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Alem F, Campos-Obando N, Narayanan A, Bailey CL, Macaya RF. Exogenous Klotho Extends Survival in COVID-19 Model Mice. Pathogens 2023; 12:1404. [PMID: 38133288 PMCID: PMC10746004 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A striking feature of COVID-19 disease is the broad spectrum of risk factors associated with case severity, as well as the diversity of clinical manifestations. While no central agent has been able to explain the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the factors that most robustly correlate with severity are risk factors linked to aging. Low serum levels of Klotho, an anti-aging protein, strongly correlate with the pathogenesis of the same risk factors and manifestations of conditions similar to those expressed in severe COVID-19 cases. The current manuscript presents original research on the effects of the exogenous application of Klotho, an anti-aging protein, in COVID-19 model mice. Klotho supplementation resulted in a statistically significant survival benefit in parametric and non-parametric models. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanistic role Klotho plays in COVID-19 pathogenesis as well as the possible modulation SARS-CoV-2 may have on the biological aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhang Alem
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (F.A.); (A.N.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Natalia Campos-Obando
- Formerly at Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José P.O. Box 10105-1000, Costa Rica;
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (F.A.); (A.N.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Charles L. Bailey
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (F.A.); (A.N.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Roman F. Macaya
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bell TM, Espina V, Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Brahms A, Carey BD, Lin SC, Dahal B, Woodson C, de la Fuente C, Liotta LA, Bailey CL, Kehn-Hall K. Combination Kinase Inhibitor Treatment Suppresses Rift Valley Fever Virus Replication. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040191. [PMID: 29652799 PMCID: PMC5923485 DOI: 10.3390/v10040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses must parasitize host cell translational machinery in order to make proteins for viral progeny. In this study, we sought to use this signal transduction conduit against them by inhibiting multiple kinases that influence translation. Previous work indicated that several kinases involved in translation, including p70 S6K, p90RSK, ERK, and p38 MAPK, are phosphorylated following Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection. Furthermore, inhibiting p70 S6K through treatment with the FDA approved drug rapamycin prevents RVFV pathogenesis in a mouse model of infection. We hypothesized that inhibiting either p70 S6K, p90RSK, or p90RSK’s upstream kinases, ERK and p38 MAPK, would decrease translation and subsequent viral replication. Treatment with the p70 S6K inhibitor PF-4708671 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of translational proteins and reduced RVFV titers. In contrast, treatment with the p90RSK inhibitor BI-D1870, p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, or the ERK inhibitor PD0325901 alone had minimal influence on RVFV titers. The combination of PF-4708671 and BI-D1870 treatment resulted in robust inhibition of RVFV replication. Likewise, a synergistic inhibition of RVFV replication was observed with p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or the ERK inhibitor PD0325901 combined with rapamycin treatment. These findings serve as a proof of concept regarding combination kinase inhibitor treatment for RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Bell
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Lindsay Lundberg
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Ashwini Brahms
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Brian D Carey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Bibha Dahal
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Caitlin Woodson
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Cynthia de la Fuente
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Charles L Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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3
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Jacobsen KH, Aguirre AA, Bailey CL, Baranova AV, Crooks AT, Croitoru A, Delamater PL, Gupta J, Kehn-Hall K, Narayanan A, Pierobon M, Rowan KE, Schwebach JR, Seshaiyer P, Sklarew DM, Stefanidis A, Agouris P. Lessons from the Ebola Outbreak: Action Items for Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response. Ecohealth 2016; 13:200-212. [PMID: 26915507 PMCID: PMC7087787 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
As the Ebola outbreak in West Africa wanes, it is time for the international scientific community to reflect on how to improve the detection of and coordinated response to future epidemics. Our interdisciplinary team identified key lessons learned from the Ebola outbreak that can be clustered into three areas: environmental conditions related to early warning systems, host characteristics related to public health, and agent issues that can be addressed through the laboratory sciences. In particular, we need to increase zoonotic surveillance activities, implement more effective ecological health interventions, expand prediction modeling, support medical and public health systems in order to improve local and international responses to epidemics, improve risk communication, better understand the role of social media in outbreak awareness and response, produce better diagnostic tools, create better therapeutic medications, and design better vaccines. This list highlights research priorities and policy actions the global community can take now to be better prepared for future emerging infectious disease outbreaks that threaten global public health and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive 5B7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Charles L Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ancha V Baranova
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Center for the Study of Chronic Metabolic Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Andrew T Crooks
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Arie Croitoru
- Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Paul L Delamater
- Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jhumka Gupta
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive 5B7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Katherine E Rowan
- Department of Communication, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - J Reid Schwebach
- Department of Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Padmanabhan Seshaiyer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Dann M Sklarew
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Anthony Stefanidis
- Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Peggy Agouris
- Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Cooper-Prado MJ, Long NM, Davis MP, Wright EC, Madden RD, Dilwith JW, Bailey CL, Spicer LJ, Wettemann RP. Maintenance energy requirements of beef cows and relationship with cow and calf performance, metabolic hormones, and functional proteins. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3300-15. [PMID: 24902599 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestating Angus, nonlactating, spring-calving cows were used to determine variation in maintenance energy requirements (MR); to evaluate the relationship among MR and cow and calf performance, plasma concentrations of IGF-I, T4, glucose, insulin, and ruminal temperature; and to describe the LM proteome and evaluate protein abundance in cows with different MR. Cows (4 to 7 yr of age) with a BCS of 5.0 ± 0.2 and BW of 582 ± 37 kg in the second to third trimester of gestation were studied in 3 trials (trial 1, n = 23; trial 2, n = 32; trial 3, n = 38). Cows were individually fed a complete diet in amounts to meet predicted MR (Level 1 Model of NRC), and feed intake was adjusted weekly until constant BW was achieved for at least 21 d (maintenance). Cows were classified on the basis of MR as low (>0.5 SD less than mean, LMR), moderate (±0.5 SD of mean, MMR), or high (>0.5 SD more than mean, HMR) MR. Blood samples were taken at maintenance and at 2 mo postpartum in trial 2. Muscle biopsies were taken from LMR and HMR after cows consumed actual MR for 28 d (trial 2) or 21 d (trial 3). Proteins from LM were separated by 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and were identified, and abundance was quantified and compared. The greatest differences in MR between cows were 29%, 24%, and 25% in trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Daily MR (NEm, kcal·BW(-0.75)·d(-1)) averaged 89.2 ± 6.3, 93.0 ± 4.9, and 90.4 ± 4.6 in trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Postpartum BW and BCS, calf birth and weaning weights, postpartum luteal activity, and ruminal temperature were not influenced by MR of the cows. Concentrations of IGF-I were greater (P = 0.001) in plasma of MMR compared with LMR cows consuming predicted MR diets, and MR was negatively correlated with concentrations of IGF-I in plasma (r = -0.38; P = 0.05) at 2 mo postpartum. A total of 103 proteins were isolated from LM; 52 gene products were identified. Abundance of specific proteins in the LM was not influenced (P > 0.11) by MR. Variation in MR of cows will make it possible to improve feed efficiency by selection. Identification of biomarkers for MR will allow selection of more efficient cows, which consume less feed and produce calves with similar weaning weights. Productive cows that require less feed for maintenance will improve efficiency of production and enhance sustainability of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cooper-Prado
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - N M Long
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - M P Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - E C Wright
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - R D Madden
- Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-0425
| | - J W Dilwith
- Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-0425
| | - C L Bailey
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - L J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - R P Wettemann
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
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St John S, Blower R, Popova TG, Narayanan A, Chung MC, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Bacillus anthracis co-opts nitric oxide and host serum albumin for pathogenicity in hypoxic conditions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:16. [PMID: 23730627 PMCID: PMC3656356 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a dangerous pathogen of humans and many animal species. Its virulence has been mainly attributed to the production of Lethal and Edema toxins as well as the antiphagocytic capsule. Recent data indicate that the nitric oxide (NO) synthase (baNOS) plays an important pathogenic role at the early stage of disease by protecting bacteria from the host reactive species and S-nytrosylating the mitochondrial proteins in macrophages. In this study we for the first time present evidence that bacteria-derived NO participates in the generation of highly reactive oxidizing species which could be abolished by the NOS inhibitor L - NAME, free thiols, and superoxide dismutase but not catalase. The formation of toxicants is likely a result of the simultaneous formation of NO and superoxide leading to a labile peroxynitrite and its stable decomposition product, nitrogen dioxide. The toxicity of bacteria could be potentiated in the presence of bovine serum albumin. This effect is consistent with the property of serum albumin to serves as a trap of a volatile NO accelerating its reactions. Our data suggest that during infection in the hypoxic environment of pre-mortal host the accumulated NO is expected to have a broad toxic impact on host cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen St John
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
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Bradburne CE, Verhoeven AB, Manyam GC, Chaudhry SA, Chang EL, Thach DC, Bailey CL, van Hoek ML. Temporal transcriptional response during infection of type II alveolar epithelial cells with Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) supports a general host suppression and bacterial uptake by macropinocytosis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10780-91. [PMID: 23322778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.362178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonic tularemia is caused by inhalation of Francisella tularensis, one of the most infectious microbes known. We wanted to study the kinetics of the initial and early interactions between bacterium and host cells in the lung. To do this, we examined the infection of A549 airway epithelial cells with the live vaccine strain (LVS) of F. tularensis. A549 cells were infected and analyzed for global transcriptional response at multiple time points up to 16 h following infection. At 15 min and 2 h, a strong transcriptional response was observed including cytoskeletal rearrangement, intracellular transport, and interferon signaling. However, at later time points (6 and 16 h), very little differential gene expression was observed, indicating a general suppression of the host response consistent with other reported cell lines and murine tissues. Genes for macropinocytosis and actin/cytoskeleton rearrangement were highly up-regulated and common to the 15 min and 2 h time points, suggesting the use of this method for bacterial entry into cells. We demonstrate macropinocytosis through the uptake of FITC-dextran and amiloride inhibition of Francisella LVS uptake. Our results suggest that macropinocytosis is a potential mechanism of intracellular entry by LVS and that the host cell response is suppressed during the first 2-6 h of infection. These results suggest that the attenuated Francisella LVS induces significant host cell signaling at very early time points after the bacteria's interaction with the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Bradburne
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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7
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Chung MC, Narayanan A, Popova TG, Kashanchi F, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Bacillus anthracis-derived nitric oxide induces protein S-nitrosylation contributing to macrophage death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tonry JH, McNichol BA, Ramarao N, Chertow DS, Kim KS, Stibitz S, Schneewind O, Kashanchi F, Bailey CL, Popov S, Chung MC. Bacillus anthracis protease InhA regulates BslA-mediated adhesion in human endothelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1219-30. [PMID: 22452315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To achieve widespread dissemination in the host, Bacillus anthracis cells regulate their attachment to host endothelium during infection. Previous studies identified BslA (Bacillus anthracis S-layer Protein A), a virulence factor of B. anthracis, as necessary and sufficient for adhesion of vegetative cells to human endothelial cells. While some factors have been identified, bacteria-specific contributions to BslA mediated adhesion remain unclear. Using the attenuated vaccine Sterne 7702 strain of B. anthracis, we tested the hypothesis that InhA (immune inhibitor A), a B. anthracis protease, regulates BslA levels affecting the bacteria's ability to bind to endothelium. To test this, a combination of inhA mutant and complementation analysis in adhesion and invasion assays, Western blot and InhA inhibitor assays were employed. Results show InhA downregulates BslA activity reducing B. anthracis adhesion and invasion in human brain endothelial cells. BslA protein levels in ΔinhA bacteria were significantly higher than wild-type and complemented strains showing InhA levels and BslA expression are inversely related. BslA was sensitive to purified InhA degradation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Taken together these data support the role of InhA regulation of BslA-mediated vegetative cell adhesion and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Tonry
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Laboratory, George Mason University, 10650 Pyramid Place, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
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Romoser WS, Oviedo MN, Lerdthusnee K, Patrican LA, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL. Rift Valley fever virus-infected mosquito ova and associated pathology: possible implications for endemic maintenance. Res Rep Trop Med 2011; 2:121-127. [PMID: 30881185 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endemic/Enzootic maintenance mechanisms like vertical transmission (pathogen passage from infected adults to their offspring) are central in the epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens. In Kenya, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) may be maintained by vertical transmission in ground-pool mosquitoes such as Aedes mcintoshi. RVFV can cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Past epidemics/epizootics have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa but, since the late 1970s, RVFV has also appeared in North Africa and the Middle East. Preliminary results revealed RVFV-infected eggs in Ae. mcintoshi after virus injection into the hemocoel after the first of two blood meals, justifying further study. Methods Mosquitoes were collected from an artificially flooded water-catching depression along a stream in Kenya, shipped live to the USA, and studied using an immunocytochemical method for RVFV-antigen localization in mosquito sections. Results and conclusion After virus injection into the hemocoel, RVFV-infected reproductive tissues were found, particularly follicular epithelia and oocyte/nurse cells. Ovarian infection from the hemocoel is a crucial step in establishing a vertically transmitting mosquito line. Ovarian follicles originate from germarial cells, primordia located distally in each ovariole, and infection of these cells is expected to be requisite for long-term vertical transmission. However, no germarial cell infection was found, so establishing a new line of vertically transmitting mosquitoes may require two generations. The findings support the hypothesis that Ae. mcintoshi is involved in the endemic maintenance of RVFV by vertical transmission. Detection of distinct pathology in infected eggs raises the possibility of virus-laden eggs being deposited among healthy eggs, thereby providing an exogenous source of infection via ingestion by mosquito larvae and other organisms. This has potentially significant epidemiological implications. Possible modes of entry of virus from the hemocoel into the ovaries and routes by which larvae might become infected by ingesting virus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Romoser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA,
| | - Marco Neira Oviedo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA,
| | - Kriangkrai Lerdthusnee
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lisa A Patrican
- Infectious Disease Division, National Center for Medical Intelligence, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Turell
- Department of Vector Assessment, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Dohm
- Department of Vector Assessment, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth J Linthicum
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Charles L Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
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Chung MC, Tonry JH, Narayanan A, Manes NP, Mackie RS, Gutting B, Mukherjee DV, Popova TG, Kashanchi F, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Bacillus anthracis interacts with plasmin(ogen) to evade C3b-dependent innate immunity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18119. [PMID: 21464960 PMCID: PMC3064659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, is capable of circumventing the humoral and innate immune defense of the host and modulating the blood chemistry in circulation to initiate a productive infection. It has been shown that the pathogen employs a number of strategies against immune cells using secreted pathogenic factors such as toxins. However, interference of B. anthracis with the innate immune system through specific interaction of the spore surface with host proteins such as the complement system has heretofore attracted little attention. In order to assess the mechanisms by which B. anthracis evades the defense system, we employed a proteomic analysis to identify human serum proteins interacting with B. anthracis spores, and found that plasminogen (PLG) is a major surface-bound protein. PLG efficiently bound to spores in a lysine- and exosporium-dependent manner. We identified α-enolase and elongation factor tu as PLG receptors. PLG-bound spores were capable of exhibiting anti-opsonic properties by cleaving C3b molecules in vitro and in rabbit bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, resulting in a decrease in macrophage phagocytosis. Our findings represent a step forward in understanding the mechanisms involved in the evasion of innate immunity by B. anthracis through recruitment of PLG resulting in the enhancement of anti-complement and anti-opsonization properties of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Chul Chung
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America.
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Manes NP, Dong L, Zhou W, Du X, Reghu N, Kool AC, Choi D, Bailey CL, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Popov SG. Discovery of mouse spleen signaling responses to anthrax using label-free quantitative phosphoproteomics via mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.000927. [PMID: 21189417 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalational anthrax is caused by spores of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), and is an extremely dangerous disease that can kill unvaccinated victims within 2 weeks. Modern antibiotic-based therapy can increase the survival rate to ∼50%, but only if administered presymptomatically (within 24-48 h of exposure). To discover host signaling responses to presymptomatic anthrax, label-free quantitative phosphoproteomics via liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to compare spleens from uninfected and spore-challenged mice over a 72 h time-course. Spleen proteins were denatured using urea, reduced using dithiothreitol, alkylated using iodoacetamide, and digested into peptides using trypsin, and the resulting phosphopeptides were enriched using titanium dioxide solid-phase extraction and analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography-Linear Trap Quadrupole-Orbitrap-MS(/MS). The fragment ion spectra were processed using DeconMSn and searched using both Mascot and SEQUEST resulting in 252,626 confident identifications of 6248 phosphopeptides (corresponding to 5782 phosphorylation sites). The precursor ion spectra were deisotoped using Decon2LS and aligned using MultiAlign resulting in the confident quantitation of 3265 of the identified phosphopeptides. ANOVAs were used to produce a q-value ranked list of host signaling responses. Late-stage (48-72 h postchallenge) Sterne strain (lethal) infections resulted in global alterations to the spleen phosphoproteome. In contrast, ΔSterne strain (asymptomatic; missing the anthrax toxin) infections resulted in 188 (5.8%) significantly altered (q<0.05) phosphopeptides. Twenty-six highly tentative phosphorylation responses to early-stage (24 h postchallenge) anthrax were discovered (q<0.5), and ten of these originated from eight proteins that have known roles in the host immune response. These tentative early-anthrax host response signaling events within mouse spleens may translate into presymptomatic diagnostic biomarkers of human anthrax detectable within circulating immune cells, and could aid in the identification of pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Manes
- The National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110-2201, USA
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Chung MC, Jorgensen SC, Popova TG, Tonry JH, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor implicates protease InhA in the acute-phase response to Bacillus anthracis infection. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:737-744. [PMID: 19429749 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.007427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. The infection is associated with inflammation and sepsis, but little is known about the acute-phase response during disease and the nature of the bacterial factors causing it. In this study, we examined the levels of the acute-phase proteins (APPs) in comparative experiments using mice challenged with spores and a purified B. anthracis protease InhA as a possible factor mediating the response. A strong increase in the plasma levels of APPs such as haptoglobin and serum amyloid A was observed during infection. Protein and mRNA levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 in the liver were also increased concurrently with bacterial dissemination at 72 h post-infection. Similar effects were observed at 6 h post injection with InhA. Induction of hepatic transforming growth factor-beta1, a PAI-1 inducer, was also found in the liver of InhA-injected mice. PAI-1 elevation by InhA resulted in an increased level of urokinase-type plasminogen activator complex with PAI-1 and a decreased level of D-dimers indicating inhibition of blood fibrinolysis. These results reveal an acute liver response to anthrax infection and provide a plausible pathophysiological link between the host inflammatory response and the pro-thrombotic haemostatic imbalance in the course of disease through PAI-1 induction in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Chul Chung
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Shelley C Jorgensen
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Taissia G Popova
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jessica H Tonry
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Charles L Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Serguei G Popov
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Chung M, Tonry JH, Jorgensen SC, Narayanan A, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Activation of plasminogen by
Bacillus anthracis
spores and proteases results in down‐regulation of thrombin‐activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.671.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chung MC, Jorgensen SC, Popova TG, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Neutrophil elastase and syndecan shedding contribute to antithrombin depletion in murine anthrax. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 54:309-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Chung MC, Popova TG, Jorgensen SC, Dong L, Chandhoke V, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Degradation of circulating von Willebrand factor and its regulator ADAMTS13 implicates secreted Bacillus anthracis metalloproteases in anthrax consumptive coagulopathy. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9531-42. [PMID: 18263586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705871200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathology data from the anthrax animal models show evidence of significant increases in vascular permeability coincident with hemostatic imbalances manifested by thrombocytopenia, transient leucopenia, and aggressive disseminated intravascular coagulation. In this study we hypothesized that anthrax infection modulates the activity of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and its endogenous regulator ADAMTS13, which play important roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, including interaction of endothelial cells with platelets. We previously demonstrated that purified anthrax neutral metalloproteases Npr599 and InhA are capable of cleaving a variety of host structural and regulatory proteins. Incubation of human plasma with these proteases at 37 degrees C in the presence of urea as a mild denaturant results in proteolysis of VWF. Also in these conditions, InhA directly cleaves plasma ADAMTS13 protein. Npr599 and InhA digest synthetic VWF substrate FRETS-VWF73. Amino acid sequencing of VWF fragments produced by InhA suggests that one of the cleavage sites of VWF is located at domain A2, the target domain of ADAMTS13. Proteolysis of VWF by InhA impairs its collagen binding activity (VWF:CBA) and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation activity. In plasma from anthrax spore-challenged DBA/2 mice, VWF antigen levels increase up to 2-fold at day 3 post-infection with toxigenic Sterne 34F(2) strain, whereas VWF:CBA levels drop in a time-dependent manner, suggesting dysfunction of VWF instead of its quantitative deficiency. This conclusion is further supported by significant reduction in the amount of VWF circulating in blood in the ultra-large forms. In addition, Western blot analysis shows proteolytic depletion of ADAMTS13 from plasma of spore-challenged mice despite its increased expression in the liver. Our results suggest a new mechanism of anthrax coagulopathy affecting the levels and functional activities of both VWF and its natural regulator ADAMTS13. This mechanism may contribute to hemorrhage and thrombosis typical in anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Chul Chung
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, College of Sciences, George Mason University, 10900 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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16
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Turell MJ, Linthicum KJ, Patrican LA, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL. Vector competence of selected African mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species for Rift Valley fever virus. J Med Entomol 2008; 45:102-108. [PMID: 18283949 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[102:vcosam]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Egypt, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia have indicated the potential for this disease to spread from its enzootic areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Because little is known about the potential for most African mosquito species to transmit RVF virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus, RVFV), we conducted studies to determine the vector competence of selected African species of mosquitoes for this virus. All eight species tested [Aedes palpalis (Newstead), Aedes mcintoshi Huang, Aedes circumluteolus (Theobald), Aedes calceatus Edwards, Aedes aegypti (L.), Culex antennatus (Becker), Culex pipiens (L.), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say], were susceptible to infection, and all except Ae. calceatus, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus transmitted RVFV by bite after oral exposure. Estimated transmission rates for mosquitoes that successfully transmitted RVFV by bite ranged from 5% for Ae. mcintoshi to 39% for Ae. palpalis for mosquitoes that fed on a hamster with a viremia > or = 10(8) plaque-forming units of virus/ml. We did not recover RVFV from any of 3,138 progeny of infected female mosquitoes. RVFV is unusual among arboviruses in that it has been isolated in nature from a large number of species and that numerous mosquitoes and other arthropods are able to transmit this virus in the laboratory. The recent introduction and spread of West Nile virus into the Americas and the spread of RVFV to the Arabian Peninsula illustrates the potential for viruses, once enzootic in Africa, to spread to other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Turell
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Groves SS, Turell MJ, Bailey CL, Morozov VN. Rapid Active Assay for the Detection of Antibodies to West Nile Virus in Chickens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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18
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Groves SS, Turell MJ, Bailey CL, Morozov VN. Rapid active assay for the detection of antibodies to West Nile virus in chickens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 78:63-69. [PMID: 18187786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the assay time for detecting virus-specific antibodies in serum, we developed microarray-based active immunoassay techniques for detecting West Nile virus (WNV)-specific IgM molecules in chicken blood. The assay uses electrophoretic concentration of IgM molecules onto WNV antigens arrayed on a dialysis membrane followed by detection of bound IgM molecules with functionalized magnetic beads as active labels. This assay takes only 15 minutes and has the same sensitivity as a commercially available human WNV IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (commonly called a MAC-ELISA) modified for use with chicken sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Groves
- The National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Britch SC, Chretien JP, Erickson RL, Small J, Tucker CJ, Bennett KE, Mayer RT, Schmidtmann ET, Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Wilson WC, Freier JE, James AM, Miller RS, Drolet BS, Miller SN, Tedrow CA, Bailey CL, Strickman DA, Barnard DR, Clark GG, Zou L. A Rift Valley fever risk surveillance system for Africa using remotely sensed data: potential for use on other continents. Vet Ital 2007; 43:663-674. [PMID: 20422546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The authors developed a monitoring and risk mapping system using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) times series data derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) instrument on polar orbiting national oceanographic and atmospheric administration (NOAA) satellites to map areas with a potential for a Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. This system is potentially an important tool for local, national and international organisations involved in the prevention and control of animal and human disease, permitting focused and timely implementation of disease control strategies several months before an outbreak. We are currently developing a geographic information system (GIS)-based remotely sensed early warning system for potential RVF vectors in the United States. Forecasts of the potential emergence of mosquito vectors will be disseminated throughout the United States, providing several months' warning in advance of potentially elevated mosquito populations. This would allow timely, targeted implementation of mosquito control, animal quarantine and vaccine strategies to reduce or prevent animal and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Linthicum
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural & Veterinary Entomology, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA.
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20
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Murthy JK, Gross U, Rüdiger S, Rao VV, Kumar VV, Wander A, Bailey CL, Harrison NM, Kemnitz E. Aluminum Chloride as a Solid Is Not a Strong Lewis Acid. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:8314-9. [PMID: 16623514 DOI: 10.1021/jp0601419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum chloride is used extensively as Lewis acid catalyst in a variety of industrial processes, including Friedel-Crafts and Cl/F exchange reactions. There is a common misconception that pure AlCl3 is itself a Lewis acid. In the current study, we use experimental and computational methods to investigate the surface structure and catalytic properties of solid AlCl3. The catalytic activity of AlCl3 for two halide isomerization reactions is studied and compared with different AlF3 phases. It is shown that pure solid AlCl3 does not catalyze these reactions. The (001) surface of crystalline AlCl(3) is the natural cleavage plane and its structure is predicted via first principles calculations. The chlorine ions in the outermost layer of the material mask the Al3+ ions from the external gas phase. Hence, the experimentally found catalytic properties of pure solid AlCl3 are supported by the predicted surface structure of AlCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krishna Murthy
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt- University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Strong Lewis acid catalysts are widely used in a variety of industrial processes including Cl/F exchange reactions. Aluminum fluorides (AlF3) have great potential for use in such reactions. Despite the importance of the surface in the catalytic process little is known about the detailed atomic scale structure of AlF3 surfaces. In the current study we employ state of the art surface thermodynamics calculations based on hybrid-exchange density functional theory to predict the composition and structure of the basal plane surface of alpha-AlF3 for the first time. We examine four possible terminations of the alpha-AlF3 (0001) surface and demonstrate that the surface is terminated by a layer containing two fluorine atoms per cell at all realistic fluorine partial pressures. The fluorine ions in the outermost layer of the material reconstruct to mask the Al3+ ion from the external gas phase and consequently we would expect this surface to be inactive as a Lewis acid catalyst in line with experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wander
- CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom.
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22
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Wu AG, Alibek D, Li YL, Bradburne C, Bailey CL, Alibek K. Anthrax Toxin Induces Hemolysis: An Indirect Effect through Polymorphonuclear Cells. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:1138-41. [PMID: 14551883 DOI: 10.1086/378516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2003] [Accepted: 05/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin can induce hemolysis in the presence of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), an activity primarily mediated by protective antigen, with synergic effects provided by lethal factor and edema factor. Lethal factor and edema factor, individually or in combination, are incapable of lysing red blood cells. The requirement for the presence of PMNs indicates that hemolysis associated with Bacillus anthracis infection is indirect rather than direct, as observed in many other bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo G Wu
- Advanced Biosystems Inc, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA.
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23
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Abstract
SUMMARYIn trotting dogs, the pattern of activity of the obliquely oriented hypaxial muscles is consistent with the possible functions of (i) stabilization against vertical accelerations that cause the trunk to sag in the sagittal plane and (ii) stabilization against forces that tend to shear the trunk in the sagittal plane. To test these hypotheses, we compared the amount of activity of the intercostal and abdominal oblique muscles (i) when dogs carried additional mass (8–15% of body mass) supported over the limb girdles versus supported mid-trunk (test of sagittal bounce), and (ii) when dogs trotted up versus down a 10° slope (test of sagittal shear). In response to the loading manipulations, only the internal oblique muscle responded in a manner that was consistent with stabilization of the trunk against forces that cause the trunk to sag sagittally. In contrast, when the fore–aft forces were manipulated by running up- and downhill, all four of the monitored muscles changed their activity in a manner consistent with stabilization of the trunk against sagittal shearing. Specifically, muscles with a craniodorsal orientation (external oblique and external intercostal muscles) showed an increase in activity when the dogs ran downhill and a decrease when they ran uphill. Muscles with a cranioventral orientation (internal oblique and internal intercostal muscles) exhibited the opposite pattern: increased activity when the dogs ran uphill and decreased activity when they ran downhill. Changes in activity of two extrinsic appendicular muscles, the serratus ventralis and deep pectoralis, during uphill and downhill running were also consistent with the sagittal shearing hypothesis. In contrast, changes in the level of recruitment of the oblique hypaxial muscles were not consistent with stabilization of the trunk against torques that induce yaw at the girdles. Hence, we suggest that the oblique hypaxial muscles of trotting dogs act to stabilize the trunk against sagittal shearing torques induced by limb retraction (fore–aft acceleration) and protraction (fore–aft deceleration).
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Fife
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Golovina VA, Platoshyn O, Bailey CL, Wang J, Limsuwan A, Sweeney M, Rubin LJ, Yuan JX. Upregulated TRP and enhanced capacitative Ca(2+) entry in human pulmonary artery myocytes during proliferation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280:H746-55. [PMID: 11158974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.2.h746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) due to Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) stores and Ca(2+) influx through plasmalemmal Ca(2+) channels plays a critical role in mitogen-mediated cell growth. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores triggers capacitative Ca(2+) entry (CCE), a mechanism involved in maintaining Ca(2+) influx and refilling intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Transient receptor potential (TRP) genes have been demonstrated to encode the store-operated Ca(2+) channels that are activated by Ca(2+) store depletion. In this study, we examined whether CCE, activity of store-operated Ca(2+) channels, and human TRP1 (hTRP1) expression are essential in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. Chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) and depletion of intracellularly stored Ca(2+) inhibited PASMC growth in media containing serum and growth factors. Resting [Ca(2+)](cyt) as well as the increases in [Ca(2+)](cyt) due to Ca(2+) release and CCE were all significantly greater in proliferating PASMC than in growth-arrested cells. Consistently, whole cell inward currents activated by depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores and the mRNA level of hTRP1 were much greater in proliferating PASMC than in growth-arrested cells. These results suggest that elevated [Ca(2+)](cyt) and intracellularly stored [Ca(2+)] play an important role in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell growth. CCE, potentially via hTRP1-encoded Ca(2+)-permeable channels, may be an important mechanism required to maintain the elevated [Ca(2+)](cyt) and stored [Ca(2+)] in human PASMC during proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Blood Proteins/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/genetics
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nickel/pharmacology
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Pulmonary Artery/cytology
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- TRPC Cation Channels
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Golovina
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Platoshyn O, Golovina VA, Bailey CL, Limsuwan A, Krick S, Juhaszova M, Seiden JE, Rubin LJ, Yuan JX. Sustained membrane depolarization and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279:C1540-9. [PMID: 11029301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.5.c1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular medial hypertrophy greatly contribute to the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary hypertension. A rise in cytosolic free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) triggers vasoconstriction and stimulates cell growth. Membrane potential (E(m)) regulates [Ca(2+)](cyt) by governing Ca(2+) influx through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. Thus intracellular Ca(2+) may serve as a shared signal transduction element that leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. In PASMC, activity of voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channels regulates resting E(m). In this study, we investigated whether changes of Kv currents [I(K(V))], E(m), and [Ca(2+)](cyt) affect cell growth by comparing these parameters in proliferating and growth-arrested PASMC. Serum deprivation induced growth arrest of PASMC, whereas chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) abolished PASMC growth. Resting [Ca(2+)](cyt) was significantly higher, and resting E(m) was more depolarized, in proliferating PASMC than in growth-arrested cells. Consistently, whole cell I(K(V)) was significantly attenuated in PASMC during proliferation. Furthermore, E(m) depolarization significantly increased resting [Ca(2+)](cyt) and augmented agonist-mediated rises in [Ca(2+)](cyt) in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+). These results demonstrate that reduced I(K(V)), depolarized E(m), and elevated [Ca(2+)](cyt) may play a critical role in stimulating PASMC proliferation. Pulmonary vascular medial hypertrophy in patients with pulmonary hypertension may be partly caused by a membrane depolarization-mediated increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) in PASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Platoshyn
- Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92103-8382, USA
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27
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Bailey CL, Channick RN, Auger WR, Fedullo PF, Kerr KM, Yung GL, Rubin LJ. "High probability" perfusion lung scans in pulmonary venoocclusive disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1974-8. [PMID: 11069842 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.2003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
"High-probability" ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scans generally indicate proximal pulmonary arterial occlusion by thromboemboli or, rarely, other processes such as tumors, fibrosing mediastinitis, or vasculitis. In this report we describe three patients with high probability V/Q scans in whom pulmonary angiography failed to demonstrate arterial occlusion. All three patients were determined to have pulmonary venoocclusive disease (PVOD). In two patients, a tissue diagnosis of PVOD was made, in one case with explanted tissue taken after a successful heart-lung transplant and in the other case with tissue taken at autopsy. PVOD in the third patient was diagnosed with pulmonary venography. A potential explanation for the discrepancy between perfusion lung scan and pulmonary angiographic findings in PVOD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bailey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92103-7381, USA
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Bailey CL, Ueland FR, Land GL, DePriest PD, Gallion HH, Kryscio RJ, van Nagell JR. The malignant potential of small cystic ovarian tumors in women over 50 years of age. Gynecol Oncol 1998; 69:3-7. [PMID: 9570990 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1998.4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the risk of malignancy in cystic ovarian tumors < 10 cm in diameter in asymptomatic postmenopausal women or women >or =50 years of age. METHODS All cystic ovarian tumors detected by transvaginal sonography screening in asymptomatic postmenopausal women or women > or =50 years of age were evaluated with respect to size and morphology. Histology was recorded on all tumors removed surgically. Follow-up data were available both on patients undergoing surgery and on those who elected to be followed without operative intervention. RESULTS Unilocular cystic tumors were detected in 256 of 7705 patients (3.3%). All tumors were < 10 cm in diameter and 90% were < 5 cm in diameter. One hundred twenty-five of these cysts (49%) resolved spontaneously within 60 days and 131 (51%) persisted. Forty-five patients with persisting ovarian cysts underwent operative removal of these tumors. Thirty-two patients had ovarian serous cystadenomas, and the remainder had a variety of benign lesions. There were no cases of ovarian carcinoma in this group. Eighty-six patients with unilocular cystic ovarian tumors were followed at 3- to 6-month intervals without surgery, and none have developed ovarian cancer. Complex cystic ovarian tumors were detected in 250 patients (3.2%). All tumors were < 10 cm in diameter and 89% were < 5 cm in diameter. One hundred thirty-five (55%) resolved spontaneously within 60 days, and 115 (45%) persisted. One hundred fourteen of these patients underwent operative tumor removal. Seven patients had ovarian carcinoma, 1 had primary peritoneal cancer, and 1 had metastatic breast cancer to the ovary. CONCLUSION Unilocular ovarian cysts < 10 cm in diameter in asymptomatic postmenopausal women or women > or =50 years of age are associated with minimal risk for ovarian cancer. In contrast, complex ovarian cysts with wall abnormalities or solid areas are associated with a significant risk for malignancy. These data are important in determining optimal strategies for operative intervention in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bailey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536, USA
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29
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Bailey CL. The treatment of malaria. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:733; author reply 733-4. [PMID: 9045053 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199703063361017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Buckley SL, Tritz DM, Van Le L, Higgins R, Sevin BU, Ueland FR, DePriest PD, Gallion HH, Bailey CL, Kryscio RJ, Fowler W, Averette H, van Nagell JR. Lymph node metastases and prognosis in patients with stage IA2 cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1996; 63:4-9. [PMID: 8898159 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1996.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-four patients with squamous cell carcinoma invading the cervical stroma to a depth of >3.0-5.0 mm with 7 mm or less in horizontal spread (FIGO Stage IA2) were evaluated. Depth and lateral extent of stromal invasion were verified using an ocular micrometer. Cell type and lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI) were recorded in each case. Patients were treated primarily by radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy, and those with lymph node metastases were offered postoperative radiation. Following treatment, patients were seen at 3-month intervals for 2 years, and every 6 months thereafter. The mean duration of follow-up was 6.9 years (range 0.4-23.5 years). Seven of 94 patients (7.4%) had lymph node metastases. Five patients had 1 positive node, 1 patient had 2 positive nodes, and 1 patient had 3 positive nodes. Five patients developed recurrent cancer and 4 died of disease. LVSI was present in 31 cases (33%). Tumor recurrence was significantly increased in patients with positive LVSI (9.7% vs 3.2%). The 5-year survival rate of patients with LVSI was 89% vs 98% in patients without this finding (P = 0.058). The 5-year survival rate of all Stage IA2 cervical cancer patients was 95%. Patients with Stage IA2 cervical cancer have a significant risk of lymph node metastases and should be treated by radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. LVSI is an important prognostic variable in these patients and should be recorded in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Buckley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536, USA
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31
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Abstract
A 19-year-old Hispanic nullipara experienced the rapid growth of an oral lesion on the right lower gingiva which she had first noticed at 29 weeks gestation. The lesion interfered with oral hygiene and eating. At surgery, the lesion measured 3.5 x 2.5 x 2.0 cm. Biopsy confirmed a pyogenic granuloma ("granuloma gravidarum"). Panorex films showed no bony invasion. The lesion was excised using the Nd:YAG laser under general anesthesia when the patient had reached 36 3/7 weeks gestation. We chose the Nd:YAG laser over the CO2 laser for the removal of this very vascular lesion, because of its superior coagulation characteristics. This technique results in removal of the lesion with less danger of bleeding than with any other surgical technique. The patient did well postoperatively, delivered a healthy 3,884 g infant at 40 6/7 weeks gestation, and has had no recurrence after 15 months of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199
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32
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Abstract
Supernumerary breasts on the vulva are a rare occurrence. There have been 26 cases previously reported and only 4 case reports of primary mammary carcinoma of the vulva. This is the fifth case report of mammary carcinoma of the vulva and the second report using tamoxifen for adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bailey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
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33
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Abstract
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary occurs most frequently in young women and children. Ten percent of cases present during pregnancy. The majority of tumors are in FIGO Stage I and have a favorable prognosis. The prognosis of higher stage tumors, however, is generally less favorable. We report the long-term, disease-free survival of a patient with FIGO Stage III juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. We believe this to be the first report of a successful pregnancy following "MAC" chemotherapy for this particular malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199
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34
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Romoser WS, Faran ME, Bailey CL, Lerdthusnee K. An immunocytochemical study of the distribution of Rift Valley fever virus in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 46:489-501. [PMID: 1575297 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.46.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus in females of the epidemic vector Culex pipiens was studied immunocytochemically. Among orally infected specimens, viral antigen was detected in all major midgut regions, although individuals varied with respect to which regions were infected. Among specimens with disseminated infections (infections beyond the midgut epithelium), antigen was detected in most tissues, including those of the nervous and endocrine systems. However, no antigen was found in the ovarian follicular epithelia, oocytes/nurse cells, or female accessory gland. A viral dissemination index (DI) based on several tissues was determined for each orally infected specimen and used to estimate the extent of viral dissemination in the hemocoel. Plots of DI values as a function of time after ingestion of an infectious blood meal indicated that dissemination was sporadic, and that once virus escapes from the midgut, its spread to other tissues is rapid. The most common sequence of tissue/organ infection following escape of virus from the midgut epithelium appears to be as follows: intussuscepted foregut, fat body, salivary glands and thoracic ganglia, epidermis, and ommatidia of the compound eyes. Reduced fecundity and survival identified in other studies of RVF virus-infected Cx. pipiens are probably explainable on the basis of extensive tissue and organ infection resulting in an overall energy drain. Infection of regulatory tissues and organs such as the ganglia of the central nervous system, neurosecretory cells, and the corpora allata may also have detrimental effects on the overall functioning of a mosquito, even in the absence of widespread infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Romoser
- Department of Zoological and Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens
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35
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Linthicum KJ, Logan TM, Bailey CL, Dohm DJ, Moulton JR. Transstadial and horizontal transmission of Rift Valley fever virus in Hyalomma truncatum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 41:491-6. [PMID: 2802027 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We exposed Hyalomma truncatum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus to Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus in order to assess the possible role of these ticks as enzootic/epizootic RVF vectors. The virus replicated in H. truncatum after intracoelomic inoculation, and a minimum transmission rate of 17% was achieved after 15 days intrinsic incubation. The virus persisted at least 58 days in these ticks. Virus was also shown to pass transstadially from inoculated H. truncatum nymphs to adults, with peak viral titers reaching 10(3.5) plaque-forming units (PFU) in adult males after they were provided with bloodmeals. Virus was recovered from adult females 121 days after they were inoculated as nymphs. Viral titers peaked in inoculated male ticks after dropping off a host (mean titer = 10(4.3) PFU). RVF virus was not detected in pools of eggs and larval progeny from 11 infected female H. truncatum. H. truncatum larvae and nymphs did not become infected after ingesting greater than 10(2.0) PFU while feeding on a RVF viremic hamster. The number of infected specimens declined rapidly after RVF virus was inoculated into R. appendiculatus adults, and virus was undetectable 12 days post-inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Linthicum
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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36
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Patrican LA, Bailey CL. Ingestion of immune bloodmeals and infection of Aedes fowleri, Aedes mcintoshi, and Culex pipiens with Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40:534-40. [PMID: 2729509 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus infection, dissemination, and transmission rates were determined for Aedes fowleri, Aedes mcintoshi and Culex pipiens 7 or 10 days after sequentially feeding to repletion on RVF virus immune hamsters and RVF viremic hamsters, or after feeding on a mixture of RVF virus immune sheep serum and RVF viremic hamster blood through a pledget. No significant differences in infection or dissemination rates were detected among Ae. fowleri and Cx. pipiens feeding to repletion on immune hamsters before or after feeding to repletion on a viremic hamster. Similarly, no significant differences in infection, dissemination, or transmission rates were observed among Ae. fowleri and Cx. pipiens feeding to repletion on immune hamsters or nonimmune (control) hamsters 0 or 24 hr after inoculation with RVF virus. Infection rates were significantly higher for Ae. fowleri (56/66, 85%) and Cx. pipiens (123/148, 83%) fed only on viremic hamsters than for those interrupted to complete feeding on an immune hamster (Ae. fowleri [24/49, 59%], Cx. pipiens [66/131, 50%]) or a nonimmune hamster (Ae. fowleri [32/51, 63%], Cx. pipiens [69/127, 54%]). However, no significant differences were detected in infection, dissemination, or transmission rates among Ae. fowleri, Ae. mcintoshi or Cx. pipiens fed on a viremic hamster and interrupted to complete feeding on an immune vs. a nonimmune hamster. Results from interrupted feeding experiments were significantly different from pledget feeding experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Patrican
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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37
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Linthicum KJ, Logan TM, Bailey CL, Watts DM, Dohm DJ. Experimental infection of six species of ixodid ticks with Dugbe virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40:410-7. [PMID: 2496609 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The vector potential of each of 6 species of colonized North American and African ixodid ticks was assessed by intracoelomic inoculation with Dugbe virus (IbAr 1792, 14th passage in suckling mouse brain) and viral titers were monitored after selected incubation periods. Persistence of Dugbe virus for greater than or equal to 53 days in 5 species (Dermacentor andersoni, D. variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and R. sanguineus) indicates that infection occurred. Viral titers were significantly higher in female vs. male D. variabilis, R. appendiculatus, and A. americanum after blood feeding. Blood feeding had no significant effect on the viral titers of either female or male R. sanguineus. D. andersoni males also exhibited no significant change in viral titers after blood-feeding, but 100% (20/20) of drop-off females and 96% (24/25) of post-oviposition females (36 days postinoculation) contained no detectable virus even though virus was still found in unfed specimens less than or equal to 124 days postinoculation. Virus was not recovered from greater than 30,000 1st generation progeny (eggs, larvae, nymphs, adults) collected as eggs from inoculated female D. andersoni, D. variabilis, R. sanguineus, and R. appendiculatus 27-51 days postinoculation. R. sanguineus and R. appendiculatus transmitted Dugbe virus to guinea pigs when allowed to feed 1-3 weeks postinoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Linthicum
- Disease Assessment Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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38
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Logan TM, Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL, Watts DM, Moulton JR. Experimental transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by Hyalomma truncatum Koch. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40:207-12. [PMID: 2493203 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Larval Hyalomma truncatum ticks were infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus by allowing them to engorge on viremic newborn mice. The overall tick infection rate was 4.4% (24/542). Virus was detected in specimens for greater than or equal to 160 days postinfection. Transstadial transmission to the adult tick stage was observed and horizontal transmission to a mammalian host was demonstrated. Horizontal transmission of CCHF virus to uninfected adult ticks occurred while feeding with transstadially infected ticks on the same host. No evidence of transovarial virus transmission from infected female ticks to their 1st generation progeny was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Logan
- Disease Assessment Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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39
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Watts DM, MacDonald C, Bailey CL, Meegan JM, Peters CJ, McKee KT. Experimental infection of Phlebotomus papatasi with sand fly fever Sicilian virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 39:611-6. [PMID: 2849886 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate humans as hosts infecting the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi with sand fly fever Sicilian (SFS) virus. Viral antigen and infectious virus circulated in the blood of infected volunteers on days 4 and 5 after intravenous inoculation with SFS virus. Viremia levels during the latter period were high enough to infect feeding sand flies, but only 13% (9/69) of the flies became infected. One out of every 3 infected sand flies that survived to feed a second time transmitted SFS to a hamster. These results confirm a vertebrate-sand fly-vertebrate transmission cycle for SFS virus, and demonstrate that horizontal transmission may contribute to the maintenance of this virus in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Watts
- Disease Assessment Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701
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40
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Faran ME, Romoser WS, Routier RG, Bailey CL. The distribution of Rift Valley fever virus in the mosquito Culex pipiens as revealed by viral titration of dissected organs and tissues. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 39:206-13. [PMID: 3407841 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Distribution of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) was studied in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Mosquitoes were dissected on days 1-7 after an infectious bloodmeal, and RVFV plaque assays were performed on the legs, posterior midgut, ovaries, salivary glands, thoracic ganglia, and remaining organs and tissues (remnants). On days 7-12 and 14 following an infectious bloodmeal, mosquitoes were tested for their ability to transmit virus and then dissected. Dissemination (systemic infection) rates averaged 22% on days 1-14 and transmission rates 33% on days 7-14. There were no significant differences in the viral titers of midgut samples among the nondisseminated infected (virus limited to alimentary canal), disseminated infected nontransmitting, and transmitting groups of mosquitoes. The sequence of infection of the organs and tissues studied appeared to be as follows: midgut, hemolymph, remnants: salivary glands, ovaries, and thoracic ganglia. Some individuals were found to have disseminated infections as early as 12 hr following an infectious bloodmeal. Trauma, simulated by vigorous shaking immediately following the viremic bloodmeal, did not affect either infection or dissemination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Faran
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701
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41
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Gargan TP, Clark GG, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Bailey CL. Vector potential of selected North American mosquito species for Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 38:440-6. [PMID: 2895591 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Selected North American mosquito species were evaluated as potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus. Field populations of Aedes canadensis, Ae. cantator, Ae. excrucians, Ae. sollicitans, Ae. taeniorhynchus, Ae. triseriatus, Anopheles bradleyi-crucians, Culex salinarius, Cx. tarsalis, and Cx. territans perorally exposed to 10(6.2)-10(7.2) plaque forming units of Rift Valley fever virus readily became infected. Infection rates ranged from 51% (65/127) for Cx. salinarius to 96% (64/67) for Ae. canadensis. Disseminated infection rates were generally greater at 14 days than at 7 days after the infectious bloodmeal, and, with the exception of An. bradleyi-crucians, they were not significantly different than the pooled rate of 59% for each species tested. Only 5/55 (9%) of the An. bradleyi-crucians developed a disseminated infection. For most of the species, about half of the mosquitoes with a disseminated infection transmitted an infectious dose of virus to hamsters. While all species, with the exception of An. bradleyi-crucians, transmitted virus, Ae. canadensis, Ae. taeniorhynchus, and Cx. tarsalis had the highest vector potential of the species tested. Following inoculation of approximately 10(1.6) plaque forming units of virus, 100% of the mosquitoes of each species became infected. For most species, transmission rates were similar for inoculated individuals and those that developed a disseminated infection following peroral infection. Viral titers of transmitting and nontransmitting-disseminated individuals were similar for all species tested. These data suggest that, if Rift Valley fever virus was introduced into North America, several mosquito species would be capable of transmitting it.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Gargan
- Department of Arboviral Entomology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21701
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42
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Faran ME, Turell MJ, Romoser WS, Routier RG, Gibbs PH, Cannon TL, Bailey CL. Reduced survival of adult Culex pipiens infected with Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 37:403-9. [PMID: 3661832 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of Rift Valley fever (RVF) viral infection on the survival of female Culex pipiens was examined. In 3 experiments in which mosquitoes ingested RVF virus, there was a 44% decrease in survival to days 14-16 for transmitting vs. nontransmitting mosquitoes, and a 48% decrease in survival for individuals with disseminated vs. nondisseminated infections. These results were corroborated by other experiments in which survival of mosquitoes intrathoracically inoculated with RVF virus was compared with that of those inoculated with diluent. In both the per os and inoculation tests, uninfected mosquitoes survived significantly longer than infected mosquitoes. Even though mosquitoes with disseminated infections had a lower survival rate than did uninfected mosquitoes, dissemination and transmission rates were similar at days 7 and 14-18 after the infectious bloodmeal. This suggests that nondisseminated individuals were developing disseminated infections and becoming capable of transmitting virus between days 7 and 14-18 at approximately the same rate older transmitters were dying. The decreased survival associated with RVF viral infection should be considered in predictive models of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Faran
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701
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43
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Sood SP, Green VI, Bailey CL. Routine methods in toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring by high performance liquid chromatography. II. A rapid microscale method for determination of chloramphenicol in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Ther Drug Monit 1987; 9:347-52. [PMID: 3672580 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-198709000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, specific method for determining chloramphenicol levels in human blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid is described. The method uses high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis, requires minimal quantities of patient specimen, and thus is suitable for use in newborn and pediatric patients. The method described in this article is specifically developed for routine use in laboratories engaged in therapeutic drug monitoring. It has advantages over other methods because it is less time consuming and can be used with commercially available controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sood
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Kansas City 66103
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44
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Turell MJ, Mather TN, Spielman A, Bailey CL. Increased dissemination of dengue 2 virus in Aedes aegypti associated with concurrent ingestion of microfilariae of Brugia malayi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 37:197-201. [PMID: 3605503 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether concurrent ingestion of dengue 2 virus and microfilariae of Brugia malayi would increase viral infection and dissemination rates in Aedes aegypti. Infection rates were similar in mosquitoes that ingested virus alone or both virus and microfilariae concurrently. However, viral dissemination rates, as determined by recovery of dengue virus from both legs and bodies separately, were significantly greater in mosquitoes that ingested both agents concurrently than in those that ingested virus alone. This study confirms that vectorial capacity of a natural vector of an arbovirus may be enhanced by the concurrent ingestion of microfilariae.
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45
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Abstract
Data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's polar-orbiting meteorological satellites have been used to infer ecological parameters associated with Rift Valley fever (RVF) viral activity in Kenya. An indicator of potential viral activity was produced from satellite data for two different ecological regions in Kenya, where RVF is enzootic. The correlation between the satellite-derived green vegetation index and the ecological parameters associated with RVF virus suggested that satellite data may become a forecasting tool for RVF in Kenya and, perhaps, in other areas of sub-Saharan Africa.
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46
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Faran ME, Romoser WS, Routier RG, Bailey CL. Use of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunocytochemical procedure for detection of Rift Valley fever virus in paraffin sections of mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35:1061-7. [PMID: 3532843 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) immunocytochemical procedure was used to locate Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus antigen in infected Aedes albopictus C6/36 cultured cells and in serial paraffin sections of intrathoracically-injected Egyptian Culex pipiens. Fixation of the cultured cells in formaldehyde or periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde, and fixation of whole mosquitoes with formaldehyde resulted in good preservation of morphology and excellent differential staining between uninfected and infected specimens. Two primary antibodies against RVF virus were tested on the cultured cells: a polyclonal rabbit antiserum and a mixture of mouse monoclonal antibodies. Only the mouse monoclonal antibody mixture was tested on the Cx. pipiens. Specific staining of tissues in paraffin sections occurred at dilutions as high as 1:5,000. In both cultured Ae. albopictus cells and sections of Cx. pipiens, only the cytoplasm was positive for antigen. A preliminary list of tissues in Cx. pipiens that exhibited specific or nonspecific staining is given.
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47
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Rossignol PA, Ribeiro JM, Jungery M, Turell MJ, Spielman A, Bailey CL. Enhanced mosquito blood-finding success on parasitemic hosts: evidence for vector-parasite mutualism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:7725-7. [PMID: 3865192 PMCID: PMC391406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.22.7725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The generalized hematopathology frequently found in animals infected with vector-borne pathogens may maximize transmission by enhancing the ability of vectors to locate blood in infected hosts. We tested this idea of mutualism between parasite and vector by comparing duration of probing of mosquitoes feeding on noninfected and on malaria-(Plasmodium chabaudi) or arbovirus-(Rift Valley fever virus) infected animals. We found that median duration of probing (blood location) on infected rodents was reduced by at least 1 min as compared to noninfected rodents. This enhanced ability of vectors to locate blood, possibly caused by parasite-disrupted hemostasis, may be a common feature of vector-borne diseases.
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48
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Turell MJ, Rossi CA, Bailey CL. Effect of extrinsic incubation temperature on the ability of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34:1211-8. [PMID: 3834803 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies were conducted to examine the effects of extrinsic incubation (EI) temperature on the vector competence of Egyptian Culex pipiens and North American Aedes taeniorhynchus for Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. Following per os exposure, infection rates in Ae. taeniorhynchus remained relatively constant at 55%, 56%, and 59% for mosquitoes held at EI temperatures of 13, 26, and 33 degrees C, respectively. In contrast, significantly fewer Cx. pipiens became infected when held at 13 degrees C (38%), than when held at 26 degrees C (75%) or 33 degrees C (91%). In both species, viral dissemination and transmission occurred earlier in mosquitoes held at high temperatures as compared to those held at low temperatures. Following EI at 26 or 33 degrees C, Cx. pipiens were able to transmit virus as early as 1 day after inoculation with RVF virus. However, 3 days were required before the first transmissions by inoculated Ae. taeniorhynchus. Temperature of EI affected these 2 species differently in their ability to transmit RVF virus. Because of the importance of EI temperature on infection and transmission rates, as well the length of the EI period, the role of EI temperature will need to be evaluated for each virus and vector pair.
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49
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Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 1985; 95:197-209. [PMID: 2862206 PMCID: PMC2129511 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400062434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 134 876 Diptera collected in Kenya during a 3-year period were tested in 3383 pools for Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. Nineteen pools of unengorged mosquitoes were found positive for RVF. All isolations were made from specimens collected at or near the naturally or artificially flooded grassland depressions that serve as the developmental sites for the immature stages of many mosquito species. The isolation of virus from adult male and female A. lineatopennis which had been reared from field-collected larvae and pupae suggests that transovarial transmission of the virus occurs in this species.
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50
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Abstract
Experimental studies were conducted to determine if hematophagous Diptera were capable of mechanical transmission of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus to laboratory animals. All species tested (Glossina morsitans, Aedes aegypti, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Culex pipiens, Stomoxys calcitrans, Lutzomyia longipalpis, and Culicoides variipennis) mechanically transmitted the virus to hamsters. Mechanical transmission rates for G. morsitans ranged from 0-100%, with the probability of mechanical transmission positively correlated with initial viremia titer and negatively correlated with the time after virus exposure. Mechanical transmission of RVF virus to lambs was demonstrated with both G. morsitans and Cx. pipiens. These findings demonstrated that mechanical transmission of RVF virus by hematophagous flies may contribute to the natural transmission and dissemination of this virus.
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