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Iibushi J, Nozawa T, Toh H, Nakagawa I. ATG9B regulates bacterial internalization via actin rearrangement. iScience 2024; 27:109623. [PMID: 38706859 PMCID: PMC11066431 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive bacterial pathogens are internalized by host cells through endocytosis, which is regulated by a cascade of actin rearrangement signals triggered by host cell receptors or bacterial proteins delivered into host cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate actin rearrangement to promote bacterial invasion are not fully understood. Here, we show that the autophagy-related (ATG) protein ATG9B regulates the internalization of various bacteria by controlling actin rearrangement. ATG knockout screening and knockdown experiments in HeLa cells identified ATG9B as a critical factor for bacterial internalization. In particular, cells with ATG9B knockdown exhibited an accumulation of actin filaments and phosphorylated LIM kinase and cofilin, suggesting that ATG9B is involved in actin depolymerization. Furthermore, the kinase activity of Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 was found to regulate ATG9B localization and actin remodeling. These findings revealed a newly discovered function of ATG proteins in bacterial infection rather than autophagy-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Iibushi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Toh
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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Wahlenmayer ER, Hammers DE. Streptococcal peptides and their roles in host-microbe interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282622. [PMID: 37915845 PMCID: PMC10617681 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Streptococcus encompasses many bacterial species that are associated with hosts, ranging from asymptomatic colonizers and commensals to pathogens with a significant global health burden. Streptococci produce numerous factors that enable them to occupy their host-associated niches, many of which alter their host environment to the benefit of the bacteria. The ability to manipulate host immune systems to either evade detection and clearance or induce a hyperinflammatory state influences whether bacteria are able to survive and persist in a given environment, while also influencing the propensity of the bacteria to cause disease. Several bacterial factors that contribute to this inter-species interaction have been identified. Recently, small peptides have become increasingly appreciated as factors that contribute to Streptococcal relationships with their hosts. Peptides are utilized by streptococci to modulate their host environment in several ways, including by directly interacting with host factors to disrupt immune system function and signaling to other bacteria to control the expression of genes that contribute to immune modulation. In this review, we discuss the many contributions of Streptococcal peptides in terms of their ability to contribute to pathogenesis and disruption of host immunity. This discussion will highlight the importance of continuing to elucidate the functions of these Streptococcal peptides and pursuing the identification of new peptides that contribute to modulation of host environments. Developing a greater understanding of how bacteria interact with their hosts has the potential to enable the development of techniques to inhibit these peptides as therapeutic approaches against Streptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Hammers
- Biology Department, Houghton University, Houghton, NY, United States
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Luo Y, Tong Y, Wu L, Niu H, Li Y, Su LC, Wu Y, Bozec A, Zaiss MM, Qing P, Zhao H, Tan C, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Tang H, Liu Y. Alteration of Gut Microbiota in Individuals at High-Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated With Disturbed Metabolome and the Initiation of Arthritis Through the Triggering of Mucosal Immunity Imbalance. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1736-1748. [PMID: 37219936 DOI: 10.1002/art.42616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to decipher the gut microbiome (GM) and serum metabolic characteristic of individuals at high risk for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to investigate the causative effect of GM on the mucosal immune system and its involvement in the pathogenesis of arthritis. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from 38 healthy individuals and 53 high-risk RA individuals with anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) positivity (Pre-RA), 12 of 53 Pre-RA individuals developed RA within 5 years of follow-up. The differences in intestinal microbial composition between the healthy controls and Pre-RA individuals or among Pre-RA subgroups were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The serum metabolite profile and its correlation with GM were also explored. Moreover, antibiotic-pretreated mice that received GM from the healthy control or Pre-RA groups were then evaluated for intestinal permeability, inflammatory cytokines, and immune cell populations. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was also applied to test the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from Pre-RA individuals on arthritis severity in mice. RESULTS Stool microbial diversity was lower in Pre-RA individuals than in healthy controls. The bacterial community structure and function significantly differed between healthy controls and Pre-RA individuals. Although there were differences to some extent in the bacterial abundance among the Pre-RA subgroups, no robust functional differences were observed. The metabolites in the serum of the Pre-RA group were dramatically different from those in the healthy controls group, with KEGG pathway enrichment of amino acid and lipid metabolism. Moreover, intestinal bacteria from the Pre-RA group increased intestinal permeability in FMT mice and zonula occludens-1 expression in the small intestine and Caco-2 cells. Moreover, Th17 cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were also increased in mice receiving Pre-RA feces compared to healthy controls. The changes in intestinal permeability and Th17-cell activation prior to arthritis induction enhanced CIA severity in PreRA-FMT mice compared with HC-FMT mice. CONCLUSION Gut microbial dysbiosis and metabolome alterations already occur in individuals at high risk for RA. FMT from preclinical individuals triggers intestinal barrier dysfunction and changes mucosal immunity, further contributing to the development of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanli Tong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Chong Su
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic diseases, Enshi, China
| | - Yuxi Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aline Bozec
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pingying Qing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyu Tan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huairong Tang
- Health Management Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Saeed K, Sendi P, Arnold WV, Bauer TW, Coraça-Huber DC, Chen AF, Choe H, Daiss JL, Ghert M, Hickok NJ, Nishitani K, Springer BD, Stoodley P, Sculco TP, Brause BD, Parvizi J, McLaren AC, Schwarz EM. Bacterial toxins in musculoskeletal infections. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:240-250. [PMID: 32255540 PMCID: PMC7541548 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal infections (MSKIs) remain a major health burden in orthopaedics. Bacterial toxins are foundational to pathogenesis in MSKI, but poorly understood by the community of providers that care for patients with MSKI, inducing an international group of microbiologists, infectious diseases specialists, orthopaedic surgeons and biofilm scientists to review the literature in this field to identify key topics and compile the current knowledge on the role of toxins in MSKI, with the goal of illuminating potential impact on biofilm formation and dispersal as well as therapeutic strategies. The group concluded that further research is needed to maximize our understanding of the effect of toxins on MSKIs, including: (i) further research to identify the roles of bacterial toxins in MSKIs, (ii) establish the understanding of the importance of environmental and host factors and in vivo expression of toxins throughout the course of an infection, (iii) establish the principles of drug-ability of antitoxins as antimicrobial agents in MSKIs, (iv) have well-defined metrics of success for antitoxins as antiinfective drugs, (v) design a cocktail of antitoxins against specific pathogens to (a) inhibit biofilm formation and (b) inhibit toxin release. The applicability of antitoxins as potential antimicrobials in the era of rising antibiotic resistance could meet the needs of day-to-day clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kordo Saeed
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Microbiology, Microbiology Innovation and Research Unit (MIRU), Southampton, UK; and University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton UK
| | - Parham Sendi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology/ Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - William V. Arnold
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W. Bauer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Débora C. Coraça-Huber
- Research Laboratory for Implant Associated Infections (Biofilm Lab), Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonia F. Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyonmin Choe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - John L. Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Ghert
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Noreen J. Hickok
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bryan D. Springer
- OrthoCarolina Hip and Knee Center, Atrium Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity and OrthopedicsInfectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 716 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus OH, Canada
- National Centre for Microbial Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Thomas P. Sculco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barry D. Brause
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Javad Parvizi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex C. McLaren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Volzke J, Schultz D, Kordt M, Müller M, Bergmann W, Methling K, Kreikemeyer B, Müller-Hilke B. Inflammatory Joint Disease Is a Risk Factor for Streptococcal Sepsis and Septic Arthritis in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579475. [PMID: 33117382 PMCID: PMC7576673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic arthritis is a medical emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality, yet hardly any novel advances exist for its clinical management. Despite septic arthritis being a global health burden, experimental data uncovering its etiopathogenesis remain scarce. In particular, any interplay between septic arthritis and preceding joint diseases are unknown as is the contribution of the synovial membrane to the onset of inflammation. Using C57BL/6 mice as a model to study sepsis, we discovered that Group A Streptococcus (GAS) – an important pathogen causing septic arthritis - was able to invade the articular microenvironment. Bacterial invasion resulted in the infiltration of immune cells and detrimental inflammation. In vitro infected fibroblast-like synoviocytes induced the expression of chemokines (Ccl2, Cxcl2), inflammatory cytokines (Tnf, Il6), and integrin ligands (ICAM-1, VCAM-1). Apart from orchestrating immune cell attraction and retention, synoviocytes also upregulated mediators impacting on bone remodeling (Rankl) and cartilage integrity (Mmp13). Using collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 × B10.Q F1 mice, we could show that an inflammatory joint disease exacerbated subsequent septic arthritis which was associated with an excessive release of cytokines and eicosanoids. Importantly, the severity of joint inflammation controlled the extent of bone erosions during septic arthritis. In order to ameliorate septic arthritis, our results suggest that targeting synoviocytes might be a promising approach when treating patients with inflammatory joint disease for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Volzke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Schultz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcel Kordt
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karen Methling
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Rabinovich IM, Snegirev MV, Markheev CI. [Dental root resorption etiology, diagnosis and treatment]. STOMATOLOGII︠A︡ 2019; 98:109-116. [PMID: 31322606 DOI: 10.17116/stomat201998031109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The process of resorption of hard tooth tissues is associated with the activity of osteoclasts. However, the initiation of resorption can be caused by many factors acting separately or simultaneously. The paper presents the characteristics of pathological tooth resorption. The main etiological factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, as well as treatment of various forms of tooth resorption are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Rabinovich
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Snegirev
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ch I Markheev
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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Yi J, Tang R, Yang J, Chen Y, Fei J. Streptolysin O derived from Streptococcus pyogenes inhibits RANKL‑induced osteoclastogenesis through the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:414-422. [PMID: 30431141 PMCID: PMC6297742 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is a clinically significant bacterial strain that causes bacterial arthritis, osteomyelitis and implant infections. Infection complications can lead to serious bone destruction. Osteoclasts, the only type of cell with bone resorption function, participate in this process. Streptolysin O (SLO) is produced by almost all clinical Streptococcus pyogenes isolates. However, the role of SLO in bone infection caused by GAS had not been previously examined. The current study was performed to define the effects of SLO on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-stimulated osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Results demonstrated that SLO decreased the phosphorylation of p65 and NF-κB inhibitor α, suppressed c-FOS and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1, and downregulated the expression of osteoclast marker genes. SLO also induced apoptosis of mature osteoclasts. The results suggested that SLO blocked osteoclast activation during GAS infection. These findings may prove useful in the development of novel strategies for treating GAS-associated bone infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yi
- Centre of Trauma of PLA, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ruohui Tang
- Centre of Trauma of PLA, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre of Trauma of PLA, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jun Fei
- Centre of Trauma of PLA, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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Yamada Y, Yamada M, Ueda T, Sakurai K. Reduction of biofilm formation on titanium surface with ultraviolet-C pre-irradiation. J Biomater Appl 2013; 29:161-171. [PMID: 24368397 DOI: 10.1177/0885328213518085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultraviolet-C irradiation on titanium implants has been recently introduced as photofunctionalization to enhance osseointegration, which possibly also provide anti-microbial function to titanium surface as with photocatalyst. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ultraviolet-C pre-irradiation to various topographical titanium surfaces on the attachment or biofilm formation of wound pathogens in comparison with that of ultraviolet-A pre-irradiation, with consideration for the physicochemical mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The amount of wound pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes on titanium disks with mirror-polished, turned, acid-etched, or shot-blasted surfaces with or without 500 J/cm2 ultraviolet-A or ultraviolet-C pre-irradiation for 8 h incubation in brain heart infusion broth was evaluated by fluorescence microscopic quantification with 5-cyano-2, 3-ditolyl-2 H-tetrazolium chloride staining for viable bacteria. The surface roughness, wettability, and atomic composition of the surface were evaluated before and after ultraviolet-A or ultraviolet-C irradiation. RESULTS Regardless of topographies, the amount of bacterial attachment and accumulation was lower on ultraviolet-C pre-irradiated surfaces than on the non-irradiated surface through 8 h incubation. The reducing effect of bacterial accumulation on the roughened surfaces by ultraviolet-A pre-irradiation was inferior to that by ultraviolet-C. Despite no effect on surface topography, ultraviolet-C irradiation changed wettability to superhydrophilicity and reduced carbon contents on any titanium surface with a greater degree than those by ultraviolet-A irradiation. CONCLUSION Ultraviolet-C irradiation reduced the attachment and biofilm formation of wound pathogens on various topographical titanium surfaces, rivaling or surpassing UVA irradiation in degree. The mechanism might involve superhydrophilicity and carbon elimination on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamada
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics & Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamada
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics & Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ueda
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics & Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakurai
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics & Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Resorption: part 1. Pathology, classification and aetiology. Br Dent J 2013; 214:439-51. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Jauregui CE, Mansell JP, Jepson MA, Jenkinson HF. Differential interactions of Streptococcus gordonii and Staphylococcus aureus with cultured osteoblasts. Mol Oral Microbiol 2013; 28:250-66. [PMID: 23413785 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The impedance of normal osteoblast function by microorganisms is at least in part responsible for the failure of dental or orthopedic implants. Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of bone, and exhibits high levels of adhesion and invasion of osteoblasts. In this article we show that the commensal oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii also adheres to and is internalized by osteoblasts. Entry of S. gordonii cells had typical features of phagocytosis, similar to S. aureus, with membrane protrusions characterizing initial uptake, and closure of the osteoblast membrane leading to engulfment. The sensitivities of S. gordonii internalization to inhibitors cytochalasin D, colchicine and monensin indicated uptake through endocytosis, with requirement for actin accumulation. Internalization levels of S. gordonii were enhanced by expression of S. aureus fibronectin-binding protein A (FnBPA) on the S. gordonii cell surface. Lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 phagosomal membrane marker accumulated with intracellular S. aureus and S. gordonii FnBPA, indicating trafficking of bacteria into the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Streptococcus gordonii cells did not survive intracellularly for more than 12 h, unless expressing FnBPA, whereas S. aureus showed extended survival times (>48 h). Both S. aureus and S. gordonii DL-1 elicited a rapid interleukin-8 response by osteoblasts, whereas S. gordonii FnBPA was slower. Only S. aureus elicited an interleukin-6 response. Hence, S. gordonii invades osteoblasts by a mechanism similar to that exhibited by S. aureus, and elicits a proinflammatory response that may promote bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Jauregui
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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11
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease affecting 1–2% of general worldwide population. The etiopathogenesis of RA involves the interplay of multiple genetic risk factors and environmental triggers. Microbial infections are believed to play an important role in the initiation and perpetuation of RA. Recent clinical studies have shown the association of microbial infections with RA. Accumulated studies using animal models have also found that microbial infections can induce and/or exaggerate the symptoms of experimental arthritis. In this review, we have identified the most common microbial infections associated with RA in the literature and summarized the current evidence supporting their pathogenic role in RA. We also discussed the potential mechanisms whereby infection may promote the development of RA, such as generation of neo-autoantigens, induction of loss of tolerance by molecular mimicry, and bystander activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yinshi Yue
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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12
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Reddi D, Brown SJ, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces RANKL in bone marrow stromal cells: involvement of the p38 MAPK. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:415-20. [PMID: 21939752 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a bacterially-induced oral inflammatory disease that is characterised by tissue degradation and bone loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram negative bacterial species highly associated with the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) induces bone resorption whilst osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor that blocks this process. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandin (PGE)(2,) which is a major inflammatory mediator of bone resorption. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are intracellular signalling molecules involved in various cell processes, including inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of P. gingivalis on MAPKs and their involvement in the regulation of RANKL, OPG and COX-2 expression in bone marrow stromal cells. P. gingivalis challenge resulted in the phosphorylation of primarily the p38 MAPK. RANKL and COX-2 mRNA expressions were up-regulated, whereas OPG was down-regulated by P. gingivalis. The p38 synthetic inhibitor SB203580 abolished the P. gingivalis-induced RANKL and COX-2 expression, but did not affect OPG. Collectively, these results suggest that the p38 MAPK pathway is involved in the induction of RANKL and COX-2 by P. gingivalis, providing further insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Okahashi N, Okinaga T, Sakurai A, Terao Y, Nakata M, Nakashima K, Shintani S, Kawabata S, Ooshima T, Nishihara T. Streptococcus sanguinis induces foam cell formation and cell death of macrophages in association with production of reactive oxygen species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 323:164-70. [PMID: 22092716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis, a normal inhabitant of the human oral cavity, is a common streptococcal species implicated in infective endocarditis. Herein, we investigated the effects of infection with S. sanguinis on foam cell formation and cell death of macrophages. Infection with S. sanguinis stimulated foam cell formation of THP-1, a human macrophage cell line. At a multiplicity of infection >100, S. sanguinis-induced cell death of the macrophages. Viable bacterial infection was required to trigger cell death because heat-inactivated S. sanguinis did not induce cell death. The production of cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α from macrophages was also stimulated during bacterial infection. Inhibition of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted in reduced cell death, suggesting an association of ROS with cell death. Furthermore, S. sanguinis-induced cell death appeared to be independent of activation of inflammasomes, because cleavage of procaspase-1 was not evident in infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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14
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Okahashi N, Nakata M, Sakurai A, Terao Y, Hoshino T, Yamaguchi M, Isoda R, Sumitomo T, Nakano K, Kawabata S, Ooshima T. Pili of oral Streptococcus sanguinis bind to fibronectin and contribute to cell adhesion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1192-6. [PMID: 20004645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a predominant bacterium in the human oral cavity and occasionally causes infective endocarditis. We identified a unique cell surface polymeric structure named pili in this species and investigated its functions in regard to its potential virulence. Pili of S. sanguinis strain SK36 were shown to be composed of three distinctive pilus proteins (PilA, PilB, and PilC), and a pili-deficient mutant demonstrated reduced bacterial adherence to HeLa and human oral epithelial cells. PilC showed a binding ability to fibronectin, suggesting that pili are involved in colonization by this species. In addition, ATCC10556, a standard S. sanguinis strain, was unable to produce pili due to defective pilus genes, which indicates a diversity of pilus expression among various S. sanguinis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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15
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Staphylococcus aureus induces expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand and prostaglandin E2 in infected murine osteoblasts. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5120-6. [PMID: 18765718 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00228-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory disease of the bone that is characterized by the presence of necrotic bone tissue and increased osteoclast activity. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for approximately 80% of all cases of human osteomyelitis. While the disease is especially difficult to treat, the pathogenesis of S. aureus-induced osteomyelitis is poorly understood. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which S. aureus induces osteomyelitis could lead to a better understanding of the disease and its progression and development of new treatments. Osteoblasts can produce several soluble factors that serve to modulate the activity or formation of osteoclasts. Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANK-L) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) are two such molecules which can promote osteoclastogenesis and stimulate bone resorption. In addition, previous studies in our laboratory have shown that osteoblasts produce inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6, following infection with S. aureus, which could induce COX-2 and in turn PGE(2), further modulating osteoclast recruitment and differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that following infection with S. aureus, osteoblasts will express increased levels of RANK-L and PGE(2). The results presented in this study provide evidence for the first time that RANK-L mRNA and protein and PGE(2) expression are upregulated in S. aureus-infected primary osteoblasts. In addition, through the use of the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS 398, we show that when PGE(2) production is inhibited, RANK-L production is decreased. These data suggest a mechanism whereby osteoblasts regulate the production of RANK-L during infection.
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16
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Sakurai A, Okahashi N, Maruyama F, Ooshima T, Hamada S, Nakagawa I. Streptococcus pyogenes degrades extracellular matrix in chondrocytes via MMP-13. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:450-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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17
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Ishida I, Kohda C, Yanagawa Y, Miyaoka H, Shimamura T. Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in Staphylococcus aureus infection in osteoblast-like NRG cells. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1042-1046. [PMID: 17644710 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechin, a constituent of tea, possesses various bioactivities. In particular, the most abundant catechin in tea is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), which has an anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, the usability of EGCg for osteomyelitis treatment was examined. Osteomyelitis is a difficult disease to cure, partly due to bone lysis caused by infected osteoblasts. Since bone lysis is promoted by proinflammatory cytokines and the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoblasts were infected with Staphylococcus aureus and the effect of EGCg on the production of cytokines was examined. It was found that the production of interleukin 6 and RANKL was suppressed in the osteoblasts treated with EGCg, which indicated an inflammation suppression effect of EGCg in osteomyelitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Ishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Kohda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Yanagawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyo Miyaoka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Shimamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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18
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Maruyama K, Takada Y, Ray N, Kishimoto Y, Penninger JM, Yasuda H, Matsuo K. Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand and Osteoprotegerin Regulate Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3799-805. [PMID: 16951341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a membrane-bound or soluble cytokine essential for osteoclast differentiation, whereas the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) masks RANKL activity. In mouse serum, both soluble RANKL and OPG are detectable. We observed that mice injected with LPS showed significantly down-regulated serum RANKL levels, whereas serum OPG levels were up-regulated. However, the roles of RANKL and OPG in innate immunity remain obscure. We found that RANKL pretreatment suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages in response to stimulation by bacteria and their components. Furthermore, such RANKL-induced tolerance in macrophages was inhibited by GM-CSF treatment, which blocks RANKL signaling. RANKL-induced tolerance occurred in the absence of c-Fos, which is essential for osteoclast differentiation. In mice lacking OPG, LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines was reduced, whereas in mice lacking RANKL, it was increased, and lethality following LPS injection was also elevated, suggesting that constitutive activities of RANKL suppress cytokine responsiveness to LPS in vivo. Strikingly, prior administration of RANKL protected mice from LPS-induced death. These data reveal prophylactic potential of RANKL in acute inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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HAAPASALO MARKUS, ENDAL UNNI. Internal inflammatory root resorption: the unknown resorption of the tooth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2008.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Ohno T, Okahashi N, Kawai S, Kato T, Inaba H, Shibata Y, Morisaki I, Abiko Y, Amano A. Proinflammatory gene expression in mouse ST2 cell line in response to infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1025-34. [PMID: 16476562 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a predominant periodontal pathogen, whose infection causes inflammatory responses in periodontal tissue and alveolar bone resorption. Various virulence factors of this pathogen modulate host innate immune responses. It has been reported that gingipains degrade a wide variety of host cell proteins, and fimbriae are involved in bacterial adhesion to and invasion of host cells. In the present study, we profiled ST2 stromal cell gene expression following infection with the viable P. gingivalis strain ATCC33277 as well as with its gingipain- and fimbriae-deficient mutants, using microarray technology and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Using a mouse array of about 20,000 genes, we found that infection with the wild strain elicited a significant upregulation (greater than 2-fold) of expression of about 360 genes in ST2 cells, which included the chemokines CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10, and other proinflammatory proteins such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). Further, infection with the gingipain-deficient mutant elicited a reduced expression of the CXCL10, IL-6 and MMP-13 genes, suggesting that gingipains play an important role in inducing the expression of those genes following P. gingivalis infection. On the other hand, the pattern of global gene expression induced by the fimbriae-deficient mutant was similar to that by the wild strain. These results suggest that P. gingivalis infection induces gene expression of a wide variety of proinflammatory proteins in stromal cells/osteoblasts, and gingipains may be involved in inducing several of the proinflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohno
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Tsai PJ, Chen YH, Hsueh CH, Hsieh HC, Liu YH, Wu JJ, Tsou CC. Streptococcus pyogenes induces epithelial inflammatory responses through NF-kappaB/MAPK signaling pathways. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1440-9. [PMID: 16702013 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity involves a cascade of inflammatory events, resulting in the secretion of chemokines and cytokines to recruit mediator cells in adaptive immunity. To study epithelial inflammatory responses initiated by Streptococcus pyogenes infection, we investigated chemotaxis ability in the supernatant of infected human respiratory epithelial HEp-2 cells. Our results showed that these supernatants showed significantly increased ability to attract monocytes, implying the release of inflammatory chemoattractants into the medium. Expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 in HEp-2 cells was significantly increased at both the mRNA and protein levels after infection with S. pyogenes. Electrophoretic mobility shift and reporter-gene assays demonstrated that the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1, regulated by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, were activated after streptococcal infection. The increases in mRNAs for IL-8 and IL-6 were abrogated by addition of NF-kappaB and MAP kinase inhibitors, suggesting that the upregulation of IL-8 and IL-6 is mediated through NF-kappaB and MAP kinase signaling pathways. Taken together, our results indicate that S. pyogenes infection of epithelial cells induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines through activation of NF-kappaB and MAP kinase signaling pathways. These early innate responses initiated by S. pyogenes-infected respiratory epithelial cells may recruit immune cells to the airway and induce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jane Tsai
- Graduate Institutes of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Medical College, Tzu-Chi University, 701, Chung Yan Road Section 3, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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22
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Ratner AJ, Hippe KR, Aguilar JL, Bender MH, Nelson AL, Weiser JN. Epithelial cells are sensitive detectors of bacterial pore-forming toxins. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12994-8. [PMID: 16520379 PMCID: PMC1586115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511431200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells act as an interface between human mucosal surfaces and the surrounding environment. As a result, they are responsible for the initiation of local immune responses, which may be crucial for prevention of invasive infection. Here we show that epithelial cells detect the presence of bacterial pore-forming toxins (including pneumolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae, alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus, streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes, and anthrolysin O from Bacillus anthracis) at nanomolar concentrations, far below those required to cause cytolysis. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK appears to be a conserved response of epithelial cells to subcytolytic concentrations of bacterial poreforming toxins, and this activity is inhibited by the addition of high molecular weight osmolytes to the extracellular medium. By sensing osmotic stress caused by the insertion of a sublethal number of pores into their membranes, epithelial cells may act as an early warning system to commence an immune response, while the local density of toxin-producing bacteria remains low. Osmosensing may thus represent a novel innate immune response to a common bacterial virulence strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Ratner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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23
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Taubman MA, Valverde P, Han X, Kawai T. Immune response: the key to bone resorption in periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2006; 76:2033-41. [PMID: 16277573 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11-s.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease infection with oral biofilm microorganisms initiates host immune response and signs of periodontitis, including bone resorption. This review delineates some mechanisms underlying the host immune response in periodontal infection and alveolar bone resorption. Activated T lymphocytes have been historically implicated in experimental periodontal bone resorption. An experimental rat adoptive transfer/gingival challenge periodontal disease model has been demonstrated to require antigen-specific T lymphocytes and gingival instillation of antigen and LPS for bone resorption. Interference with costimulatory interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells abrogated bone resorption, further emphasizing the significance of immune response in periodontal disease. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), a critical osteoclast differentiation factor, is expressed on T lymphocytes in human periodontal disease as determined by immunohistochemical and confocal microscopic analyses. Interference with RANKL by systemic administration of osteoprotegerin (OPG), the decoy receptor for (and inhibitor of) RANKL, resulted in abrogation of periodontal bone resorption in the rat model. This finding indicated that T cell-mediated bone resorption is RANKL-dependent. In additional experiments, treatment of T cell-transferred rats with kaliotoxin (a scorpion venom potassium channel inhibitor) resulted in decreases in T-cell RANKL expression, diminished induction of RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis, and abrogation of bone resorption, implicating an important role of immune response/RANKL expression in osteoclastogenesis/bone resorption. In other experiments, adoptive transfer of antigen-specific, RANKL-expressing B cells, and infection with the antigen-bearing Actinobaccillus actinomycetemcomitans gave rise to periodontal bone resorption, indicating that B cells also have the capacity to mediate bone resorption, probably via RANKL expression. In humans, prominent T lymphocytes have been identified in periodontal disease, and diseased tissues showed elevated RANKL mRNA expression, as well as decreased OPG mRNA expression. Mononuclear cells from periodontal lesions involving T cells and B cells of patients induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. In summary, a biofilm interface initiates immune cell infiltration, stimulating osteoclastogenesis/bone resorption in periodontal disease. This resorption can be ameliorated by inhibition of RANKL activity or by diminishing immune cell stimulation. These two procedures, if localized, have the potential to lead to the prevention or therapeutic management of periodontal disease and therefore require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Taubman
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Okahashi N, Inaba H, Nakagawa I, Yamamura T, Kuboniwa M, Nakayama K, Hamada S, Amano A. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand expression in osteoblasts through the activator protein 1 pathway. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1706-14. [PMID: 14977979 PMCID: PMC356028 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1706-1714.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important periodontal pathogen, is closely associated with inflammatory alveolar bone resorption, and several components of the organism such as lipopolysaccharides have been reported to stimulate production of cytokines that promote inflammatory bone destruction. We investigated the effect of infection with viable P. gingivalis on cytokine production by osteoblasts. Reverse transcription-PCR and real-time PCR analyses revealed that infection with P. gingivalis induced receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression in mouse primary osteoblasts. Production of interleukin-6 was also stimulated; however, osteoprotegerin was not. SB20350 (an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase), PD98059 (an inhibitor of classic mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MEK1/2), wortmannin (an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase), and carbobenzoxyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-leucinal (an inhibitor of NF-kappaB) did not prevent the RANKL expression induced by P. gingivalis. Degradation of inhibitor of NF-kappaB-alpha was not detectable; however, curcumin, an inhibitor of activator protein 1 (AP-1), prevented the RANKL production induced by P. gingivalis infection. Western blot analysis revealed that phosphorylation of c-Jun, a component of AP-1, occurred in the infected cells, and an analysis of c-Fos binding to an oligonucleotide containing an AP-1 consensus site also demonstrated AP-1 activation in infected osteoblasts. Infection with P. gingivalis KDP136, an isogenic deficient mutant of arginine- and lysine-specific cysteine proteinases, did not stimulate RANKL production. These results suggest that P. gingivalis infection induces RANKL expression in osteoblasts through AP-1 signaling pathways and cysteine proteases of the organism are involved in RANKL production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka-Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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25
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Sakurai A, Okahashi N, Nakagawa I, Kawabata S, Amano A, Ooshima T, Hamada S. Streptococcus pyogenes infection induces septic arthritis with increased production of the receptor activator of the NF-kappaB ligand. Infect Immun 2003; 71:6019-26. [PMID: 14500523 PMCID: PMC201078 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.10.6019-6026.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial arthritis is a rapidly progressive and highly destructive joint disease in humans, with Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae the major causative agents, although beta-hemolytic streptococci as well often induce the disease. We demonstrate here that intravenous inoculation of CD-1 mice with the group A streptococcus (GAS) species Streptococcus pyogenes resulted in a high incidence of septic arthritis. Signs of arthritis emerged within the first few days after injection, and bacterial examinations revealed that colonization of the inoculated GAS in the arthritic joints persisted for 21 days. Induction of persistent septic arthritis was dependent on the number of microorganisms inoculated. Immunohistochemical staining of GAS with anti-GAS antibodies revealed colonization in the joints of infected mice. Cytokine levels were quantified in the joints and sera of infected mice by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-6 were detected in the joints from 3 to 20 days after infection. We noted that an increase in the amount of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), which is a key cytokine in osteoclastogenesis, was also evident in the joints of the infected mice. RANKL was not detected in sera, indicating local production of RANKL in the infected joints. Blocking of RANKL by osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor of RANKL, prevented bone destruction in the infected joints. These results suggest that GAS can colonize in the joints and induce bacterial arthritis. Local RANKL production in the infected joints may be involved in bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Sakurai
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi-Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Okahashi
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi-Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Phone: 81-6-6879-2976. Fax: 81-6-6879-2976. E-mail:
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi-Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi-Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi-Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooshima
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi-Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Departments of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka 565-0871, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi-Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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