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Satala D, Bednarek A, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. The Recruitment and Activation of Plasminogen by Bacteria-The Involvement in Chronic Infection Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10436. [PMID: 37445613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria is largely related to the specific properties of the bacterial cell surface and extracellular hydrolytic activity. Furthermore, a significant role of hijacking of host proteolytic cascades by pathogens during invasion should not be disregarded during consideration of the mechanisms of bacterial virulence. This is the key factor for the pathogen evasion of the host immune response, tissue damage, and pathogen invasiveness at secondary infection sites after initial penetration through tissue barriers. In this review, the mechanisms of bacterial impact on host plasminogen-the precursor of the important plasma serine proteinase, plasmin-are characterized, principally focusing on cell surface exposition of various proteins, responsible for binding of this host (pro)enzyme and its activators or inhibitors, as well as the fibrinolytic system activation tactics exploited by different bacterial species, not only pathogenic, but also selected harmless residents of the human microbiome. Additionally, the involvement of bacterial factors that modulate the process of plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis during periodontitis is also described, providing a remarkable example of a dual use of this host system in the development of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Mutavhatsindi H, Calder B, McAnda S, Malherbe ST, Stanley K, Kidd M, Walzl G, Chegou NN. Identification of novel salivary candidate protein biomarkers for tuberculosis diagnosis: A preliminary biomarker discovery study. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 130:102118. [PMID: 34371310 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for new, accurate, rapid, and affordable tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic tests. The aim of the present study was to use mass spectrometry to identify new preliminary candidate TB diagnostic protein biomarkers in saliva obtained from individuals with TB, and patients with other respiratory diseases (ORD). METHODS Saliva samples were collected from 22 individuals who self-presented with symptoms suggestive of TB as part of a larger TB biomarker project. Purified salivary proteins were subjected to tryptic digestion peptides were analyzed using a QExactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027294. Identified proteins were subjected to gene ontology and ingenuity pathway analysis for functional enrichment analysis. RESULTS 26 of the 652 identified proteins significantly discriminated individuals with TB from those with ORD after Benjamini Hochberg correction (5% FDR), with five of these proteins diagnosing TB with an AUC ≥ 0.80. A 5-protein biosignature comprising of P01011, Q8NCW5, P28072, A0A2Q2TTZ9, and Q99574 diagnosed TB with an AUC of 1.00 (95% CI, 1.00-1.00), sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 76.2-100%) and specificity of 90.9% (95% CI, 58.7-99.8%) after leave-one-out cross validation. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel candidate salivary protein biomarkers and biosignatures with strong potential as TB diagnostic candidates. Our results are preliminary and require validation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hygon Mutavhatsindi
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Bridget Calder
- Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shirley McAnda
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Stephanus T Malherbe
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Kim Stanley
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Novel N Chegou
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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Gani Z, Boradia VM, Kumar A, Patidar A, Talukdar S, Choudhary E, Singh R, Agarwal N, Raje M, Iyengar Raje C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a dual role-As an adhesin and as a receptor for plasmin(ogen). Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13311. [PMID: 33486886 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spread of infection is directly determined by the ability of a pathogen to invade and infect host tissues. The process involves adherence due to host-pathogen interactions and traversal into deeper tissues. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) primarily infects the lung but is unique in its ability to infect almost any other organ of the human host including immune privileged sites such as the central nervous system (CNS). The extreme invasiveness of this bacterium is not fully understood. In the current study, we report that cell surface Mtb glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) functions as a virulence factor by multiple mechanisms. Firstly, it serves as a dual receptor for both plasminogen (Plg) and plasmin (Plm). CRISPRi-mediated silencing of this essential enzyme confirmed its role in the recruitment of Plg/Plm. Our studies further demonstrate that soluble GAPDH can re-associate on Mtb bacilli to promote plasmin(ogen) recruitment. The direct association of plasmin(ogen) via cell surface GAPDH or by the re-association of soluble GAPDH enhanced bacterial adherence to and traversal across lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, the association of GAPDH with host extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins coupled with its ability to recruit plasmin(ogen) may endow cells with the ability of directed proteolytic activity vital for tissue invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Gani
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
| | - Vishant Mahendra Boradia
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Global Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
| | - Anil Patidar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sharmila Talukdar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Eira Choudhary
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ranvir Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
| | - Nisheeth Agarwal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, India
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4
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Hortle E, Oehlers SH. Host-directed therapies targeting the tuberculosis granuloma stroma. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5800987. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mycobacteria have co-evolved with their hosts resulting in pathogens adept at intracellular survival. Pathogenic mycobacteria actively manipulate infected macrophages to drive granuloma formation while subverting host cell processes to create a permissive niche. Granuloma residency confers phenotypic antimicrobial resistance by physically excluding or neutralising antibiotics. Host-directed therapies (HDTs) combat infection by restoring protective immunity and reducing immunopathology independent of pathogen antimicrobial resistance status. This review covers innovative research that has discovered ‘secondary’ symptoms of infection in the granuloma stroma are actually primary drivers of infection and that relieving these stromal pathologies with HDTs benefits the host. Advances in our understanding of the relationship between tuberculosis and the host vasculature, haemostatic system and extracellular matrix reorganisation are discussed. Preclinical and clinical use of HDTs against these stromal targets are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Hortle
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health & Marie Bashir Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health & Marie Bashir Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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5
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Echeverría-Valencia G, Silva-Miranda M, Ekaza E, Vallecillo AJ, Parada C, Sada-Ovalle I, Altare F, Espitia C. Interaction of mycobacteria with Plasmin(ogen) affects phagocytosis and granuloma development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rahi A, Matta SK, Dhiman A, Garhyan J, Gopalani M, Chandra S, Bhatnagar R. Enolase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a surface exposed plasminogen binding protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3355-3364. [PMID: 27569900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, has long been studied as an anchorless protein present on the surface of many pathogenic bacteria that aids in tissue remodeling and invasion by binding to host plasminogen. METHODS Anti-Mtb enolase antibodies in human sera were detected using ELISA. Immunoelectron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to show surface localization of Mtb enolase. SPR was used to determine the affinity of enolase-plasminogen interaction. Plasmin formation upon plasminogen binding to enolase and Mtb surface was measured by ELISA. Mice challenge and histopathological studies were undertaken to determine the protective efficacy of enolase immunization. RESULTS Enolase of Mtb is present on its surface and binds human plasminogen with high affinity. There was an average of 2-fold increase in antibody mediated recognition of Mtb enolase in human sera from TB patients with an active disease over control individuals. Substitution of C-terminal lysine to alanine in rEno decreased its binding affinity with human plasminogen by >2-folds. Enolase bound plasminogen showed urokinase mediated conversion into plasmin. Binding of plasminogen to the surface of Mtb and its conversion into fibrinolytic plasmin was significantly reduced in the presence of anti-rEno antibodies. Immunization with rEno also led to a significant decrease in lung CFU counts of mice upon infection with Mtb H37Rv. CONCLUSIONS Mtb enolase is a surface exposed plasminogen binding protein which upon immunization confers significant protection against Mtb challenge. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Plasminogen binding has been recognized for Mtb, however, proteins involved have not been characterized. We show here that Mtb enolase is a moonlighting plasminogen binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rahi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sumit Kumar Matta
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Alisha Dhiman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Jaishree Garhyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Monisha Gopalani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Liu J, Jiang T, Wei L, Yang X, Wang C, Zhang X, Xu D, Chen Z, Yang F, Li JC. The discovery and identification of a candidate proteomic biomarker of active tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:506. [PMID: 24168695 PMCID: PMC3870977 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive and convenient biomarkers for early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) remain an urgent need. The aim of this study was to discover and identify potential biomarkers specific for TB. METHODS The surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) combined with weak cation exchange (WCX) magnetic beads was used to screen serum samples from 180 cases of TB and 211 control subjects. A classification model was established by Biomarker Pattern Software (BPS). Candidate protein biomarkers were purified by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), identified by MALDI-TOF MS, LC-MS/MS and validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS A total of 35 discriminating m/z peaks were detected that were related to TB (P < 0.01). The model of biomarkers based on the four biomarkers (2554.6, 4824.4, 5325.7, and 8606.8 Da) was established which could distinguish TB from controls with the sensitivity of 83.3% and the specificity of 84.2%. The candidate biomarker with m/z of 2554.6 Da was found to be up-regulated in TB patients, and was identified as a fragment of fibrinogen, alpha polypeptide isoform alpha-E preproprotein. Analysis in 22 patients with TB showed increased fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) (5,005 ± 1,297 vs. 4,010 ± 1,181 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and in 142 patients showed elevated plasma fibrinogen levels. CONCLUSIONS A diagnostic model for TB with high sensitivity and specificity was developed using mass spectrometry combined with magnetic beads. Fibrinogen was identified as a potential biomarker for TB and showed diagnostic values in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji-Cheng Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P,R, China.
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8
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The response of the fibrinolytic system to mycobacteria infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:497-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Steukers L, Glorieux S, Vandekerckhove AP, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Diverse microbial interactions with the basement membrane barrier. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:147-55. [PMID: 22300759 PMCID: PMC7127156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
During primary contact with susceptible hosts, microorganisms face an array of barriers that thwart their invasion process. Passage through the basement membrane (BM), a 50-100-nm-thick crucial barrier underlying epithelia and endothelia, is a prerequisite for successful host invasion. Such passage allows pathogens to reach nerve endings or blood vessels in the stroma and to facilitate spread to internal organs. During evolution, several pathogens have developed different mechanisms to cross this dense matrix of sheet-like proteins. To breach the BM, some microorganisms have developed independent mechanisms, others hijack host cells that are able to transverse the BM (e.g. leukocytes and dendritic cells) and oncogenic microorganisms might even trigger metastatic processes in epithelial cells to penetrate the underlying BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennert Steukers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Bencurova E, Mlynarcik P, Bhide M. An insight into the ligand-receptor interactions involved in the translocation of pathogens across blood-brain barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:297-318. [PMID: 22092557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traversal of pathogen across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential step for central nervous system (CNS) invasion. Pathogen traversal can occur paracellularly, transcellularly, and/or in infected phagocytes (Trojan horse mechanism). To trigger the translocation processes, mainly through paracellular and transcellular ways, interactions between protein molecules of pathogen and BBB are inevitable. Simply, it takes two to tango: both host receptors and pathogen ligands. Underlying molecular basis of BBB translocation of various pathogens has been revealed in the last decade, and a plethora of experimental data on protein-protein interactions has been created. This review compiles these data and should give insights into the ligand-receptor interactions that occur during BBB translocation. Further, it sheds light on cell signaling events triggered in response to ligand-receptor interaction. Understanding of the molecular principles of pathogen-host interactions that are involved in traversal of the BBB should contribute to develop new vaccine and drug strategies to prevent CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bencurova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
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Chung MC, Tonry JH, Narayanan A, Manes NP, Mackie RS, Gutting B, Mukherjee DV, Popova TG, Kashanchi F, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Bacillus anthracis interacts with plasmin(ogen) to evade C3b-dependent innate immunity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18119. [PMID: 21464960 PMCID: PMC3064659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, is capable of circumventing the humoral and innate immune defense of the host and modulating the blood chemistry in circulation to initiate a productive infection. It has been shown that the pathogen employs a number of strategies against immune cells using secreted pathogenic factors such as toxins. However, interference of B. anthracis with the innate immune system through specific interaction of the spore surface with host proteins such as the complement system has heretofore attracted little attention. In order to assess the mechanisms by which B. anthracis evades the defense system, we employed a proteomic analysis to identify human serum proteins interacting with B. anthracis spores, and found that plasminogen (PLG) is a major surface-bound protein. PLG efficiently bound to spores in a lysine- and exosporium-dependent manner. We identified α-enolase and elongation factor tu as PLG receptors. PLG-bound spores were capable of exhibiting anti-opsonic properties by cleaving C3b molecules in vitro and in rabbit bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, resulting in a decrease in macrophage phagocytosis. Our findings represent a step forward in understanding the mechanisms involved in the evasion of innate immunity by B. anthracis through recruitment of PLG resulting in the enhancement of anti-complement and anti-opsonization properties of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Chul Chung
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America.
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A spotlight on liquefaction: evidence from clinical settings and experimental models in tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:868246. [PMID: 21437230 PMCID: PMC3061317 DOI: 10.1155/2011/868246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquefaction is one of the most intriguing aspects of human tuberculosis. It is a major cause of the transition from the infection to active disease (tuberculosis, TB) as well as the transmission of M. tuberculosis to other persons. This paper reviews the natural history of liquefaction in humans from a pathological and radiological point of view and discusses how the experimental models available can be used to address the topic of liquefaction and cavity formation. Different concepts that have been related to liquefaction, from the influence of immune response to mechanical factors, are reviewed. Synchronic necrosis or apoptosis of infected macrophages in a close area, together with an ineffective fibrosis, appears to be clue in this process, in which macrophages, the immune response, and bacillary load interact usually in a particular scenario: the upper lobes of the lung. The summary would be that even if being a stochastic effect, liquefaction would result if the organization of the intragranulomatous necrosis (by means of fibrosis) would be disturbed.
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Cardona PJ, Ivanyi J. The secret trumps, impelling the pathogenicity of tubercle bacilli. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 29 Suppl 1:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(11)70013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Fu Q, Figuera-Losada M, Ploplis VA, Cnudde S, Geiger JH, Prorok M, Castellino FJ. The lack of binding of VEK-30, an internal peptide from the group A streptococcal M-like protein, PAM, to murine plasminogen is due to two amino acid replacements in the plasminogen kringle-2 domain. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:1580-1587. [PMID: 18039665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705063200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
VEK-30, a 30-amino acid internal peptide present within a streptococcal M-like plasminogen (Pg)-binding protein (PAM) from Gram-positive group-A streptococci (GAS), represents an epitope within PAM that shows high affinity for the lysine binding site (LBS) of the kringle-2 (K2) domain of human (h)Pg. VEK-30 does not interact with this same region of mouse (m)Pg, despite the high conservation of the mK2- and hK2-LBS. To identify the molecular basis for the species specificity of this interaction, hPg and mPg variants were generated, including an hPg chimera with the mK2 sequence and an mPg chimera containing the hK2 sequence. The binding of synthetic VEK-30 to these variants was studied by surface plasmon resonance. The data revealed that, in otherwise intact Pg, the species specificity of VEK-30 binding in these two cases is entirely dictated by two K2 residues that are different between hPg and mPg, namely, Arg-220 of hPg, which is a Gly in mPg, and Leu-222 of hPg, which is a Pro in mPg, neither of which are members of the canonical K2-LBS. Neither the activation of hPg, nor the enzymatic activity of its activated product, plasmin (hPm), are compromised by replacing these two amino acids by their murine counterparts. It is also demonstrated that hPg is more susceptible to activation to hPm after complexation with VEK-30 and that this property is greatly reduced as a result of the R220G and L222P replacements in hPg. These mechanisms for accumulation of protease activity on GAS likely contribute to the virulence of PAM(+)-GAS strains and identify targets for new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Fu
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Mariana Figuera-Losada
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Victoria A Ploplis
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Sara Cnudde
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Mary Prorok
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556.
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15
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Xolalpa W, Vallecillo AJ, Lara M, Mendoza-Hernandez G, Comini M, Spallek R, Singh M, Espitia C. Identification of novel bacterial plasminogen-binding proteins in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proteomics 2007; 7:3332-41. [PMID: 17849409 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Binding and activation of human plasminogen (Plg) to generate the proteolytic enzyme plasmin (Plm) have been associated with the invasive potential of certain bacteria. In this work, proteomic analysis together with ligand blotting assays identified several major Plg-binding spots in Mycobacterium tuberculosis soluble extracts (SEs) and culture filtrate proteins. The identity of 15 different proteins was deduced by N-terminal and/or MS and corresponded to DnaK, GroES, GlnA1, Ag85 complex, Mpt51, Mpt64, PrcB, MetK, SahH, Lpd, Icl, Fba, and EF-Tu. Binding of Plg to recombinant M. tuberculosis DnaK, GlnA1, and Ag85B was further confirmed by ELISA and ligand blotting assays. The binding was inhibited by epsilon-aminocaproic acid, indicating that the interaction involved lysine residues. Plg bound to recombinant mycobacterial proteins was activated to Plm by tissue-type Plg activator. In contrast with recombinant proteins, M. tuberculosis SE enhanced several times the Plg activation mediated by the activator. Interestingly, GlnA1 was able to bind the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin. Together these results show that M. tuberculosis posses several Plg receptors suggesting that bound Plg to bacteria surface, can be activated to Plm, endowing bacteria with the ability to break down ECM and basal membranes proteins contributing to tissue injury in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Xolalpa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
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Aung H, Wu M, Johnson JL, Hirsch CS, Toossi Z. Bioactivation of latent transforming growth factor beta1 by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human mononuclear phagocytes. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:558-65. [PMID: 15963051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) has been identified at sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection in the lung; however, the underlying mechanism(s) for its activation is not clear. Here using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay for TGFbeta1, we show that human blood monocytes (MN) and alveolar macrophages (AM) produce bioactive TGFbeta1 upon stimulation by MTB. However, only MTB-stimulated MN increased TGFbeta1 production on a per cell basis. The frequency of TGFbeta1-producing MN was reduced by an inhibitor of plasmin, bdellin, indicating a role for plasmin pathways in the bioactivation of cytokine. The expression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) mRNA and both surface and soluble uPAR (CD87) was increased in MTB-activated MN. However, antibody neutralization of uPAR suppressed bioactive TGFbeta1 in MN alone. Thus, the more immature MN, which are continuously recruited to the lung during tuberculosis (TB), have a higher capacity to bioactivate TGFbeta1 by expression of components of the plasmin pathway. Excess production and bioactivation of TGFbeta1 at sites of MTB infection may undermine host immune responses during TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aung
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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da Silva CMF, de Abreu Vidipó L, Nishi R, Cristina Plotkowski M. Binding of plasminogen to Pseudomonas aeruginosa results in formation of surface-associated plasmin and enhanced bacterial invasiveness. Microb Pathog 2004; 36:59-66. [PMID: 14687558 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with plasminogen (Plg) is herein reported. Plg bound similarly to laboratory and clinical P. aeruginosa isolates from blood of septicemic patients and stools of asymptomatic carriers. No difference in Plg capture was detected between the piliated PAK strain and its isogenic nonpiliated mutant. Western immunoblotting results suggested that low molecular weight nonpilus adhesins from the bacterial outer membranes accounted for the Plg capture. Bacteria-bound Plg was converted to bioactive plasmin in the presence of exogenous urokinase-type Plg activator. The presence of surface-bound plasmin enhanced significantly the P. aeruginosa capability to invade fibrin gels and a reconstituted basement membrane matrix. These findings support the concept that Plg capture by P. aeruginosa may represent a mechanism which offers advantages to bacterial invasiveness through tissue barriers.
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Sato J, Schorey J, Ploplis VA, Haalboom E, Krahule L, Castellino FJ. The fibrinolytic system in dissemination and matrix protein deposition during a mycobacterium infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:517-31. [PMID: 12875972 PMCID: PMC1868210 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system is known to play an important role in the inflammatory response to bacterial infections. In the present study, relationships between protein components of the fibrinolytic system and infectivity by Mycobacterium avium were analyzed. Infections were initiated through noninvasive intratracheal administration of M. avium 724 in mice individually deficient for plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, along with wild-type control mice. There were no differences in lung colony counts among all mouse genotypes throughout a 10-week infection. However, in tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen-deficient mice an earlier dissemination of M. avium to other organs was observed. Nevertheless, the M. avium growth rates in the liver, spleen, and lung did not differ between the various mouse populations throughout a 10-week infection. Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses at 5 and 10 weeks after infection demonstrated that plasminogen-deficient mice, compared to wild-type mice, had enhanced fibrin and fibronectin deposition, as well as increased neutrophil infiltration within liver granulomas. These results suggest that plasmin(ogen) plays a role in the turnover of extracellular matrix proteins within granulomas and has a limited effect in the early dissemination of M. avium from lungs. Thus, plasmin(ogen) functions in limiting progressive fibrosis in the granuloma during a chronic mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sato
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN 46556, USA
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Goto H, Wells K, Takada A, Kawaoka Y. Plasminogen-binding activity of neuraminidase determines the pathogenicity of influenza A virus. J Virol 2001; 75:9297-301. [PMID: 11533192 PMCID: PMC114497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.19.9297-9301.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When expressed in vitro, the neuraminidase (NA) of A/WSN/33 (WSN) virus binds and sequesters plasminogen on the cell surface, leading to enhanced cleavage of the viral hemagglutinin. To obtain direct evidence that the plasminogen-binding activity of the NA enhances the pathogenicity of WSN virus, we generated mutant viruses whose NAs lacked plasminogen-binding activity because of a mutation at the C terminus, from Lys to Arg or Leu. In the presence of trypsin, these mutant viruses replicated similarly to wild-type virus in cell culture. By contrast, in the presence of plasminogen, the mutant viruses failed to undergo multiple cycles of replication while the wild-type virus grew normally. The mutant viruses showed attenuated growth in mice and failed to grow at all in the brain. Furthermore, another mutant WSN virus, possessing an NA with a glycosylation site at position 130 (146 in N2 numbering), leading to the loss of neurovirulence, failed to grow in cell culture in the presence of plasminogen. We conclude that the plasminogen-binding activity of the WSN NA determines its pathogenicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Goto
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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