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Cunningham ME, McGonigal R, Barrie JA, Campbell CI, Yao D, Willison HJ. Axolemmal nanoruptures arising from paranodal membrane injury induce secondary axon degeneration in murine Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:17-31. [PMID: 36710500 PMCID: PMC10947354 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The major determinant of poor outcome in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is axonal degeneration. Pathways leading to primary axonal injury in the motor axonal variant are well established, whereas mechanisms of secondary axonal injury in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) are unknown. We recently developed an autoantibody-and complement-mediated model of murine AIDP, in which prominent injury to glial membranes at the node of Ranvier results in severe disruption to paranodal components. Acutely, axonal integrity was maintained, but over time secondary axonal degeneration occurred. Herein, we describe the differential mechanisms underlying acute glial membrane injury and secondary axonal injury in this model. Ex vivo nerve-muscle explants were injured for either acute or extended periods with an autoantibody-and complement-mediated injury to glial paranodal membranes. This model was used to test several possible mechanisms of axon degeneration including calpain activation, and to monitor live axonal calcium signalling. Glial calpains induced acute disruption of paranodal membrane proteins in the absence of discernible axonal injury. Over time, we observed progressive axonal degeneration which was markedly attenuated by axon-specific calpain inhibition. Injury was unaffected by all other tested methods of protection. Trans-axolemmal diffusion of fluorescent proteins and live calcium imaging studies indirectly demonstrated the presence of nanoruptures in the axon membrane. This study outlines one mechanism by which secondary axonal degeneration arises in the AIDP variant of GBS where acute paranodal loop injury is prominent. The data also support the development of calpain inhibitors to attenuate both primary and secondary axonal degeneration in GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | | | - Denggao Yao
- School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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2
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McGonigal R, Cunningham ME, Smyth D, Chou M, Barrie JA, Wilkie A, Campbell C, Saatman KE, Lunn M, Willison HJ. The endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin attenuates axon degeneration in murine Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:4-16. [PMID: 36335586 PMCID: PMC10947122 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Axon degeneration accounts for the poor clinical outcome in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), yet no treatments target this key pathogenic stage. Animal models demonstrate anti-ganglioside antibodies (AGAb) induce axolemmal complement pore formation through which calcium flux activates the intra-axonal calcium-dependent proteases, calpains. We previously showed protection of axonal components using soluble calpain inhibitors in ex vivo GBS mouse models, and herein, we assess the potential of axonally-restricted calpain inhibition as a neuroprotective therapy operating in vivo. Using transgenic mice that over-express the endogenous human calpain inhibitor calpastatin (hCAST) neuronally, we assessed distal motor nerve integrity in our established GBS models. We induced immune-mediated injury with monoclonal AGAb plus a source of human complement. The calpain substrates neurofilament and AnkyrinG, nerve structural proteins, were assessed by immunolabelling and in the case of neurofilament, by single-molecule arrays (Simoa). As the distal intramuscular portion of the phrenic nerve is prominently targeted in our in vivo model, respiratory function was assessed by whole-body plethysmography as the functional output in the acute and extended models. hCAST expression protects distal nerve structural integrity both ex and in vivo, as shown by attenuation of neurofilament breakdown by immunolabelling and Simoa. In an extended in vivo model, while mice still initially undergo respiratory distress owing to acute conduction failure, the recovery phase was accelerated by hCAST expression. Axonal calpain inhibition can protect the axonal integrity of the nerve in an in vivo GBS paradigm and hasten recovery. These studies reinforce the strong justification for developing further animal and human clinical studies using exogenous calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona McGonigal
- School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Duncan Smyth
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Chou
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Barrie
- School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wilkie
- School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare Campbell
- School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Michael Lunn
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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3
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Young C, Lau AWY, Burnett DL. B cells in the balance: Offsetting self-reactivity avoidance with protection against foreign. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951385. [PMID: 35967439 PMCID: PMC9364820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are theoretically limitless in their diversity and specificity to foreign antigens; however they are constrained by the need to avoid binding to self. Germinal centers (GC) allow diversification and maturation of the antibody response towards the foreign antigen. While self-tolerance mechanisms controlling self-reactivity during B cell maturation are well recognized, the mechanisms by which GCs balance self-tolerance and foreign binding especially in the face of cross-reactivity between self and foreign, remain much less well defined. In this review we explore the extent to which GC self-tolerance restricts affinity maturation. We present studies suggesting that the outcome is situationally dependent, affected by affinity and avidity to self-antigen, and the extent to which self-binding and foreign-binding are interdependent. While auto-reactive GC B cells can mutate away from self while maturing towards the foreign antigen, if no mutational trajectories allow for self-reactive redemption, self-tolerance prevails and GC responses to the foreign pathogen are restricted, except when self-tolerance checkpoints are relaxed. Finally, we consider whether polyreactivity is subject to the same level of restriction in GC responses, especially if polyreactivity is linked to an increase in foreign protection, as occurs in certain broadly neutralizing antibodies. Overall, the outcomes for GC B cells that bind self-antigen can range from redemption, transient relaxation in self-tolerance or restriction of the antibody response to the foreign pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Young
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clara Young, ; Deborah L. Burnett,
| | - Angelica W. Y. Lau
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah L. Burnett
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clara Young, ; Deborah L. Burnett,
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Laman JD, Huizinga R, Boons GJ, Jacobs BC. Guillain-Barré syndrome: expanding the concept of molecular mimicry. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:296-308. [PMID: 35256276 PMCID: PMC9016725 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapidly progressive, monophasic, and potentially devastating immune-mediated neuropathy in humans. Preceding infections trigger the production of cross-reactive antibodies against gangliosides concentrated in human peripheral nerves. GBS is elicited by at least five distinct common bacterial and viral pathogens, speaking to the notion of polymicrobial disease causation. This opinion emphasizes that GBS is the best-supported example of true molecular mimicry at the B cell level. Moreover, we argue that mechanistically, single and multiplexed microbial carbohydrate epitopes induce IgM, IgA, and IgG subclasses in ways that challenge the classic concept of thymus-dependent (TD) versus thymus-independent (TI) antibody responses in GBS. Finally, we discuss how GBS can be exemplary for driving innovation in diagnostics and immunotherapy for other antibody-driven neurological diseases.
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5
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McGonigal R, Barrie JA, Yao D, Black LE, McLaughlin M, Willison HJ. Neuronally expressed a-series gangliosides are sufficient to prevent the lethal age-dependent phenotype in GM3-only expressing mice. J Neurochem 2021; 158:217-232. [PMID: 33864399 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are expressed on plasma membranes throughout the body and enriched in the nervous system. A critical role for complex a- and b-series gangliosides in central and peripheral nervous system ageing has been established through transgenic manipulation of enzymes in ganglioside biosynthesis. Disrupting GalNAc-transferase (GalNAc-T), thus eliminating all a- and b-series complex gangliosides (with consequent over-expression of GM3 and GD3) leads to an age-dependent neurodegeneration. Mice that express only GM3 ganglioside (double knockout produced by crossing GalNAc-T-/- and GD3 synthase-/- mice, Dbl KO) display markedly accelerated neurodegeneration with reduced survival. Degenerating axons and disrupted node of Ranvier architecture are key features of complex ganglioside-deficient mice. Previously, we have shown that reintroduction of both a- and b-series gangliosides into neurons on a global GalNAcT-/- background is sufficient to rescue this age-dependent neurodegenerative phenotype. To determine the relative roles of a- and b-series gangliosides in this rescue paradigm, we herein reintroduced GalNAc-T into neurons of Dbl KO mice, thereby reconstituting a-series but not b-series complex gangliosides. We assessed survival, axon degeneration, axo-glial integrity, inflammatory markers and lipid-raft formation in these Rescue mice compared to wild-type and Dbl KO mice. We found that this neuronal reconstitution of a-series complex gangliosides abrogated the adult lethal phenotype in Dbl KO mice, and partially attenuated the neurodegenerative features. This suggests that whilst neuronal expression of a-series gangliosides is critical for survival during ageing, it is not entirely sufficient to restore complete nervous system integrity in the absence of either b-series or glial a-series gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona McGonigal
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jennifer A Barrie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Denggao Yao
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lauren E Black
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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6
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Singh A, Khan A, Ghosh T, Mondal S, Mallick AI. Gut Microbe-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles: A Potential Platform to Control Cecal Load of Campylobacter jejuni. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1186-1199. [PMID: 33724795 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute diarrheal illness and gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni infection remain significant public health risks in developing countries with substantial mortality and morbidity in humans, particularly in children under the age of five. Genetic diversities among Campylobacter jejuni and limited understanding of immunological correlations of host protection remain primary impediments for developing an effective measure to controlCampylobacter infection. Moreover, the lack of a reliable in vivo model to mimic natural infection against Campylobacter jejuni has substantially delayed the vaccine-development process. Given the role of bacterial outer membrane associated proteins in intestinal adherence and invasion as well as modulating dynamic interplay between host and pathogens, bacterial outer-membrane vesicles have emerged as a potential vaccine target against a number of gut pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni. Here, we describe a mucosal vaccine strategy using chitosan-coated outer-membrane vesicles to induce specific immune responses against Campylobacter jejuni in mice. To overcome the challenges of mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles in terms of exposure to variable pH and risk of enzymatic degradation, we preferentially used chitosan as a nontoxic, mucoadhesive polymer. We show that intragastric delivery of chitosan-coated outer-membrane vesicles imparts significant immune protection against Campylobacter jejuni with high level local and systemic antibody production. Further, immunization with the outer membrane vesicles resulted in potent cellular responses with an increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell population. Moreover, significant upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-6 gene expression suggests that mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles promotes a Th1/Th2 mixed-type immune response. Together, as an acellular and nonreplicating canonical end product of bacterial secretion, mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles may represent a promising platform for developing an effective vaccine againstCampylobacter jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Afruja Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Tamal Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037 West Bengal, India
| | - Amirul I. Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
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7
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Pietrzak B, Tomela K, Olejnik-Schmidt A, Mackiewicz A, Schmidt M. Secretory IgA in Intestinal Mucosal Secretions as an Adaptive Barrier against Microbial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239254. [PMID: 33291586 PMCID: PMC7731431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the dominant antibody class in mucosal secretions. The majority of plasma cells producing IgA are located within mucosal membranes lining the intestines. SIgA protects against the adhesion of pathogens and their penetration into the intestinal barrier. Moreover, SIgA regulates gut microbiota composition and provides intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we present mechanisms of SIgA generation: T cell-dependent and -independent; in different non-organized and organized lymphoid structures in intestinal lamina propria (i.e., Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles). We also summarize recent advances in understanding of SIgA functions in intestinal mucosal secretions with focus on its role in regulating gut microbiota composition and generation of tolerogenic responses toward its members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Pietrzak
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Tomela
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (K.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Olejnik-Schmidt
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (K.T.); (A.M.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 15 Garbary Street, 61-866 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Schmidt
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (M.S.)
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8
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Cunningham ME, Meehan GR, Robinson S, Yao D, McGonigal R, Willison HJ. Perisynaptic Schwann cells phagocytose nerve terminal debris in a mouse model of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2020; 25:143-151. [PMID: 32250537 PMCID: PMC8299349 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mouse models of acute motor axonal neuropathy, anti-ganglioside antibodies (AGAbs) bind to motor axons, notably the distal nerve, and activate the complement cascade. While complement activation is well studied in this model, the role of inflammatory cells is unknown. Herein we aimed to investigate the contribution of phagocytic cells including macrophages, neutrophils and perisynaptic Schwann cells (pSCs) to distal nerve pathology. To observe this, we first created a subacute injury model of sufficient duration to allow inflammatory cell recruitment. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with an anti-GD1b monoclonal antibody that binds strongly to mouse motor nerve axons. Subsequently, mice received normal human serum as a source of complement. Dosing was titrated to allow humane survival of mice over a period of 3 days, yet still induce the characteristic neurological impairment. Behaviour and pathology were assessed in vivo using whole-body plethysmography and post-sacrifice by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. ex vivo nerve-muscle preparations were used to investigate the acute phagocytic role of pSCs following distal nerve injury. Following complement activation at distal intramuscular nerve sites in the diaphragm macrophage localisation or numbers are not altered, nor do they shift to a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. Similarly, neutrophils are not significantly recruited. Instead, ex vivo nerve-muscle preparations exposed to AGAb plus complement reveal that pSCs rapidly become phagocytic and engulf axonal debris. These data suggest that pSCs, rather than inflammatory cells, are the major cellular vehicle for axonal debris clearance following distal nerve injury, in contrast to larger nerve bundles where macrophage-mediated clearance predominates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E. Cunningham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Gavin R. Meehan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Sophie Robinson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Denggao Yao
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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9
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Kanoh H, Nitta T, Go S, Inamori KI, Veillon L, Nihei W, Fujii M, Kabayama K, Shimoyama A, Fukase K, Ohto U, Shimizu T, Watanabe T, Shindo H, Aoki S, Sato K, Nagasaki M, Yatomi Y, Komura N, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M, Natori Y, Yoshimura Y, Zonca A, Cattaneo A, Letizia M, Ciampa M, Mauri L, Prinetti A, Sonnino S, Suzuki A, Inokuchi JI. Homeostatic and pathogenic roles of GM3 ganglioside molecular species in TLR4 signaling in obesity. EMBO J 2020; 39:e101732. [PMID: 32378734 PMCID: PMC7298289 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling via TLR4 plays critical roles in pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, but the contribution of different lipid species to metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases is less clear. GM3 ganglioside in human serum is composed of a variety of fatty acids, including long‐chain (LCFA) and very‐long‐chain (VLCFA). Analysis of circulating levels of human serum GM3 species from patients at different stages of insulin resistance and chronic inflammation reveals that levels of VLCFA‐GM3 increase significantly in metabolic disorders, while LCFA‐GM3 serum levels decrease. Specific GM3 species also correlates with disease symptoms. VLCFA‐GM3 levels increase in the adipose tissue of obese mice, and this is blocked in TLR4‐mutant mice. In cultured monocytes, GM3 by itself has no effect on TLR4 activation; however, VLCFA‐GM3 synergistically and selectively enhances TLR4 activation by LPS/HMGB1, while LCFA‐GM3 and unsaturated VLCFA‐GM3 suppresses TLR4 activation. GM3 interacts with the extracellular region of TLR4/MD2 complex to modulate dimerization/oligomerization. Ligand‐molecular docking analysis supports that VLCFA‐GM3 and LCFA‐GM3 act as agonist and antagonist of TLR4 activity, respectively, by differentially binding to the hydrophobic pocket of MD2. Our findings suggest that VLCFA‐GM3 is a risk factor for TLR4‐mediated disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kanoh
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Inamori
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wataru Nihei
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Watanabe
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shindo
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sorama Aoki
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Information Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Nagasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Computational Diagnostic Radiology & Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Komura
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Applied Bio-organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Organization for Research and Community Development, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Division of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshimura
- Division of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Asia Zonca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cattaneo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Marilena Letizia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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10
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Kim CH. Viral Protein Interaction with Host Cells GSLs. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS SIGNALING 2020:53-92. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-5807-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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11
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Finney J, Watanabe A, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M. Minding the gap: The impact of B-cell tolerance on the microbial antibody repertoire. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:24-36. [PMID: 31559648 PMCID: PMC6935408 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes must respond to vast numbers of foreign antigens, including those of microbial pathogens. To do so, developing B cells use combinatorial joining of V-, D-, and J-gene segments to generate an extraordinarily diverse repertoire of B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs). Unsurprisingly, a large fraction of this initial BCR repertoire reacts to self-antigens, and these "forbidden" B cells are culled by immunological tolerance from mature B-cell populations. While culling of autoreactive BCRs mitigates the risk of autoimmunity, it also opens gaps in the BCR repertoire, which are exploited by pathogens that mimic the forbidden self-epitopes. Consequently, immunological tolerance, necessary for averting autoimmune disease, also acts to limit effective microbial immunity. In this brief review, we recount the evidence for the linkage of tolerance and impaired microbial immunity, consider the implications of this linkage for vaccine development, and discuss modulating tolerance as a potential strategy for strengthening humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Watanabe A, Su KY, Kuraoka M, Yang G, Reynolds AE, Schmidt AG, Harrison SC, Haynes BF, St Clair EW, Kelsoe G. Self-tolerance curtails the B cell repertoire to microbial epitopes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122551. [PMID: 31092727 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance removes or inactivates self-reactive B cells, including those that also recognize cross-reactive foreign antigens. Whereas a few microbial pathogens exploit these "holes" in the B cell repertoire by mimicking host antigens to evade immune surveillance, the extent to which tolerance reduces the B cell repertoire to foreign antigens is unknown. Here, we use single-cell cultures to determine the repertoires of human B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) before (transitional B cells) and after (mature B cells) the second B cell tolerance checkpoint in both healthy donors and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) . In healthy donors, the majority (~70%) of transitional B cells that recognize foreign antigens also bind human self-antigens (foreign+self), and peripheral tolerance halves the frequency of foreign+self-reactive mature B cells. In contrast, in SLE patients who are defective in the second tolerance checkpoint, frequencies of foreign+self-reactive B cells remain unchanged during maturation of transitional to mature B cells. Patterns of foreign+self-reactivity among mature B cells from healthy donors differ from those of SLE patients. We propose that immune tolerance significantly reduces the scope of the BCR repertoire to microbial pathogens and that cross-reactivity between foreign and self epitopes may be more common than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kuei-Ying Su
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander E Reynolds
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Deparment of Microbiology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute and.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - E William St Clair
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
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13
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Abstract
Anti-ganglioside antibodies are principally associated with autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. In these disorders, immune attack is inadvertently directed at peripheral nerve by autoantibodies that target glycan structures borne by glycolipids, particularly gangliosides concentrated in nerve myelin and axons. The most thoroughly studied disorder is the acute paralytic disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in which IgG autoantibodies against gangliosides arise following acute infections, notably Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Additionally, chronic autoimmune neuropathies are associated with IgM antibodies directed against many glycolipids including gangliosides. This introductory chapter briefly summarizes the immunological and pathological features of these disorders, focusing on the methodological development of antibody measurement and of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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14
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McGonigal R, Barrie JA, Yao D, McLaughlin M, Cunningham ME, Rowan EG, Willison HJ. Glial Sulfatides and Neuronal Complex Gangliosides Are Functionally Interdependent in Maintaining Myelinating Axon Integrity. J Neurosci 2019; 39:63-77. [PMID: 30446529 PMCID: PMC6325269 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2095-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatides and gangliosides are raft-associated glycolipids essential for maintaining myelinated nerve integrity. Mice deficient in sulfatide (cerebroside sulfotransferase knock-out, CST-/-) or complex gangliosides (β-1,4-N-acetylegalactosaminyltransferase1 knock-out, GalNAc-T-/-) display prominent disorganization of proteins at the node of Ranvier (NoR) in early life and age-dependent neurodegeneration. Loss of neuronal rather than glial complex gangliosides underpins the GalNAc-T-/- phenotype, as shown by neuron- or glial-specific rescue, whereas sulfatide is principally expressed and functional in glial membranes. The similarities in NoR phenotype of CST-/-, GalNAc-T-/-, and axo-glial protein-deficient mice suggests that these glycolipids stabilize membrane proteins including neurofascin155 (NF155) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) at axo-glial junctions. To assess the functional interactions between sulfatide and gangliosides, CST-/- and GalNAc-T-/- genotypes were interbred. CST-/-× GalNAc-T-/- mice develop normally to postnatal day 10 (P10), but all die between P20 and P25, coinciding with peak myelination. Ultrastructural, immunohistological, and biochemical analysis of either sex revealed widespread axonal degeneration and disruption to the axo-glial junction at the NoR. In addition to sulfatide-dependent loss of NF155, CST-/- × GalNAc-T-/- mice exhibited a major reduction in MAG protein levels in CNS myelin compared with WT and single-lipid-deficient mice. The CST-/- × GalNAc-T-/- phenotype was fully restored to that of CST-/- mice by neuron-specific expression of complex gangliosides, but not by their glial-specific expression nor by the global expression of a-series gangliosides. These data indicate that sulfatide and complex b-series gangliosides on the glial and neuronal membranes, respectively, act in concert to promote NF155 and MAG in maintaining the stable axo-glial interactions essential for normal nerve function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sulfatides and complex gangliosides are membrane glycolipids with important roles in maintaining nervous system integrity. Node of Ranvier maintenance in particular requires stable compartmentalization of multiple membrane proteins. The axo-glial adhesion molecules neurofascin155 (NF155) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) require membrane microdomains containing either sulfatides or complex gangliosides to localize and function effectively. The cooperative roles of these microdomains and associated proteins are unknown. Here, we show vital interdependent roles for sulfatides and complex gangliosides because double (but not single) deficiency causes a rapidly lethal phenotype at an early age. These findings suggest that sulfatides and complex gangliosides on opposing axo-glial membranes are responsible for essential tethering of the axo-glial junction proteins NF155 and MAG, which interact to maintain the nodal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona McGonigal
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Barrie
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Denggao Yao
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- University of Glasgow, School of Veterinary Biosciences, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Madeleine E Cunningham
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Edward G Rowan
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemical Sciences, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh J Willison
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom,
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15
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Meehan GR, McGonigal R, Cunningham ME, Wang Y, Barrie JA, Halstead SK, Gourlay D, Yao D, Willison HJ. Differential binding patterns of anti-sulfatide antibodies to glial membranes. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:28-35. [PMID: 30196830 PMCID: PMC6134133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatide is a major glycosphingolipid in myelin and a target for autoantibodies in autoimmune neuropathies. However neuropathy disease models have not been widely established, in part because currently available monoclonal antibodies to sulfatide may not represent the diversity of anti-sulfatide antibody binding patterns found in neuropathy patients. We sought to address this issue by generating and characterising a panel of new anti-sulfatide monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies have sulfatide reactivity distinct from existing antibodies in assays and in binding to peripheral nerve tissues and can be used to provide insights into the pathophysiological roles of anti-sulfatide antibodies in demyelinating neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Meehan
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine E Cunningham
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer A Barrie
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan K Halstead
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dawn Gourlay
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Denggao Yao
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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16
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Finney J, Kelsoe G. Poly- and autoreactivity of HIV-1 bNAbs: implications for vaccine design. Retrovirology 2018; 15:53. [PMID: 30055635 PMCID: PMC6064052 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A central puzzle in HIV-1 research is the inability of vaccination or even infection to reliably elicit humoral responses against broadly neutralizing epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope protein. In infected individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) do arise in a substantial minority, but only after 2 or more years of chronic infection. All known bNAbs possess at least one of three traits: a high frequency of somatic hypermutation, a long third complementarity determining region in the antibody heavy chain (HCDR3), or significant poly- or autoreactivity. Collectively, these observations suggest a plausible explanation for the rarity of many types of bNAbs: namely, that their generation is blocked by immunological tolerance or immune response checkpoints, thereby mandating that B cells take a tortuous path of somatic evolution over several years to achieve broadly neutralizing activity. In this brief review, we discuss the evidence for this tolerance hypothesis, its implications for HIV-1 vaccine design, and potential ways to access normally forbidden compartments of the antibody repertoire by modulating or circumventing tolerance controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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17
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Rodríguez Y, Rojas M, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Monsalve DM, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Guillain-Barré syndrome, transverse myelitis and infectious diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:547-562. [PMID: 29375121 PMCID: PMC6079071 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and transverse myelitis (TM) both represent immunologically mediated polyneuropathies of major clinical importance. Both are thought to have a genetic predisposition, but as of yet no specific genetic risk loci have been clearly defined. Both are considered autoimmune, but again the etiologies remain enigmatic. Both may be induced via molecular mimicry, particularly from infectious agents and vaccines, but clearly host factor and co-founding host responses will modulate disease susceptibility and natural history. GBS is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by tingling, progressive weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and pain. Immune injury specifically takes place at the myelin sheath and related Schwann-cell components in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, whereas in acute motor axonal neuropathy membranes on the nerve axon (the axolemma) are the primary target for immune-related injury. Outbreaks of GBS have been reported, most frequently related to Campylobacter jejuni infection, however, other agents such as Zika Virus have been strongly associated. Patients with GBS related to infections frequently produce antibodies against human peripheral nerve gangliosides. In contrast, TM is an inflammatory disorder characterized by acute or subacute motor, sensory, and autonomic spinal cord dysfunction. There is interruption of ascending and descending neuroanatomical pathways on the transverse plane of the spinal cord similar to GBS. It has been suggested to be triggered by infectious agents and molecular mimicry. In this review, we will focus on the putative role of infectious agents as triggering factors of GBS and TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yhojan Rodríguez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Yovana Pacheco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramírez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, USA, CA
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia.
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18
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Nico D, Conde L, Rivera-Correa JL, Vasconcelos-Dos-Santos A, Mesentier-Louro L, Freire-de-Lima L, Arruda MB, Freire-de-Lima CG, Ferreira ODC, Lopes Moreira ME, Zin AA, Vasconcelos ZFM, Otero RM, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Tanuri A, Todeschini AR, Savino W, Rodriguez A, Morrot A. Prevalence of IgG Autoantibodies against GD3 Ganglioside in Acute Zika Virus Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:25. [PMID: 29594116 PMCID: PMC5854646 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) disease has become a global health emergency with devastating effects on public health. Recent evidences implicate the virus as an emergent neuropathological agent promoting serious pathologies of the human nervous system, that include destructive and malformation consequences such as development of ocular and fetal brain lesions, microcephaly in neonates, and Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. These neurological disorders of both central and peripheral nervous systems are thought to be associated to the neurotropic properties of the virus that has ability to infect neural stem cells as well as peripheral neurons, a hallmark of its pathogenicity. The presence of autoantibodies against gangliosides plays a pivotal role in the etiogenesis of GBS and a variety of neurological disorders. Gangliosides are a class of galactose-containing cerebrosides mainly expressed in nervous system tissues playing a critical role in the physiology of neural cells and neurogenesis. Herein, our findings indicate that patients at acute phase of ZIKV infection without any neurological signs show increased levels of IgG autoantibody against GD3 gangliosides, a class of glycolipid found to be highly expressed in neural stem cell acting in the maintenance of their self-renewal cellular capacity. It is possible that a pathological threshold of these antibodies is only acquired in secondary or subsequent infections. In the light of these evidences, we propose that the target of GD3 by autoimmune responses may possibly has an effect in the neuropathy and neurogenesis disorder seen during ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirlei Nico
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Conde
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan L Rivera-Correa
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Louise Mesentier-Louro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Elisabeth Lopes Moreira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Araújo Zin
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Zilton Farias Meira Vasconcelos
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Mendez Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro de Pesquisas em Tuberculose, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunopatologia, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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20
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Schafflick D, Kieseier BC, Wiendl H, Meyer Zu Horste G. Novel pathomechanisms in inflammatory neuropathies. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:232. [PMID: 29179723 PMCID: PMC5704548 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory neuropathies are rare autoimmune-mediated disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Considerable progress has recently been made in understanding pathomechanisms of these disorders which will be essential for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the future. Here, we summarize our current understanding of antigenic targets and the relevance of new immunological concepts for inflammatory neuropathies. In addition, we provide an overview of available animal models of acute and chronic variants and how new diagnostic tools such as magnetic resonance imaging and novel therapeutic candidates will benefit patients with inflammatory neuropathies in the future. This review thus illustrates the gap between pre-clinical and clinical findings and aims to outline future directions of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schafflick
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhems-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernd C Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhems-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerd Meyer Zu Horste
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhems-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal of HIV vaccine development. BNAbs are made during HIV infection by a subset of individuals but currently cannot be induced in the setting of vaccination. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding host immunologic controls of bNAb induction and maturation in the setting of HIV infection, and point to key roles for both central and peripheral immunologic tolerance mechanisms in limiting bnAb development. Immune tolerance checkpoint inhibition has been transformative in promotion of anti-tumor CD8 T-cell responses in the treatment of certain malignancies. Here, we review the evidence for host controls of bNAb responses, and discuss strategies for the transient modulation of immune responses with vaccines toward the goal of enhancing germinal center B-cell responses to favor bNAb B-cell lineages and to foster their maturation to full neutralization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnett Kelsoe
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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22
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Verkoczy L. Humanized Immunoglobulin Mice: Models for HIV Vaccine Testing and Studying the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Problem. Adv Immunol 2017; 134:235-352. [PMID: 28413022 PMCID: PMC5914178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine that can effectively prevent HIV-1 transmission remains paramount to ending the HIV pandemic, but to do so, will likely need to induce broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) responses. A major technical hurdle toward achieving this goal has been a shortage of animal models with the ability to systematically pinpoint roadblocks to bnAb induction and to rank vaccine strategies based on their ability to stimulate bnAb development. Over the past 6 years, immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in (KI) technology has been leveraged to express bnAbs in mice, an approach that has enabled elucidation of various B-cell tolerance mechanisms limiting bnAb production and evaluation of strategies to circumvent such processes. From these studies, in conjunction with the wealth of information recently obtained regarding the evolutionary pathways and paratopes/epitopes of multiple bnAbs, it has become clear that the very features of bnAbs desired for their function will be problematic to elicit by traditional vaccine paradigms, necessitating more iterative testing of new vaccine concepts. To meet this need, novel bnAb KI models have now been engineered to express either inferred prerearranged V(D)J exons (or unrearranged germline V, D, or J segments that can be assembled into functional rearranged V(D)J exons) encoding predecessors of mature bnAbs. One encouraging approach that has materialized from studies using such newer models is sequential administration of immunogens designed to bind progressively more mature bnAb predecessors. In this review, insights into the regulation and induction of bnAbs based on the use of KI models will be discussed, as will new Ig KI approaches for higher-throughput production and/or altering expression of bnAbs in vivo, so as to further enable vaccine-guided bnAb induction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
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23
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Bradley T, Yang G, Ilkayeva O, Holl TM, Zhang R, Zhang J, Santra S, Fox CB, Reed SG, Parks R, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Vandergrift N, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Alam SM, McLendon R, Everitt JI, Newgard CB, Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. HIV-1 Envelope Mimicry of Host Enzyme Kynureninase Does Not Disrupt Tryptophan Metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4663-4673. [PMID: 27849170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) has evolved to subvert the host immune system, hindering viral control by the host. The tryptophan metabolic enzyme kynureninase (KYNU) is mimicked by a portion of the HIV Env gp41 membrane proximal region (MPER) and is cross-reactive with the HIV broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) 2F5. Molecular mimicry of host proteins by pathogens can lead to autoimmune disease. In this article, we demonstrate that neither the 2F5 bnAb nor HIV MPER-KYNU cross-reactive Abs elicited by immunization with an MPER peptide-liposome vaccine in 2F5 bnAb VHDJH and VLJL knock-in mice and rhesus macaques modified KYNU activity or disrupted tissue tryptophan metabolism. Thus, molecular mimicry by HIV-1 Env that promotes the evasion of host anti-HIV-1 Ab responses can be directed toward nonfunctional host protein epitopes that do not impair host protein function. Therefore, the 2F5 HIV Env gp41 region is a key and safe target for HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - T Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Steve G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Robert Parks
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Laura L Sutherland
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - S Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Roger McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Li M, Shao ZQ, Guo Y, Wang L, Hou T, Hu D, Zheng F, Tang J, Wang C, Feng Y, Gao J, Pan X. The type II histidine triad protein HtpsC is a novel adhesion with the involvement of Streptococcus suis virulence. Virulence 2016; 6:631-41. [PMID: 26151575 PMCID: PMC4720241 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1056971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal histidine triad proteins HTPs are widely distributed within the Streptococcus genus. Based on the phylogenetic relationship and domain composition, HTPs are classified into type I and type II subfamilies. Previous studies revealed that several pathogenic streptococci contain more than one htp gene. We found that the highly virulent strain of Streptococcus suis 2 (S. suis 2), 05ZYH33 encodes 3 HTPs, designated HtpsA (previously described as HtpS), HtpsB, and HtpsC. Among them, HtpsC is the only member that contains leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains at the C-terminal. In this study, we demonstrated that the recombinant HtpsC could bind to 2 different components of human ECM complex laminin and fibronectin in vitro, suggesting that it is a novel adhesin of S. suis 2. Having constructed an htpsC mutant, we evaluated its role in the pathogenesis of the highly virulent S. suis 2 strain 05ZYH33. Our data showed that inactivation of htpsC significantly affected adherence of S. suis 2 to Hep-2 cells and shortened the survival of the bacteria in whole blood. Furthermore, deletion of htpsC significantly attenuated the virulence of S. suis 2 in mice. These results demonstrated that htpsC was involved in the pathogenesis of the highly virulent S. suis 2 strain 05ZYH33. In line with the observation, immunization with HtpsC significantly prolonged mice's survival after S. suis 05ZYH33 challenge, indicating its potential use in the vaccine development against S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- a School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science ; Wenzhou Medical University ; Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ; School of Life Sciences ; Nanjing University ; Nanjing , China
| | - Yuqing Guo
- a School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science ; Wenzhou Medical University ; Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Ling Wang
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China.,d School of Life Sciences ; Nanjing Normal University ; Nanjing , China
| | - Tianqing Hou
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Dan Hu
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Feng Zheng
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China.,e Institute of Laboratory Medicine ; Jinling Hospital ; Nanjing , China
| | - Changjun Wang
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Youjun Feng
- f Center for Infection & Immunity ; Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology ; Zhejiang University School of Medicine ; Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Jimin Gao
- a School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science ; Wenzhou Medical University ; Wenzhou , China
| | - Xiuzhen Pan
- a School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science ; Wenzhou Medical University ; Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
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Cunningham ME, McGonigal R, Meehan GR, Barrie JA, Yao D, Halstead SK, Willison HJ. Anti-ganglioside antibodies are removed from circulation in mice by neuronal endocytosis. Brain 2016; 139:1657-65. [PMID: 27017187 PMCID: PMC4892750 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SEE VAN DOORN AND JACOBS DOI101093/BRAIN/AWW078 FOR A SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY ON THIS ARTICLE : In axonal forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome, anti-ganglioside antibodies bind gangliosides on nerve surfaces, thereby causing injury through complement activation and immune cell recruitment. Why some nerve regions are more vulnerable than others is unknown. One reason may be that neuronal membranes with high endocytic activity, including nerve terminals involved in neurotransmitter recycling, are able to endocytose anti-ganglioside antibodies from the cell surface so rapidly that antibody-mediated injury is attenuated. Herein we investigated whether endocytic clearance of anti-ganglioside antibodies by nerve terminals might also be of sufficient magnitude to deplete circulating antibody levels. Remarkably, systemically delivered anti-ganglioside antibody in mice was so avidly cleared from the circulation by endocytosis at ganglioside-expressing plasma membranes that it was rapidly rendered undetectable in serum. A major component of the clearance occurred at motor nerve terminals of neuromuscular junctions, from where anti-ganglioside antibody was retrogradely transported to the motor neuron cell body in the spinal cord, recycled to the plasma membrane, and secreted into the surrounding spinal cord. Uptake at the neuromuscular junction represents a major unexpected pathway by which pathogenic anti-ganglioside antibodies, and potentially other ganglioside binding proteins, are cleared from the systemic circulation and also covertly delivered to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Cunningham
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Gavin R Meehan
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer A Barrie
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Denggao Yao
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan K Halstead
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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26
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McGonigal R, Cunningham ME, Yao D, Barrie JA, Sankaranarayanan S, Fewou SN, Furukawa K, Yednock TA, Willison HJ. C1q-targeted inhibition of the classical complement pathway prevents injury in a novel mouse model of acute motor axonal neuropathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 26936605 PMCID: PMC4776408 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease that results in acute paralysis through inflammatory attack on peripheral nerves, and currently has limited, non-specific treatment options. The pathogenesis of the acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) variant is mediated by complement-fixing anti-ganglioside antibodies that directly bind and injure the axon at sites of vulnerability such as nodes of Ranvier and nerve terminals. Consequently, the complement cascade is an attractive target to reduce disease severity. Recently, C5 complement component inhibitors that block the formation of the membrane attack complex and subsequent downstream injury have been shown to be efficacious in an in vivo anti-GQ1b antibody-mediated mouse model of the GBS variant Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS). However, since gangliosides are widely expressed in neurons and glial cells, injury in this model was not targeted exclusively to the axon and there are currently no pure mouse models for AMAN. Additionally, C5 inhibition does not prevent the production of early complement fragments such as C3a and C3b that can be deleterious via their known role in immune cell and macrophage recruitment to sites of neuronal damage. Results and Conclusions In this study, we first developed a new in vivo transgenic mouse model of AMAN using mice that express complex gangliosides exclusively in neurons, thereby enabling specific targeting of axons with anti-ganglioside antibodies. Secondly, we have evaluated the efficacy of a novel anti-C1q antibody (M1) that blocks initiation of the classical complement cascade, in both the newly developed anti-GM1 antibody-mediated AMAN model and our established MFS model in vivo. Anti-C1q monoclonal antibody treatment attenuated complement cascade activation and deposition, reduced immune cell recruitment and axonal injury, in both mouse models of GBS, along with improvement in respiratory function. These results demonstrate that neutralising C1q function attenuates injury with a consequent neuroprotective effect in acute GBS models and promises to be a useful new target for human therapy.
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Moise L, Beseme S, Tassone R, Liu R, Kibria F, Terry F, Martin W, De Groot AS. T cell epitope redundancy: cross-conservation of the TCR face between pathogens and self and its implications for vaccines and autoimmunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:607-17. [PMID: 26588466 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1123098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
T cells are extensively trained on 'self' in the thymus and then move to the periphery, where they seek out and destroy infections and regulate immune response to self-antigens. T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells' surface recognize T cell epitopes, short linear strings of amino acids presented by antigen-presenting cells. Some of these epitopes activate T effectors, while others activate regulatory T cells. It was recently discovered that T cell epitopes that are highly conserved on their TCR face with human genome sequences are often associated with T cells that regulate immune response. These TCR-cross-conserved or 'redundant epitopes' are more common in proteins found in pathogens that have co-evolved with humans than in other non-commensal pathogens. Epitope redundancy might be the link between pathogens and autoimmune disease. This article reviews recently published data and addresses epitope redundancy, the "elephant in the room" for vaccine developers and T cell immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- a EpiVax, Inc ., Providence , RI , USA.,b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | | | - Ryan Tassone
- b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Rui Liu
- b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | | | | | | | - Anne S De Groot
- a EpiVax, Inc ., Providence , RI , USA.,b Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
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28
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Szymanski CM. Are campylobacters now capable of carbo-loading? Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:805-8. [PMID: 26259768 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacters are a leading cause of gastrointestinal morbidity worldwide and the majority of human infections are triggered by eating foods contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. Campylobacters are equally notorious for their ability to mimic human glycoconjugate structures and for their capacity to synthesize both N- and O-linked glycoproteins. These species were once considered to be asaccharolytic, but it was recently shown that several strains possess a pathway for fucose uptake and metabolism, providing those isolates with a competitive advantage in vivo. Vorwerk et al. have now demonstrated through isotopologue profiling that certain strains of C. coli and C. jejuni are capable of glucose catabolism through the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways. However, unlike the fate of fucose that has only been shown to be used for nutrition, glucose can be metabolized or incorporated into select amino acids and glycoconjugates. This discovery now provides researchers with the opportunity to introduce metabolically labeled sugars into campylobacters to study glycoconjugate biosynthesis within the cell. In addition, Vorwerk et al. add to the metabolic arsenal of campylobacters further highlighting the nutritional diversity among strains, even within the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Szymanski
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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29
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Abstract
In this brief review, we discuss immune tolerance as a factor that determines the magnitude and quality of serum antibody responses to HIV-1 infection and vaccination in the context of recent work. We propose that many conserved, neutralizing epitopes of HIV-1 are weakly immunogenic because they mimic host antigens. In consequence, B cells that strongly bind these determinants are removed by the physiological process of immune tolerance. This structural mimicry may represent a significant impediment to designing protective HIV-1 vaccines, but we note that several vaccine strategies may be able to mitigate this evolutionary adaptation of HIV and other microbial pathogens.
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30
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Huizinga R, van den Berg B, van Rijs W, Tio-Gillen AP, Fokkink WJR, Bakker-Jonges LE, Geleijns K, Samsom JN, van Doorn PA, Laman JD, Jacobs BC. Innate Immunity toCampylobacter jejuniin Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:343-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Huizinga
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bianca van den Berg
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Rijs
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anne P. Tio-Gillen
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jan R. Fokkink
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Karin Geleijns
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. van Doorn
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bart C. Jacobs
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
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31
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Hernández AM, Vázquez AM. Racotumomab–alum vaccine for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:9-20. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.984691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED It is generally acknowledged that human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) capable of neutralizing multiple HIV-1 clades are often polyreactive or autoreactive. Whereas polyreactivity or autoreactivity has been proposed to be crucial for neutralization breadth, no systematic, quantitative study of self-reactivity among nonneutralizing HIV-1 Abs (nNAbs) has been performed to determine whether poly- or autoreactivity in bNAbs is a consequence of chronic antigen (Ag) exposure and/or inflammation or a fundamental property of neutralization. Here, we use protein microarrays to assess binding to >9,400 human proteins and find that as a class, bNAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than nNAbs. The poly- and autoreactive property is therefore not due to the infection milieu but rather is associated with neutralization. Our observations are consistent with a role of heteroligation for HIV-1 neutralization and/or structural mimicry of host Ags by conserved HIV-1 neutralization sites. Although bNAbs are more mutated than nNAbs as a group, V(D)J mutation per se does not correlate with poly- and autoreactivity. Infrequent poly- or autoreactivity among nNAbs implies that their dominance in humoral responses is due to the absence of negative control by immune regulation. Interestingly, four of nine bNAbs specific for the HIV-1 CD4 binding site (CD4bs) (VRC01, VRC02, CH106, and CH103) bind human ubiquitin ligase E3A (UBE3A), and UBE3A protein competitively inhibits gp120 binding to the VRC01 bNAb. Among these four bNAbs, avidity for UBE3A was correlated with neutralization breadth. Identification of UBE3A as a self-antigen recognized by CD4bs bNAbs offers a mechanism for the rarity of this bNAb class. IMPORTANCE Eliciting bNAbs is key for HIV-1 vaccines; most Abs elicited by HIV-1 infection or immunization, however, are strain specific or nonneutralizing, and unsuited for protection. Here, we compare the specificities of bNAbs and nNAbs to demonstrate that bNAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than nNAbs. The strong association of poly- and autoreactivity with bNAbs, but not nNAbs from infected patients, indicates that the infection milieu, chronic inflammation and Ag exposure, CD4 T-cell depletion, etc., alone does not cause poly- and autoreactivity. Instead, these properties are fundamentally linked to neutralization breadth, either by the requirement for heteroligation or the consequence of host mimicry by HIV-1. Indeed, we show that human UBE3A shares an epitope(s) with HIV-1 envelope recognized by four CD4bs bNAbs. The poly- and autoreactivity of bNAbs surely contribute to the rarity of membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and CD4bs bNAbs and identify a roadblock that must be overcome to induce protective vaccines.
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Yao D, McGonigal R, Barrie JA, Cappell J, Cunningham ME, Meehan GR, Fewou SN, Edgar JM, Rowan E, Ohmi Y, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Brophy PJ, Willison HJ. Neuronal expression of GalNAc transferase is sufficient to prevent the age-related neurodegenerative phenotype of complex ganglioside-deficient mice. J Neurosci 2014; 34:880-91. [PMID: 24431446 PMCID: PMC3891965 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3996-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are widely expressed sialylated glycosphingolipids with multifunctional properties in different cell types and organs. In the nervous system, they are highly enriched in both glial and neuronal membranes. Mice lacking complex gangliosides attributable to targeted ablation of the B4galnt1 gene that encodes β-1,4-N-acetylegalactosaminyltransferase 1 (GalNAc-transferase; GalNAcT(-/-)) develop normally before exhibiting an age-dependent neurodegenerative phenotype characterized by marked behavioral abnormalities, central and peripheral axonal degeneration, reduced myelin volume, and loss of axo-glial junction integrity. The cell biological substrates underlying this neurodegeneration and the relative contribution of either glial or neuronal gangliosides to the process are unknown. To address this, we generated neuron-specific and glial-specific GalNAcT rescue mice crossed on the global GalNAcT(-/-) background [GalNAcT(-/-)-Tg(neuronal) and GalNAcT(-/-)-Tg(glial)] and analyzed their behavioral, morphological, and electrophysiological phenotype. Complex gangliosides, as assessed by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, GalNAcT enzyme activity, and anti-ganglioside antibody (AgAb) immunohistology, were restored in both neuronal and glial GalNAcT rescue mice. Behaviorally, GalNAcT(-/-)-Tg(neuronal) retained a normal "wild-type" (WT) phenotype throughout life, whereas GalNAcT(-/-)-Tg(glial) resembled GalNAcT(-/-) mice, exhibiting progressive tremor, weakness, and ataxia with aging. Quantitative electron microscopy demonstrated that GalNAcT(-/-) and GalNAcT(-/-)-Tg(glial) nerves had significantly increased rates of axon degeneration and reduced myelin volume, whereas GalNAcT(-/-)-Tg(neuronal) and WT appeared normal. The increased invasion of the paranode with juxtaparanodal Kv1.1, characteristically seen in GalNAcT(-/-) and attributed to a breakdown of the axo-glial junction, was normalized in GalNAcT(-/-)-Tg(neuronal) but remained present in GalNAcT(-/-)-Tg(glial) mice. These results indicate that neuronal rather than glial gangliosides are critical to the age-related maintenance of nervous system integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denggao Yao
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Barrie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Cappell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine E. Cunningham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin R. Meehan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon N. Fewou
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Rowan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan, and
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan, and
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan, and
| | - Peter J. Brophy
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Glycolipid antigens and autoantibodies in autoimmune neuropathies. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:453-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Yang G, Holl TM, Liu Y, Li Y, Lu X, Nicely NI, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Liao HX, Cain DW, Spicer L, VandeBerg JL, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Identification of autoantigens recognized by the 2F5 and 4E10 broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:241-56. [PMID: 23359068 PMCID: PMC3570098 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Many human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize multiple clades of HIV-1 are polyreactive and bind avidly to mammalian autoantigens. Indeed, the generation of neutralizing antibodies to the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes of HIV-1 gp41 in man may be proscribed by immune tolerance because mice expressing the V(H) and V(L) regions of 2F5 have a block in B cell development that is characteristic of central tolerance. This developmental blockade implies the presence of tolerizing autoantigens that are mimicked by the membrane-proximal external region of HIV-1 gp41. We identify human kynureninase (KYNU) and splicing factor 3b subunit 3 (SF3B3) as the primary conserved, vertebrate self-antigens recognized by the 2F5 and 4E10 antibodies, respectively. 2F5 binds the H4 domain of KYNU which contains the complete 2F5 linear epitope (ELDKWA). 4E10 recognizes an epitope of SF3B3 that is strongly dependent on hydrophobic interactions. Opossums carry a rare KYNU H4 domain that abolishes 2F5 binding, but they retain the SF3B3 4E10 epitope. Immunization of opossums with HIV-1 gp140 induced extraordinary titers of serum antibody to the 2F5 ELDKWA epitope but little or nothing to the 4E10 determinant. Identification of structural motifs shared by vertebrates and HIV-1 provides direct evidence that immunological tolerance can impair humoral responses to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Willison HJ. The translation of the pathological findings described in humans to experimental models of acute motor axonal neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17 Suppl 3:3-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J. Willison
- College of Biomedical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Scotland; UK
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Rabu C, McIntosh R, Jurasova Z, Durrant L. Glycans as targets for therapeutic antitumor antibodies. Future Oncol 2012; 8:943-60. [PMID: 22894669 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans represent a vast class of molecules that modify either proteins or lipids. They exert and regulate important and complex functions in both normal and cancer cell metabolism. As such, the most immunogenic glycans have been targeted in passive and active immunotherapy in human cancer for the past 25 years but it is only recently that techniques have become available to uncover novel glycan targets. The main focus of this review article is to highlight why and how monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing glycans, and in particular the glycans expressed on glycolipids, are being used in various strategies to target and kill cancer cells. The article reports on the historical use of mAbs and on very recent progress made in antitumor therapy using the anti-GD2 mAb and the antiganglioside mAbs, anti-N-glycolylneuraminic acid mAb and anti-Lewis mAb. Anti-GD2 is showing great promise in Phase III clinical trials in adjuvant treatment of neuroblastoma. Racotumomab, an anti-idiotypic mAb mimicking N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing gangliosides, is currently being tested in a randomized, controlled Phase II/III clinical trial. This article also presents various strategies used by different groups to develop mAbs against these naturally poorly immunogenic glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rabu
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Hartung HP, Keller-Stanislawski B, Hughes RA, Lehmann HC. [Guillain-Barré syndrome after exposure to influenza]. DER NERVENARZT 2012; 83:714-30. [PMID: 22528062 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-012-3479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acquired, monophasic inflammatory polyradiculoneuritis of autoimmune origin, which occurs after infection and occasionally also after vaccination. Seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines have in particular been implicated as triggers for GBS. However, a number of recent studies indicate that infection with influenza virus may also cause GBS. This review summarizes the epidemiological and experimental data of the association of GBS with exposure to influenza antigens by immunization (including vaccines against A/H1N1/2009) and infection. Vaccination against influenza is associated with a very low risk for the occurrence of GBS. In contrast infection with influenza may play a more important role as a triggering factor for GBS than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-P Hartung
- Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
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Vázquez AM, Hernández AM, Macías A, Montero E, Gómez DE, Alonso DF, Gabri MR, Gómez RE. Racotumomab: an anti-idiotype vaccine related to N-glycolyl-containing gangliosides - preclinical and clinical data. Front Oncol 2012; 2:150. [PMID: 23110257 PMCID: PMC3478665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neu-glycolyl (NeuGc)-containing gangliosides are attractive targets for immunotherapy with anti-idiotype mAbs, because these glycolipids are not normal components of the cytoplasmic membrane in humans, but their expression has been demonstrated in several human malignant tumors. Racotumomab is an anti-idiotype mAb specific to P3 mAb, an antibody which reacts to NeuGc-containing gangliosides, sulfatides, and other antigens expressed in tumors. Preparations containing racotumomab were able to induce a strong anti-metastatic effect in tumor-bearing mice. Different Phase I clinical trials have been conducted in patients with advanced melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer. The results of these clinical trials demonstrated the low toxicity and the high immunogenicity of this vaccine. The induced antibodies recognized and directly killed tumor cells expressing NeuGcGM3. A Phase II/III multicenter, controlled, randomized, double blind clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated racotumomab vaccine in overall survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The clinical results of this study showed a significant clinical benefit in the patients who were treated with the anti-idiotype vaccine.
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Szymanski CM, Gaynor E. How a sugary bug gets through the day: recent developments in understanding fundamental processes impacting Campylobacter jejuni pathogenesis. Gut Microbes 2012; 3:135-44. [PMID: 22555465 PMCID: PMC3370946 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.19488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a highly prevalent yet fastidious bacterial pathogen that poses a significant health burden worldwide. Lacking many hallmark virulence factors, it is becoming increasingly clear that C. jejuni pathogenesis involves different strategies compared with other well-characterized enteric organisms. This includes the involvement of basic biological processes and cell envelope glycans in a number of aspects related to pathogenesis. The past few years have seen significant progress in the understanding of these pathways and how they relate to C. jejuni fundamental biology, stress survival, colonization, and virulence attributes. This review focuses on recent studies in three general areas where "pathogenesis" and "basic biology" overlap: physiology, stress responses and glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Szymanski
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Canada,Correspondence to: Christine M. Szymanski, or Erin Gaynor,
| | - Erin Gaynor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, Canada,Correspondence to: Christine M. Szymanski, or Erin Gaynor,
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Antibody responses to glycolipid‐borne carbohydrates require CD4
+
T cells but not CD1 or NKT cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:502-10. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schauer R, Srinivasan GV, Wipfler D, Kniep B, Schwartz-Albiez R. O-Acetylated sialic acids and their role in immune defense. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:525-48. [PMID: 21618128 PMCID: PMC7123180 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Olshausenstr 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Kuan CT, Chang J, Mansson JE, Li J, Pegram C, Fredman P, McLendon RE, Bigner DD. Multiple phenotypic changes in mice after knockout of the B3gnt5 gene, encoding Lc3 synthase--a key enzyme in lacto-neolacto ganglioside synthesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:114. [PMID: 21087515 PMCID: PMC2998480 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganglioside biosynthesis occurs through a multi-enzymatic pathway which at the lactosylceramide step is branched into several biosynthetic series. Lc3 synthase utilizes a variety of galactose-terminated glycolipids as acceptors by establishing a glycosidic bond in the beta-1,3-linkage to GlcNaAc to extend the lacto- and neolacto-series gangliosides. In order to examine the lacto-series ganglioside functions in mice, we used gene knockout technology to generate Lc3 synthase gene B3gnt5-deficient mice by two different strategies and compared the phenotypes of the two null mouse groups with each other and with their wild-type counterparts. RESULTS B3gnt5 gene knockout mutant mice appeared normal in the embryonic stage and, if they survived delivery, remained normal during early life. However, about 9% developed early-stage growth retardation, 11% died postnatally in less than 2 months, and adults tended to die in 5-15 months, demonstrating splenomegaly and notably enlarged lymph nodes. Without lacto-neolacto series gangliosides, both homozygous and heterozygous mice gradually displayed fur loss or obesity, and breeding mice demonstrated reproductive defects. Furthermore, B3gnt5 gene knockout disrupted the functional integrity of B cells, as manifested by a decrease in B-cell numbers in the spleen, germinal center disappearance, and less efficiency to proliferate in hybridoma fusion. CONCLUSIONS These novel results demonstrate unequivocally that lacto-neolacto series gangliosides are essential to multiple physiological functions, especially the control of reproductive output, and spleen B-cell abnormality. We also report the generation of anti-IgG response against the lacto-series gangliosides 3'-isoLM1 and 3',6'-isoLD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Tsun Kuan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Guillain-Barré syndrome after exposure to influenza virus. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:643-51. [PMID: 20797646 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, acquired, monophasic autoimmune disorder of peripheral nerves that develops in susceptible individuals after infection and, in rare cases, after immunisation. Exposure to influenza via infection or vaccination has been associated with GBS. We review the relation between GBS and these routes of exposure. Epidemiological studies have shown that, except for the 1976 US national immunisation programme against swine-origin influenza A H1N1 subtype A/NJ/76, influenza vaccine has probably not caused GBS or, if it has, rates have been extremely low (less than one case per million vaccine recipients). By contrast, influenza-like illnesses seem to be relevant triggering events for GBS. The concerns about the risk of inducing GBS in mass immunisation programmes against H1N1 2009 do not, therefore, seem justified by the available epidemiological data. However, the experiences from the 1976 swine flu vaccination programme emphasise the importance for active and passive surveillance to monitor vaccine safety.
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Kuijf ML, Samsom JN, van Rijs W, Bax M, Huizinga R, Heikema AP, van Doorn PA, van Belkum A, van Kooyk Y, Burgers PC, Luider TM, Endtz HP, Nieuwenhuis EES, Jacobs BC. TLR4-mediated sensing of Campylobacter jejuni by dendritic cells is determined by sialylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:748-55. [PMID: 20525894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), ganglioside mimicry of Campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) drives the production of cross-reactive Abs to peripheral nerve gangliosides. We determined whether sialic acid residues in C. jejuni LOS modulate dendritic cell (DC) activation and subsequent B cell proliferation as a possible mechanism for the aberrant humoral immune response in GBS. Highly purified sialylated LOS of C. jejuni isolates from three GBS patients induced human DC maturation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines that were inhibited by anti-TLR4 neutralizing Abs. The extent of TLR4 signaling and DC activation was greater with LOS of the wild type isolates than with nonsialylated LOS of the corresponding sialyltransferase gene knockout (cst-II mutant) strains, indicating that sialylation boosts the DC response to C. jejuni LOS. Supernatants of LOS-activated DCs induced B cell proliferation after cross-linking of surface Igs in the absence of T cells. Lower B cell proliferation indices were found with DC supernatants after DC stimulation with cst-II mutant or neuraminidase desialylated LOS. This study showed that sialylation of C. jejuni LOS enhances human DC activation and subsequent B cell proliferation, which may contribute to the development of cross-reactive anti-ganglioside Abs found in GBS patients following C. jejuni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Kuijf
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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McGonigal R, Rowan EG, Greenshields KN, Halstead SK, Humphreys PD, Rother RP, Furukawa K, Willison HJ. Anti-GD1a antibodies activate complement and calpain to injure distal motor nodes of Ranvier in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 133:1944-60. [PMID: 20513658 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The motor axonal variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome is associated with anti-GD1a immunoglobulin antibodies, which are believed to be the pathogenic factor. In previous studies we have demonstrated the motor terminal to be a vulnerable site. Here we show both in vivo and ex vivo, that nodes of Ranvier in intramuscular motor nerve bundles are also targeted by anti-GD1a antibody in a gradient-dependent manner, with greatest vulnerability at distal nodes. Complement deposition is associated with prominent nodal injury as monitored with electrophysiological recordings and fluorescence microscopy. Complete loss of nodal protein staining, including voltage-gated sodium channels and ankyrin G, occurs and is completely protected by both complement and calpain inhibition, although the latter provides no protection against electrophysiological dysfunction. In ex vivo motor and sensory nerve trunk preparations, antibody deposits are only observed in experimentally desheathed nerves, which are thereby rendered susceptible to complement-dependent morphological disruption, nodal protein loss and reduced electrical activity of the axon. These studies provide a detailed mechanism by which loss of axonal conduction can occur in a distal dominant pattern as observed in a proportion of patients with motor axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome, and also provide an explanation for the occurrence of rapid recovery from complete paralysis and electrophysiological in-excitability. The study also identifies therapeutic approaches in which nodal architecture can be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona McGonigal
- University of Glasgow Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Room B330, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Characterization of the specific interaction between sialoadhesin and sialylated Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharides. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3237-46. [PMID: 20421384 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01273-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Campylobacter jejuni-induced Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), molecular mimicry between C. jejuni lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and host gangliosides leads to the production of cross-reactive antibodies directed against the peripheral nerves of the host. Currently, the presence of surface exposed sialylated LOS in C. jejuni is the single known bacterial pathogenesis factor associated with the development of GBS. Using a unique, well-characterized strain collection, we demonstrate that GBS-associated C. jejuni strains bind preferentially to sialoadhesin (Sn, Siglec-1, or CD169), a sialic acid receptor found on a subset of macrophages. In addition, using a whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), C. jejuni strains with sialylated LOS bound exclusively to soluble Sn. Mass spectrometry revealed that binding was sialic acid-linkage specific with a preference for alpha(2,3)-linked sialic acid attached to the terminal galactose of the LOS chain as seen in the gangliosides GD1a, GM1b, and GM3. This molecular interaction was also related to functional consequences as a GBS-associated C. jejuni strain that bound Sn in a whole-cell ELISA adhered to surface-expressed Sn of Sn-transfected CHO cells but was unable to adhere to wild-type CHO cells. Moreover, a sialic acid-negative mutant of the same C. jejuni strain was unable to bind Sn-transfected CHO cells. This is the first report of the preferential binding of GBS-associated C. jejuni strains to the Sn immune receptor (P = 0.014). Moreover, because this binding is dependent on sialylated LOS, the main pathogenic factor in GBS progression, the present findings bring us closer to unraveling the mechanisms that lead to formation of cross-reactive antibodies in GBS disease.
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Stromal cell independent B cell development in vitro: generation and recovery of autoreactive clones. J Immunol Methods 2010; 354:53-67. [PMID: 20109461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe and characterize a stromal cell independent culture system that efficiently supports pro-B cell to IgM+ B cell development with near normal levels of IgH and Igkappa diversity. Pro-B cells present in non-adherent bone marrow cells proliferate in the presence of IL-7 and subsequent to the removal of IL-7 and addition of BAFF, differentiate normally into IgM+ B cells. B cell development in vitro closely follows the patterns of development in vivo with culture-derived (CD) B cells demonstrating characteristic patterns of surface antigen expression and gene activation. IgM+ CD B cells respond to TLR stimulation by proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. Self-reactive IgM+ B cell development is blocked in 3H9 IgH knockin mice; however, cultures of 3H9 IgH knockin pro-B cells yields high frequencies of "forbidden", autoreactive IgM+ B cells. Furthermore, serum IgG autoantibody exceeded that present in autoimmune, C4(-/-) animals following the reconstitution of RAG1(-/-) mice with IgM+ CD cells derived from BL/6 mice.
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Kato Y, Kuan CT, Chang J, Kaneko MK, Ayriss J, Piao H, Chandramohan V, Pegram C, McLendon RE, Fredman P, Månsson JE, Bigner DD. GMab-1, a high-affinity anti-3'-isoLM1/3',6'-isoLD1 IgG monoclonal antibody, raised in lacto-series ganglioside-defective knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:750-5. [PMID: 19944071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lacto-series gangliosides 3'-isoLM1 and 3',6'-isoLD1 have been identified as tumor-associated antigens whose formation is initiated by the Lc3-synthase. Until now, high-affinity IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against 3'-isoLM1 and 3',6'-isoLD1, which are highly expressed in gliomas, have not been developed, although mAbs against lacto-series gangliosides are powerful tools for functional studies. We previously produced the Lc3-synthase gene beta3Gn-T5 knockout mice. In this study, we immunized beta3Gn-T5 knockout mice with 3'-isoLM1/3',6'-isoLD1 and produced the anti-3'-isoLM1/3',6'-isoLD1 mAb GMab-1, of the IgG(3) subclass, which should be useful for functional analysis of lacto-series gangliosides and for antibody-based therapy of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinari Kato
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC-3156, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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