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Zheng XQ, Kong XQ, He Y, Wang YJ, Xie L, Liu LL, Lin LR, Yang TC. Treponema pallidum recombinant protein Tp47 enhanced interleukin-6 secretion in human dermal fibroblasts through the toll-like receptor 2 via the p38, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signalling pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119540. [PMID: 37468070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multi-effective cytokine involved in multiple immune responses. Whether fibroblasts also turn out to be a cytokine IL-6 factory during interaction with Treponema pallidum is not yet understood. To explore whether fibroblasts participate in inflammation due to syphilis, a series of experiments were performed to explore the role of T. pallidum lipoprotein Tp47 in IL-6 production in human dermal fibroblasts. The Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and participating signalling pathways in this process were also evaluated. The results showed that the expressions of IL-6 and the protein levels of TLR2 in fibroblasts were upregulated after stimulation with Tp47, and this effect was impeded by the TLR2 inhibitor C29. In addition, Tp47 promoted the phosphorylation of p38, PI3K/Akt, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), and the translocation of NF-κB in fibroblasts. Moreover, p38, PI3K, and NF-κB inhibitors significantly reduced IL-6 production in fibroblasts stimulated with Tp47. Furthermore, the TLR2 inhibitor C29 inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, Akt, and NF-κB, and the translocation of NF-κB in fibroblasts. In conclusion, our results showed that Tp47 enhanced IL-6 secretion in human dermal fibroblasts through TLR2 via p38, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signalling pathways. These findings contribute to our understanding of syphilis inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qi Zheng
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Xiang-Qi Kong
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China
| | - Yun He
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China; Department of Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yong-Jing Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China; Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China.
| | - Li-Rong Lin
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China; Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China.
| | - Tian-Ci Yang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China; Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China.
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Visentin D, Gobin I, Maglica Ž. Periodontal Pathogens and Their Links to Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 37513004 PMCID: PMC10385044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that play a role in the development and progression of periodontitis have gained significant attention due to their implications in the onset of various systemic diseases. Periodontitis is characterized as an inflammatory disease of the gingival tissue that is mainly caused by bacterial pathogens. Among them, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia are regarded as the main periodontal pathogens. These pathogens elicit the release of cytokines, which in combination with their virulence factors induce chronic systemic inflammation and subsequently impact neural function while also altering the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The primary objective of this review is to summarize the existing information regarding periodontal pathogens, their virulence factors, and their potential association with neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies that investigated the association between periodontal disease and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Out of the 24 studies examined, 20 showed some degree of positive correlation between periodontal disease and neurodegenerative disorders, with studies focusing on cognitive function demonstrating the most robust effects. Therefore, periodontal pathogens might represent an exciting new approach to develop novel preventive treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Visentin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Gobin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Željka Maglica
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Mirmohammadsadegh N, Mashreghi N, Amin M. Potential Treponema denticola-based periodontal vaccine to resolve a global public health challenge: a narrative literature review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:621-632. [PMID: 35195497 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2044798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is a diseased condition of the gum which imposes considerable costs on healthcare systems. It progresses further beyond the inflammation of supportive tissues of the teeth, and the collateral damages are closely associated with Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature review was performed to summarize published studies in English during the period of 1990-2021 to discuss the rationales for developing periodontal vaccine, cost-effectiveness analyses on the prevention of periodontitis, Treponema denticola-based vaccine candidates, as well as immunological mechanisms in animal models. EXPERT OPINION Preventive strategies against periodontitis may halt the onset of gum inflammation itself and the consequent chronic diseases. Considering the multi-microbial condition of periodontitis, an ideal periodontal vaccine should target multiple pathological pathways. Preventive approaches compared to surgical treatments evidently have significant impact on the healthcare budget and long-term health of the individuals in different communities. Despite many advances in periodontal vaccine research, there are still significant hurdles to overcome in developing a vaccine. Investment in research and development activities on key periodontal pathogens including Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the foreseeable future is a worthy and cost-effective approach for the policymakers to prevent deleterious impacts of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Mirmohammadsadegh
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neshaut Mashreghi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amin
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rahim MI, Winkel A, Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis A, Lienenklaus S, Falk CS, Eisenburger M, Stiesch M. Bacterial-Specific Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines Significantly Decreases upon Dual Species Infections of Implant Materials with Periodontal Pathogens in a Mouse Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020286. [PMID: 35203495 PMCID: PMC8869624 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine profiles are often perturbed after infections of medical implants. With a non-invasive in vivo imaging system, we report in a mouse model that interferon expression after infection of subcutaneous implants with Streptococcus oralis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola (alone or as a combination) was species-specific, persisted longer in the presence of implants, and notably decreased upon dual species infections. This type I interferon expression disappeared within two weeks; however, histology of implant–tissue interface indicated high recruitment of immune cells even after three weeks. This was suggestive that biomaterial-associated infections could have prolonged effects, including the systemic stimulation of inflammatory cytokines. The present study investigated the systemic impact of this chronic peri-implant inflammation on the systemic expression of inflammatory cytokines (23) using a multiplex assay. Initially, the cytokine measurement in murine fibroblasts exposed to periodontal pathogens remained limited to the expression of five cytokines, namely, IL-6, G-CSF, CXCL-1/KC, MCP-1 (MCAF), and IL-12 (p40). The systemic determination of cytokines in mice increased to 19 cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-17A, CCL-11/Eotaxin, G-CSF, IFN-γ, CXCL1/KC, MCP-1 (MCAF), MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, CCL5/RANTES, and TNF-α). Systemic induction of cytokines was species-specific in the mouse model. The cytokine induction from infected implants differed significantly from sole tissue infections and sterile implants. Notably, systemic cytokine induction decreased after infections with dual species compared to single species infections. These findings describe the systemic effect of chronic peri-implant inflammation on the systemic induction of inflammatory cytokines, and this effect was strongly correlated to the type and composition of initial infection. Systemic modulations in cytokine expression upon dual species infections exhibit an exciting pattern that might explain the complications associated with biomaterial-related infection in patients. Moreover, these findings validate the requirement of multispecies infections for pre-clinical studies involving animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Rahim
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.W.); (A.I.-T.); (M.E.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)511-532-7288
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.W.); (A.I.-T.); (M.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Alexandra Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.W.); (A.I.-T.); (M.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Michael Eisenburger
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.W.); (A.I.-T.); (M.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.W.); (A.I.-T.); (M.E.); (M.S.)
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Newbrook K, Carter SD, Crosby-Durrani H, Evans NJ. Challenge of Bovine Foot Skin Fibroblasts With Digital Dermatitis Treponemes Identifies Distinct Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:538591. [PMID: 33489929 PMCID: PMC7820575 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.538591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a common infectious disease of digital skin in cattle and an important cause of lameness worldwide, with limited treatment options. It is of increasing global concern for both animal welfare and food security, imposing a large economic burden on cattle farming industries each year. A polytreponemal etiology has been consistently identified, with three key phylogroups implicated globally: Treponema medium, Treponema phagedenis, and Treponema pedis. Pathogenic mechanisms which might enable targeted treatment/therapeutic development are poorly defined. This study used RNA sequencing to determine global differential mRNA expression in primary bovine foot skin fibroblasts following challenge with three representative BDD treponemes and a commensal treponeme, Treponema ruminis. A pro-inflammatory response was elicited by the BDD treponemes, mediated through IL-8/IL-17 signaling. Unexpectedly, the three BDD treponemes elicited distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis. T. phagedenis and T. pedis increased abundance of mRNA transcripts associated with apoptosis, while T. medium and T. pedis increased transcripts involved in actin rearrangement and loss of cell adhesion, likely promoting tissue invasion. The upregulation of antimicrobial peptide precursor, DEFB123, by T. phagedenis spirochaetes may present a microbial ecological advantage to all treponemes within BDD infected tissue, explaining their dominance within lesions. A commensal, T. ruminis, significantly dysregulated over three times the number of host mRNA transcripts compared to BDD treponemes, implying BDD treponemes, akin to the syphilis pathogen (Treponema pallidum), have evolved as "stealth pathogens" which avoid triggering substantial host immune/inflammatory responses to enable persistence and tissue invasion. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased IL-6, IL-8, RND1, and CFB protein expression in BDD lesions, confirming in vitro fibroblast observations and highlighting the system's value in modeling BDD pathogenesis. Several unique shared gene targets were identified, particularly RGS16, GRO1, MAFF, and ZC3H12A. The three key BDD Treponema phylogroups elicited both distinct and shared pathogenic mechanisms in bovine foot skin; upregulating inflammation whilst simultaneously suppressing adaptive immunity. The novel gene targets identified here should enable future vaccine/therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Newbrook
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Crosby-Durrani
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Belibasakis GN, Thurnheer T, Bostanci N. Interleukin-8 responses of multi-layer gingival epithelia to subgingival biofilms: role of the "red complex" species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81581. [PMID: 24339946 PMCID: PMC3858256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious inflammatory disease that results in the destruction of the tooth-supporting (periodontal) tissues. The Gram-negative anaerobic species Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola, (also known as the “red complex” species) are highly associated with subgingival biofilms at periodontitis-affected sites. A major chemokine produced by the gingival epithelium in response to biofilm challenge, is interleukin (IL)-8. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the relative effect of the “red complex” species as constituents of subgingival biofilms, on the regulation of IL-8 by gingival epithelia. Multi-layered organotypic human gingival epithelial cultures were challenged with a 10-species in vitro subgingival biofilm model, or its 7-species variant, excluding the “red complex”. IL-8 gene expression and secretion analyses were performed by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. After 3 h, both biofilms up-regulated IL-8 gene expression, but the presence of the “red complex” resulted in 3-fold greater response. IL-8 secretion was also up-regulated by both biofilms, with no differences between them. After 24 h, the 10-species biofilm reduced IL-8 secretion to 50% of the control, but this was not affected when the “red complex” was absent. In conclusion, as part of biofilms, “red complex” species differentially regulate IL-8 in gingival epithelia, potentially affecting the chemotactic responses of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Oral Treponema species, most notably T. denticola, are implicated in the destructive effects of human periodontal disease. Progress in the molecular analysis of interactions between T. denticola and host proteins is reviewed here, with particular emphasis on the characterization of surface-expressed and secreted proteins of T. denticola involved in interactions with host cells, extracellular matrix components, and components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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8
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Visser M, Ellen R. New insights into the emerging role of oral spirochaetes in periodontal disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:502-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Bakthavatchalu V, Meka A, Sathishkumar S, Lopez MC, Verma RK, Wallet SM, Bhattacharyya I, Boyce BF, Mans JJ, Lamont RJ, Baker HV, Ebersole JL, Kesavalu L. Molecular characterization of Treponema denticola infection-induced bone and soft tissue transcriptional profiles. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 25:260-74. [PMID: 20618700 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is associated with subgingival biofilms in adult periodontitis and with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which T. denticola impacts periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption remain unclear. Here, we examined changes in the host transcriptional profiles during a T. denticola infection using a murine calvarial model of inflammation and bone resorption. T. denticola was injected into the subcutaneous soft tissue over the calvaria of BALB/c mice for 3 days, after which the soft tissues and the calvarial bones were excised. RNA was isolated and analysed for transcript profiling using Murine GeneChip arrays. Following T. denticola infection, 2905 and 1234 genes in the infected calvarial bones and soft tissues, respectively, were differentially expressed (P <or= 0.05). Biological pathways significantly impacted by T. denticola infection in calvarial bone and calvarial tissue included leukocyte transendothelial migration, cell adhesion (immune system) molecules, cell cycle, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, B-cell receptor signaling and transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathways resulting in proinflammatory, chemotactic effects, and T-cell stimulation. In conclusion, localized T. denticola infection differentially induces transcription of a broad array of host genes, the profiles of which differed between inflamed calvarial bone and soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bakthavatchalu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Kirschbaum M, Schultze-Mosgau S, Pfister W, Eick S. Mixture of periodontopathogenic bacteria influences interaction with KB cells. Anaerobe 2010; 16:461-8. [PMID: 20380884 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate the adhesion and invasion of periodontopathogenic bacteria in varied mixed infections and the release of interleukins from an epithelial cell line (KB cells). METHODS KB cells were co-cultured with Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and M5-1-2, Tannerella forsythia ATCC 43037, Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 and Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586 in single and mixed infections. The numbers of adherent and internalized bacteria were determined up to 18 h after bacterial exposure. Additionally, the mRNA expression and concentrations of released interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were measured. RESULTS All periodontopathogenic bacteria adhered and internalized in different numbers to KB cells, but individually without any evidence of co-aggregation also to F. nucleatum. High levels of epithelial mRNA of IL-6 and IL-8 were detectable after all bacterial challenges. After the mixed infection of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 the highest levels of released interleukins were found. No IL-6 and IL-8 were detectable after the mixed infection of P. gingivalis M5-1-2 and F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 and the fourfold infection of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, T. denticola ATCC 35405, T. forsythia ATCC 43037 and F. nucleatum ATCC 25586. CONCLUSION Anaerobic periodontopathogenic bacteria promote the release of IL-6 and IL-8 by epithelial cells. Despite a continuous epithelial expression of IL-8 mRNA by all bacterial infections these effects are temporary because of the time-dependent degradation of cytokines by bacterial proteases. Mixed infections have a stronger virulence potential than single bacteria. Further research is necessary to evaluate the role of mixed infections and biofilms in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirschbaum
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery/Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena, Germany.
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Ren L, Jiang ZQ, Fu Y, Leung WK, Jin L. The interplay of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and cytokines in periodontal health and disease. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:619-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pradeep AR, Daisy H, Hadge P. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in periodontal health and disease. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:503-9. [PMID: 19286166 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) stimulates the chemotaxis of monocytes and also several cellular events associated with chemotaxis thus causes recruitment of inflammatory cells. Its increased gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels in periodontal disease have been reported in previous studies. The present study has been carried out to assess the role of MCP-1 in periodontal disease progression and also to determine the effect of periodontal treatment on MCP-1 concentration in GCF. DESIGN A total of 60 subjects were divided into three groups (n=20) based on gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL): healthy (group I), gingivitis (group II) and chronic periodontitis (group III). A fourth group (group IV) consisted of 20 subjects from group III, 6-8 weeks after treatment (i.e. scaling and root planing). GCF samples collected from each patient were quantified for MCP-1 using ELISA. RESULTS The mean MCP-1 concentration in GCF was found to be the highest in group III, i.e. 72.60 pg/microl. The mean MCP-1 concentration in group I was 19.70 pg/microl and in group IV was 8.50 pg/microl. The mean MCP-1 concentration (37.00 pg/microl) in group II was found to lie in between the concentrations obtained in groups I and III. CONCLUSIONS GCF MCP-1 levels increased progressively with the progression of disease and decreased after treatment. Levels of MCP-1 correlated positively with clinical parameters like GI, PPD and CAL thus it can be considered as an inflammatory biomarker in periodontal disease and also deserves further consideration as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Pradeep
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore 560002, Karnataka, India.
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Brissette CA, Pham TTT, Coats SR, Darveau RP, Lukehart SA. Treponema denticola does not induce production of common innate immune mediators from primary gingival epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 23:474-81. [PMID: 18954353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin-8 (IL-8) forms a gradient in the oral cavity, with the highest concentration of IL-8 produced closest to the bacterial biofilm. In periodontitis, this gradient is disrupted, impairing neutrophil chemotaxis to diseased sites. Treponema denticola is prominently associated with periodontal disease, yet little is known about its ability to modulate the production of inflammatory mediators by epithelial cells. Others have shown that dentilisin, the major outer membrane protease of T. denticola, degrades IL-8 in vitro. We now provide evidence that T. denticola also fails to induce IL-8 production from primary gingival epithelial cells (PGEC). The lack of IL-8 production is not explained by IL-8 degradation, because a protease mutant that does not degrade IL-8 does not induce IL-8 production with these stimuli either. The lack of innate immune mediator production may be a more global phenomenon because T. denticola fails to induce IL-6 or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 production from PGEC. T. denticola also fails to induce transcription of IL-8 and human beta-defensin-2 messenger RNA. The lack of immune mediator production is not explained by the failure of T. denticola to interact with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), as T. denticola stimulates nuclear factor-kappaB nuclear translocation in TLR-2-transfected HEK293 cells. Not only can T. denticola degrade the IL-8 present in the periodontal lesion, but this organism also fails to induce IL-8 production by PGEC. The lack of an epithelial cell response to T. denticola may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis by failing to trigger chemotaxis of neutrophils into the periodontal pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Brissette
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tamai R, Deng X, Kiyoura Y. Porphyromonas gingivalis with either Tannerella forsythia or Treponema denticola induces synergistic IL-6 production by murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells. Anaerobe 2009; 15:87-90. [PMID: 19162208 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic periodontitis is caused by mixed bacterial infection. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola are frequently detected in deep periodontal pockets. We demonstrate that these bacteria induce proinflammatory cytokine production by the mouse macrophage-like cell line J774.1. MATERIALS AND METHODS J774.1 cells were incubated with and without bacteria for 24h in 96-well flat-bottomed plates. The culture supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for secreted mouse interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-23, IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The cytokine concentrations were determined using a standard curve prepared for each assay. RESULTS Mixed infection with P. gingivalis and either T. forsythia or T. denticola at 10(5)CFU/ml acted synergistically to increase IL-6 production, but not monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-23, IL-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Gingipain inhibitors KYT-1 and KYT-36 inhibited IL-6 production by J774.1 cells incubated with 10(5)CFU/ml of mixed bacteria. CONCLUSION These results suggest that P. gingivalis with either T. forsythia or T. denticola directly induces synergistic IL-6 protein production and that gingipains play a role in this synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tamai
- Division of Oral Bacteriology, Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
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16
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Porphyromonas gingivalis RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes penetrate gingival tissue and induce proinflammatory cytokines or apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Infect Immun 2008; 77:1246-61. [PMID: 19114547 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01038-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes of Porphyromonas gingivalis were observed, using immunostaining, in human gingival tissue associated with periodontitis but not in healthy tissue. The staining pattern suggested a concentration gradient from the subgingival plaque into the subjacent gingival connective tissue. Intense immunostaining was observed in areas displaying gross disturbance of tissue architecture. P. gingivalis cells and the RgpA-Kgp complexes at low concentrations were shown to stimulate secretory intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, and macrophage chemoattractant protein secretion from cultured human epithelial (KB) and fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. However, at high concentrations a reduction in the level of these mediators was observed. In contrast, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha and IL-1alpha were stimulated only at high P. gingivalis cell concentrations. P. gingivalis cells and the RgpA-Kgp complexes were shown to induce apoptosis in KB and MRC-5 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that the RgpA-Kgp complexes penetrate the gingival connective tissue; at low concentrations distal from the plaque the complexes stimulate the secretion of proinflammatory mediators, while at high concentrations proximal to the plaque they induce apoptosis and attenuate the secretion of proinflammatory mediators.
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Immune response and alveolar bone resorption in a mouse model of Treponema denticola infection. Infect Immun 2008; 77:694-8. [PMID: 19015247 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01004-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is considered to be an agent strongly associated with periodontal disease. The lack of an animal infection model has hampered the understanding of T. denticola pathogenesis and the host's immune response to infection. In this study, we have established an oral infection model in mice, demonstrating that infection by oral inoculation is feasible. The presence of T. denticola in the oral cavities of the animals was confirmed by PCR. Mice given T. denticola developed a specific immune response to the bacterium. The antibodies generated from the infection were mainly of the immunoglobulin G1 subclass, indicating a Th2-tilted response. The antibodies recognized 11 T. denticola proteins, of which a 62-kDa and a 53-kDa protein were deemed immunodominant. The two proteins were identified, respectively, as dentilisin and the major outer sheath protein by mass spectrometry. Splenocytes cultured from the infected mice no longer produced interleukin-10 and produced markedly reduced levels of gamma interferon relative to those produced by naïve splenocytes upon stimulation with T. denticola. Mandibles of infected mice showed significantly greater bone resorption (P < 0.01) than those of mock-infected controls.
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18
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Treponema denticola activates mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways through Toll-like receptor 2. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5763-8. [PMID: 17923521 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01117-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola, a spirochete indigenous to the oral cavity, is associated with host inflammatory responses to anaerobic polymicrobial infections of the root canal, periodontium, and alveolar bone. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible for the recognition of T. denticola by the innate immune system and the underlying cell signaling pathways that regulate the inflammatory response to T. denticola are currently unresolved. In this study, we demonstrate that T. denticola induces innate immune responses via the utilization of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) but not TLR4. Assessment of TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 heterodimers revealed that T. denticola predominantly utilizes TLR2/6 for the induction of cellular responses. Analysis of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in T. denticola-stimulated monocytes identified a prolonged up-regulation of the MAPK extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38, while no discernible increase in phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) levels was observed. With the aid of pharmacological inhibitors selectively targeting ERK1/2 via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 kinase and p38, we further demonstrate that ERK1/2 and p38 play a major role in T. denticola-mediated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production.
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19
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Okuda T, Kimizuka R, Miyamoto M, Kato T, Yamada S, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Treponema denticola induces interleukin-8 and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 production in human umbilical vein epithelial cells. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:907-13. [PMID: 17533151 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola, a major pathogen of periodontitis, has also been detected in the lesions of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate induction of chemokine production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by T. denticola and determine whether those chemokines were degraded by a protease, dentilisin. T. denticola ATCC35405 or dentilisin-deficient mutant K1 were added to HUVECs and levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the culture supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. T. denticola ATCC35405 induced production of IL-8 in a time-dependent manner, with both production of IL-8 and expression of IL-8 mRNA showing higher levels than with exposure to dentilisin-deficient mutant K1. Although exposure to ATCC35405 induced expression of MCP-1 mRNA in the HUVECs, MCP-1 levels were remained similar to that in unstimulated cells. IL-8 and MCP-1 showed partial hydrolysis with exposure to T. denticola ATCC35405, but not with T. denticola K1. These results suggest that T. denticola can evade host defense mechanisms by modulating production of IL-8 and MCP-1, and that this play a role in the development of chronic infections such as periodontitis. The association of T. denticola infection to atherosclerosis was also discussed based on the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okuda
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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20
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Miyamoto M, Ishihara K, Okuda K. The Treponema denticola surface protease dentilisin degrades interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2462-7. [PMID: 16552080 PMCID: PMC1418930 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.4.2462-2467.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentilisin is a major surface protease and virulence factor of the bacterium Treponema denticola. In this study, we found that T. denticola reduced inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells through degradation by dentilisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meguru Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan.
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21
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Clark DT, Soory M. The metabolism of cholesterol and certain hormonal steroids by Treponema denticola. Steroids 2006; 71:352-63. [PMID: 16436288 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate whether reference cultures and fresh isolates of Treponema denticola are able to 5alpha-reduce and further metabolise testosterone, 4-androstenedione, progesterone, corticosterone, cortisol or cholesterol. Two reference and five freshly isolated cultures of T. denticola were incubated with either radiolabeled or unlabeled steroid substrates; in the first case products were identified by thin layer chromatography and in the latter by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. All the substrates were 5alpha-reduced. Both reference cultures and fresh isolates of T. denticola presented 3beta- and 17beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity. It was concluded that T. denticola was capable of steroid metabolism and hypotheses are discussed regarding the in vivo function of this metabolism including, T. denticola utilising host supplied steroids as growth factors and T. denticola steroid metabolism acting as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T Clark
- Department of Microbiology, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, UK.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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23
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Inflammatory responses of a macrophage/epithelial cell co-culture model to mono and mixed infections with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:27-35. [PMID: 16153871 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence points to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia as three major etiologic agents of chronic periodontitis. Epithelial cells and macrophages play a major role in the host response to periodontopathogens, and the secretion of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by these host cells is believed to contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory response of a macrophage/epithelial cell co-culture model following mono or mixed infections with the above three periodontopathogens. An in vitro co-culture model composed of epithelial-like transformed cells (HeLa cell line) and macrophage-like cells (phorbol myristic acid-differentiated U937 monocytic cell line) was challenged with whole cells or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia, individually and in combination. Following stimulation, the production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and MMP-9 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunoassays. We observed that mono or mixed infections of the co-culture model induced the secretion of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, and MMP-9. P. gingivalis and T. forsythia induced an increase in RANTES secretion, whereas T. denticola alone or in combination resulted in a significant decrease in RANTES levels. All LPS challenges induced an increase in chemokine, MMP-9, and PGE2 production. No synergistic effect on the production of cytokines, chemokines, PGE2, and MMP-9 was observed for any of the bacterial or LPS mixtures tested. This study supports the view that P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia may induce high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and MMP-9 in periodontal lesions, thus contributing to the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
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Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2005; 38:72-122. [PMID: 15853938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Holt
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Ellen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Lee SH, Kim KK, Choi BK. Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and proinflammatory cytokines by the major surface proteins of Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum, the phylogenetic group IV oral spirochetes associated with periodontitis and endodontic infections. Infect Immun 2005; 73:268-76. [PMID: 15618163 PMCID: PMC538977 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.268-276.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum belong to the group IV oral spirochetes and are associated with endodontic infections, as well as periodontitis. Recently, the genes encoding the major surface proteins (Msps) of these bacteria (MspA and MspTL, respectively) were cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequences of these proteins showed significant similarity. In this study we analyzed the functional role of these homologous proteins in human monocytic THP-1 cells and primary cultured periodontal ligament (PDL) cells using recombinant proteins. The complete genes encoding MspA and MspTL without the signal sequence were cloned into Escherichia coli by using the expression vector pQE-30. Fusion proteins tagged with N-terminal hexahistidine (recombinant MspA [rMspA] and rMspTL) were obtained, and any possible contamination of the recombinant proteins with E. coli endotoxin was removed by using polymyxin B-agarose. Flow cytometry showed that rMspA and rMspTL upregulated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in both THP-1 and PDL cells. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, was also induced significantly in both cell types by the Msps, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas IL-1beta synthesis could be detected only in the THP-1 cells. The upregulation of ICAM-1, IL-6, and IL-8 was completely inhibited by pretreating the cells with an NF-kappaB activation inhibitor, l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone. This suggests involvement of NF-kappaB activation. The increased ICAM-1 and IL-8 expression in the THP-1 cells obtained with rMsps was not inhibited in the presence of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), a natural inhibitor of IL-1. Our results show that the Msps of the group IV oral spirochetes may play an important role in amplifying the local immune response by continuous inflammatory cell recruitment and retention at an infection site by stimulation of expression of ICAM-1 and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Infection and Immunity, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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Asai Y, Jinno T, Ogawa T. Oral treponemes and their outer membrane extracts activate human gingival epithelial cells through toll-like receptor 2. Infect Immun 2003; 71:717-25. [PMID: 12540550 PMCID: PMC145376 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.2.717-725.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral treponemes are considered to be important in the development and progression of periodontal diseases. We investigated the mechanisms of recognition and activation of human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) with the oral treponemes Treponema denticola, Treponema vincentii, and Treponema medium and their outer membrane extracts (OMEs). T. vincentii and T. medium but not T. denticola produced interleukin 8 (IL-8) in an HGEC culture. Further, all three treponemes induced IL-8 mRNA expression and NF-kappaB activation in HGEC. Among them, T. denticola especially exhibited trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like protease activities, and the addition of chymostatin, a chymotrypsin protease inhibitor, resulted in detectable IL-8 production by HGEC cultured with T. denticola. Additionally, IL-8 mRNA expression in HGEC cultured with the three treponemes and their OMEs was definitely inhibited by the mouse anti-human Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) monoclonal antibody TL2.1. These findings suggest that oral treponemes and their OMEs activate HGEC through TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Asai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Motosu-gun, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
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Rôças IN, Siqueira JF, Andrade AFB, Uzeda M. Oral treponemes in primary root canal infections as detected by nested PCR. Int Endod J 2003; 36:20-6. [PMID: 12656510 DOI: 10.1046/j.0143-2885.2003.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the prevalences of four Treponema species in primary root canal infections using a nested PCR assay. METHODOLOGY Samples were obtained from 32 infected root canals. Twenty-two cases showed chronic asymptomatic periradicular lesions and 10 symptomatic cases were diagnosed as acute apical periodontitis. DNA extracted from the samples was initially amplified using universal 16S rDNA primers. A second round of amplification used the first PCR products to detect a specific fragment of the 16S rDNA of each Treponema denticola, T. socranskii, T. vincentii and T. pectinovorum. RESULTS Bacteria were present in all cases sampled. T. denticola was detected in 77.3% of the asymptomatic cases, T. socranskii in 40.9%, T. vincentii in 18.2% and T. pectinovorum in 13.6%. In the cases diagnosed as acute apical periodontitis, T. denticola was detected in 80%, whilst T. socranskii and T. vincentii were detected in 40% and 10% of cases, respectively. No symptomatic case yielded T. pectinovorum. In general, nested PCR detected T. denticola in 78.1% of the cases, T. socranskii in 40.6%, T. vincentii in 15.6% and T. pectinovorum in 9.4%. At least one of the four Treponema species was found in 84.4% of the cases examined. CONCLUSIONS The species T. denticola was detected in a large number of the cases examined: the prevalence of T. socranskii was also relatively high. The species T. vincentii and T. pectinovorum were also found, but in a smaller number of cases. Based on these data, the recognized pathogenicity of these microorganisms and their involvement with other oral diseases, they should be included in the restricted set of putative endodontic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Asai Y, Jinno T, Igarashi H, Ohyama Y, Ogawa T. Detection and quantification of oral treponemes in subgingival plaque by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3334-40. [PMID: 12202575 PMCID: PMC130738 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.9.3334-3340.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral treponemes have been associated with periodontal diseases. We developed a highly sensitive and specific method to detect and quantify cultivable oral treponemes (Treponema denticola, Treponema vincentii, and Treponema medium) in 50 subgingival plaque samples from 13 healthy subjects as well as 37 patients with periodontal diseases using real-time PCR assays with specific primers and a TaqMan probe for each 16S rRNA sequence. The specificity for each assay was examined by using DNA specimens from various treponemal and other bacterial species. The TaqMan real-time PCR was able to detect from 10(3) to 10(8) cells of the oral treponemes, with correlation coefficients as follows: T. denticola, 0.984; T. vincentii, 0.991; and T. medium, 0.984. The frequencies of occurrence of these three oral treponemes in subgingival plaque samples were as follows: T. denticola, 68.0%; T. vincentii, 36.0%; and T. medium, 48.0%. In addition, the number of T. denticola, T. vincentii, and T. medium cells in plaque samples detected by real-time PCR ranged from 3 to 15,184, 1 to 447, and 1 to 7,301 cells/pg of plaque DNA, respectively. Increased numbers of T. denticola cells were detected in plaque samples from deep periodontal pockets, and T. medium was also detected in deep pockets. On the other hand, T. vincentii was mainly found in shallow pockets. These results suggest that various oral treponemes are associated with the formation of each stage of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Asai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Hozumi-cho, Motosu-gun, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
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Kesavalu L, Falk CW, Davis KJ, Steffen MJ, Xu X, Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Biological characterization of lipopolysaccharide from Treponema pectinovorum. Infect Immun 2002; 70:211-7. [PMID: 11748185 PMCID: PMC127642 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.1.211-217.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the endotoxic and biological properties of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from an oral spirochete, Treponema pectinovorum. Endotoxicity, measured by Limulus amoebocyte lysate kinetic assay, showed that the LPS contained 1.28 endotoxin units per microg of purified LPS, which was approximately 4,000 times less than Escherichia coli O55:B5 LPS. To determine in vivo endotoxicity, LPS responder mice were administered LPS following galactosamine (GalN) sensitization. The LPS induced neither endotoxic symptoms nor lethality for 96 h, suggesting negligible or very low endotoxicity. In contrast, infection with live T. pectinovorum induced 100% lethality within 12 h in GalN-sensitized LPS responder mice, indicating an endotoxin-like property of this treponeme. Heat-killed microorganisms exhibited no lethality in GalN-sensitized mice, suggesting that the endotoxicity was associated with heat-labile components. To determine cytokine and chemokine induction by LPS, human gingival fibroblasts were stimulated and secretion of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, gamma interferon, IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was assessed. The purified LPS induced significant amounts of only IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1, although they were substantially lower than levels after challenge with live T. pectinovorum. After injection of LPS or live or heat-killed T. pectinovorum, serum was collected from mice and analyzed for proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6. LPS induced only IL-6 consistently. Both live and heat-killed T. pectinovorum induced serum IL-6, which was higher than the level detected following LPS administration. Importantly, live bacteria elicited systemic TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels similar to those induced by a lethal dose of live E. coli O111. The results indicated that T. pectinovorum LPS has very low or no endotoxicity, although it can elicit low levels of cytokines from host cells. In contrast to the LPS, live T. pectinovorum demonstrated in vivo toxicity, which was associated with serum IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, suggesting an endotoxin-like property of a heat-labile molecule(s) of the spirochete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmyya Kesavalu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0305, USA.
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