1
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Ramírez AS, Poveda JB, Dijkman R, Poveda C, Suárez-Pérez A, Rosales RS, Feberwee A, Szostak MP, Ressel L, Viver T, Calabuig P, Catania S, Gobbo F, Timofte D, Spergser J. Mycoplasma bradburyae sp. nov. isolated from the trachea of sea birds. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126472. [PMID: 37839385 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In the search for mollicutes in wild birds, six Mycoplasma strains were isolated from tracheal swabs taken from four different species of seabirds. Four strains originated from three Yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) and a Cory's shearwater (Calonectris borealis) from Spain, one from a South African Kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), and one from an Italian Black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). These Mycoplasma strains presented 99 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values with Mycoplasma (M.) gallisepticum. Phylogenetic analyses of marker genes (16S rRNA gene and rpoB) confirmed the close relationship of the strains to M. gallisepticum and M. tullyi. The seabirds' strains grew well in modified Hayflick medium, and colonies showed typical fried egg morphology. They produced acid from glucose and mannose but did not hydrolyze arginine or urea. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a cell morphology characteristic of mycoplasmas, presenting spherical to flask-shaped cells with an attachment organelle. Gliding motility was also observed. Furthermore, serological tests, MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry and genomic studies demonstrated that the strains were different to any known Mycoplasma species, for which the name Mycoplasma bradburyae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is T158T (DSM 110708 = NCTC 14398).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Remco Dijkman
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Pérez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Rubén S Rosales
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Anneke Feberwee
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Tomeu Viver
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Pascual Calabuig
- Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Mycoplasma Unit - SCT1-Verona, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 37060 Buttapietra (VR), Italy
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Mycoplasma Unit - SCT1-Verona, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 37060 Buttapietra (VR), Italy
| | - Dorina Timofte
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Matucci A, Stefani E, Tondo A, Righetti V, Bottinelli M, Gavazzi L, Merenda M, Catania S. Isolation and characterization of an atypical Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain showing a new mgc2 variant. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109768. [PMID: 37148622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important pathogen of the poultry industry able to cause chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. Despite the application of biosecurity measures and the availability of vaccines for chickens, monitoring systems routinely applied for MG detection are still essential for infection control. Pathogen isolation is time-consuming and not suitable for rapid detection, albeit it is a compulsory step for genetic typing and antimicrobial susceptibility evaluation of single strains. The mgc2 gene is a species-specific molecular target adopted by most of the PCR protocols available for MG diagnosis, which are also included in the WOAH Terrestrial Manual. We describe the case of an atypical MG strain, isolated in 2019 from Italian turkeys, characterized by an mgc2 sequence not detectable by common endpoint PCR primers. Considering the potential risk of false negative results during diagnostic screenings with the endpoint protocol, the authors propose an alternative mgc2 PCR endpoint protocol, named MG600, which should be considered as a further diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matucci
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy.
| | - E Stefani
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
| | - A Tondo
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
| | - V Righetti
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
| | - M Bottinelli
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
| | - L Gavazzi
- Company Veterinarian, Gesco, S. Vittore di Cesena, Forlì-Cesena 47522, Italy
| | - M Merenda
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
| | - S Catania
- Mycoplasma Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Mycoplasmosis, SCT-1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Bovolino 1/C, Buttapietra, Verona 37060, Italy
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3
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Mugunthan SP, Kannan G, Chandra HM, Paital B. Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020469. [PMID: 36851345 PMCID: PMC9967393 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma sp. comprises cell wall-less bacteria with reduced genome size and can infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants. Avian mycoplasmosis, particularly in chickens, is primarily caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae. It causes infection and pathology mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. MG is the most widely distributed pathogenic avian mycoplasma with a wide range of host susceptibility and virulence. MG is transmitted both by horizontal and vertical routes. MG infection induces innate, cellular, mucosal, and adaptive immune responses in the host. Macrophages aid in phagocytosis and clearance, and B and T cells play critical roles in the clearance and prevention of MG. The virulent factors of MG are adhesion proteins, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and antigenic variation proteins, all of which play pivotal roles in host cell entry and pathogenesis. Prevention of MG relies on farm and flock biosecurity, management strategies, early diagnosis, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination. This review summarizes the vital pathogenic mechanisms underlying MG infection and recapitulates the virulence factors of MG-host cell adhesion, antigenic variation, nutrient transport, and immune evasion. The review also highlights the limitations of current vaccines and the development of innovative future vaccines against MG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganapathy Kannan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecology Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Harish Mani Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore 632115, India
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (B.P.)
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (B.P.)
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4
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Fatideh FP, Esmaelizad M, Kargar M, Tebianian M, Kafilzadeh F. Designing of novel chimeric PvpA-pMGA protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, applicable for indirect ELISA. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:160. [DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens creating important economic losses in poultry industry. pMGA and pvpA genes encode major surface proteins in M. gallisepticum containing pathogenic, antigenic, and immune evasion characteristics. The objective of the present study was to design, express, and purify the recombinant chimeric PvpA-pMGA protein from M.gallisepticum for using in serological diagnostic test.
Methods
Antigenic regions of PvpA and pMGA proteins were predicted for designing chimeric pvpA-pMGA gene construct. The codon optimized sequence was cloned into the expression vector pET32a+ and transformed into the Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). The pET32a-PvpA-pMGA recombinant plasmid was expressed and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. PvpA-pMGA recombinant protein (20μg and 50μg), ts-11 vaccine strain, and S6 strain that formulated by montanide adjuvant and two control groups (PBS and adjuvant) were injected subcutaneously to six groups of chickens.
Results
High yield of protein was purified amount 138 mg/L by affinity batch formation method. Indirect ELISA showed the levels of antibodies in rPvpA-pMGA was significantly higher than ts-11 and S6 groups (p<0.05). The results indicated that antigen-specific response was successfully elicited by the rpMGA-PvpA in chickens. The result of the ELISA with sera collected from ts-11 and S6 groups showed that indirect PvpA-pMGA-ELISA is appropriate candidate for detection of specific antibodies against M. gallisepticum with 100% sensitivity and specificity.
Conclusions
The rPvpA-pMGA is a highly candidate immunogenic protein which induced high amount of humoral immune response. Novel rPvpA-pMGA protein could be useful for evaluation of antibody level in vaccinated poultry flocks.
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5
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Pan Q, Xu Q, Liu T, Zhang Y, Xin J. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host
UPR
protein
GRP78
to facilitate infection. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:208-222. [PMID: 35791781 PMCID: PMC9542919 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a crucial role in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) pathogenesis. We previously demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae interferes with the host UPR to foster bacterial adhesion and infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this UPR modulation is unclear. Here, we report that M. hyopneumoniae membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host GRP78, a master regulator of UPR localized to the porcine tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) surface. The interaction of Mhp271 with GRP78 reduces the porcine beta‐defensin 2 (PBD‐2) production, thereby facilitating M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection. Furthermore, the R1‐2 repeat region of Mhp271 is crucial for GRP78 binding and the regulation of PBD‐2 expression. Intriguingly, a coimmunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay and molecular docking prediction indicated that the ATP, rather than the substrate‐binding domain of GRP78, is targeted by Mhp271 R1‐2. Overall, our findings identify host GRP78 as a target for M. hyopneumoniae Mhp271 modulating the host UPR to facilitate M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China
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6
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Targeted sequencing analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates in chicken layer and breeder flocks in Thailand. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9900. [PMID: 35701517 PMCID: PMC9198072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the most economically important pathogens worldwide. MG affects the respiratory system and impairs growth performance in poultry. In developing countries, the most widely used technique to identify MG is the conventional PCR assay. In this study, 24 MG isolates collected from Thailand farms with unvaccinated chickens during 2002–2020 were characterized by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS), followed by phylogenetic analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean. These 24 Thai MG isolates differed from vaccine strains, including the F, ts-11 and 6/85 strains. One isolate showed 99.5–100% genetic similarity to the F strain with 4 partial gene analyses. This result may have been due to contamination from vaccinated flocks because the F strain is the most commonly used vaccine strain in Thailand. However, the GTS analysis using the partial MG genes in this study showed that the isolates could be grouped into different patterns based on individual gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis of partial mgc2, gapA, pvpA and lp gene sequences classified the Thai MG isolates into 7, 11, 7 and 2 groups, respectively. In conclusion, at least 2 partial MG genes, especially partial gapA and mgc2 genes, are needed to differentiate MG isolates.
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7
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MANIMARAN K, MISHRA ADARSH, HARINI V, SHIVACHANDRA SATHISHB, MEENAMBIGAI TV, RAJ GDHINAKAR. Cloning of cytadhesin protein gene (pvpA) and expression analysis of recombinant fusion protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i2.113814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the major respiratory tract infections of the poultry, resulting in significant economic loss to the poultry farmers. Diagnosis of such ailment is highly necessary for effective control measures. In addition, promising molecular tools are warranted for efficient epidemiological tracing of the outbreaks. The study was focused on the elucidation of phase variable cytadhesin protein gene (pvpA) of MG through cloning and expression analysis. A set of primers targeting the pvpA gene of MG was designed. The complete pvpA gene was amplified and cloned into pUC-derived expression vector pRSETA. Finally, the recombinant clones were examined through colony PCR and restriction endonuclease (RE) analysis with EcoR1 and BamH1 enzymes followed by sequencing. The expression of the recombinant pvpA gene was optimized at 1.4mM/μl concentration of Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside induction at 30°C. The recombinant fusion protein was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE followed by confirmation of recombinant cytadhesin fusion protein through western blot analysis. The pvpA gene was successfully cloned and expressed. The deduced amino acid sequence analysis had shown the presence of two direct repeats (DR1 and DR2) along with predicted PRP motifs repeatedly with high proline encoding regions at the carboxy-terminal of pvpA gene indicating its scope for epidemiological studies.
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8
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Bashashati M, Banani M. Complete Sequence-Based Genotyping of mgc2/pvpA Genes in Chicken-Derived Mycoplasma gallisepticum Isolates of Iran. Avian Dis 2021; 64:507-516. [PMID: 33570101 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d20-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major pathogen of the poultry industry throughout the world. MG causes chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. Despite constant improvements in the biosecurity of the poultry industry in Iran, MG infection still occurs and causes significant economic issues. To evaluate genetic variability, 10 Iranian MG isolates along with 17 available sequences were characterized by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS) analysis of complete mgc2/pvpA genes. According to the findings, 21 different sequence types within the sample set of 27 strains were typed by this method. The discriminatory power of this typing assay was established to be 0.97. Although no insertions and deletions of nucleotides were observed in the mgc2 gene among the Iranian strains, different lengths of pvpA genes with 1086, 1095, and 1101 nucleotides were detected within direct repeats (DRs) 1 and 2. Generally, eight tetrapeptides Pro-Arg-Pro-Met/Gln/Asn were found in the DRs of PvpA. Analysis of the carboxyl ends of PvpA proteins exhibited various repeats of prolines. In the phylogenetic tree of partial and complete mgc2/pvpA genes, all Iranian MG isolates were clustered into two distinct groups. Because this typing assay could provide a higher discriminatory power than the previously reported GTS scheme of partial mgc2/ pvpA genes, these results can be considered a blueprint for future national control and diagnostic strategies. Furthermore, consistent surveillance with larger datasets will be needed to clarify the epidemiologic characteristics of MG outbreaks in different poultry hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bashashati
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - Mansour Banani
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3197619751, Iran
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9
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Fu P, Wang F, Zhang Y, Qiao X, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Yan X, Wu W. The application of aptamer Apt-236 targeting PvpA protein in the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3068-3076. [PMID: 34142691 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00515d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) is the primary agent of chronic respiratory disease causing important economic losses in the poultry industry. Compared to antibodies, aptamers used to diagnose M. gallisepticum have many advantages, such as being chemically, animal-free produced and easily modifiable without affecting their affinity. Herein, a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer Apt-236 which can specifically bind to PvpA protein of M. gallisepticum with a Kd of 1.30 ± 0.18 nM was selected successfully. An indirect blocking ELAA (ib-ELAA) for M. gallisepticum antibodies detection was also developed using Apt-236, in which M. gallisepticum antibodies would block the binding-position of aptamers. Therefor positive sera would prevent color development whereas negative sera will allow a strong color reaction. The ib-ELAA was consistent with other three widely used assays in terms of the growth and decline of the antibody response to M. gallisepticum, and showed substantial agreement with the results obtained using a commercial ELISA kit in clinical chicken sera samples. Therefore, the ib-ELAA developed in this study was a new format for aptamer application and would be an alternative method for the surveillance of M. gallisepticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yunke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xilan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Beijing QuantoBio Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinbo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wenxue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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10
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Antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: a systematic review. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Current status of vaccine research, development, and challenges of vaccines for Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4195-4202. [PMID: 32867963 PMCID: PMC7598112 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen that causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Surprisingly, the limited protection and adverse reactions caused by the vaccines, including live vaccines, bacterin-based (killed) vaccines, and recombinant viral vaccines is still a major concern. Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains vary in infectivity and virulence and infection may sometimes unapparent and goes undetected. Although extensive research has been carried out on the biology of this pathogen, information is lacking about the type of immune response that confers protection and selection of appropriate protective antigens and adjuvants. Regardless of numerous efforts focused on the development of safe and effective vaccine for the control of MG, the use of modern DNA vaccine technology selected in silico approaches for the use of conserved recombinant proteins may be a better choice for the preparation of novel effective vaccines. More research is needed to characterize and elucidate MG products modulating MG-host interactions. These products could be used as a reference for the preparation and development of vaccines to control MG infections in poultry flocks.
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12
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Widjaja M, Berry IJ, Jarocki VM, Padula MP, Dumke R, Djordjevic SP. Cell surface processing of the P1 adhesin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae identifies novel domains that bind host molecules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6384. [PMID: 32286369 PMCID: PMC7156367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a genome reduced pathogen and causative agent of community acquired pneumonia. The major cellular adhesin, P1, localises to the tip of the attachment organelle forming a complex with P40 and P90, two cleavage fragments derived by processing Mpn142, and other molecules with adhesive and mobility functions. LC-MS/MS analysis of M. pneumoniae M129 proteins derived from whole cell lysates and eluents from affinity matrices coupled with chemically diverse host molecules identified 22 proteoforms of P1. Terminomics was used to characterise 17 cleavage events many of which were independently verified by the identification of semi-tryptic peptides in our proteome studies and by immunoblotting. One cleavage event released 1597TSAAKPGAPRPPVPPKPGAPKPPVQPPKKPA1627 from the C-terminus of P1 and this peptide was shown to bind to a range of host molecules. A smaller synthetic peptide comprising the C-terminal 15 amino acids, 1613PGAPKPPVQPPKKPA1627, selectively bound cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18, and vimentin from a native A549 cell lysate. Collectively, our data suggests that ectodomain shedding occurs on the surface of M. pneumoniae where it may alter the functional diversity of P1, Mpn142 and other surface proteins such as elongation factor Tu via a mechanism similar to that described in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Widjaja
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Iain James Berry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Veronica Maria Jarocki
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew Paul Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Roger Dumke
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven Philip Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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13
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Ramadan N, Farran MT, Kaouk Z, Shaib H. Impact of dietary methionine on respiratory tissue integrity and humoral immunity of broilers challenged withMycoplasma gallisepticumand treated with PulmotilAC®. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1674659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ramadan
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad T. Farran
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zaynab Kaouk
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Houssam Shaib
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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GroEL Protein (Heat Shock Protein 60) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Induces Apoptosis in Host Cells by Interacting with Annexin A2. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00248-19. [PMID: 31235640 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00248-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is an avian respiratory and reproductive tract pathogen that has a significant economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. Although membrane proteins of Mycoplasma spp. are thought to play crucial roles in host interactions, very few have had their biochemical function defined. In this study, we found that the GroEL protein (heat shock protein 60) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum could induce apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the underlying molecular mechanism was further determined. The GroEL gene from Mycoplasma gallisepticum was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to facilitate the functional analysis of recombinant protein. The purified GroEL protein was shown to adhere to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and DF-1 cells and cause apoptosis in PBMCs. A protein pulldown assay coupled with mass spectrometry identified that annexin A2 possibly interacted with GroEL protein. Coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed that GroEL proteins could bind to annexin A2, and confocal analysis further demonstrated that GroEL colocolized with annexin A2 in HEK293T cells and PBMCs. Moreover, annexin A2 expression was significantly induced by a recombinant GroEL protein in PBMCs, and knocking down annexin A2 expression resulted in significantly reduced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that GroEL induces apoptosis in host cells by interacting with annexin A2, a novel virulence mechanism in Mycoplasma gallisepticum Our findings lead to a better understanding of molecular pathogenesis in Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
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Qi J, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu T, Tan L, Wang S, Tian M, Li T, Wang X, Ding C, Yu S. Characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha and beta subunits and their roles in cytoadherence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208745. [PMID: 30532176 PMCID: PMC6287819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a causative agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens, typically causing great economic losses. Cytoadherence is the critical stage for mycoplasma infection, and the associated proteins are important for mycoplasma pathogenesis. Many glycolytic enzymes are localized on the cell surface and can bind the extracellular matrix of host cells. In this study, the M. gallisepticum pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit (PDHA) and beta subunit (PDHB) were expressed in Escherichia coli, and their enzymatic activities were identified based on 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reduction. When recombinant PDHA (rPDHA) and recombinant PDHB (rPDHB) were mixed at a 1:1 molar ratio, they exhibited strong enzymatic activity. Alone, rPDHA and rPDHB exhibited no or weak enzymatic activity. Further experiments indicated that both PDHA and PDHB were surface-exposed immunogenic proteins of M. gallisepticum. Bactericidal assays showed that the mouse anti-rPDHA and anti-rPDHB sera killed 48.0% and 75.1% of mycoplasmas respectively. A combination of rPDHA and rPDHB antisera had a mean bactericidal rate of 65.2%, indicating that rPDHA and rPDHB were protective antigens, and combining the two sera did not interfere with bactericidal activity. Indirect immunofluorescence and surface display assays showed that both PDHA and PDHB adhered to DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast cells and adherence was significantly inhibited by antisera against PDHA and PDHB. Adherence inhibition of M. gallisepticum to DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast cells was 30.2% for mouse anti-rPDHA serum, 45.1% for mouse anti-rPDHB serum and 72.5% for a combination of rPDHA and rPDHB antisera, suggesting that rPDHA and rPDHB antisera may have synergistically interfered with M. gallisepticum cytoadherence. Plasminogen (Plg)-binding assays further demonstrated that both PDHA and PDHB were Plg-binding proteins, which may have contributed to bacterial colonization. Our results clarified the enzymatic activity of M. gallisepticum PDHA and PDHB and demonstrated these compounds as Plg-binding proteins involved in cytoadherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fanqing Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail: (Shengqing Yu); (Chan Ding)
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (Shengqing Yu); (Chan Ding)
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Hashemi S, Mahzounieh M, Sheikhi N, Ebrahimi A. Application of high-resolution melting-curve analysis on pvpA gene for detection and classification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:365-371. [PMID: 29959042 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an avian species pathogen which causes heavy economic losses in the poultry industry. The purpose of this study was to determine genomic diversity of 14 MG field strains from chicken, Chuker partridge and peacock collected during 2009-2012 in Iran by polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing of the pvpA gene. A High-Resolution Melting (HRM) technique was also developed and applied to differentiate between field and vaccine strains. Sequencing of the pvpA gene revealed a 51 nucleotide deletion, within DR-1 and DR-2, among MG strains from chicken and partridge whilst 63 nucleotides were deleted in MG strain from peacock. One nucleotide substitution was also observed among chicken MG strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences clustered all of the Iranian MG strains into two clades or phylogeny groups; the strains from chicken and partridge in one group (group 1) and the strain from peacock into another group (group 4). HRM analysis has also produced comparable outcome to those of sequencing; four distinct melting curves which correspond to the three MG strains from chicken, Chukar partridge and peacock and ts-11 vaccine strain. Overall, findings of this study point towards a single source of infection for the chicken and partridge MG strains and likelihood of the strains being native and endemic in Iran. Peacock considered as an exotic species in Iran, hence the genetic distance for the pvpA gene. MG can be transmitted easily among different avian species and this distinct peacock strain may pose a threat to poultry industry. Our findings also show that molecular variation among pvpA gene of MG strains could be revealed using the relatively rapid and affordable HRM technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Hashemi
- Research Institute for Zoonotic Diseases and Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Mahzounieh
- Research Institute for Zoonotic Diseases and Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nariman Sheikhi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizollah Ebrahimi
- Research Institute for Zoonotic Diseases and Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Hegde S, Zimmermann M, Rosengarten R, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Novel role of Vpmas as major adhesins of Mycoplasma agalactiae mediating differential cell adhesion and invasion of Vpma expression variants. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:263-270. [PMID: 29229193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae exhibits antigenic variation by switching the expression of multiple surface lipoproteins called Vpmas. Although implicated to have a significant influence on the pathogenicity, their exact role in pathogen-host interactions has not been investigated so far. Initial attachment to host cells is regarded as one of the most important steps for colonization but this pathogen lacks the typical mycoplasma attachment organelle. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Vpmas in adhesion of M. agalactiae to host cells. 'Phase-Locked' Mutants (PLMs) steadily expressing single well-characterized Vpma lipoproteins served as ideal tools to evaluate the role of each of the six Vpmas in cytadhesion, which was otherwise not possible due to the high-frequency switching of Vpmas in the wildtype strain PG2. Using in vitro adhesion assays with HeLa and sheep mammary epithelial (MECs) and stromal (MSCs) cells, we could demonstrate differences in the adhesion capabilities of each of the six PLMs compared to the wildtype strain. The PLMV mutant expressing VpmaV exhibited the highest adhesion rate, whereas PLMU, which expresses VpmaU showed the lowest adhesion values explaining the reduced in vivo fitness of PLMU in sheep during experimental intramammary and conjunctival infections. Furthermore, adhesion inhibition assays using Vpma-specific polyclonal antisera were performed to confirm the role of Vpmas in M. agalactiae cytadhesion. This led to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the adhesion percentage of each PLM. Immunofluorescence staining of TX-114 phase proteins extracted from each PLM showed binding of the respective Vpma to HeLa cells and MECs proving the direct role of Vpmas in cytadhesion. Furthermore, as adhesion is a prerequisite for cell invasion, the ability of the six PLMs to invade HeLa cells was also evaluated using the gentamicin protection assay. The results showed a strong correlation between the adhesion rates and invasion frequencies of the individual PLMs. This is the first report that describes a novel function of Vpma proteins in cell adhesion and invasion. Besides the variability of these proteins causing surface antigenic variation, the newly identified phenotypes are likely to play critical roles in the pathogenicity potential of this ruminant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilakshmi Hegde
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Rocha TS, Tramuta C, Catania S, Matucci A, Giuffrida MG, Baro C, Profiti M, Bertolotti L, Rosati S. Cloning, expression, and antigenic characterization of recombinant protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum expressed in Escherichia coli. Poult Sci 2015; 94:621-7. [PMID: 25667423 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a member of the most important avian mycoplasmas, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and leading to important economic losses in the poultry industry. Recombinant technology represents a strategic approach used to achieve highly reliable and specific diagnostic tests in veterinary diseases control: in particular this aspect is crucial for confirming mycoplasma infection and for maintaining mycoplasma-free breeder flocks. In this study, we identified a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (i.e., E2) protein by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), characterized it in immunoblotting assays, and analyzed its recombinant (r-E2) in a rec-ELISA test. For full-length protein expression in Escherichia coli (EC) a point mutation was introduced. A rabbit antiserum produced against r-E2 was tested in a Western Blot using different samples of Mycoplasma species. The results showed the applicability of site-directed mutagenesis, with a good yield of the r-E2 after purification. Also, anti-E2 serum reacted with all the tested MG strains showing no cross reaction with other mycoplasmas. The developed E2 ELISA test was capable of detecting MG antibodies in the sera examined. Those results demonstrate the antigenic stability of the E2 protein which could represent a recombinant antigen with potential diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Rocha
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - C Tramuta
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - S Catania
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Diagnostic Service Avian Medicine Laboratory-Mycoplasma Unit, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - A Matucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Diagnostic Service Avian Medicine Laboratory-Mycoplasma Unit, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M G Giuffrida
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISPA-CNR), Bioindustry Park S. Fumero, 10100 Giacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - C Baro
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISPA-CNR), Bioindustry Park S. Fumero, 10100 Giacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - M Profiti
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - L Bertolotti
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - S Rosati
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
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19
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Ron M, Gorelick-Ashkenazi A, Levisohn S, Nir-Paz R, Geary SJ, Tulman E, Lysnyansky I, Yogev D. Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo induced antigens expressed during infection in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:265-74. [PMID: 25575879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Until now only a few genes encoding virulence factors have been characterized in the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In order to identify candidate targets associated with infection we applied an immunoscreening technique-in vivo induced antigen technology (IVIAT)-to detect immunogens of M. gallisepticum strain Rlow expressed preferentially during in vivo infection. We identified 13 in vivo-induced (IVI) proteins that correspond to different functional categories including: previously reported putative virulence factors (GapA, PlpA, Hlp3, VlhA 1.07 and VlhA 4.01), transport (PotE, MGA_0241 and 0654), translation (L2, L23, ValS), chaperone (GroEL) and a protein with unknown function (MGA_0042). To validate the in vivo antigenic reactivity, 10 IVI proteins were tested by Western blot analysis using serum samples collected from chickens experimentally (with strain Rlow) and naturally (outbreaks, N=3) infected with M. gallisepticum. All IVI proteins tested were immunogenic. To corroborate these results, we tested expression of IVI genes in chickens experimentally infected with M. gallisepticum Rlow, and in MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts cell culture by using relative real time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). With the exception of MGA_0338, all six genes tested (MGA_1199, 0042, 0654, 0712, 0928 and 0241) were upregulated at least at one time point during experimental infection (2-4 week post-infection). In contrast, the expression of seven out of eight IVI genes (MGA_1199, 0152, 0338, 0042, 0654, 0712, 0928) were downregulated in MRC-5 cell culture at both 2 and 4h PI; MGA_0241 was upregulated 2h PI. Our data suggest that the identified IVI antigens may have important roles in the pathogenesis of M. gallisepticum infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Ron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Anna Gorelick-Ashkenazi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sharon Levisohn
- Mycoplasma Unit, Department of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Ran Nir-Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Steven J Geary
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and the Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Edan Tulman
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and the Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Mycoplasma Unit, Department of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - David Yogev
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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20
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May M, Dunne DW, Brown DR. A sialoreceptor binding motif in the Mycoplasma synoviae adhesin VlhA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110360. [PMID: 25338071 PMCID: PMC4206340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae depends on its adhesin VlhA to mediate cytadherence to sialylated host cell receptors. Allelic variants of VlhA arise through recombination between an assemblage of promoterless vlhA pseudogenes and a single transcription promoter site, creating lineages of M. synoviae that each express a different vlhA allele. The predicted full-length VlhA sequences adjacent to the promoter of nine lineages of M. synoviae varying in avidity of cytadherence were aligned with that of the reference strain MS53 and with a 60-a.a. hemagglutinating VlhA C-terminal fragment from a Tunisian lineage of strain WVU1853T. Seven different sequence variants of an imperfectly conserved, single-copy, 12-a.a. candidate cytadherence motif were evident amid the flanking variable residues of the 11 total sequences examined. The motif was predicted to adopt a short hairpin structure in a low-complexity region near the C-terminus of VlhA. Biotinylated synthetic oligopeptides representing four selected variants of the 12-a.a. motif, with the whole synthesized 60-a.a. fragment as a positive control, differed (P<0.01) in the extent they bound to chicken erythrocyte membranes. All bound to a greater extent (P<0.01) than scrambled or irrelevant VlhA domain negative control peptides did. Experimentally introduced branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) substitutions Val3Ile and Leu7Ile did not significantly alter binding, whereas fold-destabilizing substitutions Thr4Gly and Ala9Gly tended to reduce it (P<0.05). Binding was also reduced to background levels (P<0.01) when the peptides were exposed to desialylated membranes, or were pre-saturated with free sialic acid before exposure to untreated membranes. From this evidence we conclude that the motif P-X-(BCAA)-X-F-X-(BCAA)-X-A-K-X-G binds sialic acid and likely mediates VlhA-dependent M. synoviae attachment to host cells. This conserved mechanism retains the potential for fine-scale rheostasis in binding avidity, which could be a general characteristic of pathogens that depend on analogous systems of antigenically variable adhesins. The motif may be useful to identify previously unrecognized adhesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dylan W. Dunne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Characterization of the chaperonin GroEL in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Arch Microbiol 2014; 197:235-44. [PMID: 25304689 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a common and widespread cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. In this study, antigenic proteins were identified from MG membrane using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis followed by Western blot and matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), including translation elongation factor Tu, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, trigger factor, chaperone protein DnaK, heat shock protein GroEL and so on. Furthermore, recombinant MG GroEL protein was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) with pET-28a (+) vector and found to possess ATPase activity and contributed to the refolding of recombinant MG PrpC protein. Complement-dependent bactericidal assay indicated that the rabbit antisera against MG rGroEL had satisfactory bactericidal effect, which is similar to the chicken antisera induced by MG-inactivated vaccine, suggesting MG GroEL is a protective antigen, could be used as a novel vaccine candidate. This study is the first report of the biological characterization of chaperone GroEL protein in MG.
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Madsen JM, Zimmermann NG, Timmons J, Tablante NL. Prevalence and differentiation of diseases in Maryland backyard flocks. Avian Dis 2013; 57:587-94. [PMID: 24283123 DOI: 10.1637/10423-101612-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiologic surveillance studies have implicated backyard flocks as a reservoir for poultry diseases; however, much debate still exists over the risk these small flocks pose. To evaluate this concern, the prevalence of Newcastle disease (ND), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Salmonella was determined in 39 Maryland backyard flocks. Serum, tracheal, and cloacal swabs were randomly collected from 262 birds throughout nine counties in Maryland. Through PCR and ELISA analysis, disease prevalence and seroprevalence were determined in flocks, respectively, for the following: ND (0%, 23%); ILT (26%, 77%); MG (3%, 13%); and Salmonella (0%, not done). Vaccine status could not be accurately confirmed. Premise positives were further differentiated and identified by partial nucleotide sequencing. Screening of the 10 ILT premise positives showed that most were live attenuated vaccines: eight matched a tissue culture origin vaccine, one matched a chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine, and one was CEO related. The single MG-positive flock, also positive for the CEO-related sequence, was identified as the infectious S6 strain. The prevalence rates for these economically important poultry diseases ranged from none to relatively low, with the vast majority of sampled flocks presenting no clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Madsen
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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23
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El Gazzar M, Laibinis VA, Ferguson-Noel N. Characterization of a ts-1-like Mycoplasma galisepticum isolate from commercial broiler chickens. Avian Dis 2012; 55:569-74. [PMID: 22312975 DOI: 10.1637/9689-021711-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several commercial broiler flocks in northeastern Georgia that were the progeny of the same parent flock (Flock 40) were diagnosed as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) positive by serology, culture, and PCR. Flock 40 had been vaccinated with ts-11 live MG vaccine. Several isolates were obtained from the MG-positive broiler flocks, and these isolates were indistinguishable from the ts-11 vaccine strain by the molecular strain differentiation methods used. A pathogenicity study was performed to compare the virulence of one of the isolates, K6216D, to the ts-11 vaccine strain. K6216D elicited a significantly stronger antibody response and significantly increased colonization of the tracheas and air sacs. K6216D also elicited significantly greater air sac and tracheal lesions than the ts-11 vaccine strain at 10 and 21 days postinoculation (P < or = 0.05). This is the first report of a field case of the apparent reversion to virulence and vertical transmission of the ts-11 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El Gazzar
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Ferguson-Noel NM, Laibinis VA, Kleven SH. Evaluation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum K-Strain as a Live Vaccine in Chickens. Avian Dis 2012; 56:44-50. [DOI: 10.1637/9833-061411-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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May M, Szczepanek SM, Frasca S, Gates AE, Demcovitz DL, Moneypenny CG, Brown DR, Geary SJ. Effects of sialidase knockout and complementation on virulence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:91-5. [PMID: 22197303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reannotation of the pathogenic Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R(low) genome identified the hypothetical gene MGA_0329 as a homolog of the sialidase gene MS53_0199 of Mycoplasma synoviae strain MS53. Potent sialidase activity was subsequently quantitated in several M. gallisepticum strains. Because sialidase activity levels correlate significantly with differing M. synoviae strain virulence, we hypothesized this enzyme may also influence the virulence of M. gallisepticum. MGA_0329 was disrupted in strain R(low) to create mutants 6, 358 and P1C5, which resulted in the loss of sialidase activity in all three mutants. Chickens infected with the knockout mutants had significantly less severe (P<0.05) tracheal lesions and tracheal mucosal thickening than chickens infected with equal doses of strain R(low). Significantly fewer (P<0.05) CCU especially of strains 6 and P1C5 were recovered at necropsy. Mini-Tn4001tet plasmid pTF20 carrying a wild-type copy of MGA_0329 with its native promoter was used to complement the genetic lesion in strain P1C5. Three clones derived from P1C5, each having one copy of MGA_0329 stably transposed into a different site in its genome, expressed sialidase restored to wild-type activity levels (1.58×10(-8)U/CFU). Complementation of P1C5 with MGA_0329 did not restore it to wild-type levels of virulence, indicating that the contribution of sialidase to M. gallisepticum virulence is not straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan May
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA.
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Stipkovits L, Glavits R, Palfi V, Beres A, Egyed L, Denes B, Somogyi M, Szathmary S. Pathologic lesions caused by coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:273-83. [PMID: 21825309 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811415702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chickens were infected under experimental conditions with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strain A/mallard/Hungary/19616/07 (H3N8). Two groups of chickens were aerosol challenged with M. gallisepticum strain 1226. Seven days later, one of these groups and one mycoplasma-free group was challenged with LPAI H3N8 virus; one group without challenge remained as negative control. Eight days later, the birds were euthanized and examined for gross pathologic and histologic lesions. The body weight was measured, and the presence of antimycoplasma and antiviral antibodies was tested before the mycoplasma challenge, before the virus challenge, and at the end of the study to confirm both infections. Chickens in the mycoplasma-infected group developed antibodies against M. gallisepticum but not against the influenza virus. Chickens of the group infected with the influenza virus became serologically positive only against the virus, while the birds in the coinfected group developed antibodies against both agents. The LPAI H3N8 virus strain did not cause decrease in body weight and clinical signs, and macroscopic pathological lesions were not present in the chickens. The M. gallisepticum infection caused respiratory signs, airsacculitis, and peritonitis characteristic of mycoplasma infection. However, the clinical signs and pathologic lesions and the reduction in weight gain were much more significant in the group challenged with both M. gallisepticum and LPAI H3N8 virus than in the group challenged with M. gallisepticum alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stipkovits
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Zimmerman CUR, Rosengarten R, Spergser J. Ureaplasma antigenic variation beyond MBA phase variation: DNA inversions generating chimeric structures and switching in expression of the MBA N-terminal paralogue UU172. Mol Microbiol 2010; 79:663-76. [PMID: 21255110 PMCID: PMC3047005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phase variation of the major ureaplasma surface membrane protein, the multiple-banded antigen (MBA), with its counterpart, the UU376 protein, was recently discussed as a result of DNA inversion occurring at specific inverted repeats. Two similar inverted repeats to the ones within the mba locus were found in the genome of Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3; one within the MBA N-terminal paralogue UU172 and another in the adjacent intergenic spacer region. In this report, we demonstrate on both genomic and protein level that DNA inversion at these inverted repeats leads to alternating expression between UU172 and the neighbouring conserved hypothetical ORF UU171. Sequence analysis of this phase-variable ‘UU172 element’ from both U. parvum and U. urealyticum strains revealed that it is highly conserved among both species and that it also includes the orthologue of UU144. A third inverted repeat region in UU144 is proposed to serve as an additional potential inversion site from which chimeric genes can evolve. Our results indicate that site-specific recombination events in the genome of U. parvum serovar 3 are dynamic and frequent, leading to a broad spectrum of antigenic variation by which the organism may evade host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Ulrich R Zimmerman
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Büyüktanir O, Genç O, Yurdusev N. Bi-antigenic immunoassay models based on the recombinant PvpA proteins for Mycoplasma gallisepticum diagnosis in chickens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:908-13. [PMID: 21088174 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to produce the relatively conserved central fragment of the Mycoplasma gallisepticum PvpA cytadhesin as recombinant antigen and to determine its species-specific diagnostic potential in comparison with the full-length recombinant rPvpA336 protein. For this purpose, a recombinant protein (rPvpA134) consisting of 134 amino acids with apparent molecular mass of 27 kD was produced and highly purified. The rPvpA134 protein was composed of the amino acid residues at positions 133-265 with respect to the wild-type PvpA. Two bi-antigenic diagnostic models based on Western blot and enzymatic rapid immunofiltration assay (ERIFA) were developed to compare simultaneously the diagnostic potential of the recombinant antigens rPvpA134 and rPvpA336. Although 40% of the confirmed rPvpA336-positive chicken sera were detected as reactive with rPvpA134, this protein would be a useful secondary diagnostic antigen with which to confirm species-specific antibody response for monitoring M. gallisepticum infections. It can be concluded from the present study that 2 bi-antigenic models were successfully adapted to the specific diagnosis of chicken M. gallisepticum. Furthermore, by virtue of its simplicity and rapidity, the ERIFA model has multi-antigenic application potential, making it an alternative field test that is widely applicable in the veterinary diagnostic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Büyüktanir
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.
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29
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Abstract
Mycoplasmas are a genus within the class Mollicutes (trivial name mollicutes), which are the smallest known prokaryotes capable of self-replication. They have a very small genome, and have evolved to this 'minimalist' status by losing non-essential genes, including those involved in cell wall synthesis. The mollicutes exploit their limited genetic material to the maximum and many are successful pathogens in man, animals, birds and plants. Most of those of veterinary importance are in the genus Mycoplasma and include 4 poultry pathogens of economic importance: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis and Mycoplasma iowae. The pathogenetic mechanisms of mycoplasmas are not fully understood, but they are successful pathogens because they can enter the host and multiply, evade the defence mechanisms, cause damage and escape to infect new hosts. M. gallisepticum is one of several motile species and possesses a terminal tip structure that mediates adherence to its target tissues. For some species, including M. gallisepticum, some of the organisms may become intracellular. Some Mycoplasma species, including the pathogenic poultry species, have a remarkable ability to vary their major surface antigens, a mechanism that is thought to help them to persist in their host by evading the immune response. The molecular and cellular events that lead to the development of lesions and clinical disease are still obscure. Some lesions appear to be the result of indirect damage from the host's inflammatory and cellular responses. Despite short survival times in the environment, mycoplasmas are able to transmit successfully to new hosts. In poultry flocks there is both horizontal and vertical transmission, the former being encouraged by intensive husbandry and stress factors. Establishing the pathways of transmission and the possible role of other birds, such as game and wild birds, as intermediate vectors between poultry flocks is now greatly aided by the availability of modern molecular methods for strain typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bradbury
- University of Liverpool, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Neston, England.
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Gorshkov OV, Mouzykantov AA. Mycoplasma adaptation to stress factors: Nucleotide sequences absent in vegetative forms of Mycoplasma gallisepticum S6 cells are found in nonculturable forms. Mol Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893309040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chernov VM, Govorun VM, Demina IA, Gorshkov OV, Muzykantov AA, Shaimardanova GF, Chernova OA. Adaptation of mycoplasmas to adverse growth conditions: Morphology, ultrastructure, and genome expression of Mycoplasma gallisepticum S6 cells. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2008; 421:231-4. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672908040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Phase and antigenic variation mediated by genome modifications. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:493-515. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A recombinant PvpA protein-based diagnostic prototype for rapid screening of chicken Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections. Vet Microbiol 2008; 129:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Noormohammadi AH. Role of phenotypic diversity in pathogenesis of avian mycoplasmosis. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:439-44. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450701687078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Balish MF, Krause DC. Mycoplasmas: a distinct cytoskeleton for wall-less bacteria. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 11:244-55. [PMID: 16983199 DOI: 10.1159/000094058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial genus Mycoplasma includes a large number of highly genomically-reduced species which in nature are associated with hosts either commensally or pathogenically. Several Mycoplasma species, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, feature a multifunctional polar structure, the terminal organelle. Essential for colonization of the host and for gliding motility, the terminal organelle is associated with an internal cytoskeleton crucial to its assembly and function. This cytoskeleton is structurally and compositionally novel as compared with the cytoskeletons of other organisms, including other bacteria, is also involved in the cell division process. In this review we discuss the cytoskeletal structures and protein components of the attachment organelle and how they might interact and contribute to its various functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell F Balish
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA.
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36
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Jenkins C, Wilton JL, Minion FC, Falconer L, Walker MJ, Djordjevic SP. Two domains within the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cilium adhesin bind heparin. Infect Immun 2006; 74:481-7. [PMID: 16369004 PMCID: PMC1346629 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.481-487.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic and economically significant respiratory disease that affects swine production worldwide. M. hyopneumoniae adheres to and adversely affects the function of ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, and the cilium adhesin (Mhp183, P97) is intricately but not exclusively involved in this process. Although binding of pathogenic bacteria to glycosaminoglycans is a recognized step in pathogenesis, knowledge of glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins in M. hyopneumoniae is lacking. However, heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides are known to block the binding of M. hyopneumoniae to purified swine respiratory cilia. In this study, four regions within the cilium adhesin were examined for the ability to bind heparin. Cilium adhesin fragments comprising 653 amino acids of the N terminus and 301 amino acids of the C terminus (containing two repeat regions, R1 and R2) were cloned and expressed. These fragments bound heparin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner with physiologically significant binding affinities of 0.27 +/- 0.02 microM and 1.89 +/- 0.33 microM, respectively. Heparin binding of both fragments was strongly inhibited by the sulfated polysaccharides fucoidan and mucin but not by chondroitin sulfate B. When the C-terminal repeat regions R1 and R2 were cloned separately and expressed, heparin-binding activity was lost, suggesting that both regions are required for heparin binding. The ability of the cilium adhesin to bind heparin indicates that this molecule plays a multifunctional role in the adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to host respiratory surfaces and therefore has important implications with respect to the pathogenesis of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Jenkins
- Microbiology and Immunology, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 8, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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37
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Evans J, Leigh S, Branton S, Collier S, Pharr G, Bearson S. Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Current and Developing Means to Control the Avian Pathogen. J APPL POULTRY RES 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/14.4.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Javed MA, Frasca S, Rood D, Cecchini K, Gladd M, Geary SJ, Silbart LK. Correlates of immune protection in chickens vaccinated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain GT5 following challenge with pathogenic M. gallisepticum strain R(low). Infect Immun 2005; 73:5410-9. [PMID: 16113257 PMCID: PMC1231071 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5410-5419.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the avian respiratory tract with Mycoplasma gallisepticum results in a profound inflammatory response in the trachea, air sacs, conjunctiva, and lungs. A live attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccine strain, GT5, was previously shown to be protective in chickens upon challenge; however, the mechanisms by which this vaccine and others confer protection remain largely unknown. The current study evaluated several potential correlates of GT5 vaccine-mediated immune protection following challenge with the pathogenic M. gallisepticum strain R(low). GT5-vaccinated chickens developed mild tracheal lesions, consisting of few and scattered, discrete, lymphofollicular aggregates in the lamina propria. In addition, low numbers of aggregated B, CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells were observed to infiltrate the trachea, in stark contrast to the large numbers infiltrating the tracheas of sham-vaccinated chickens challenged with R(low). Lymphofollicular aggregates were rarely observed prior to day 12 postchallenge in sham-vaccinated chickens. Instead, they contained an increasingly more cellular inflammatory response characterized by expansion of the lamina propria by lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltrates. This was due in part to expansion of interfollicular zones by large numbers of infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells and a sizeable population of immunoglobulin A (IgA)- and IgG-secreting plasma cells. GT5-vaccinated chickens also had higher serum IgG concentrations, and significantly higher numbers of M. gallisepticum-specific IgG- and IgA-secreting plasma/B cells within the trachea, than did sham-vaccinated chickens. These responses were observed as early as day 4 postchallenge, indicating the importance of antibody-mediated clearance of mycoplasma in GT5-vaccinated chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Javed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Rd., Unit 4163, Storrs, CT 06269-4163, USA
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Lysnyansky I, Garcia M, Levisohn S. Use of mgc2-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for rapid differentiation between field isolates and vaccine strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Israel. Avian Dis 2005; 49:238-45. [PMID: 16094829 DOI: 10.1637/7285-10020r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Increasing use of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) live vaccines has led to a need for a rapid test for differentiation of MG field strains from the live vaccine strains ts-11 and 6/85. We examined the differentiating potential of diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers targeted to the gene mgc2, encoding a cytadherence-related surface protein uniquely present in MG. The mgc2-PCR diagnostic primers are specific for MG in tests of all avian mycoplasmas or bacteria present in the chicken trachea and are sensitive enough to readily detect MG in tracheal swabs from field outbreaks. Differentiation of vaccine strain ts-11 was based on identification of restriction enzyme sites in the 300-base-pair (bp) mgc2-PCR amplicon present in ts-11 and missing in MG isolates from field outbreaks in Israel. Restriction sites for the enzymes HaeII and SfaN1 were identified in the amplified region in strain ts-11 and were not found in 28 field isolates of MG, comprising a representative cross section of all the MG isolates from the period 1997-2003. In practice, differential diagnosis of MG is achieved within 1 day of submission of tracheal swab samples by mgc2-PCR amplification and restriction of the amplicon with HaeII, giving a 270-bp fragment for ts-11 or no restriction for other MG strains tested. Application of the mgc2-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (mgc2-PCR-RFLP) assay enabled differential diagnosis of both components of a mixture of ts-11 and non-ts-11 DNA, detecting the field strain in the presence of a large excess of ts-11. The test was successfully applied in vivo for monitoring vaccinates in a ts-11 vaccine trial. In principle, the test may also be used to identify the 6/85 vaccine strain, which yields a 237-bp product, readily differentiated from the approximately 300-bp PCR product of all other strains tested. Further testing of field isolates will be necessary to determine the applicability of this test in the United States and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Lysnyansky
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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40
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Ferguson NM, Hepp D, Sun S, Ikuta N, Levisohn S, Kleven SH, García M. Use of molecular diversity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for epidemiological studies. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:1883-1893. [PMID: 15941996 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 67 Mycoplasma gallisepticum field isolates from the USA, Israel and Australia, and 10 reference strains, were characterized by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS) analysis of portions of the putative cytadhesin pvpA gene, the cytadhesin gapA gene, the cytadhesin mgc2 gene, and an uncharacterized hypothetical surface lipoprotein-encoding gene designated genome coding DNA sequence (CDS) MGA_0319. The regions of the surface-protein-encoding genes targeted in this analysis were found to be stable within a strain, after sequencing different in vitro passages of M. gallisepticum reference strains. Gene sequences were first analysed on the basis of gene size polymorphism. The pvpA and mgc2 genes are characterized by the presence of different nucleotide insertions/deletions. However, differentiation of isolates based solely on pvpA/mgc2 PCR size polymorphism was not found to be a reliable method to differentiate among M. gallisepticum isolates. On the other hand, GTS analysis based on the nucleotide sequence identities of individual and multiple genes correlated with epidemiologically linked isolates and with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. GTS analysis of individual genes, gapA, MGA_0319, mgc2 and pvpA, identified 17, 16, 20 and 22 sequence types, respectively. GTS analysis using multiple gene sequences mgc2/pvpa and gapA/MGA_0319/mgc2/pvpA identified 38 and 40 sequence types, respectively. GTS of multiple surface-protein-encoding genes showed better discriminatory power than RAPD analysis, which identified 36 pattern types from the same panel of M. gallisepticum strains. These results are believed to provide the first evidence that typing of M. gallisepticum isolates by GTS analysis of surface-protein genes is a sensitive and reproducible typing method and will allow rapid global comparisons between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naola M Ferguson
- Department of Avian Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
| | - Diego Hepp
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Shulei Sun
- Department of Avian Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
| | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sharon Levisohn
- Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Stanley H Kleven
- Department of Avian Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
| | - Maricarmen García
- Department of Avian Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
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Hong Y, García M, Leiting V, Bencina D, Dufour-Zavala L, Zavala G, Kleven SH. Specific detection and typing of Mycoplasma synoviae strains in poultry with PCR and DNA sequence analysis targeting the hemagglutinin encoding gene vlhA. Avian Dis 2005; 48:606-16. [PMID: 15529983 DOI: 10.1637/7156-011504r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is a major pathogen of chickens and turkeys, causing economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In this study, we validated and applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis on the N-terminal end of the hemagglutinin encoding gene vlhA as an alternative for the detection and initial typing of field strains of M. synoviae in commercial poultry. PCR primers were tested against isolates of M. synoviae from various sources along with other avian mycoplasma and other bacterial species. The vlhA gene-targeted PCR assay was highly specific in the identification of M. synoviae, with a detection limit of 4.7 x 10(2) color changing units/ml. DNA sequence analysis of amplified products was also conducted to validate the potential for typing M. synoviae strains using the N-terminal region of the vlhA gene. To evaluate the test, we applied the PCR assay to tracheal swabs collected from chickens challenged with M. synoviae strain K1968 and compared the results to the serologic detection. The PCR assay was also evaluated directly on tracheal samples collected from commercial layers. Overall, this vlhA gene-targeted PCR is a useful tool for detection and initial typing of M. synoviae and can be applied in the preliminary identification of M. synoviae isolates directly from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hong
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
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Kleven SH, Fulton RM, García M, Ikuta VN, Leiting VA, Liu T, Ley DH, Opengart KN, Rowland GN, Wallner-Pendleton E. Molecular characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from turkeys. Avian Dis 2005; 48:562-9. [PMID: 15529978 DOI: 10.1637/7148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from several turkey flocks at different locations in the United States that were clinically affected with respiratory disease. Five of these isolates from four series of outbreaks had patterns similar to the 6/85 vaccine strain of M. gallisepticum by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using three different primer sets, whereas with a fourth primer set (OPA13 and OPA14), only two of the isolates were similar to 6/85. Results obtained by sequencing portions of the pvpA, gapA, and mgc2 genes and an uncharacterized surface lipoprotein gene indicated that the field isolates had DNA sequences that ranged from 97.6% to 100%, similar to the 6/85 results. In some of the outbreaks there was an indirect association with the presence of commercial layers in the area that had been vaccinated with this vaccine strain, but there was no known close association with vaccinated birds in any of the outbreaks. Turkeys were challenged with two of the field isolates and with 6/85 vaccine strain. Turkeys challenged with the field isolates developed respiratory disease with airsacculitis and a typical M. gallisepticum antibody response, whereas birds challenged with 6/85 developed no respiratory signs or lesions and developed only a weak antibody response. Although these isolates were very similar to the 6/85 vaccine strain, it was not possible to prove that they originated from the vaccine strain-it is possible that they could be naturally occurring field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kleven
- Department of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
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Uenoyama A, Kusumoto A, Miyata M. Identification of a 349-kilodalton protein (Gli349) responsible for cytadherence and glass binding during gliding of Mycoplasma mobile. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:1537-45. [PMID: 14973017 PMCID: PMC344404 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.5.1537-1545.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mycoplasma species are known to glide in the direction of the membrane protrusion (head-like structure), but the mechanism underlying this movement is entirely unknown. To identify proteins involved in the gliding mechanism, protein fractions of Mycoplasma mobile were analyzed for 10 gliding mutants isolated previously. One large protein (Gli349) was observed to be missing in a mutant m13 deficient in hemadsorption and glass binding. The predicted amino acid sequence indicated a 348,758-Da protein that was truncated at amino acid residue 1257 in the mutant. Immunofluorescence microscopy with a monoclonal antibody showed that Gli349 is localized at the head-like protrusion's base, which we designated the cell neck, and immunoelectron microscopy established that the Gli349 molecules are distributed all around this neck. The number of Gli349 molecules on a cell was estimated by immunoblot analysis to be 450 +/- 200. The antibody inhibited both the hemadsorption and glass binding of M. mobile. When the antibody was used to treat gliding mycoplasmas, the gliding speed and the extent of glass binding were inhibited to similar extents depending on the concentration of the antibody. This suggested that the Gli349 molecule is involved not only in glass binding for gliding but also in movement. To explain the present results, a model for the mechanical cycle of gliding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Uenoyama
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585. PRESTO, JST, Osaka, Japan
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44
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Ferguson NM, Hermes D, Leiting VA, Kleven SH. Characterization of a naturally occurring infection of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum house finch-like strain in turkey breeders. Avian Dis 2004; 47:523-30. [PMID: 14562878 DOI: 10.1637/6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in commercial turkeys involving very mild clinical signs was difficult to confirm by routine methods. In the first part of this study (trial A), we conducted a bioassay to increase the likelihood of detecting MG. Susceptible turkeys were inoculated with sinus exudates from four different affected commercial turkey flocks. Turkeys were evaluated for clinical signs, as well as by serology and culture of tracheal swabs, at 21 and 42 days postchallenge. An MG isolate from one of the sinus exudates used for inoculation, designated K5054, was very similar to isolates from house finches when characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis as well as DNA sequence analysis of portions of the phase-variable putative adhesin protein (pvpA) gene, a lipoprotein gene, and the cytadhesin gapA/mgc1 gene. The turkeys inoculated with the K5054 sinus exudate seroconverted in the absence of severe clinical signs. There was a single reisolation of K5054 from these turkeys 42 days postchallenge. Susceptible contact turkeys were commingled with the K5054-inoculated turkeys at 49 days postchallenge. We found no evidence of transmission of MG to the contacts by culture or serology at 7, 21, or 35 days after commingling. In the second part of this study (trial B), we challenged the contacts and K5054 sinus exudate-inoculated turkeys from trial A with virulent R strain 88 days after the K5054 sinus exudate inoculation. On necropsy 10 days postchallenge, the evaluation of gross and microscopic lesions, serology, and culture showed that the turkeys previously inoculated with K5054 sinus exudate were protected against disease and reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Ferguson
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
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45
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Ferguson NM, Leiting VA, Klevena SH. Safety and Efficacy of the Avirulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain K5054 as a Live Vaccine in Poultry. Avian Dis 2004; 48:91-9. [PMID: 15077802 DOI: 10.1637/7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) isolate from an atypically mild outbreak in turkey breeders was found to be similar to house finch isolates by DNA analyses. A preliminary study in turkeys showed that this isolate (K5054) caused very mild lesions and protected turkeys against subsequent challenge with a virulent MG strain. In this study, K5054 was further evaluated as a potential vaccine strain in commercial layer-type chickens and turkeys. The safety of K5054 was evaluated by aerosol challenge followed by evaluation of gross and histopathologic lesions as well as serologic reactions and isolation of MG from the trachea and air sacs. Infection of chickens (trial 1) and turkeys (trial 2) with K5054 resulted in little evidence of MG lesions. There was weak seroconversion, and K5054 was consistently reisolated from the tracheas of chickens and turkeys. The efficacy of K5054 as a vaccine was evaluated by aerosol challenge of vaccinated chickens (trial 3) and turkeys (trial 4) with virulent R strain. There was evidence of protection from lesions associated with MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Ferguson
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
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46
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Papazisi L, Gorton TS, Kutish G, Markham PF, Browning GF, Nguyen DK, Swartzell S, Madan A, Mahairas G, Geary SJ. The complete genome sequence of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R(low). MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:2307-2316. [PMID: 12949158 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R(low) has been sequenced. The genome is composed of 996,422 bp with an overall G+C content of 31 mol%. It contains 742 putative coding DNA sequences (CDSs), representing a 91 % coding density. Function has been assigned to 469 of the CDSs, while 150 encode conserved hypothetical proteins and 123 remain as unique hypothetical proteins. The genome contains two copies of the rRNA genes and 33 tRNA genes. The origin of replication has been localized based on sequence analysis in the region of the dnaA gene. The vlhA family (previously termed pMGA) contains 43 genes distributed among five loci containing 8, 2, 9, 12 and 12 genes. This family of genes constitutes 10.4% (103 kb) of the total genome. Two CDSs were identified immediately downstream of gapA and crmA encoding proteins that share homology to cytadhesins GapA and CrmA. Based on motif analysis it is predicted that 80 genes encode lipoproteins and 149 proteins contain multiple transmembrane domains. The authors have identified 75 proteins putatively involved in transport of biomolecules, 12 transposases, and a number of potential virulence factors. The completion of this sequence has spawned multiple projects directed at defining the biological basis of M. gallisepticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leka Papazisi
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA
| | - Timothy S Gorton
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA
| | - Gerald Kutish
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Philip F Markham
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Di Kim Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Anup Madan
- The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103-8904, USA
| | | | - Steven J Geary
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA
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47
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Pillai SR, Mays HL, Ley DH, Luttrell P, Panangala VS, Farmer KL, Roberts SR. Molecular Variability of House Finch Mycoplasma gallisepticum Isolates as Revealed by Sequencing and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of the pvpA Gene. Avian Dis 2003; 47:640-8. [PMID: 14562892 DOI: 10.1637/6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a major pathogen of chickens and turkeys, has caused significant declines in house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) populations in the eastern United States since it was first observed in this species in 1994. There is evidence that M. gallisepticum infection is now endemic among eastern house finches, although disease prevalence has declined, suggesting an evolving host-parasite relationship. Studies based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) have documented the presence of a single, unique RAPD profile in house finch M. gallisepticum isolates, suggesting a single point source of origin, which agrees with the known epidemiologic observations. In the present study, we evaluated the molecular variability of 55 house finch isolates as well as 11 chicken and turkey isolates including reference strains of M. gallisepticum. Molecular variability was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and nucleotide sequencing of the pvpA gene, which encodes for the putative cytadhesin protein PvpA. Three different RFLP groups and 16 genotypes were evident from the 55 house finch isolates evaluated. Sequence analysis of pvpA gene PCR products showed that although most house finch M. gallisepticum isolates clustered more closely to each other, others clustered more closely to either turkey or chicken field isolates. These findings suggest that house finch isolates are more polymorphic than previously recognized by RAPD studies. This feature may allow us to learn more about the molecular evolution and epidemiology of this emerging disease host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Pillai
- Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Life Sciences Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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48
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Mudahi-Orenstein S, Levisohn S, Geary SJ, Yogev D. Cytadherence-deficient mutants of Mycoplasma gallisepticum generated by transposon mutagenesis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:3812-20. [PMID: 12819064 PMCID: PMC162017 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.7.3812-3820.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytadherence-related molecules of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R-low were identified by Tn4001 transposon mutagenesis with the hemadsorption (HA) assay as an indicator for cytadherence. Three Gm(r) HA-negative (HA(-)) colonies displaying a stable HA(-) phenotype through several successive generations in which gentamicin selection was maintained were isolated from four independent transformation experiments and characterized. Southern blot analysis showed that the transposon was inserted as a single copy within the genome of each of the HA(-) mutants, suggesting that the transposon insertion was directly responsible for their inability to attach to erythrocytes. Sequence analysis of the transposon insertion sites revealed that in two mutants, the transposon was inserted at two distinct sites within the gapA structural gene. In the third mutant, the insertion was mapped within the crmA gene, which is located immediately downstream of the gapA gene as part of the same operon. In vitro attachment experiments with the MRC-5 human lung fibroblast cell line showed that the cytadherence capabilities of the HA(-) mutants were less than 25% those of original strain R. Experimental infection of chickens, the natural host of M. gallisepticum, with each of the three mutants demonstrated significantly impaired colonization and host responses. These data demonstrate conclusively the role of both GapA and CrmA proteins in the adherence of M. gallisepticum to host cells in model systems and in vivo colonization. Furthermore, these results underscore the relevance of in vitro cytadherence model systems for studying the pathogenesis of natural infections in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigalit Mudahi-Orenstein
- Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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49
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Throne Steinlage SJ, Ferguson N, Sander JE, García M, Subramanian S, Leiting VA, Kleven SH. Isolation and characterization of a 6/85-like Mycoplasma gallisepticum from commercial laying hens. Avian Dis 2003; 47:499-505. [PMID: 12887214 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0499:iacoal]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-three-week-old table egg layers with swollen sinuses were presented with a history of increased mortality. Serology revealed positive titers to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). The birds were part of a flock in which some birds had been vaccinated with 6/85 live MG vaccine at 18 wk of age. Tracheal cultures were obtained from both vaccinated and unvaccinated birds within the flock. The cultures were indistinguishable from 6/85 vaccine by both random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and DNA sequence analysis. Challenge studies were performed to compare the field isolates with 6/85 vaccine and the R strain of MG. The field isolates produced a greater antibody response by serum plate agglutination than did the 6/85 vaccine. The isolates effectively colonized the trachea without increasing the tracheal mucosal thickness; however, they did not extensively colonize the air sacs or cause airsacculitis in the experimental birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Throne Steinlage
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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50
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Winner F, Markovà I, Much P, Lugmair A, Siebert-Gulle K, Vogl G, Rosengarten R, Citti C. Phenotypic switching in Mycoplasma gallisepticum hemadsorption is governed by a high-frequency, reversible point mutation. Infect Immun 2003; 71:1265-73. [PMID: 12595441 PMCID: PMC148866 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.3.1265-1273.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a flask-shaped organism that commonly induces chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. Phenotypic switching in M. gallisepticum hemadsorption (HA) was found to correlate with phase variation of the GapA cytadhesin concurrently with that of the CrmA protein, which exhibits cytadhesin-related features and is encoded by a gene located downstream of the gapA gene as part of the same transcription unit. In clones derived from strain R(low), detailed genetic analyses further revealed that on-off switching in GapA expression is governed by a reversible base substitution occurring at the beginning of the gapA structural gene. In HA(-) variants, this event generates a stop codon that results in the premature termination of GapA translation and consequently affects the expression of CrmA. Sequences flanking the mutation spot do not feature any repeated motifs that could account for error-prone mutation via DNA slippage and the exact mechanism underlying this high-frequency mutational event remains to be elucidated. An HA(-) mutant deficient in producing CrmA, mHAD3, was obtained by disrupting the crmA gene by using transposition mutagenesis. Despite a fully functional gapA gene, the amount of GapA detected in this mutant was considerably lower than in HA(+) clonal variants, suggesting that, in absence of CrmA, GapA might be subjected to a higher turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Winner
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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