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Wang S, Yan T, Zhang B, Chen Y, Li Z. Porphyromonas gingivalis Vaccine: Antigens and Mucosal Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:619. [PMID: 38932348 PMCID: PMC11209493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium found in dental plaque biofilm within periodontal pockets, is the primary pathogenic microorganism responsible for chronic periodontitis. Infection by Pg significantly impacts the development and progression of various diseases, underscoring the importance of eliminating this bacterium for effective clinical treatment. While antibiotics are commonly used to combat Pg, the rise of antibiotic resistance poses a challenge to complete eradication. Thus, the prevention of Pg infection is paramount. Research suggests that surface antigens of Pg, such as fimbriae, outer membrane proteins, and gingipains, can potentially be utilized as vaccine antigens to trigger protective immune responses. This article overviews these antigens, discusses advancements in mucosal adjuvants (including immunostimulant adjuvants and vaccine-delivery adjuvants), and their application in Pg vaccine development. Furthermore, the review examines the advantages and disadvantages of different immune pathways and common routes of Pg vaccine immunization. By summarizing the current landscape of Pg vaccines, addressing existing challenges, and highlighting the potential of mucosal vaccines, this review offers new insights for the advancement and clinical implementation of Pg vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (S.W.); (T.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Tong Yan
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (S.W.); (T.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Bingtao Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (S.W.); (T.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yixiang Chen
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (S.W.); (T.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Key Immunological Biomaterials, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; (S.W.); (T.Y.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.)
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Vaccination of mice with hybrid protein containing Exotoxin S and PcrV with adjuvants alum and MPL protects Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1325. [PMID: 35079054 PMCID: PMC8789797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a common pathogen causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) has been resistant to different antibiotics and developing an effective vaccine can be an alternative strategy. In the present study, the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of formulations composed of a hybrid protein composed of P. aeruginosa V-antigen (PcrV) and exoenzyme S (ExoS) with alum and MPL were evaluated. The hybrid protein could increase the specific systemic and mucosal immune responses, as well as cellular responses as compared with control groups. Combining of alum or MPL adjuvant with the hybrid protein significantly improved the levels of IgG1, serum IgA, mucosal IgG, and IL-17 as compared to the ExoS.PcrV alone. After bladder challenge with a P. aeruginosa strain, the bacterial loads of bladder and kidneys were significantly decreased in mice received ExoS.PcrV admixed with alum and ExoS.PcrV admixed with MPL than controls. The present study indicated that immunization of mice with a hybrid protein composed of ExoS and PcrV could induce multifactorial immune responses and opsonize the bacteria and decrease the viable bacterial cells. Because P. aeruginosa have caused therapeutic challenges worldwide, our study proposed ExoS.PcrV + alum and ExoS.PcrV + MPL as promising candidates for the prevention of infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
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Vaernewyck V, Arzi B, Sanders NN, Cox E, Devriendt B. Mucosal Vaccination Against Periodontal Disease: Current Status and Opportunities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768397. [PMID: 34925337 PMCID: PMC8675580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 9 out of 10 adults have some form of periodontal disease, an infection-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues. The initial form, gingivitis, often remains asymptomatic, but this can evolve into periodontitis, which is typically associated with halitosis, oral pain or discomfort, and tooth loss. Furthermore, periodontitis may contribute to systemic disorders like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Control options remain nonspecific, time-consuming, and costly; largely relying on the removal of dental plaque and calculus by mechanical debridement. However, while dental plaque bacteria trigger periodontal disease, it is the host-specific inflammatory response that acts as main driver of tissue destruction and disease progression. Therefore, periodontal disease control should aim to alter the host's inflammatory response as well as to reduce the bacterial triggers. Vaccines may provide a potent adjunct to mechanical debridement for periodontal disease prevention and treatment. However, the immunopathogenic complexity and polymicrobial aspect of PD appear to complicate the development of periodontal vaccines. Moreover, a successful periodontal vaccine should induce protective immunity in the oral cavity, which proves difficult with traditional vaccination methods. Recent advances in mucosal vaccination may bridge the gap in periodontal vaccine development. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of mucosal vaccination strategies to induce protective immunity in the oral cavity for periodontal disease control. Furthermore, we highlight the need for additional research with appropriate and clinically relevant animal models. Finally, we discuss several opportunities in periodontal vaccine development such as multivalency, vaccine formulations, and delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vaernewyck
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures (VIRC) School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Niek N. Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Wang P, Devalankar DA, Dai Q, Zhang P, Michalek SM. Synthesis and Evaluation of QS-21-Based Immunoadjuvants with a Terminal-Functionalized Side Chain Incorporated in the West Wing Trisaccharide. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9560-9566. [PMID: 27709937 PMCID: PMC6488304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three QS-21-based vaccine adjuvant candidates with a terminal-functionalized side chain incorporated in the west wing trisaccharide have been synthesized. The terminal polar functional group serves to increase the solubility of these analogues in water. Two of the synthetic analogues have been shown to have adjuvant activity comparable to that of GPI-0100. The stand-alone adjuvant activity of the new synthetic analogues again confirmed that it is a feasible way to develop new saponin-based vaccine adjuvants through derivatizing at the west wing branched trisaccharide domain. Inclusion of an additional polar functional group such as a carboxyl group (as in 3x) or a monosaccharide (as in 4x and 5x) is sufficient to increase the water solubility of the corresponding synthetic analogues to a level comparable to that of GPI-0100 and suitable for immunological studies and clinical application. The structure of the incorporated side chain has a significant impact on the adjuvant activity in terms of the magnitude and nature of the host's responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Dattatray A. Devalankar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Qipu Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Suzanne M Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Evaluation of the effect of MPL and delivery route on immunogenicity and protectivity of different formulations of FimH and MrpH from uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in a UTI mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:70-8. [PMID: 26033493 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis are an important cause of morbidity and with the high rate of relapse and spread of multi-drug resistant pathogens, pose a significant public health challenge worldwide. Lack of an efficacious commercial vaccine targeting both uropathogens makes development of a combined vaccine highly desirable. In this study the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of different formulations of FimH of UPEC, MrpH of P. mirabilis and their fusion protein (MrpH.FimH) subcutaneously administered with and without Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvant were evaluated. Our data showed that the subcutaneously administered proteins induced both serum and mucosal IgG, which MPL significantly improved developing a mixed Th1 and Th2 immune response. However, the preparations induced a higher systemic and mucosal IgG and IL-2 levels by this route compared to the intranasal. Immunization of mice with MrpH.FimH fusion with MPL or a mixture of FimH, MrpH and MPL conferred the highest protection of the bladder and kidneys when challenged with UPEC and P. mirabilis in a UTI mouse model. Therefore considering these results MrpH.FimH fusion with MPL administered subcutaneously or intranasally could be a promising vaccine candidate for elimination of UTIs caused by UPEC and P. mirabilis.
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Habibi M, Asadi Karam MR, Shokrgozar MA, Oloomi M, Jafari A, Bouzari S. Intranasal immunization with fusion protein MrpH·FimH and MPL adjuvant confers protection against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Mol Immunol 2015; 64:285-94. [PMID: 25562574 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and Proteus mirabilis are among the most common infections in the world. Currently there are no vaccines available to confer protection against UTI in humans. In this study, the immune responses and protection of FimH of UPEC with MrpH antigen of P. mirabilis in different vaccine formulations with and without MPL adjuvant were assessed. Mice intranasally immunized with the novel fusion protein MrpH·FimH induced a significant increase in IgG and IgA in serum, nasal wash, vaginal wash, and urine samples. Mice immunized with fusion MrpH·FimH also showed a significant boost in cellular immunity. Addition of MPL as the adjuvant enhanced FimH and MrpH specific humoral and cellular responses in both systemic and mucosal samples. Vaccination with MrpH·FimH alone or in combination with MPL showed the highest efficiency in clearing bladder and kidney infections in mice challenged with UPEC and P. mirabilis. These findings may indicate that the protection observed correlates with the systemic, mucosal and cellular immune responses induced by vaccination with these preparations. Our data suggest MrpH·FimH fusion protein with or without MPL as adjuvant could be potential vaccine candidates for elimination of UPEC and P. mirabilis. These data altogether are promising and these formulations are good candidates for elimination of UPEC and P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran
| | | | | | - Mana Oloomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Anis Jafari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran.
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Wang P, Dai Q, Thogaripally P, Zhang P, Michalek SM. Synthesis of QS-21-based immunoadjuvants. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11525-34. [PMID: 24147602 DOI: 10.1021/jo402118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three structurally defined QS-21-based immune adjuvant candidates (2a-2c) have been synthesized. Application of the two-stage activation glycosylation approach utilizing allyl glycoside building blocks improved the synthetic accessibility of the new adjuvants. The efficient synthesis and establishment of the stand-alone adjuvanticity of the examined synthetic adjuvant (2b) open the door to the pursuit of a new series of structurally defined QS-saponin-based synthetic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Pediatric Dentistry, and §Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Gaddis DE, Michalek SM, Katz J. TLR4 signaling via MyD88 and TRIF differentially shape the CD4+ T cell response to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5772-83. [PMID: 21498664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant hemagglutinin B (rHagB), a virulence factor of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, has been shown to induce protective immunity against bacterial infection. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that rHagB is a TLR4 agonist for dendritic cells. However, it is not known how rHagB dendritic cell stimulation affects the activation and differentiation of T cells. Therefore, we undertook the present study to examine the role of TLR4 signaling in shaping the CD4(+) T cell response following immunization of mice with rHagB. Immunization with this Ag resulted in the induction of specific CD4(+) T cells and Ab responses. In TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) but not Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β-deficient (TRIF(Lps2)) mice, there was an increase in the Th2 CD4(+) T cell subset, a decrease in the Th1 subset, and higher serum IgG(1)/IgG(2) levels of HagB-specific Abs compared with those in wild-type mice. These finding were accompanied by increased GATA-3 and Foxp3 expression and a decrease in the activation of CD4(+) T cells isolated from TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice. Interestingly, TLR4(-/-) CD4(+) T cells showed an increase in IL-2/STAT5 signaling. Whereas TRIF deficiency had minimal effects on the CD4(+) T cell response, it resulted in increased IFN-γ and IL-17 production by memory CD4(+) T cells. To our knowledge, these results demonstrate for the first time that TLR4 signaling, via the downstream MyD88 and TRIF molecules, exerts a differential regulation on the CD4(+) T cell response to HagB Ag. The gained insight from the present work will aid in designing better therapeutic strategies against P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia E Gaddis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Jong RAM, van der Reijden WA. Feasibility and therapeutic strategies of vaccines against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:193-208. [PMID: 20109029 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease that is highly prevalent worldwide and is characterized by inflammation of the gums, and loss of connective tissue and bone support. The Gram-negative anerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is generally accepted as the main etiological agent for chronic periodontitis. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the feasibility of achieving protection against periodontitis though immunization against P. gingivalis. Until now, animal studies have showed no complete protection against P. gingivalis. However, current knowledge about P. gingivalis structures could be applicable for further research to develop a successful licensed vaccine and alternative therapeutic strategies. This review reveals that a multicomponent vaccine against P. gingivalis, which includes structures shared among P. gingivalis serotypes, will be feasible to induce broad and complete protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A M Jong
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kohlgraf KG, Ackermann A, Lu X, Burnell K, Bélanger M, Cavanaugh JE, Xie H, Progulske-Fox A, Brogden KA. Defensins attenuate cytokine responses yet enhance antibody responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis adhesins in mice. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:115-25. [PMID: 20020833 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Our aim is to assess the ability of human neutrophil peptide alpha-defensins (HNPs) and human beta-defensins (HBDs) to attenuate proinflammatory cytokine responses and enhance antibody responses to recombinant hemagglutinin B (rHagB) or recombinant fimbrillin A (rFimA) from Porphyromonas gingivalis 381 in mice. MATERIALS & METHODS In the first study, C57BL/6 mice were given 10 microg rHagB or rFimA without and with 1 microg HNP1, HNP2, HBD1, HBD2 or HBD3. At 24 h, mice were euthanized and cytokine concentrations were determined in nasal wash fluid (NWF), bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, saliva and serum. In the second study, C57BL/6 mice were given 10 microg rHagB or rFimA without and with 1 microg HNPs or HBDs similarly on days 0, 7 and 14. At 21 days, mice were euthanized and rHagB- and rFimA-specific antibody responses were determined in NWF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, saliva and serum. RESULTS Mice given rHagB + HNP2, rHagB + HBD1 and rHagB + HBD3 produced significantly lower (p < 0.05) IL-6 responses than mice given rHagB alone. Mice given rHagB + HNP1, rHagB + HNP2, rHagB + HBD1 and rHagB + HBD3 produced significantly lower (p < 0.05) keratinocyte-derived chemokine responses than mice given rHagB alone. Mice given rFimA produced very low levels of IL-6 and only moderate levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine in NWF that were not attenuated by prior incubation of rFimA with any defensin. Mice given rHagB + HNP1 produced a significantly higher (p < 0.05) serum IgG antibody response than mice given rHagB alone and mice given rFimA + HNP2 produced a higher, but not significant, antibody response. CONCLUSION The ability of HNPs and HBDs to attenuate proinflammatory cytokine responses in murine NWF and enhance IgG antibody responses in serum was dependent upon both the defensin and antigen of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl G Kohlgraf
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Gaddis DE, Michalek SM, Katz J. Requirement of TLR4 and CD14 in dendritic cell activation by Hemagglutinin B from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2493-504. [PMID: 19540594 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that is one of the causative agents of chronic adult periodontal disease. Among the potential virulence factors of P. gingivalis are the hemagglutinins. Recombinant Hemagglutinin B (rHagB) from P. gingivalis has been shown to activate the immune system by inducing specific antibodies that protect against experimental periodontal bone loss following P. gingivalis infection. Since different microbial products can stimulate dendritic cells (DC) through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), subsequently leading to T cell activation and antibody production, we wanted to investigate the immunostimulatory effect of rHagB on DC and the role of TLR signaling in this process. Using an endotoxin free rHagB preparation, our results show that stimulation of murine bone marrow-derived DC with rHagB leads to upregulation of the costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40, activation of p38 and ERK MAP kinases, transcription factors NF-kappaB, CREB and IRF-3 and the production of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-12p40 and to a lesser extent IL-10 and IFN-beta. This activation process was absolutely dependent on TLR4 and CD14. While upregulation of CD86 was independent of the adaptor molecule MyD88, CD40 upregulation and optimal cytokine (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-12p40, IL-10 and IFN-beta) production required both MyD88 and TRIF molecules. These results are of importance since they are the first to provide insights into the interaction of rHagB with DC and TLRs. The information from this study will aid in the design of effective vaccines strategies against chronic adult periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia E Gaddis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2170, United States
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central mediators of innate antimicrobial and inflammatory responses and play instructive roles in the development of the adaptive immune response. Thus when stimulated by certain agonists, TLRs serve as adjuvant receptors that link innate and adaptive immunity. However, when excessively activated or inadequately controlled during an infection, TLRs may contribute to immunopathology associated with inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis. Moreover, certain microbial pathogens appear to exploit aspects of TLR signalling in ways that enhance their adaptive fitness. The diverse and important roles played by TLRs suggest that therapeutic manipulation of TLR signalling may have implications in the control of infection, attenuation of inflammation, and the development of vaccine adjuvants for the treatment of periodontitis. Successful application of TLR-based therapeutic modalities in periodontitis would require highly selective and precisely targeted intervention. This would in turn necessitate precise characterization of TLR signalling pathways in response to periodontal pathogens, as well as development of effective and specific agonists or antagonists of TLR function and signalling. This review summarizes the current status of TLR biology as it relates to periodontitis, and evaluates the potential of TLR-based approaches for host-modulation therapy in this oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Periodontics/ Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Sharma DCG, Prasad SBM, Karthikeyan BV. Vaccination against periodontitis: the saga continues. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:579-90. [PMID: 17669011 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease can be considered to be one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases inflicting humans. With the advent of advanced molecular diagnostic techniques, a better understanding of the role of specific pathogens and the contributory role of the host immune response in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease has been possible - although not completely. However, successful vaccine development that fully utilizes the current level of understanding has not yet occurred for human use. This paper reviews various in vitro, animal studies and human trials undertaken to develop a vaccine against periodontal disease, with emphases on the shortfalls of these efforts and future prospects of developing a successful vaccine against periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep C G Sharma
- Department of Periodontics, KGF College of Dental Sciences, Kolar Gold Fields, Karnataka, India.
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Zhang P, Lewis JP, Michalek SM, Katz J. Role of CD80 and CD86 in host immune responses to the recombinant hemagglutinin domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipain and in the adjuvanticity of cholera toxin B and monophosphoryl lipid A. Vaccine 2007; 25:6201-10. [PMID: 17629367 PMCID: PMC2699271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis have been implicated in the virulence of this bacterium, and antibodies to the hemagglutinin/adhesin domain (HArep) of the gingipains have been shown to protect against P. gingivalis colonization. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in host responses to HArep have not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to determine the functional role of CD80 and CD86 in mediating systemic and mucosal immune responses to the recombinant HArep derived from the gingipain Kgp (Kgp-HArep) after intranasal (i.n.) immunization. We also investigated the effect of the mucosal adjuvants the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on the functional role of the costimulatory molecules for the induction of systemic and mucosal responses to Kgp-HArep. The in vivo functional roles of CD80 and CD86 were assessed in C57BL/6 wild-type (wt), CD80(-/-), CD86(-/-) and CD80/CD86(-/-) mice following intranasal immunization with Kgp-HArep with or without adjuvant. Serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses were induced following i.n. immunization of mice with Kgp-HArep, and were potentiated by CTB or MPL. A differential requirement of CD80and/or CD86 was observed for systemic IgG anti-Kgp-HArep responses following the primary and secondary immunization with antigen alone or antigen+adjuvant. Compared to wt and CD80(-/-) mice, CD86(-/-) mice had reduced serum IgG anti-Kgp-HArep responses following the second immunization with antigen alone or antigen+CTB, whereas similar levels of serum IgG anti-Kgp-HArep antibody activity were observed in wt, CD80(-/-) and CD86(-/-) mice immunized with antigen+MPL. Analysis of the serum IgG subclass responses revealed that CD80 influenced both Th1- and Th2-like IgG subclass responses, while CD86 preferentially influenced a Th2-associated IgG subclass response to Kgp-HArep. Mucosal IgA anti-Kgp-HArep responses in saliva and vaginal washes were diminished in CD86(-/-) mice. In vitro stimulation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells with Kgp-HArep, CTB and MPL resulted in an up-regulation of CD80 and especially CD86 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CD80 and CD86 can play distinct as well as redundant roles in mediating a systemic immune response and that CD86 plays a unique role in mediating a mucosal response to Kgp-HArep following immunization via the i.n. route alone or with adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 Street South, BBRB258/5, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
| | - Janina P. Lewis
- Philips Institute of Oral & Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Michalek
- Deparment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jannet Katz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 Street South, BBRB258/5, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
- Corresponding author. Jannet Katz, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 Street South, BBRB258/5, Birmingham, AL, 35294-2170. Phone: (205) 934-2878; fax: (205) 934-1426. E-mail:
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Vivona S, Bernante F, Filippini F. NERVE: new enhanced reverse vaccinology environment. BMC Biotechnol 2006; 6:35. [PMID: 16848907 PMCID: PMC1570458 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since a milestone work on Neisseria meningitidis B, Reverse Vaccinology has strongly enhanced the identification of vaccine candidates by replacing several experimental tasks using in silico prediction steps. These steps have allowed scientists to face the selection of antigens from the predicted proteome of pathogens, for which cell culture is difficult or impossible, saving time and money. However, this good example of bioinformatics-driven immunology can be further developed by improving in silico steps and implementing biologist-friendly tools. Results We introduce NERVE (New Enhanced Reverse Vaccinology Environment), an user-friendly software environment for the in silico identification of the best vaccine candidates from whole proteomes of bacterial pathogens. The software integrates multiple robust and well-known algorithms for protein analysis and comparison. Vaccine candidates are ranked and presented in a html table showing relevant information and links to corresponding primary data. Information concerning all proteins of the analyzed proteome is not deleted along selection steps but rather flows into an SQL database for further mining and analyses. Conclusion After learning from recent years' works in this field and analysing a large dataset, NERVE has been implemented and tuned as the first available tool able to rank a restricted pool (~8–9% of the whole proteome) of vaccine candidates and to show high recall (~75–80%) of known protective antigens. These vaccine candidates are required to be "safe" (taking into account autoimmunity risk) and "easy" for further experimental, high-throughput screening (avoiding possibly not soluble antigens). NERVE is expected to help save time and money in vaccine design and is available as an additional file with this manuscript; updated versions will be available at .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Vivona
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics (MOLBINFO), Department of Biology, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Bernante
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics (MOLBINFO), Department of Biology, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Filippini
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics (MOLBINFO), Department of Biology, University of Padua, viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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16
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Boukhvalova MS, Prince GA, Soroush L, Harrigan DC, Vogel SN, Blanco JCG. The TLR4 agonist, monophosphoryl lipid A, attenuates the cytokine storm associated with respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease. Vaccine 2006; 24:5027-35. [PMID: 16675071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (FI-RSV) induces a poorly understood immunopathological response that leads to disease enhancement upon RSV infection of vaccinees. In the cotton rat model, inclusion of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in the FI-RSV formulation was found to mitigate the lung pathology associated with vaccine-enhanced disease. Here we report that the protective effect of MPL on FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease is associated with a dramatic reduction in levels of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines and chemokines normally elicited in response to RSV challenge. Our data illustrate the complexity of proinflammatory response elicited by FI-RSV vaccination and RSV infection and the potential importance of MPL in modifying this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Boukhvalova
- Virion Systems, Inc. 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100 Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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17
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Song H, Bélanger M, Whitlock J, Kozarov E, Progulske-Fox A. Hemagglutinin B is involved in the adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to human coronary artery endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7267-73. [PMID: 16239522 PMCID: PMC1273858 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7267-7273.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontopathogen that may play a role in cardiovascular diseases. Hemagglutinins may function as adhesins and are required for virulence of several bacterial pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the role of hemagglutinin B (HagB) in adherence of P. gingivalis to human coronary artery endothelial (HCAE) cells. P. gingivalis strain 381, a P. gingivalis 381 HagB mutant, Escherichia coli JM109 expressing HagB (E. coli-HagB), and E. coli JM109 containing pUC9 (E. coli-pUC9) were tested for their ability to attach to HCAE cells. Inhibition assays were performed to determine the ability of purified recombinant HagB (rHagB) as well as antibodies to HagB, including the polyclonal antibody (PAb) A7985 and the monoclonal antibody (MAb) HL1858, to inhibit the attachment of P. gingivalis to HCAE cells. As expected, when the attachment of P. gingivalis and the HagB mutant were compared, no statistical significance was observed between the two groups (P = 0.331), likely due to the expression of the hagB homolog hagC. However, E. coli-HagB adhered significantly better to HCAE cells than did E. coli-pUC9, the control strain. In a competition assay, the presence of purified rHagB decreased bacterial adhesion of P. gingivalis or E. coli-HagB to HCAE cells. The presence of PAb A7985 or MAb HL1858 also significantly decreased attachment of P. gingivalis and E. coli-HagB to host cells. These results indicate that HagB is involved in the adherence of P. gingivalis to human primary endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Song
- University of Florida, Center for Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, P.O. Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
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18
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Zhang P, Martin M, Michalek SM, Katz J. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-kappaB in the regulation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3990-8. [PMID: 15972486 PMCID: PMC1168622 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.7.3990-3998.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin B (HagB) is a nonfimbrial adhesin expressed on the surface of Porphyromonas gingivalis and has been implicated as a potential virulence factor involved in mediating the attachment of the bacteria to host cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying host responses to HagB and their roles in pathogenesis have yet to be elucidated. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated following engagement of a variety of cell surface receptors via dual tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation and are thought to be involved in various cellular responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of intracellular signaling pathways including the MAPKs and NF-kappaB in regulating the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines following stimulation of murine macrophages with recombinant HagB (rHagB). Stimulation of peritoneal macrophages with rHagB resulted in the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha, as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. We also demonstrated the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPKs by rHagB-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, blocking of the ERK and p38 signaling pathways by using specific inhibitors revealed differential regulatory roles in the rHagB-mediated production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. ERK and p38 were important in down-regulation of IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma production and up-regulation of IL-10 production. The enhanced levels of IL-12p40 in rHagB-stimulated macrophages by inhibition of ERK or p38 activity were partially attributable to the inhibition of IL-10 production. Moreover, NF-kappaB was found to be critical for up-regulation of IL-12p40 and down-regulation of IL-10 production in rHagB-stimulated macrophages. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for the p38 and ERK pathways and the transcription factor NF-kappaB in modulating key immunoregulatory cytokines involved in the development of immune responses to P. gingivalis HagB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, BBRB 258/5, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA
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19
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Abstract
Induction of immune responses following oral immunization is frequently dependent upon the co-administration of appropriate adjuvants that can initiate and support the transition from innate to adaptive immunity. The three bacterial products with the greatest potential to function as mucosal adjuvants are the ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins (cholera toxin and the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli), synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG ODN), and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). The mechanism of adjuvanticity of the ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins is the subject of considerable debate. Our own view is that adjuvanticity is an outcome and not an event. It is likely that these molecules exert their adjuvant function by interacting with a variety of cell types, including epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and possibly B- and T-lymphocytes. The adjuvant activities of CpG and MPL are due to several different effects they have on innate and adaptive immune responses and both MPL and CpG act through MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways. This presentation will summarize the probable mechanisms of action of these diverse mucosal adjuvants and discuss potential synergy between these molecules for use in conjunction with plant-derived vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Freytag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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20
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Puggioni F, Durham SR, Francis JN. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) promotes allergen-induced immune deviation in favour of Th1 responses. Allergy 2005; 60:678-84. [PMID: 15813815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) is a nontoxic derivative of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella minnesota R595. MPL has been used as an adjuvant in grass and tree pollen vaccines for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Little is known about the influence of MPL on cellular responses to allergens in man. We therefore studied the effects of MPL in vitro on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from patients with grass pollen hay fever. METHODS The PBMCs from 13 subjects were cultured with grass pollen Phleum pratense extract (0, 2 and 20 microg/ml) and MPL (0 and 10 microg/ml; defined as an optimal concentration in preliminary studies) and after 6 days proliferative responses were measured by thymidine incorporation and cytokine production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Proliferative responses were unaffected by the presence of MPL whereas MPL induced a significant increase in allergen-induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production [allergen alone, 645 +/- 466 pg/ml (mean +/- SE) vs allergen + MPL, 3232 +/- 818 pg/ml; P < 0.001]. In addition, there was a significant decrease in interleukin (IL)-5 production (4307 +/- 1030 pg/ml vs 2997 +/- 826 pg/ml; P < 0.01). Although MPL alone could induce modest increases in IL-10 production, MPL did not influence the production of this cytokine in allergen-stimulated cultures. Addition of neutralizing antibody against IL-12 resulted in 95% inhibition of MPL-induced IFN-gamma production. Depletion of monocytes from the culture system abrogated the effects of MPL on elevated cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS In summary, use of MPL with grass pollen extract results in immune deviation of allergen-induced peripheral Th2-cell responses in favour of 'protective' Th1 responses in an IL-12 and monocyte-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Puggioni
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, IRCCS Policlinic San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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21
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Sanz M, Lau L, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Silva A. Methods of detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in periodontal microbiology, with special emphasis on advanced molecular techniques: a review. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:1034-47. [PMID: 15560803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain specific bacterial species from the subgingival biofilm have demonstrated aetiological relevance in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Among all the bacteria studied, three have shown the highest association with destructive periodontal diseases: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Tannerella forsythensis (Tf). Therefore, the relevance of having accurate microbiological diagnostic techniques for their identification and quantification is clearly justified. AIM To evaluate critically all scientific information on the currently available microbial diagnostic techniques aimed for the identification and quantification of Aa, Pg and Tf. SUMMARY Bacterial culturing has been the reference diagnostic technique for many years and, in fact, most of our current knowledge on periodontal microbiology derives from cultural data. However, the advent of new microbial diagnostics, mostly based on immune and molecular technologies, has not only highlighted some of the shortcomings of cultural techniques but has also allowed their introduction as easy and available adjunct diagnostic tools to be used in clinical research and practice. These technologies, mostly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), represent a field of continuous development; however, we still lack the ideal diagnostic to study the subgingival microflora. Qualitative PCR is still hampered by the limited information provided. Quantitative PCR is still in development; however, the promising early results reported are still hampered by the high cost and the equipment necessary for the processing. CONCLUSION Quantitative PCR technology may have a major role in the near future as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in both epidemiological and clinical studies in periodontology. However, culture techniques still hold some inherent capabilities, which makes this diagnostic tool the current reference standard in periodontal microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Sanz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Zhang P, Martin M, Yang QB, Michalek SM, Katz J. Role of B7 costimulatory molecules in immune responses and T-helper cell differentiation in response to recombinant HagB from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:637-44. [PMID: 14742503 PMCID: PMC321589 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.2.637-644.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to antigen-specific signals mediated through the T-cell receptor, T cells also require antigen nonspecific costimulation for activation. The B7 family of molecules on antigen-presenting cells, which include B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), play important roles in providing costimulatory signals required for development of antigen-specific immune responses. Hemagglutinin B (HagB) is a nonfimbrial adhesin of the periodontopathic microorganism Porphyromonas gingivalis and is thought to be involved in the attachment of the bacterium to host tissues. However, the immune mechanisms involved in responses to HagB and their roles in pathogenesis have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of B7 costimulatory molecules on T-helper-cell differentiation for the induction of immune responses to HagB. Mice deficient in either or both of the costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 were used to explore their role in immune responses to HagB after subcutaneous immunization. B7-1(-/-) mice had levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-HagB antibody activity in serum similar to those of wild-type mice, whereas lower serum IgG anti-HagB antibody responses were seen in B7-2(-/-) mice. Moreover, significantly lower numbers of IgG antibody-secreting cells and lower levels of CD4(+)-T-cell proliferation were observed in B7-2(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. No serum IgG response to HagB was detected in B7-1/B7-2(-/-) mice. Analysis of the subclass of the serum IgG responses and the cytokines induced in response to HagB revealed that B7-2(-/-) mice had significantly lower IgG1 and higher IgG2a anti-HagB antibody responses compared to wild-type mice. The B7-2(-/-) mice also had significantly reduced levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5 and enhanced level of gamma interferon. Furthermore, assessment of B7-1 and B7-2 expression on B cells and macrophages derived from wild-type BALB/c mice after in vitro stimulation with HagB revealed a predominant upregulation in the expression of the B7-2 costimulatory molecule on B cells and macrophages. Essentially no change was seen in the expression of B7-1. Taken together, these results suggest a critical role for B7, especially B7-2, for the preferential induction of a Th2-like response to HagB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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23
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Martin M, Michalek SM, Katz J. Role of innate immune factors in the adjuvant activity of monophosphoryl lipid A. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2498-507. [PMID: 12704121 PMCID: PMC153245 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.5.2498-2507.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2002] [Revised: 01/06/2003] [Accepted: 02/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) is a nontoxic derivative of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that exhibits adjuvant properties similar to those of the parent LPS molecule. However, the mechanism by which MPL initiates its immunostimulatory properties remains unclear. Due to the involvement of Toll-like receptors in recognizing and transducing intracellular signals in response to LPS, the aim of the present study was to determine the ability of MPL to utilize the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4. We provide evidence that MPL differentially utilizes TLR2 and TLR4 for the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and IL-12 by purified human monocytes as well as by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Assessment of NF-kappa B activity demonstrated that MPL utilized TLR2 and especially TLR4 for the activation of NF-kappa B p65 by human monocytes. In addition, stimulation of human monocytes by MPL led to an up-regulation of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, an effect that could be reduced by pretreatment of cells with a monoclonal antibody to TLR2 or TLR4. Analysis of MPL-induced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases revealed that MPL utilized both TLR2 and TLR4 for the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, while TLR4 was the predominant receptor involved in the ability of MPL to phosphorylate p38. Moreover, using selective inhibitors for MAP kinase kinase (PD98059) and p38 (SB203580), we show that ERK1/2 exhibited differential effects on production of TNF-alpha and IL-12 p40 by human monocytes, whereas MPL-induced activation of p38 appeared to be predominantly involved in production of IL-10 and IL-12 p40 by MPL-stimulated monocytes. Taken together, these findings aid in understanding the cellular mechanisms by which MPL induces host cell activation and subsequent adjuvant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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24
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Vernacchio L, Bernstein H, Pelton S, Allen C, MacDonald K, Dunn J, Duncan DD, Tsao G, LaPosta V, Eldridge J, Laussucq S, Ambrosino DM, Molrine DC. Effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on T-helper cells when administered as an adjuvant with pneumocococcal-CRM197 conjugate vaccine in healthy toddlers. Vaccine 2002; 20:3658-67. [PMID: 12399193 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As new vaccines are developed, novel adjuvants may play an important role in eliciting an effective immune response. We evaluated the safety and adjuvant properties of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL in 129 healthy toddlers immunized with two doses of nine-valent pneumococcal-CRM(197) protein conjugate vaccine (PCV9) combined with 10, 25, or 50 micro g of MPL with or without alum (AlPO(4)). Vaccine-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses were examined following the second dose of study vaccine. All doses of MPL were well-tolerated and a dose-dependent effect of MPL on specific cellular responses was observed. The 10 micro g MPL dose significantly enhanced CRM(197)-specific T-cell proliferation (P=0.02) and interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) production (P=0.009) compared to responses of controls who received PCV9 with AlPO(4). In contrast, CRM(197)-specific T-cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production of the 50 micro g MPL/AlPO(4) group were decreased when compared to controls although these differences did not reach statistical significance. IL-5 and IL-13 responses after immunization showed a similar pattern with increased production in the 10 micro g MPL group and decreased production in the 50 micro g MPL/AlPO(4) group compared to controls. There were no differences in serum IgG antibody concentrations to the nine vaccine pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and carrier protein between the MPL-containing and control vaccine groups. These findings demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of MPL on T-helper cell type 1 (TH-1) responses to the carrier protein and also suggest an effect on T-helper cell type 2 (TH-2) responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Aluminum Compounds/administration & dosage
- Aluminum Compounds/adverse effects
- Aluminum Compounds/immunology
- Aluminum Compounds/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/adverse effects
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Proteins/adverse effects
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Child, Preschool
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Infant
- Lipid A/administration & dosage
- Lipid A/adverse effects
- Lipid A/analogs & derivatives
- Lipid A/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Phosphates/administration & dosage
- Phosphates/adverse effects
- Phosphates/immunology
- Phosphates/pharmacology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/adverse effects
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Conjugate/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Vernacchio
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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