1
|
Mekala JR, Nalluri HP, Reddy PN, S B S, N S SK, G V S D SK, Dhiman R, Chamarthy S, Komaragiri RR, Manyam RR, Dirisala VR. Emerging trends and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies. Gene 2024; 925:148607. [PMID: 38797505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being used to prevent, detect, and treat a broad spectrum of malignancies and infectious and autoimmune diseases. Over the past few years, the market for mAbs has grown exponentially. They have become a significant part of many pharmaceutical product lines, and more than 250 therapeutic mAbs are undergoing clinical trials. Ever since the advent of hybridoma technology, antibody-based therapeutics were realized using murine antibodies which further progressed into humanized and fully human antibodies, reducing the risk of immunogenicity. Some of the benefits of using mAbs over conventional drugs include a drastic reduction in the chances of adverse reactions, interactions between drugs, and targeting specific proteins. While antibodies are very efficient, their higher production costs impede the process of commercialization. However, their cost factor has been improved by developing biosimilar antibodies, which are affordable versions of therapeutic antibodies. Along with biosimilars, innovations in antibody engineering have helped to design bio-better antibodies with improved efficacy than the conventional ones. These novel mAb-based therapeutics are set to revolutionize existing drug therapies targeting a wide spectrum of diseases, thereby meeting several unmet medical needs. In the future, mAbs generated by applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) are expected to become a powerful tool in clinical therapeutics. This article describes the methods of mAb production, pre-clinical and clinical development of mAbs, approved indications targeted by mAbs, and novel developments in the field of mAb research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaki Ramaiah Mekala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
| | - Hari P Nalluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Prakash Narayana Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. V.S. Krishna Government College, Visakhapatnam 530013, India
| | - Sainath S B
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore 524320, AP, India
| | - Sampath Kumar N S
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Sai Kiran G V S D
- Santhiram Medical College and General Hospital, Nandyal, Kurnool 518501, AP, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008, India
| | - Sahiti Chamarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Raghava Rao Komaragiri
- Department of CSE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522302, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Manyam
- Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati Campus, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aboul-Ella H, Gohar A, Ali AA, Ismail LM, Mahmoud AEER, Elkhatib WF, Aboul-Ella H. Monoclonal antibodies: From magic bullet to precision weapon. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:47. [PMID: 39390211 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are used to prevent, detect, and treat a broad spectrum of non-communicable and communicable diseases. Over the past few years, the market for mAbs has grown exponentially with an expected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.07% from 2024 (237.64 billion USD estimated at the end of 2023) to 2033 (679.03 billion USD expected by the end of 2033). Ever since the advent of hybridoma technology introduced in 1975, antibody-based therapeutics were realized using murine antibodies which further progressed into humanized and fully human antibodies, reducing the risk of immunogenicity. Some benefits of using mAbs over conventional drugs include a drastic reduction in the chances of adverse reactions, interactions between drugs, and targeting specific proteins. While antibodies are very efficient, their higher production costs impede the process of commercialization. However, their cost factor has been improved by developing biosimilar antibodies as affordable versions of therapeutic antibodies. Along with the recent advancements and innovations in antibody engineering have helped and will furtherly help to design bio-better antibodies with improved efficacy than the conventional ones. These novel mAb-based therapeutics are set to revolutionize existing drug therapies targeting a wide spectrum of diseases, thereby meeting several unmet medical needs. This review provides comprehensive insights into the current fundamental landscape of mAbs development and applications and the key factors influencing the future projections, advancement, and incorporation of such promising immunotherapeutic candidates as a confrontation approach against a wide list of diseases, with a rationalistic mentioning of any limitations facing this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Aboul-Ella
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa Gohar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), Giza, Egypt
- Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Aya Ahmed Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Sinai, Egypt
| | - Lina M Ismail
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Creative Egyptian Biotechnologists (CEB), Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Walid F Elkhatib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Aboul-Ella
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Egyptian Chinese University (ECU), Cairo, Egypt
- Scientific Research Group in Egypt (SRGE), Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peçanha-Pietrobom PM, Tirado-Sánchez A, Gonçalves SS, Bonifaz A, Colombo AL. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:218. [PMID: 36836333 PMCID: PMC9959547 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis (CM) and paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are systemic mycoses that are highly endemic in Latin America and have recently been included on the World Health Organization (WHO) Fungal Priority Pathogens List. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are recognized as etiological agents of CM, with peculiarities in their geographic distribution. The genus Paracoccidioides now includes Paracoccidioides lutzii and the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex, which encompasses four phylogenetic species. In both diseases, pulmonary signs and symptoms are the main reasons for patients to seek medical assistance, and they are frequently misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. In this paper, we present a critical view of the strategies for diagnosis and clinical management of CM and PCM. Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of reports of endemic fungal infections in areas previously thought to be "non-endemic" due to climate change and increased travel, among other factors. Learning to recognize their main epidemiological aspects and clinical manifestations is crucial so that clinicians can include them in the differential diagnosis of lung disease and avoid late diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Tirado-Sánchez
- Dermatology Service & Mycology Department, Hospital General de México, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06726, Mexico
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07950, Mexico
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Bonifaz
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07950, Mexico
| | - Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039032, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh S, Barbarino A, Youssef EG, Coleman D, Gebremariam T, Ibrahim AS. Protective Efficacy of Anti-Hyr1p Monoclonal Antibody against Systemic Candidiasis Due to Multi-Drug-Resistant Candida auris. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:103. [PMID: 36675924 PMCID: PMC9860579 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a multi-drug-resistant fungal pathogen that can survive outside the host and can easily spread and colonize the healthcare environment, medical devices, and human skin. C. auris causes serious life-threatening infections (up to 60% mortality) in immunosuppressed patients staying in such contaminated healthcare facilities. Some isolates of C. auris are resistant to virtually all clinically available antifungal drugs. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Using in silico protein modeling and analysis, we identified a highly immunogenic and surface-exposed epitope that is conserved between C. albicans hyphal-regulated protein (Cal-Hyr1p) and Hyr1p/Iff-like proteins in C. auris (Cau-HILp). We generated monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against this Cal-Hyr1p epitope, which recognized several clinical isolates of C. auris representing all four clades. An anti-Hyr1p MAb prevented biofilm formation and enhanced opsonophagocytic killing of C. auris by macrophages. When tested for in vivo efficacy, anti-Hyr1p MAb protected 55% of mice against lethal systemic C. auris infection and showed significantly less fungal burden. Our study is highly clinically relevant and provides an effective alternative therapeutic option to treat infections due to MDR C. auris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ashley Barbarino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Eman G. Youssef
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Declan Coleman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Biology Department, Pomona College, Pomona, CA 91711, USA
| | - Teclegiorgis Gebremariam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chechi JL, da Costa FAC, Figueiredo JM, de Souza CM, Valdez AF, Zamith-Miranda D, Camara AC, Taborda CP, Nosanchuk JD. Vaccine development for pathogenic fungi: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1136-1153. [PMID: 37936254 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2279570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungal infections are caused by a broad range of pathogenic fungi that are found worldwide with different geographic distributions, incidences, and mortality rates. Considering that there are relatively few approved medications available for combating fungal diseases and no vaccine formulation commercially available, multiple groups are searching for new antifungal drugs, examining drugs for repurposing and developing antifungal vaccines, in order to control deaths, sequels, and the spread of these complex infections. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of advances in fungal vaccine studies and the different approaches under development, such as subunit vaccines, whole organism vaccines, and DNA vaccines, as well as studies that optimize the use of adjuvants. We conducted a literature search of the PubMed with terms: fungal vaccines and genus of fungal pathogens (Cryptococcus spp. Candida spp. Coccidioides spp. Aspergillus spp. Sporothrix spp. Histoplasma spp. Paracoccidioides spp. Pneumocystis spp. and the Mucorales order), a total of 177 articles were collected from database. EXPERT OPINION Problems regarding the immune response development in an immunocompromised organism, the similarity between fungal and mammalian cells, and the lack of attention by health organizations to fungal infections are closely related to the fact that, at present, there are no fungal vaccines available for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica L Chechi
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe A C da Costa
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia M Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Cássia M de Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Biologia Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo, Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Valdez
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aline C Camara
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hahn RC, Hagen F, Mendes RP, Burger E, Nery AF, Siqueira NP, Guevara A, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Status and Future Trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0023321. [PMID: 36074014 PMCID: PMC9769695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), initially reported in 1908 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, by Adolpho Lutz, is primarily a systemic and neglected tropical mycosis that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around Latin America, especially Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto, a classical thermodimorphic fungus associated with PCM, was long considered to represent a monotypic taxon. However, advances in molecular taxonomy revealed several cryptic species, including Paracoccidioides americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, that show a preference for skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and respiratory organs but can also affect many other organs. The classical diagnosis of PCM benefits from direct microscopy culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in a general microbiology laboratory practice providing a generic identification of the agents. However, molecular assays should be employed to identify Paracoccidioides isolates to the species level, data that would be complemented by epidemiological investigations. From a clinical perspective, all probable and confirmed cases should be treated. The choice of treatment and its duration must be considered, along with the affected organs, process severity, history of previous treatment failure, possibility of administering oral medication, associated diseases, pregnancy, and patient compliance with the proposed treatment regimen. Nevertheless, even after appropriate treatment, there may be relapses, which generally occur 5 years after the apparent cure following treatment, and also, the mycosis may be confused with other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the immunopathology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical aspects, and current treatment of PCM, highlighting current issues in the identification, treatment, and patient follow-up in light of recent Paracoccidioides species taxonomic developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenasgrid.411180.d (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira Nery
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan Pereira Siqueira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Armando Guevara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Corrêa PC, Fernandes FF, Costa MV, Landgraf TN, Panunto-Castelo A. Biochemical characterization and analysis of gene expression of an α-mannosidase secreted by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6514532. [PMID: 35076076 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus, being endemic in Latin America and with the highest number of cases in Brazil. Paracoccidioides spp. release a wide range of molecules, such as enzymes, which may be important for PCM establishment. Here, we identified the 85- and 90-kDa proteins from the supernatants of P. brasiliensis cultures as being an α-mannosidase. Because the expected mass of this α-mannosidase is 124.2-kDa, we suggest that the proteins were cleavage products. Indeed, we found an α-mannosidase activity in the culture supernatants among the excreted/secreted antigens (ESAg). Moreover, we determined that the enzyme activity was optimal in buffer at pH 5.6, at the temperature of 45ºC, and with a concentration of 3 mM of the substrate p-NP-α-D-Man. Remarkably, we showed that the gene expression of this α-mannosidase was higher in yeasts than hyphae in three P. brasiliensis isolates with different virulence degrees that were grown in Ham's F12 synthetic medium for 15 days. But in complex media YPD and Fava Netto, the significantly higher gene expression in yeasts than in hyphae was seen only for the virulent isolate Pb18, but not for intermediate virulence Pb339 and low virulence Pb265 isolates. These results about the high expression of the α-mannosidase gene in the pathogenic yeast form of P. brasiliensis open perspectives for studying this α-mannosidase concerning the virulence of P. brasiliensis isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo V Costa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ademilson Panunto-Castelo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boniche-Alfaro C, Kischkel B, Thomaz L, Carvalho-Gomes MM, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Nosanchuk JD, Taborda CP. Antibody- Based Immunotherapy Combined With Antimycotic Drug TMP- SMX to Treat Infection With Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725882. [PMID: 34737741 PMCID: PMC8562153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are promising alternatives to treat infectious diseases, especially given their potential for applications in combination therapies with antimicrobial drugs to enhance the antifungal efficacy. Protection mediated by mAbs used to treat experimental paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) has been demonstrated previously. Our aim in the present work was to characterize a monoclonal antibody (mAbF1.4) raised against a cell wall glycoconjugate fraction of Paracoccidioides spp. and to analyze its efficacy combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) as treatment for experimental PCM. We demonstrated that the epitope recognized by mAbF1.4 is consistent with branched glucose residues present on a cell wall β-glucan polymer. In vitro, mAbF1.4 increased the phagocytic capacity and nitric oxide concentration induced by the macrophage cell line J774.1A, and this resulted in a significant reduction in the viability of the opsonophagocytized yeasts. In vivo, we detected a significant reduction in pulmonary fungal burdens of mice treated with mAbF1.4 in association with TMP/SMX, which correlated with increased pulmonary concentrations (determined by ELISA) of IFN- γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-17. In parallel, we observed a decrease in IL-4, suggesting that the treatment was associated with a mixed Th1-Th17 type immune response. Histopathology of lung segments from mice receiving the combination therapy showed a significant reduction in granulomas, which were well-defined, and improved maintenance of lung architecture. These findings demonstrate that mAbF1.4 + TMP/SMX therapy is a promising approach to combat PCM as well as decrease disease sequelae and highlights the potential benefits of immune mediators in PCM combined immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Boniche-Alfaro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Thomaz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,BIDiagnostics, Centro de Inovação, Empreendedorismo e Tecnologia (CIETEC)/Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua Daniel Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Assolini JP, Lenhard-Vidal A, Bredt CSDO, Tano ZN, Sano A, Cezar-Dos-Santos F, Ono MA, Itano EN. Distinct Pattern of Paracoccidioides lutzii, P. restrepiensis and P. americana Antigens Recognized by IgE in Human Paracoccidioidomycosis. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2608-2614. [PMID: 33983482 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is caused by the fungi Paracoccidioides spp. The main antigens recognized by IgE are known for P. brasiliensis species complex, but not for P. lutzii. Current research investigated the major P. lutzii (LDR2) antigens recognized by IgE, in comparison to P. restrepiensis and P. americana (former P. brasiliensis species complex), besides IgG recognition. Cell-free antigens (CFA) from P. lutzii (LDR2), P. restrepiensis (B339) and P. americana (LDR3) were analyzed by ELISA and immunoblotting (IB) by detecting specific IgG and IgE from sera from patients with PCM presumable by P. brasiliensis species complex (n = 24). Additionally, somatic antigen (SA) was analyzed by IB. P. lutzii (LDR2) antigens showed significantly lower reactivity than P. restrepiensis (B339) and P. americana (LDR3) in ELISA for both IgE and IgG (p < 0.05). The IgE-IB pattern was different between P. lutzii (LDR2) and the other species, regarding components with ~30 kDa and ~70 kDa in CFA and a ~200 kDa in SA. P. lutzii (LDR2) present at least three antigens recognized by IgE which mainly differ from P. restrepiensis (B339) and, to a lesser extent, from P. americana (LDR3). Current research evidenced for the first time the major P. lutzii (LDR2) antigens recognized by IgE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João P Assolini
- State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86051-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Ayako Sano
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Mario A Ono
- State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Eiko N Itano
- State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86051-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Burger E. Paracoccidioidomycosis Protective Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020137. [PMID: 33668671 PMCID: PMC7918802 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against Paracoccidioides consists of a stepwise activation of numerous effector mechanisms that comprise many cellular and soluble components. At the initial phase of non-specific innate immunity, resistance against Paracoccidioides comes from phagocytic polymorphonuclear neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes, supplemented by soluble factors such as cytokines and complement system components. Invariant receptors (Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Dectins) which are present in cells of the immune system, detect patterns present in Paracoccidioides (but not in the host) informing the hosts cells that there is an infection in progress, and that the acquired immunity must be activated. The role of components involved in the innate immunity of paracoccidioidomycosis is herein presented. Humoral immunity, represented by specific antibodies which control the fungi in the blood and body fluids, and its role in paracoccidioidomycosis (which was previously considered controversial) is also discussed. The protective mechanisms (involving various components) of cellular immunity are also discussed, covering topics such as: lysis by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the participation of lytic products, and the role of cytokines secreted by T helper lymphocytes in increasing the efficiency of Paracoccidioides, lysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unraveling the susceptibility of paracoccidioidomycosis: Insights towards the pathogen-immune interplay and immunogenetics. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104586. [PMID: 33039601 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. This disease comprises three clinical forms: symptomatic acute and chronic forms (PCM disease) and PCM infection, a latent form without clinical symptoms. PCM disease differs markedly according to severity, clinical manifestations, and host immune response. Fungal virulence factors and adhesion molecules are determinants for entry, latency, immune escape and invasion, and dissemination in the host. Neutrophils and macrophages play a paramount role in first-line defense against the fungus through the recognition of antigens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating their microbicidal machinery. Furthermore, the clinical outcome of the PCM is strongly associated with the variability of cytokines and immunoglobulins produced by T and B cells. While the mechanisms that mediate susceptibility or resistance to infection are dictated by the immune system, some genetic factors may alter gene expression and its final products and, hence, modulate how the organism responds to infection and injury. This review outlines the main findings relative to this topic, addressing the complexity of the immune response triggered by Paracoccidioides spp. infection from preclinical investigations to studies in humans. Here, we focus on mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis, the patterns of innate and adaptive immunity, and the genetic and molecular basis related to immune response and susceptibility to the development of the PCM and its clinical forms. Immunogenetic features such as HLA system, cytokines/cytokines receptors genes and other immune-related genes, and miRNAs are likewise discussed. Finally, we point out the occurrence of PCM in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and call attention to the research gaps and challenges faced by the PCM field.
Collapse
|
12
|
Paracoccidioides HSP90 Can Be Found in the Cell Surface and Is a Target for Antibodies with Therapeutic Potential. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040193. [PMID: 32998395 PMCID: PMC7712200 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is one of the most frequent systemic mycoses in Latin America. It affects mainly male rural workers in impoverished regions, and the therapy can last up to two years or use drugs that are very toxic. Given the need for novel safe and effective approaches to treat PCM, we have been developing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that could be used not only to block specific fungal targets, but also modulate the host’s antifungal immunity. In this work we show the generation of and promising results with an mAb against Heat Shock Protein (HSP)90, a molecular chaperone that is an important virulence factor in fungi. Using recombinant Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pb01) and P. brasiliensis (Pb18) HSP90 proteins produced in E. coli, we immunized mice and generated polyclonal antibodies and an IgG1 hybridoma mAb. The proteins were very immunogenic and both the polyclonal serum and mAb were used in immunofluorescence experiments, which showed binding of antibodies to the yeast cell surface. The mAb successfully opsonized P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis cells in co-incubations with J774.16 macrophage-like cells. Our results suggest that this mAb could serve as the basis for new immunotherapy regimens for PCM.
Collapse
|
13
|
Santos LA, Grisolia JC, Malaquias LCC, Paula FBDA, Dias ALT, Burger E. Medication association and immunomodulation: An approach in fungal diseases and in particular in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis. Acta Trop 2020; 206:105412. [PMID: 32135141 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have been increasing in recent decades, mainly affecting immunocompromised individuals, although certain mycoses, such as paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), infect immunologically competent individuals. The major problems observed regarding fungal diseases are inadequate diagnosis, prolonged treatment time, the reduced number of drugs available for treatment, in addition to the fact that there are no vaccines for clinical use. Drug combination in order to immunomodulate the immune response is a new strategy used for the treatment of mycoses, since it is difficult to develop new antifungal drugs. The aim of this study is to present and analyze strategies recently suggested for the treatment of fungi of medical interest, in particular for PCM, such as the utilization of combinations of protein fractions or dead microorganisms, as vaccinal antigens, and cellular immunotherapy. We will also propose new therapeutic alternatives, such as lipids, vitamins, synthetic or natural products as well as the use of low intensity LASER therapy (LLLT) to modulate the immune response of the host, enhancing the efficiency of the existing treatments of mycoses of medical interest and in particular of PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauana Aparecida Santos
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Julianne Caravita Grisolia
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Borges de Araújo Paula
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Latércia Tranches Dias
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boniche C, Rossi SA, Kischkel B, Vieira Barbalho F, Nogueira D’Aurea Moura Á, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR, Pelleschi Taborda C. Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010031. [PMID: 32121415 PMCID: PMC7151209 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence in systemic fungal infections in humans has increased focus for the development of fungal vaccines and use of monoclonal antibodies. Invasive mycoses are generally difficult to treat, as most occur in vulnerable individuals, with compromised innate and adaptive immune responses. Mortality rates in the setting of our current antifungal drugs remain excessively high. Moreover, systemic mycoses require prolonged durations of antifungal treatment and side effects frequently occur, particularly drug-induced liver and/or kidney injury. The use of monoclonal antibodies with or without concomitant administration of antifungal drugs emerges as a potentially efficient treatment modality to improve outcomes and reduce chemotherapy toxicities. In this review, we focus on the use of monoclonal antibodies with experimental evidence on the reduction of fungal burden and prolongation of survival in in vivo disease models. Presently, there are no licensed monoclonal antibodies for use in the treatment of systemic mycoses, although the potential of such a vaccine is very high as indicated by the substantial promising results from several experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Boniche
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Suélen Andreia Rossi
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Filipe Vieira Barbalho
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Ágata Nogueira D’Aurea Moura
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Luiz R. Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ulrich S, Ebel F. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010022. [PMID: 32033168 PMCID: PMC7151206 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies represent an important element in the adaptive immune response and a major tool to eliminate microbial pathogens. For many bacterial and viral infections, efficient vaccines exist, but not for fungal pathogens. For a long time, antibodies have been assumed to be of minor importance for a successful clearance of fungal infections; however this perception has been challenged by a large number of studies over the last three decades. In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic and prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Since systemic mycoses normally occur in severely immunocompromised patients, a passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach to directly attack the fungal pathogen and/or to activate and strengthen the residual antifungal immune response in these patients.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Kojima S, Carter D, Okabe H, Sato A, Akahata W, Wells TNC, Katsuno K. Reassessing therapeutic antibodies for neglected and tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007860. [PMID: 31999695 PMCID: PMC6991954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades there has been a significant expansion in the number of new therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are approved by regulators. The discovery of these new medicines has been driven primarily by new approaches in inflammatory diseases and oncology, especially in immuno-oncology. Other recent successes have included new antibodies for use in viral diseases, including HIV. The perception of very high costs associated with mAbs has led to the assumption that they play no role in prophylaxis for diseases of poverty. However, improvements in antibody-expression yields and manufacturing processes indicate this is a cost-effective option for providing protection from many types of infection that should be revisited. Recent technology developments also indicate that several months of protection could be achieved with a single dose. Moreover, new methods in B cell sorting now enable the systematic identification of high-quality antibodies from humanized mice, or patients. This Review discusses the potential for passive immunization against schistosomiasis, fungal infections, dengue, and other neglected diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dee Carter
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and The Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Wataru Akahata
- VLP Therapeutics, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Kei Katsuno
- Global Health Innovative Technology Fund, Tokyo, Japan
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Nagasaki University School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
do Amaral CC, Fernandes GF, Rodrigues AM, Burger E, de Camargo ZP. Proteomic analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex isolates: Correlation of the levels of differentially expressed proteins with in vivo virulence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218013. [PMID: 31265468 PMCID: PMC6605636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis commonly found in Latin America that is caused by distinct species of Paracoccidioides genus: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex (S1, PS2, PS3 and PS4) and Paracoccidioides lutzii. Its pathobiology has been recently explored by different approaches to clarify the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions underpinning PCM. The diversity of clinical forms of this disease has been attributed to both host- and fungus-related factors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS For better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of host-fungus interactions, we evaluated in vivo virulence of nine Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex isolates and correlated it to protein expression profiles obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Based on the recovery of viable fungi from mouse organs, the isolates were classified as those having low, moderate, or high virulence. Highly virulent isolates overexpressed proteins related to adhesion process and stress response, probably indicating important roles of those fungal proteins in regulating the colonization capacity, survival, and ability to escape host immune system reaction. Moreover, highly virulent isolates exhibited enhanced expression of glycolytic pathway enzymes concomitantly with repressed expression of succinyl-CoA ligase beta chain, a protein related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings may point to the mechanisms used by highly virulent P. brasiliensis isolates to withstand host immune reactions and to adapt to transient iron availability as strategies to survive and overcome stress conditions inside the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Candida do Amaral
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geisa Ferreira Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vaccine Development to Systemic Mycoses by Thermally Dimorphic Fungi. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Buccheri R, Morais VDS, Kamikawa CM, Vidal MSM, Naves G, Del Negro GMB, Vicentini AP, Benard G. Case Report: Misleading Serological Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis in a Young Patient with the Acute Form Disease: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis or Paracoccidioides lutzii? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1082-1085. [PMID: 29405111 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative results in serological routine screening of patients with microbiologically proven Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are occasionally reported. Failure in detecting anti-Paracoccidioides antibodies has been ascribed to factors either related to serological techniques or to the status of the host immune reactivity. Recently, this issue has been renewed by the recognition that the Paracoccidioides genera comprises two species, lutzii and brasiliensis, which have distinct antigenic profiles and, therefore, may elicit different host antibody responses. We describe a patient with the acute form PCM due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with negative results on two reference centers' routine screening for P. brasiliensis antibodies, but positive results with Paracoccidioides lutzii antigens. The present case report suggests that antibodies elicited during P. brasiliensis infection recognize antigenic fractions shared by both species, highlighting the difficulties in distinguishing the two infections by means of the currently available routine serological assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Buccheri
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Medical Mycology Unit #53, Medical School and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Emilio Ribas Institute of Infectious Diseases, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dos Santos Morais
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Medical Mycology Unit #53, Medical School and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Monica Scarpelli Martinelli Vidal
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Medical Mycology Unit #53, Medical School and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Naves
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Medical Mycology Unit #53, Medical School and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilda Maria Barbaro Del Negro
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Medical Mycology Unit #53, Medical School and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies Unit #56, Medical School and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Medical Mycology Unit #53, Medical School and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Antifungal Resistance, Metabolic Routes as Drug Targets, and New Antifungal Agents: An Overview about Endemic Dimorphic Fungi. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9870679. [PMID: 28694566 PMCID: PMC5485324 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9870679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by fungi can occur in healthy people, but immunocompromised patients are the major risk group for invasive fungal infections. Cases of fungal resistance and the difficulty of treatment make fungal infections a public health problem. This review explores mechanisms used by fungi to promote fungal resistance, such as the mutation or overexpression of drug targets, efflux and degradation systems, and pleiotropic drug responses. Alternative novel drug targets have been investigated; these include metabolic routes used by fungi during infection, such as trehalose and amino acid metabolism and mitochondrial proteins. An overview of new antifungal agents, including nanostructured antifungals, as well as of repositioning approaches is discussed. Studies focusing on the development of vaccines against antifungal diseases have increased in recent years, as these strategies can be applied in combination with antifungal therapy to prevent posttreatment sequelae. Studies focused on the development of a pan-fungal vaccine and antifungal drugs can improve the treatment of immunocompromised patients and reduce treatment costs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The chapter reviews methods utilized for the isolation and characterization of a promising immunogen candidate, aiming at a human vaccine against paracoccidioidomycosis. Peptide P10 carries a T-CD4+ epitope and was identified as an internal sequence of the major diagnostic antigen known as gp43 glycoprotein. It successfully treated massive intratracheal infections by virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in combination with chemotherapy.An introduction about the systemic mycosis was found essential to understand the various options that were considered to design prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine protocols using peptide P10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Taborda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP/LIM53/HCFMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 8th floor, São Paulo, 04021-001, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Fungal organisms are ubiquitous in the environment. Pathogenic fungi, although relatively few in the whole gamut of microbial pathogens, are able to cause disease with varying degrees of severity in individuals with normal or impaired immunity. The disease state is an outcome of the fungal pathogen's interactions with the host immunity, and therefore, it stands to reason that deep/invasive fungal diseases be amenable to immunotherapy. Therefore, antifungal immunotherapy continues to be attractive as an adjunct to the currently available antifungal chemotherapy options for a number of reasons, including the fact that existing antifungal drugs, albeit largely effective, are not without limitations, and that morbidity and mortality associated with invasive mycoses are still unacceptably high. For several decades, intense basic research efforts have been directed at development of fungal immunotherapies. Nevertheless, this approach suffers from a severe bench-bedside disconnect owing to several reasons: the chemical and biological peculiarities of the fungal antigens, the complexities of host-pathogen interactions, an under-appreciation of the fungal disease landscape, the requirement of considerable financial investment to bring these therapies to clinical use, as well as practical problems associated with immunizations. In this general, non-exhaustive review, we summarize the features of ongoing research efforts directed towards devising safe and effective immunotherapeutic options for mycotic diseases, encompassing work on antifungal vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and other agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Datta
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA , and
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , UAE
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Silva Ferreira C, de Castro Ribeiro EM, Miranda Goes AD, Mello Silva BD. Current strategies for diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis and prospects of methods based on gold nanoparticles. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:973-85. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a human systemic granulomatous mycosis caused by thermodimorphic fungi from Paracoccidioides genus. The disease is prevalent in Latin America and triggers a serious clinical condition. Consequently, rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent progression of the disease, which can result in death. Currently, there are several established methods for PCM diagnosis. However, many of these tests still present challenges in terms of cost, accessibility and efficiency. In this scenario, gold nanoparticles represent a promising alternative since they have particular optical and electronic properties, which allow its use for biomolecules detection. This review will briefly present techniques available for PCM diagnosis and the perspectives of implementation of gold nanoparticles for diagnosis of this mycosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas/DECBI – Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB – Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro – Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Erica Milena de Castro Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas/DECBI – Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB – Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro – Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alfredo de Miranda Goes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia/ICB – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Breno de Mello Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas/DECBI – Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB – Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro – Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Taborda CP, Urán ME, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR. PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS: CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VACCINE AGAINST AN ENDEMIC MYCOSIS IN THE AMERICAS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57 Suppl 19:21-4. [PMID: 26465365 PMCID: PMC4711196 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by Paracoccidioides spp, is an
important endemic mycosis in Latin America. There are two recognized
Paracoccidioides species, P. brasiliensis and
P. lutzii, based on phylogenetic differences; however, the
pathogenesis and disease manifestations of both are indistinguishable at present.
Approximately 1,853 (~51,2%) of 3,583 confirmed deaths in Brazil due to systemic
mycoses from 1996-2006 were caused by PCM. Antifungal treatment is required for
patients with PCM. The initial treatment lasts from two to six months and sulfa
derivatives, amphotericin B, azoles and terbinafine are used in clinical practice;
however, despite prolonged therapy, relapses are still a problem. An effective
Th1-biased cellular immune response is essential to control the disease, which can be
induced by exogenous antigens or modulated by prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines.
Stimulation of B cells or passive transference of monoclonal antibodies are also
important means that may be used to improve the efficacy of paracoccidioidomycosis
treatment in the future. This review critically details major challenges facing the
development of a vaccine to combat PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M E Urán
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - L R Travassos
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bueno RA, Thomaz L, Muñoz JE, da Silva CJ, Nosanchuk JD, Pinto MR, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Antibodies Against Glycolipids Enhance Antifungal Activity of Macrophages and Reduce Fungal Burden After Infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:74. [PMID: 26870028 PMCID: PMC4737878 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease endemic in Latin America. Polyclonal antibodies to acidic glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis opsonized yeast forms in vitro increasing phagocytosis and reduced the fungal burden of infected animals. Antibodies to GSL were active in both prophylactic and therapeutic protocols using a murine intratracheal infection model. Pathological examination of the lungs of animals treated with antibodies to GSL showed well-organized granulomas and minimally damaged parenchyma compared to the untreated control. Murine peritoneal macrophages activated by IFN-γ and incubated with antibodies against acidic GSLs more effectively phagocytosed and killed P. brasiliensis yeast cells as well as produced more nitric oxide compared to controls. The present work discloses a novel target of protective antibodies against P. brasiliensis adding to other well-studied mediators of the immune response to this fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata A Bueno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP- LIM53, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Thomaz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julian E Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia J da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA
| | | | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP- LIM53, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Advances and challenges in paracoccidioidomycosis serology caused by Paracoccidioides species complex: an update. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 84:87-94. [PMID: 26494541 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the possible methodologies for the rapid and inexpensive identification of fungal infections is essential for disease diagnosis, but there are some limitations. To help with this problem, serological methods that detect antigens or antibodies are widely used and are useful for the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) through the detection of gp43, which is the main antigen employed for the immunodiagnosis of this disease caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. However, the use of gp43 has become restricted because it was recently found that this marker is not identified in the infections caused by Paracoccidioides lutzii. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new antigens in both species or antigens specific for P. lutzii to decrease the morbidity and/or mortality associated with PCM. This review provides a discussion of new diagnostic challenges after the recent discoveries regarding the taxonomy of the Paracoccidioides genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Serological diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis: high rate of inter-laboratorial variability among medical mycology reference centers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3174. [PMID: 25211336 PMCID: PMC4161321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serological tests have long been established as rapid, simple and inexpensive tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of PCM. However, different protocols and antigen preparations are used and the few attempts to standardize the routine serological methods have not succeeded. Methodology/Principal findings We compared the performance of six Brazilian reference centers for serological diagnosis of PCM. Each center provided 30 sera of PCM patients, with positive high, intermediate and low titers, which were defined as the “reference” titers. Each center then applied its own antigen preparation and serological routine test, either semiquantitative double immunodifusion or counterimmmunoelectrophoresis, in the 150 sera from the other five centers blindly as regard to the “reference” titers. Titers were transformed into scores: 0 (negative), 1 (healing titers), 2 (active disease, low titers) and 3 (active disease, high titers) according to each center's criteria. Major discordances were considered between scores indicating active disease and scores indicating negative or healing titers; such discordance when associated with proper clinical and other laboratorial data, may correspond to different approaches to the patient's treatment. Surprisingly, all centers exhibited a high rate of “major” discordances with a mean of 31 (20%) discordant scores. Alternatively, when the scores given by one center to their own sera were compared with the scores given to their sera by the remaining five other centers, a high rate of major discordances was also found, with a mean number of 14.8 sera in 30 presenting a discordance with at least one other center. The data also suggest that centers that used CIE and pool of isolates for antigen preparation performed better. Conclusion There are inconsistencies among the laboratories that are strong enough to result in conflicting information regarding the patients' treatment. Renewed efforts should be promoted to improve standardization of the serological diagnosis of PCM. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a neglected systemic fungal infection prevalent mostly in South America. Serological tests have long been established as rapid, simple and inexpensive tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of PCM. However, different protocols and reagents are used. We compared here the performance of six Brazilian reference centers for serological diagnosis of PCM. Each center provided 30 sera of PCM patients, with positive high, intermediate and low titers, which were defined as the “reference” titers. Each center then applied its serological routine test to the 150 sera from the other five centers blindly as regards to the “reference” titers. Surprisingly, all centers exhibited a high rate of discordances (mean of 31 discordant scores in 150 sera tested). When the scores given by one center to their own sera were compared with the scores given to their sera by the other centers, a high rate of major discordances was found (a mean of 14.8 sera in 30 presented a discordance with at least one other center). We concluded that there are inconsistencies among the laboratories that can potentially result in conflicting information regarding the patient's treatment. Renewed efforts should be promoted to improve standardization of the serological diagnosis of PCM.
Collapse
|
28
|
Thomaz L, Nosanchuk JD, Rossi DCP, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Monoclonal antibodies to heat shock protein 60 induce a protective immune response against experimental Paracoccidioides lutzii. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:788-95. [PMID: 25161111 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic mycosis in Latin America. PCM is primarily caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and less frequently by the recently described, closely related species Paracoccidioides lutzii. Current treatment requires protracted administration of systemic antibiotics and relapses may frequently occur despite months of initial therapy. Hence, there is a need for innovative approaches to treatment. In the present study we analyzed the impact of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against Heat Shock 60 (Hsp60) from Histoplasma capsulatum on the interactions of P. lutzii with macrophages and on the experimental P. lutzii infection. We demonstrated that the Hsp60-binding mAbs labeled P. lutzii yeast cells and enhanced their phagocytosis by macrophage cells. Treatment of mice with the mAbs to Hsp60 before infection reduced the pulmonary fungal burden as compared to mice treated with irrelevant mAb. Hence, mAbs raised to H. capsulatum Hsp60 are protective against P. lutzii, including mAb 7B6 which was non-protective against H. capsulatum, suggesting differences in their capacity to bind to these fungi and to be recognized by macrophages. These findings indicate that mAbs raised to one dimorphic fungus may be therapeutic against additional dimorphic fungi, but also suggests that biological differences in diseases may influence whether a mAb is beneficial or harmful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Thomaz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Brazil.
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Diego C P Rossi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP- LIM53 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Travassos LR, Taborda CP, Colombo AL. Treatment options for paracoccidioidomycosis and new strategies investigated. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:251-62. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
30
|
Cell wall proteins of Sporothrix schenckii as immunoprotective agents. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 31:86-9. [PMID: 24257472 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, an endemic subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America. Cell wall (CW) proteins located on the cell surface are inducers of cellular and humoral immune responses, potential candidates for diagnosis purposes and to generate vaccines to prevent fungal infections. This mini-review emphasizes the potential use of S. schenckii CW proteins as protective and therapeutic immune response inducers against sporotrichosis. A number of pathogenic fungi display CW components that have been characterized as inducers of protective cellular and humoral immune responses against the whole pathogen from which they were originally purified. The isolation and characterization of immunodominant protein components of the CW of S. schenckii have become relevant because of their potential in the development of protective and therapeutic immune responses against sporotrichosis. This manuscript is part of the series of works presented at the "V International Workshop: Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human pathogenic fungi" (Oaxaca, Mexico, 2012).
Collapse
|
31
|
B cell-deficient mice display enhanced susceptibility to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:1-10. [PMID: 23765323 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated immunity is primarily responsible for acquired resistance during P. brasiliensis infection. On the contrary, the susceptibility is associated with occurrence of type-2 immunity (Th2), which is characterized by IL-4 release, B cell activation, and production of antibodies. Although antibodies are frequently associated with severe PCM, it is not clear whether they contribute to susceptibility or merely constitute a marker of infection stage. Here, we assessed the function of B cells during experimental P. brasiliensis infection in mice, and our results showed that B cell-knockout (B(KO)) mice are more susceptible than their wild-type littermate controls (C57BL/6, WT). The B(KO) mice showed higher mortality rate, increased number of colony-forming units in the lungs, and larger granulomas than WT mice. In the absence of B cells, we observed high levels of IL-10, whereas IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4 levels were similar between both groups. Finally, we showed that transference of WT immune serum to B(KO) mice resulted in diminished infiltration of inflammatory cells and better organization of the pulmonary granulomas. Taken together, these data suggest that B cells are effectively involved in the control of P. brasiliensis growth and organization of the granulomatous lesions observed during the experimental PCM.
Collapse
|
32
|
da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, da Silva RAM, da Costa TA, Calich VLG, Almeida AMF, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Paracoccidoides brasiliensis 30 kDa adhesin: identification as a 14-3-3 protein, cloning and subcellular localization in infection models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62533. [PMID: 23638109 PMCID: PMC3640054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidoides brasiliensis adhesion to lung epithelial cells is considered an essential event for the establishment of infection and different proteins participate in this process. One of these proteins is a 30 kDa adhesin, pI 4.9 that was described as a laminin ligand in previous studies, and it was more highly expressed in more virulent P. brasiliensis isolates. This protein may contribute to the virulence of this important fungal pathogen. Using Edman degradation and mass spectrometry analysis, this 30 kDa adhesin was identified as a 14-3-3 protein. These proteins are a conserved group of small acidic proteins involved in a variety of processes in eukaryotic organisms. However, the exact function of these proteins in some processes remains unknown. Thus, the goal of the present study was to characterize the role of this protein during the interaction between the fungus and its host. To achieve this goal, we cloned, expressed the 14-3-3 protein in a heterologous system and determined its subcellular localization in in vitro and in vivo infection models. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed the ubiquitous distribution of this protein in the yeast form of P. brasiliensis, with some concentration in the cytoplasm. Additionally, this 14-3-3 protein was also present in P. brasiliensis cells at the sites of infection in C57BL/6 mice intratracheally infected with P. brasiliensis yeast cells for 72 h (acute infections) and 30 days (chronic infection). An apparent increase in the levels of the 14-3-3 protein in the cell wall of the fungus was also noted during the interaction between P. brasiliensis and A549 cells, suggesting that this protein may be involved in host-parasite interactions, since inhibition assays with the protein and this antibody decreased P. brasiliensis adhesion to A549 epithelial cells. Our data may lead to a better understanding of P. brasiliensis interactions with host tissues and paracoccidioidomycosis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julhiany de Fatima da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haroldo César de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Aparecida Moraes da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Alves da Costa
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rigobello FF, Marquez AS, Lopes JD, Nakanishi-Ito FA, Itano EN. Patients with Chronic-form Paracoccidioidomycosis Present High Serum Levels of IgE Anti-paracoccidioides brasiliensis Gp70. Mycopathologia 2013; 175:307-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Travassos LR, Taborda CP. New advances in the development of a vaccine against paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:212. [PMID: 22701452 PMCID: PMC3373149 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic Latin American mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and also by the recently described P. lutzii. The systemic mycosis is the 10th leading cause of death due to infectious diseases in Brazil. As published, 1,853 patients died of PCM in the 1996–2006 decade in this country. The main diagnostic antigen of P.brasiliensis is the 43 kDa glycoprotein gp43, and its 15-mer peptide QTLIAIHTLAIRYAN, known as P10, contains the T-CD4+ epitope that elicits an IFN-γ-mediated Th1 immune response, which effectively treats mice intratracheally infected with PCM. The association of peptide P10 with antifungal drugs rendered an additive protective effect, even in immunosuppressed animals, being the basis of a recommended treatment protocol. Other immunotherapeutic tools include a peptide carrying a B cell epitope as well as protective anti-gp43 monoclonal antibodies. New delivery systems and gene therapy have been studied in prophylactic and therapeutic protocols to improve the efficacy of the recognized antigens aiming at a future vaccine as co-adjuvant therapy in patients with PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, são Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fernandes VC, Martins EMN, Boeloni JN, Serakides R, Goes AM. Protective effect of rPb40 as an adjuvant for chemotherapy in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 2012; 174:93-105. [PMID: 22391822 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The conventional treatment for the most prevalent mycosis in Latin America, paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), involves long periods of therapy that results in side effects and a high frequency of relapses. The search for a new, alternative treatment is necessary. Pb40 is an antigenic protein from P. brasiliensis fraction F0. This fraction has already been shown to have significant protective activity when used as a PCM vaccine in experimental models. The complete cDNA sequence corresponding to Pb40 was cloned into a pET-21a plasmid, expressed in E. coli with a his-tag and purified by affinity chromatography. The predicted protein sequence exhibited nearly 100% homology to a fragment of the hypothetical EF-hand domain containing protein of P. brasiliensis. Immunization with this recombinant protein was used together with chemotherapy in an attempt to improve PCM treatment. The combined drug/rPb40 treatment exhibited long-lasting control of PCM in the liver and spleen and largely preserved the tissue structures of these organs. Despite the lack of a reduction in CFUs in the group that received the combined treatment, there was a significant reduction in the size of the lesions in the lungs after 70 days of infection. At the same time, the IL-10 levels were higher in the treated mice than in the infected-only mice. Moreover, significant levels of rPb40-specific IgG antibodies were detected in the sera of immunized mice. Thus, the treatment protocol consisting of rPb40 immunization in addition to fluconazole chemotherapy showed an additive protective effect after intratracheal challenge, preventing fungal dissemination to other sites of infection and preventing relapses. These results provide new prospects for PCM immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V C Fernandes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
García Blanco S, Muñoz JF, Torres I, Díez Posada S, Gómez BL, McEwen JG, Restrepo S, García AM. Differential PbP27 expression in the yeast and mycelial forms of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis species complex. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:1087-95. [PMID: 21945996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
p27 is an antigenic protein produced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Despite its unknown function, it has been suggested as a putative virulence factor, proposed as a suitable target for the design of diagnostic tools and vaccines, and considered as an enhancer in antifungal treatment of PCM. We evaluated sequence polymorphisms of PbP27 gene sequence among isolates, finding some polymorphisms associated with the isolates' phylogenetic origin. In order to determine if there was a differential expression pattern between morphological states and among isolates, we also evaluated PbP27 expression, at transcriptional and translational levels, in mycelia and yeast cultures in 14 isolates belonging to the P. brasiliensis species complex (S1, PS2, PS3, and "Pb01-like", proposed to be named Paracoccidioides lutzii) by two techniques, real time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and protein dot blot. For the latter, four protein extracts from different cell localizations (SDS or β-mercaptoethanol, cytoplasmic and extracellular proteins) were analyzed for each isolate. p27 was present in the four extracts evaluated, mainly in the SDS extract, corresponding to an extract containing proteins loosely attached to the cell wall. This information correlates with immunohistochemical analysis, where positive staining of the yeasts' cell wall was observed. We found that p27 was present in all isolates, mainly in the yeast form. This pattern was corroborated by RT-qPCR results, with higher expression levels found in the yeast form for most of the isolates. The results provide new insights into the expression patterns of this protein, and further characterize it in view of potential uses as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S García Blanco
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
The pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis exports extracellular vesicles containing highly immunogenic α-Galactosyl epitopes. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:343-51. [PMID: 21216942 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00227-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosome-like vesicles containing virulence factors, enzymes, and antigens have recently been characterized in fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum. Here, we describe extracellular vesicles carrying highly immunogenic α-linked galactopyranosyl (α-Gal) epitopes in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. P. brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that causes human paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). For vesicle preparations, cell-free supernatant fluids from yeast cells cultivated in Ham's defined medium-glucose were concentrated in an Amicon ultrafiltration system and ultracentrifuged at 100,000 × g. P. brasiliensis antigens were present in preparations from phylogenetically distinct isolates Pb18 and Pb3, as observed in immunoblots revealed with sera from PCM patients. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), vesicle components containing α-Gal epitopes reacted strongly with anti-α-Gal antibodies isolated from both Chagas' disease and PCM patients, with Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) (a lectin that recognizes terminal α-Gal), but only faintly with natural anti-α-Gal. Reactivity was inhibited after treatment with α-galactosidase. Vesicle preparations analyzed by electron microscopy showed vesicular structures of 20 to 200 nm that were labeled both on the surface and in the lumen with MOA. In P. brasiliensis cells, components carrying α-Gal epitopes were found distributed on the cell wall, following a punctuated confocal pattern, and inside large intracellular vacuoles. Lipid-free vesicle fractions reacted with anti-α-Gal in ELISA only when not digested with α-galactosidase, while reactivity with glycoproteins was reduced after β-elimination, which is indicative of partial O-linked chain localization. Our findings open new areas to explore in terms of host-parasite relationships in PCM and the role played in vivo by vesicle components and α-galactosyl epitopes.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kioshima ES, Aliperti F, Maricato JT, Mortara RA, Bagagli E, Mariano M, Lopes JD. A synthetic peptide selectively kills only virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:251-60. [PMID: 21070862 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This work was conducted to identify virulence biomarkers for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), the fungus responsible for Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic disease endemic in Latin America. Measurement of mortality showed that all B10.A mice were killed after 250 days by the virulent Pb18 isolate while only one of the mice that received the attenuated counterpart died. Also, number of lung CFUs from virulent Pb18 inoculated mice were much higher when these isolates were compared. Phage display methodology allowed selection of three phages that specifically bound to virulent Pb18. Variability of p04 phage binding to different Pb isolates were examples of variability of expression by the fungus of its binding molecule, strongly suggesting p04 as a biomarker of virulence. In vitro, its derived peptide pep04 killed only virulent fungi, and confocal microscopy showed that it was internalized only by the virulent isolate. Pep04 blocked establishment of Pb infection in mice and virulent Pb18 pre-incubated with p04 showed significantly inhibited lung infection. Furthermore, infected mice treated with p04 showed highly significant reduction in lung CFUs. These findings firmly establish p04 as a biomarker of Pb virulence. Therefore, after proper peptide engineering, p04 may become a useful adjuvant for the distressing treatment of PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pinzan CF, Ruas LP, Casabona-Fortunato AS, Carvalho FC, Roque-Barreira MC. Immunological basis for the gender differences in murine Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10757. [PMID: 20505765 PMCID: PMC2873977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms involved in the gender distinct incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America, which is at least 10 times more frequent in men than in women. Then, we compared the immune response of male and female mice to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection, as well as the influence in the gender differences exerted by paracoccin, a P. brasiliensis component with carbohydrate recognition property. High production of Th1 cytokines and T-bet expression have been detected in the paracoccin stimulated cultures of spleen cells from infected female mice. In contrast, in similar experimental conditions, cells from infected males produced higher levels of the Th2 cytokines and expressed GATA-3. Macrophages from male and female mice when stimulated with paracoccin displayed similar phagocytic capability, while fungicidal activity was two times more efficiently performed by macrophages from female mice, a fact that was associated with 50% higher levels of nitric oxide production. In order to evaluate the role of sexual hormones in the observed gender distinction, we have utilized mice that have been submitted to gonadectomy followed by inverse hormonal reconstitution. Spleen cells derived from castrated males reconstituted with estradiol have produced higher levels of IFN-γ (1291±15 pg/mL) and lower levels of IL-10 (494±38 pg/mL), than normal male in response to paracoccin stimulus. In contrast, spleen cells from castrated female mice that had been treated with testosterone produced more IL-10 (1284±36 pg/mL) and less IFN-γ (587±14 pg/mL) than cells from normal female. In conclusion, our results reveal that the sexual hormones had a profound effect on the biology of immune cells, and estradiol favours protective responses to P. brasiliensis infection. In addition, fungal components, such as paracoccin, may provide additional support to the gender dimorphic immunity that marks P. brasiliensis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luciana Pereira Ruas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Fernanda Caroline Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria-Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rodrigues EG, Dobroff AS, Taborda CP, Travassos LR. Antifungal and antitumor models of bioactive protective peptides. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:503-20. [PMID: 19722020 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are remarkably reactive molecules produced by a great variety of species and able to display a number of functions in uni-and multicellular organisms as mediators, agonists and regulating substances. Some of them exert cytotoxic effects on cells other than those that produced them, and may have a role in controlling subpopulations and protecting certain species or cell types. Presently, we focus on antifungal and antitumor peptides and discuss a few models in which specific sequences and structures exerted direct inhibitory effects or stimulated a protective immune response. The killer peptide, deduced from an antiidiotypic antibody, with several antimicrobial activities and other Ig-derived peptides with cytotoxic activities including antitumor effects, are models studied in vitro and in vivo. Peptide 10 from gp43 of P. brasiliensis (P10) and the vaccine perspective against paracoccidioidomycosis is another topic illustrating the protective effect in vivo against a pathogenic fungus. The cationic antimicrobial peptides with antitumor activities are mostly reviewed here. Local treatment of murine melanoma by the peptide gomesin is another model studied at the Experimental Oncology Unit of UNIFESP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine G Rodrigues
- Unidade de Oncologia Experimental, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maricato JT, Batista WL, Kioshima ÉS, Feitosa LS, Brito RRNE, Goldman GH, Mariano M, Puccia R, Lopes JD. The Paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp70 antigen is encoded by a putative member of the flavoproteins monooxygenase family. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
42
|
do Nascimento Martins EM, Reis BS, de Resende MA, de Andrade ASR, Goes AM. Mice Immunization with Radioattenuated Yeast Cells of Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis: Influence of the Number of Immunizations. Mycopathologia 2009; 168:51-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
43
|
Nascimento RC, Espíndola NM, Castro RA, Teixeira PAC, Loureiro y Penha CV, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Almeida SR. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibody against a 70-kDa putative adhesin of Sporothrix schenckii induces protection in murine sporotrichosis. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3080-9. [PMID: 18991286 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated and innate immunity are considered the most important mechanisms of host defense against fungus infections. However, recent studies demonstrated that specific antibodies show different degrees of protection against mycosis. In a previous study, antigens secreted by Sporothrix schenckii induced a specific humoral response in infected animals, mainly against the 70-kDa molecule, indicating a possible participation of antibodies to this antigen in infection control. In the present study, an IgG1 mAb was produced against a 70-kDa glycoprotein of S. schenckii in order to better understand the effect of passive immunization of mice infected with S. schenckii. Results showed a significant reduction in the number of CFU in organs of mice when the mAb was injected before and during S. schenckii infection. Similar results were observed when T-cell-deficient mice were used. Moreover, in a second schedule treatment, the mAb was injected after infection was established, and again we observed a significant reduction in CFU associated with an increase of IFN-gammaproduction. Also, the 70-kDa antigen is shown to be a putative adhesin present on the surface of this fungus. In conclusion, we report for the first time the protective effect of a specific antibody against S. schenckii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana C Nascimento
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Reis B, Fernandes V, Martins E, Serakides R, Goes A. Protective immunity induced by rPb27 of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Vaccine 2008; 26:5461-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
45
|
Pinto MR, Barreto-Bergter E, Taborda CP. Glycoconjugates and polysaccharides of fungal cell wall and activation of immune system. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:195-208. [PMID: 24031202 PMCID: PMC3768395 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822008000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids and polysaccharides exposed at the most external layers of the wall are involved in several types of interactions of fungal cells with the exocellular environment. These molecules are fundamental building blocks of organisms, contributing to the structure, integrity, cell growth, differentiation and signaling. Several of them are immunologically active compounds with potential as regulators of pathogenesis and the immune response of the host. Some of these structures can be specifically recognized by antibodies from patients’ sera, suggesting that they can be also useful in the diagnosis of fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Pinto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hamad M. Antifungal Immunotherapy and Immunomodulation: A Double-hitter Approach to Deal with Invasive Fungal Infections. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:533-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
47
|
The monoclonal antibody against the major diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mediates immune protection in infected BALB/c mice challenged intratracheally with the fungus. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3321-8. [PMID: 18458072 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00349-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective role of specific antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is controversial. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of monoclonal antibodies on the major diagnostic antigen (gp43) using in vitro and in vivo P. brasiliensis infection models. The passive administration of some monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) before and after intratracheal or intravenous infections led to a reduced fungal burden and decreased pulmonary inflammation. The protection mediated by MAb 3E, the most efficient MAb in the reduction of fungal burden, was associated with the enhanced phagocytosis of P. brasiliensis yeast cells by J774.16, MH-S, or primary macrophages. The ingestion of opsonized yeast cells led to an increase in NO production by macrophages. Passive immunization with MAb 3E induced enhanced levels of gamma interferon in the lungs of infected mice. The reactivity of MAb 3E against a panel of gp43-derived peptides suggested that the sequence NHVRIPIGWAV contains the binding epitope. The present work shows that some but not all MAbs against gp43 can reduce the fungal burden and identifies a new peptide candidate for vaccine development.
Collapse
|
48
|
Attempts at a peptide vaccine against paracoccidioidomycosis, adjuvant to chemotherapy. Mycopathologia 2008; 165:341-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
49
|
Xander P, Vigna AF, Feitosa LDS, Pugliese L, Bailão AM, Soares CMDA, Mortara RA, Mariano M, Lopes JD. A surface 75-kDa protein with acid phosphatase activity recognized by monoclonal antibodies that inhibit Paracoccidioides brasiliensis growth. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1484-92. [PMID: 17913543 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermo-dimorphic fungus responsible for paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in Latin America. The fungus releases many antigens which may be transiently bound to its cell surface. Some of them may show enzymatic functions essential for maintaining many cell processes and survival of the microorganism at different conditions. In this study, we report the characterization of a secreted 75kDa protein from P. brasiliensis with phosphatase activity. Biologic function of the molecule was demonstrated using two specific mAbs produced and characterized as IgM and IgG isotypes. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that both mAbs recognized the protein on the fungus surface, mainly in its budding sites. In vitro experiments showed that fungal growth was inhibited by blocking the protein with mAbs. In addition, opsonized yeast cells with both mAbs facilitated phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages. Passive immunization using mAbs before P. brasiliensis mice infection reduced colony-forming units (CFU) in the lungs as compared with controls. Histopathology showed smaller inflammation, absence of yeast cells and no granuloma formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Xander
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu 862, 04023-901 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pavanelli WR, Kaminami MS, Geres JR, Sano A, Ono MA, Camargo ICC, Itano EN. Protection induced in BALB/c mice by the high-molecular-mass (hMM) fraction of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mycopathologia 2007; 163:117-28. [PMID: 17356792 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-0095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a granulomatous disease caused by a dimorphic fungus, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The present study investigated the protective activity of the P. brasiliensis high-molecular-mass (hMM) fraction (approximately 380 kDa) in experimental murine PCM. In the first step, lymphocyte proliferation and production of IFNgamma (but not IL-4) were observed in "in vitro" spleen cells (from female BALB/c mice infected (i.v.) with P. brasiliensis) that were stimulated with hMM fractions. In the second step, female BALB/c mice were previously immunized (s.c.) with hMM fraction (25 microg/protein = F-25 and 50 microg/protein = F-50), and the colony-forming units (CFU) of the lung and spleen, the histopathological characteristics of the granulomatous lesions, and plasmatic gp43 soluble antigens and anti-hMM IgG levels were analyzed at 28 and 56 days after infection. The lung and liver CFU were lower in mice previously immunized with the hMM fraction (P < 0.05). The granulomatous lesions revealed a greater degree of compaction and organization, with no dissemination of the fungus to other organs. Lower soluble antigen levels (P < 0.05) and higher IgG anti-hMM fraction (P < 0.05) were observed in immunized groups. The results for CFU, histopathology and antigenemia suggest that the hMM fraction has a protective effect in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in BALB/c mice.
Collapse
|