-R proteolytic activity was required since heat inactivation, specific synthetic protease inhibitors, and the natural substrate competitor histatin 5 abrogated its effects. The enhanced production of IL-8 in response to T-cell contact was specific since monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) production was unaffected while interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) was inhibited. The sum of these activities may result in the recruitment of differential cell types to sites of inflammation since IL-8 preferentially recruits neutrophils and IP-10 attracts activated T cells and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oido-Mori
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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33
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Travis J, Potempa J. Bacterial proteinases as targets for the development of second-generation antibiotics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1477:35-50. [PMID: 10708847 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial pathogen resistance to common antibiotics strongly supports the necessity to develop alternative mechanisms for combating drug-resistant forms of these infective organisms. Currently, few pharmaceutical companies have attempted to investigate the possibility of interrupting metabolic pathways other than those that are known to be involved in cell wall biosynthesis. In this review, we describe multiple, novel roles for bacterial proteinases during infection using, as a specific example, the enzymes from the organism Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontopathogen, which is known to be involved in the development and progression of periodontal disease. In this manner, we are able to justify the concept of developing synthetic inhibitors against members of this class of enzymes as potential second-generation antibiotics. Such compounds could not only prove valuable in retarding the growth and proliferation of bacterial pathogens but also lead to the use of this class of inhibitors against invasion by other infective organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Travis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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34
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Banbula A, Bugno M, Goldstein J, Yen J, Nelson D, Travis J, Potempa J. Emerging family of proline-specific peptidases of Porphyromonas gingivalis: purification and characterization of serine dipeptidyl peptidase, a structural and functional homologue of mammalian prolyl dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1176-82. [PMID: 10678923 PMCID: PMC97264 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.3.1176-1182.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/1999] [Accepted: 11/26/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an asaccharolytic and anaerobic bacterium that possesses a complex proteolytic system which is essential for its growth and evasion of host defense mechanisms. In this report, we show the purification and characterization of prolyl dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) produced by this organism. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity, and its enzymatic activity and biochemical properties were investigated. P. gingivalis DPPIV, like its human counterpart, is able to cleave the N terminus of synthetic oligopeptides with sequences analogous to those of interleukins 1beta and 2. Additionally, this protease hydrolyzes biologically active peptides including substance P, fibrin inhibitory peptide, and beta-casomorphin. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from several P. gingivalis strains reveal that a single copy of the DPPIV gene was present in all strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Banbula
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
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DeCarlo AA, Paramaesvaran M, Yun PL, Collyer C, Hunter N. Porphyrin-mediated binding to hemoglobin by the HA2 domain of cysteine proteinases (gingipains) and hemagglutinins from the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:3784-91. [PMID: 10368154 PMCID: PMC93857 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.12.3784-3791.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme binding and uptake are considered fundamental to the growth and virulence of the gram-negative periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. We therefore examined the potential role of the dominant P. gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) in the acquisition of heme from the environment. A recombinant hemoglobin-binding domain that is conserved between two predominant gingipains (domain HA2) demonstrated tight binding to hemin (Kd = 16 nM), and binding was inhibited by iron-free protoporphyrin IX (Ki = 2.5 microM). Hemoglobin binding to the gingipains and the recombinant HA2 (rHA2) domain (Kd = 2.1 nM) was also inhibited by protoporphyrin IX (Ki = 10 microM), demonstrating an essential interaction between the HA2 domain and the heme moiety in hemoglobin binding. Binding of rHA2 with either hemin, protoporphyrin IX, or hematoporphyrin was abolished by establishing covalent linkage of the protoporphyrin propionic acid side chains to fixed amines, demonstrating specific and directed binding of rHA2 to these protoporphyrins. A monoclonal antibody which recognizes a peptide epitope within the HA2 domain was employed to demonstrate that HA2-associated hemoglobin-binding activity was expressed and released by P. gingivalis cells in a batch culture, in parallel with proteinase activity. Cysteine proteinases from P. gingivalis appear to be multidomain proteins with functions for hemagglutination, erythrocyte lysis, proteolysis, and heme binding, as demonstrated here. Detailed understanding of the biochemical pathways for heme acquisition in P. gingivalis may allow precise targeting of this critical metabolic aspect for periodontal disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A DeCarlo
- Institute of Dental Research, Sydney, Australia.
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