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Alghanmi M, Minshawi F, Altorki TA, Zawawi A, Alsaady I, Naser AY, Alwafi H, Alsulami SM, Azhari AA, Hashem AM, Alhabbab R. Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators: a systematic review of their promise in alleviating colitis. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:21. [PMID: 38637733 PMCID: PMC11025257 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Helminth-derived proteins have immunomodulatory properties, influencing the host's immune response as an adaptive strategy for helminth survival. Helminth-derived proteins modulate the immune response by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoting regulatory T-cell development, and ultimately favouring a Th2-biased immune response. This systematic review focused on helminth-derived proteins and explored their impact on reducing inflammatory responses in mouse models of colitis. A systematic search across Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library identified fourteen relevant studies. These studies reported immunomodulatory changes, including increased production of anti-inflammatory cells and cytokines. In mouse models of colitis treated with on helminth-derived proteins, significant improvements in pathological parameters such as body weight, colon length, and microscopic inflammatory scores were observed compared to control groups. Moreover, helminth-derived proteins can enhance the function of Tregs and alleviate the severity of inflammatory conditions. The findings underscore the pivotal role of helminth-derived proteins in immunomodulation, specifically in the axis of cytokine secretion and immune cell polarization. The findings offer new opportunities for treating chronic inflammatory conditions such Crohn's disease.
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Grants
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- IFPRC-408160-290-2020 the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimonah Alghanmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa A Altorki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra Alsaady
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agent Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Y Naser
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hassan Alwafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soa'ad M Alsulami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Laboratories, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ala A Azhari
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Alhabbab
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Acevedo N, Lozano A, Zakzuk J, Llinás-Caballero K, Brodin D, Nejsum P, Williams AR, Caraballo L. Cystatin from the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides upregulates mevalonate and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways and immunomodulatory genes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328401. [PMID: 38481989 PMCID: PMC10936004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ascaris lumbricoides cystatin (Al-CPI) prevents the development of allergic airway inflammation and dextran-induced colitis in mice models. It has been suggested that helminth-derived cystatins inhibit cathepsins in dendritic cells (DC), but their immunomodulatory mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to analyze the transcriptional profile of human monocyte-derived DC (moDC) upon stimulation with Al-CPI to elucidate target genes and pathways of parasite immunomodulation. Methods moDC were generated from peripheral blood monocytes from six healthy human donors of Denmark, stimulated with 1 µM of Al-CPI, and cultured for 5 hours at 37°C. RNA was sequenced using TrueSeq RNA libraries and the NextSeq 550 v2.5 (75 cycles) sequencing kit (Illumina, Inc). After QC, reads were aligned to the human GRCh38 genome using Spliced Transcripts Alignment to a Reference (STAR) software. Differential expression was calculated by DESEq2 and expressed in fold changes (FC). Cell surface markers and cytokine production by moDC were evaluated by flow cytometry. Results Compared to unstimulated cells, Al-CPI stimulated moDC showed differential expression of 444 transcripts (|FC| ≥1.3). The top significant differences were in Kruppel-like factor 10 (KLF10, FC 3.3, PBH = 3 x 10-136), palladin (FC 2, PBH = 3 x 10-41), and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR, FC 2.6, PBH = 5 x 10-41). Upregulated genes were enriched in regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) signaling pathways and immune pathways. Several genes in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway showed significantly increased expression upon Al-CPI stimulation, even in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Regarding the pathway of negative regulation of immune response, we found a significant decrease in the cell surface expression of CD86, HLA-DR, and PD-L1 upon stimulation with 1 µM Al-CPI. Conclusion Al-CPI modifies the transcriptome of moDC, increasing several transcripts encoding enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and SREBP signaling. Moreover, Al-CPI target several transcripts in the TNF-alpha signaling pathway influencing cytokine release by moDC. In addition, mRNA levels of genes encoding KLF10 and other members of the TGF beta and the IL-10 families were also modified by Al-CPI stimulation. The regulation of the mevalonate pathway and cholesterol biosynthesis suggests new mechanisms involved in DC responses to helminth immunomodulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ana Lozano
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - David Brodin
- Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis Core Facility (BEA), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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Chantree P, Tarasuk M, Prathaphan P, Ruangtong J, Jamklang M, Chumkiew S, Martviset P. Type I Cystatin Derived from Fasciola gigantica Suppresses Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030395. [PMID: 36986318 PMCID: PMC10051455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an inverse relationship between the high incidence of helminth infection and the low incidence of inflammatory disease. Hence, it may be that helminth molecules have anti-inflammatory effects. Helminth cystatins are being extensively studied for anti-inflammatory potential. Therefore, in this study, the recombinant type I cystatin (stefin-1) of Fasciola gigantica (rFgCyst) was verified to have LPS-activated anti-inflammatory potential, including in human THP-1-derived macrophages and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The results from the MTT assay suggest that rFgCyst did not alter cell viability; moreover, it exerted anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 at the gene transcription and protein expression levels, as determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Further, the secretion levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α determined by ELISA and the NO production level determined by the Griess test were decreased. Furthermore, in Western blot analysis, the anti-inflammatory effects involved the downregulation of pIKKα/β, pIκBα, and pNF-κB in the NF-κB signaling pathway, hence reducing the translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus of pNF-κB, which subsequently turned on the gene of proinflammatory molecules. Therefore, cystatin type 1 of F. gigantica is a potential candidate for inflammatory disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Research Group in Medical Biomolecules, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mayuri Tarasuk
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Parisa Prathaphan
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jittiporn Ruangtong
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mantana Jamklang
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Chumkiew
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Research Group in Medical Biomolecules, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-863590511
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The 22nd Chromatography Component of the Fasciola gigantica Excretory-Secretory Products Decreased the Proliferation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Buffalo. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040564. [PMID: 36830351 PMCID: PMC9951737 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 22nd chromatography component (F22) of the Fasciola gigantica excretory-secretory products (FgESP) shows better diagnostic value than the FgESP, and diagnostic methods based on F22 have also been established. Thus, exploring its immunomodulatory function and potential as a molecular vaccine candidate is attractive. In the present study, the effect of F22 on the mitogen-induced proliferation of buffalo peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the innate immune response was preliminarily studied using the FgESP as a control. PBMCs were incubated with concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at optimal (1 µg/well) or suboptimal (0.25 µg/well) doses coupled with FgESP and F22 at different doses (1-16 µg/well). Cell proliferation was then assessed by microenzyme reaction colorimetry (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay). In addition, the components of F22 were also explored by mass spectrometry and then subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis to infer their functions. The results indicated that FgESP decreased the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with ConA and PHA at specific doses, whereas F22 significantly decreased the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with ConA and PHA at both optimal and suboptimal doses (p < 0.05). Two hundred and sixteen proteins were identified in F22, and these included 86 proteins that could be assigned to more than one pathway and some with robust immunomodulatory ability. Further studies should be performed to investigate the immunomodulatory function of F22 in the adaptive immune response, and the components of F22 can be further studied as potential vaccine candidate molecules.
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Abo-Aziza FAM, Hendawy SHM, Abdullah HHAM, El Namaky A, Laidoudi Y, Mediannikov O. Emergent and Neglected Equine Filariosis in Egypt: Species Diversity and Host Immune Response. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090979. [PMID: 36145411 PMCID: PMC9501446 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine filariosis (EF) is a neglected vector-borne disease caused by nematode species belonging to the Onchocercidae and Setariidae families. Aside from their zoonotic potential, some species are responsible for serious health problems in equids worldwide, leading to significant economic difficulties. Here, we molecularly investigated equine blood samples (320 horses and 109 donkeys from Egypt) and four adult worms isolated from the peritoneal cavity of 5 out of the 94 slaughtered donkeys. In addition, quantitative enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) targeting circulating cytokines were used to identify whether the immunological profile of the infected animals is a Th1 (i.e., INF-gamma as indicator) or Th2 (i.e., IL-5 and IL-10 as indicators) response type. Overall, 13.8% and 0.3% of the donkeys and horses, respectively, were scored as positive for filaroid DNA. The 18S phylogeny revealed the occurrence of three different filaroid species, identified here as Mansonella (Tetrapetalonema) sp., Setaria digitata and Dirofilaria repens. Th1 (INF-gamma and IL-5) and Th2 (IL-10) immune response types were identified in equines infected with S. digitata and Mansonella (T.) sp., respectively. These results provide new data on the species diversity of EF in Egypt and extend knowledge of the downregulation of the protective immune response by the potentially zoonotic Mansonella (T) sp. There is an urgent need to implement control measures to preserve equine health and limit the propagation of these vector-borne filaroids in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A. M. Abo-Aziza
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Seham H. M. Hendawy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Unit, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hend H. A. M. Abdullah
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Amira El Namaky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Younes Laidoudi
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University of Constantine 1, El-Khroub 25100, Algeria
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-04-1373-24-01
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Li H, Qiu D, Yuan Y, Wang X, Wu F, Yang H, Wang S, Ma M, Qian Y, Zhan B, Yang X. Trichinella spiralis cystatin alleviates polymicrobial sepsis through activating regulatory macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108907. [PMID: 35691271 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a life-threateningorgandysfunction caused by the cytokine storm induced by the severe bacterial infection. Excessive inflammatory responses are responsible for the lethal organ damage during the early stage of sepsis. Helminth infection and helminth-derived proteins have been identified to have the ability to immunomodulate the host immune system by reducing inflammation against inflammatory diseases. Trichinella spiralis cystatin (Ts-Cys) is a cysteine protease inhibitor with strong immunomodulatory functions on host immune system. Our previous studies have shown that excretory-secretory proteins of T. spiralis reduced sepsis-induced inflammation and Ts-Cys was able to inhibit macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines. Whether Ts-Cys has a therapeutic effect on polymicrobial sepsis and related immunological mechanism are not yet known. METHODS Sepsis was induced in BALB/c mice using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), followed by intraperitoneal injection of 15 µg recombinant Ts-Cys (rTs-Cys). The therapeutic effect of rTs-Cys on sepsis was evaluated by observing the 72-hour survival rates of CLP-induced septic mice and the acute injury of lung and kidney through measuring the wet/dry weight ratio of lung, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in sera and the tissue section pathology. The potential underlying mechanism was investigated using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by observing the effect of rTs-Cys on LPS-stimulated macrophage polarization. The expression of genes associated with macrophage polarization in BMDMs and tissues of septic mice was measured by Western Blotting and qPCR. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated the treatment with rTs-Cys alleviated CLP-induced sepsis in mice with significantly reduced pathological injury in vital organs of lung and kidney and reduced mortality of septic mice. The further study identified that treatment with rTs-Cys promoted macrophage polarization from classically activated macrophage (M1) to alternatively activated macrophage (M2) phenotype via inhibiting TLR2/MyD88 signal pathway and increasing expression of mannose receptor (MR), inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and increased regulatory anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in sera and tissues (lung and kidney) of mice with polymicrobial sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that rTs-Cys had a therapeutic effect on sepsis through activating regulatory macrophages possibly via suppressing TLR2/MyD88 signal pathway. We also identified that rTs-Cys-induced M2 macrophage differentiation was associated with increased expression of MR on the surface of macrophages. Our results underscored the importance of MR in regulating macrophages during the treatment with rTs-Cys, providing another immunological mechanism in which helminths and their derived proteins modulate the host immune system. The findings in this study suggest that rTs-Cys is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Li
- Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Dapeng Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Fengjiao Wu
- Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Mengxi Ma
- Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yayun Qian
- Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
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Wu L, Bao F, Li L, Yin X, Hua Z. Bacterially mediated drug delivery and therapeutics: Strategies and advancements. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114363. [PMID: 35649449 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It was already clinically apparent 150 years ago that bacterial therapy could alleviate diseases. Recently, a burgeoning number of researchers have been using bacterial regimens filled with microbial therapeutic leads to diagnose and treat a wide range of disorders and diseases, including cancers, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders and viral infections. Some bacteria that were designed to have low toxicity and high efficiency in drug delivery have been used to treat diseases successfully, especially in tumor therapy in animal models or clinical trials, thanks to the progress of genetic engineering and synthetic bioengineering. Therefore, genetically engineered bacteria can serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles, carrying nucleic acids or genetic circuits that encode and regulate therapeutic payloads. In this review, we summarize the development and applications of this approach. Strategies for genetically modifying strains are described in detail, along with their objectives. We also describe some controlled strategies for drug delivery and release using these modified strains as carriers. Furthermore, we discuss treatment methods for various types of diseases using engineered bacteria. Tumors are discussed as the most representative example, and other diseases are also briefly described. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of drug delivery systems based on these bacteria.
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Okakpu OK, Dillman AR. Review of the Role of Parasitic Nematode Excretory/Secretory Proteins in Host Immunomodulation. J Parasitol 2022; 108:199-208. [DOI: 10.1645/21-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ogadinma K. Okakpu
- University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521
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Airs PM, Vaccaro K, Gallo KJ, Dinguirard N, Heimark ZW, Wheeler NJ, He J, Weiss KR, Schroeder NE, Huisken J, Zamanian M. Spatial transcriptomics reveals antiparasitic targets associated with essential behaviors in the human parasite Brugia malayi. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010399. [PMID: 35390105 PMCID: PMC9017939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a chronic debilitating neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by mosquito-transmitted nematodes that afflicts over 60 million people. Control of LF relies on routine mass drug administration with antiparasitics that clear circulating larval parasites but are ineffective against adults. The development of effective adulticides is hampered by a poor understanding of the processes and tissues driving parasite survival in the host. The adult filariae head region contains essential tissues that control parasite feeding, sensory, secretory, and reproductive behaviors, which express promising molecular substrates for the development of antifilarial drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics. We have adapted spatial transcriptomic approaches to map gene expression patterns across these prioritized but historically intractable head tissues. Spatial and tissue-resolved data reveal distinct biases in the origins of known drug targets and secreted antigens. These data were used to identify potential new drug and vaccine targets, including putative hidden antigens expressed in the alimentary canal, and to spatially associate receptor subunits belonging to druggable families. Spatial transcriptomic approaches provide a powerful resource to aid gene function inference and seed antiparasitic discovery pipelines across helminths of relevance to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Airs
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathy Vaccaro
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kendra J. Gallo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zachary W. Heimark
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicolas J. Wheeler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kurt R. Weiss
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan E. Schroeder
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jan Huisken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The yin and yang of human soil-transmitted helminth infections. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1243-1253. [PMID: 34774540 PMCID: PMC9145206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The major soil-transmitted helminths that infect humans are the roundworms, whipworms and hookworms. Soil-transmitted helminth infections rank among the most important neglected tropical diseases in terms of morbidity, and almost one billion people are still infected with at least one species. While anthelmintic drugs are available, they do not offer long term protection against reinfection, precipitating the need for vaccines that provide long-term immunologic defense. Vaccine discovery and development is in advanced clinical development for hookworm infection, with a bivalent human hookworm vaccine in clinical trials in Brazil and Africa, but is in its infancy for both roundworm (ascariasis) and whipworm (trichuriasis) infections. One of the greatest hurdles to developing soil-transmitted helminth vaccines is the potent immunoregulatory properties of these helminths, creating a barrier to the induction of meaningful long-term protective immunity. While challenging for vaccinologists, this phenomenon presents unique opportunities to develop an entirely new class of anti-inflammatory drugs that capitalise on these immunomodulatory strategies. Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials employing experimental soil-transmitted helminth challenge models, when coupled with findings from animal models, show that at least some soil-transmitted helminth-derived molecules can protect against the onset of autoimmune, allergic and metabolic disorders, and several natural products with the desired bioactivity have been isolated and tested in pre-clinical settings. The yin and yang of soil-transmitted helminth infections reflect both the urgency for effective vaccines and the potential for new immunoregulatory molecules from parasite products.
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Exploring Onchocerca volvulus Cysteine Protease Inhibitor for Multi-epitope Subunit Vaccine Against Onchocerciasis: An Immunoinformatics Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Das NC, Sen Gupta PS, Biswal S, Patra R, Rana MK, Mukherjee S. In-silico evidences on filarial cystatin as a putative ligand of human TLR4. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8808-8824. [PMID: 33955317 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1918252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin is a small molecular weight immunomodulatory protein of filarial parasite that plays a pivotal role in downregulating the host immune response to prolong the survival of the parasite inside the host body. Hitherto, this protein is familiar as an inhibitor of human proteases. However, growing evidences on the role of cystatin in regulating inflammatory homeostasis prompted us to investigate the molecular reasons behind the explicit anti-inflammatory trait of this protein. We have explored molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches to explore the interaction of cystatin of Wuchereria bancrofti (causative parasite of human filariasis) with human Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are the most crucial component of frontline host defence against pathogenic infections including filarial infection. Our in-silico data clearly revealed that cystatin strongly interacts with the extracellular domain of TLR4 (binding energy=-93.5 ± 10 kJ/mol) and this biophysical interaction is mediated by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis revealed excellent stability of the cystatin-TLR4 complex. Taken together, our data indicated that cystatin appears to be a ligand of TLR4 and we hypothesize that cystatin-TLR4 interaction most likely to play a key role in activating the alternative activation pathways to establish an anti-inflammatory milieu. Thus, the study provokes the development of chemotherapeutics and/or vaccines for targeting the cystatin-TLR4 interaction to disrupt the pathological attributes of human lymphatic filariasis. Our findings are expected to provide a novel dimension to the existing knowledge on filarial immunopathogenesis and it will encourage the scientific communities for experimental validation of the present investigation. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chandra Das
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Parth Sarthi Sen Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Satyaranjan Biswal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Malay Kumar Rana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
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Kwarteng A, Sylverken A, Asiedu E, Ahuno ST. Genome editing as control tool for filarial infections. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111292. [PMID: 33581654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human filarial infections are vector-borne nematode infections, which include lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, and mansonella filariasis. With a high prevalence in developing countries, filarial infections are responsible for some of the most debilitating morbidities and a vicious cycle of poverty and disease. Global initiatives set to eradicate these infections include community mass treatments, vector control, provision of care for morbidity, and search for vaccines. However, there are growing challenges associated with mass treatments, vector control, and antifilarial vaccine development. With the emergence of genome editing tools and successful applications in other infectious diseases, the integration of genetic editing techniques in future control strategies for filarial infections would offer the best option for eliminating filarial infections. In this review, we briefly discuss the mechanisms of the three main genetic editing techniques and explore the potential applications of these powerful tools to control filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Augustina Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Terkper Ahuno
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
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14
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Kobpornchai P, Tiffney EA, Adisakwattana P, Flynn RJ. Trichinella spiralis cystatin, TsCstN, modulates STAT4/IL-12 to specifically suppress IFN-γ production. Cell Immunol 2021; 362:104303. [PMID: 33611078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified a cystatin, TsCstN, derived from the L1 stage of Trichinella spiralis and have shown that this protein is internalised in macrophages. Here we sought to address if this macrophage-TsCstN interaction could alter downstream T-cell priming. Using LPS-primed macrophages to stimulate T-cells in a co-culture system with or without TsCstN we assessed the resultant T-cell outcomes. IFN-γ, both protein and mRNA, but not IL-17A was negatively regulated by inclusion of TsCstN during macrophage priming. We identified a cell-cell contact independent change in the levels of IL-12 that led to altered phosphorylated STAT4 levels and translocation. TsCstN also negatively regulated the autonomous response in the myotubule cell line, C2C12. This work identifies a potential pathyway for L1 larvae to evade protective Th1 based immune responses and establish muscle-stage T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porntida Kobpornchai
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK; Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ellen-Alana Tiffney
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Robin J Flynn
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK.
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15
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Bartošová-Sojková P, Kyslík J, Alama-Bermejo G, Hartigan A, Atkinson SD, Bartholomew JL, Picard-Sánchez A, Palenzuela O, Faber MN, Holland JW, Holzer AS. Evolutionary Analysis of Cystatins of Early-Emerging Metazoans Reveals a Novel Subtype in Parasitic Cnidarians. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:110. [PMID: 33546310 PMCID: PMC7913475 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary aspects of cystatins are greatly underexplored in early-emerging metazoans. Thus, we surveyed the gene organization, protein architecture, and phylogeny of cystatin homologues mined from 110 genomes and the transcriptomes of 58 basal metazoan species, encompassing free-living and parasite taxa of Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria (including Myxozoa), and Ctenophora. We found that the cystatin gene repertoire significantly differs among phyla, with stefins present in most of the investigated lineages but with type 2 cystatins missing in several basal metazoan groups. Similar to liver and intestinal flukes, myxozoan parasites possess atypical stefins with chimeric structure that combine motifs of classical stefins and type 2 cystatins. Other early metazoan taxa regardless of lifestyle have only the classical representation of cystatins and lack multi-domain ones. Our comprehensive phylogenetic analyses revealed that stefins and type 2 cystatins clustered into taxonomically defined clades with multiple independent paralogous groups, which probably arose due to gene duplications. The stefin clade split between the subclades of classical stefins and the atypical stefins of myxozoans and flukes. Atypical stefins represent key evolutionary innovations of the two parasite groups for which their origin might have been linked with ancestral gene chimerization, obligate parasitism, life cycle complexity, genome reduction, and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Jiří Kyslík
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;
| | - Stephen D. Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Jerri L. Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.D.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Amparo Picard-Sánchez
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain;
| | - Oswaldo Palenzuela
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain;
| | - Marc Nicolas Faber
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK; (M.N.F.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Jason W. Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK; (M.N.F.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (G.A.-B.); (A.P.-S.); (A.S.H.)
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16
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Vanhamme L, Souopgui J, Ghogomu S, Ngale Njume F. The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110975. [PMID: 33238479 PMCID: PMC7709020 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). We will mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes). We first present Onchocerca volvulus, mainly focusing on the aspects of this organism that seem relevant when it comes to ESPs: life cycle, manifestations of the sickness, immunosuppression, diagnosis and treatment. We then elaborate on the function and use of ESPs in these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
| | - Stephen Ghogomu
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Ferdinand Ngale Njume
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon;
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17
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Zhang F, Yang Y, Gao C, Yao Y, Xia R, Hu J, Ran C, Zhang Z, Zhou Z. Bioinformatics analysis and characterization of a secretory cystatin from Thelohanellus kitauei. AMB Express 2020; 10:116. [PMID: 32577834 PMCID: PMC7311561 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thelohanellus kitauei, is a member of obligate parasitic myxozoans, which causes intestinal giant-cystic disease of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and has resulted in significant economic losses in carp farms. Cystatin secreted by parasites can regulate the immune response of host to facilitate parasite's survival. In this study, the secretory TK-cystatin gene, encoding a protein of 120 amino acid residues (13.65 kDa), was cloned from T. kitauei genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TK-cystatin gene is closely related to the cystatin-A from Hydra vulgaris. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that TK-cystatin had three conserved motifs: N-terminal G19G20, Q73VVAG77, and C-terminal L102P103. Molecular docking between TK-cystatin and three cysteine proteases showed a lower binding energy (- 13 KJ/mol) with cathepsin L whereas a higher binding energy (- 8.6 KJ/mol) with cathepsin B. TK-cystatin gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. Activity assays revealed that TK-cystatin has stronger inhibitory activity on endopeptidases (papain and cathepsin L) and weaker inhibitory activity on exopeptidase (cathepsin B). TK-cystatin was stable under the condition of acidity or alkalinity or below 57 °C. This study laid a foundation for the design and development of the anti-T. kitauei vaccine in carp culture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Zhang
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Chenchen Gao
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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18
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Khatri V, Chauhan N, Kalyanasundaram R. Parasite Cystatin: Immunomodulatory Molecule with Therapeutic Activity against Immune Mediated Disorders. Pathogens 2020; 9:E431. [PMID: 32486220 PMCID: PMC7350340 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of parasites or their products for treating chronic inflammation associated diseases (CIADs) has generated significant attention recently. Findings from basic and clinical research have provided valuable information on strengthening the notion that parasites' molecules can be developed as biotherapeutic agents. Completion of the genome, secreotome, and proteome of the parasites has provided an excellent platform for screening and identifying several host immunomodulatory molecules from the parasites and evaluate their therapeutic potential for CIADs. One of the widely studied host immunomodulatory molecules of the parasites is the cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin), which is primarily secreted by the parasites to evade host immune responses. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the findings to date on the use of helminth parasite-derived cystatin as a therapeutic agent against CIADs. Although several studies suggest a role for alternatively activated macrophages, other regulatory cells, and immunosuppressive molecules, in this immunoregulatory activity of the parasite-derived cystatin, there is still no clear demonstration as to how cystatin induces its anti-inflammatory effect in suppressing CIADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (N.C.); (R.K.)
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19
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Sireswar S, Ghosh I, Dey G. First and second generation probiotic therapeutics for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PHARMANUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2019.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Molecular Characterization of a Dirofilaria immitis Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (Cystatin) and Its Possible Role in Filarial Immune Evasion. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040300. [PMID: 31013806 PMCID: PMC6523577 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis), spread via mosquito vectors, causes coughing, asthma, pneumonia, and bronchitis in humans and other animals. The disease is especially severe and often fatal in dogs and represents a serious threat to public health worldwide. Cysteine protease inhibitors (CPIs), also known as cystatins, are major immunomodulators of the host immune response during nematode infections. Herein, we cloned and expressed the cystatin Di-CPI from D. immitis. Sequence analysis revealed two specific cystatin-like domains, a Q-x-V-x-G motif, and a SND motif. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Di-CPI is a member of the second subgroup of nematode type II cystatins. Probing of D. immitis total proteins with anti-rDi-CPI polyclonal antibody revealed a weak signal, and immunofluorescence-based histochemical analysis showed that native Di-CPI is mainly localized in the cuticle of male and female worms and the gut of male worms. Treatment of canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) with recombinant Di-CPI induced a Th2-type immune response characterized by high expression of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10. Proliferation assays showed that Di-CPI inhibits the proliferation of canine PMBCs by 15%. Together, the results indicate that Di-CPI might be related to cellular hyporesponsiveness in dirofilariasis and may help D. immitis to evade the host immune system.
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Buerfent BC, Gölz L, Hofmann A, Rühl H, Stamminger W, Fricker N, Hess T, Oldenburg J, Nöthen MM, Schumacher J, Hübner MP, Hoerauf A. Transcriptome-wide analysis of filarial extract-primed human monocytes reveal changes in LPS-induced PTX3 expression levels. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2562. [PMID: 30796272 PMCID: PMC6385373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Filarial nematodes modulate immune responses in their host to enable their survival and mediate protective effects against autoimmunity and allergies. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory capacity of extracts from the human pathogenic filaria Brugia malayi (BmA) on human monocyte responses in a transcriptome-wide manner to identify associated pathways and diseases. As previous transcriptome studies often observed quiescent responses of innate cells to filariae, the potential of BmA to alter LPS driven responses was investigated by analyzing >47.000 transcripts of monocytes from healthy male volunteers stimulated with BmA, Escherichia coli LPS or a sequential stimulation of both. In comparison to ~2200 differentially expressed genes in LPS-only stimulated monocytes, only a limited number of differentially expressed genes were identified upon BmA priming before LPS re-stimulation with only PTX3↓ reaching statistical significance after correcting for multiple testing. Nominal significant differences were reached for metallothioneins↑, MMP9↑, CXCL5/ENA-78↑, CXCL6/GCP-2↑, TNFRSF21↓, and CCL20/MIP3α↓ and were confirmed by qPCR or ELISA. Flow cytometric analysis of activation markers revealed a reduced LPS-induced expression of HLA-DR and CD86 on BmA-primed monocytes as well as a reduced apoptosis of BmA-stimulated monocytes. While our experimental design does not allow a stringent extrapolation of our results to the development of filarial pathology, several genes that were identified in BmA-primed monocytes had previously been associated with filarial pathology, supporting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Buerfent
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - L Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hofmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Rühl
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - W Stamminger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - N Fricker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Hess
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - J Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Schumacher
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - A Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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Zakeri A, Hansen EP, Andersen SD, Williams AR, Nejsum P. Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2349. [PMID: 30369927 PMCID: PMC6194161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are masters at manipulating host immune responses, using an array of sophisticated mechanisms. One of the major mechanisms enabling helminths to establish chronic infections is the targeting of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and the inflammasome. Given the critical role of these receptors and their intracellular pathways in regulating innate inflammatory responses, and also directing adaptive immunity toward Th1 and Th2 responses, recognition of the pathways triggered and/or modulated by helminths and their products will provide detailed insights about how helminths are able to establish an immunoregulatory environment. However, helminths also target PRRs-independent mechanisms (and most likely other yet unknown mechanisms and pathways) underpinning the battery of different molecules helminths produce. Herein, the current knowledge on intracellular pathways in antigen presenting cells activated by helminth-derived biomolecules is reviewed. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of helminth-derived vesicles as a less-appreciated components released during infection, their role in activating these host intracellular pathways, and their implication in the development of new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory diseases and the possibility of designing a new generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eline P. Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sidsel D. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Wang Y, Wen Y, Wang S, Ehsan M, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Modulation of goat monocyte function by HCcyst-2, a secreted cystatin from Haemonchus contortus. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44108-44120. [PMID: 28484087 PMCID: PMC5546466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation and suppression of the host immune response by nematode parasites have been reported extensively and the cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin) is identified as one of the major immunomodulator. In the present study, we cloned and produced recombinant cystatin protein from nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus (rHCcyst-2) and investigated its immunomodulatory effects on goat monocyte. rHCcyst-2 protein is biologically functional as shown by its ability to inhibit the protease activity of cathepsin L, cathepsin B and papain. Immunohistochemical test demonstrated that the native HCcyst-2 protein was predominantly localized at the body surface and internal surface of the worm's gut. We demonstrated that rHCcyst-2 could be distinguished by antisera from goats experimentally infected with H. contortus and could uptake by goat monocytes. The immunomodulatory effects of HCcyst-2 on cytokine secretion, MHC molecule expression, NO production and phagocytosis were observed by co-incubation of rHCcyst-2 with goat monocytes. The results showed that the interaction of rHCcyst-2 decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12p40. However, it significantly increased the secretion of IL-10 in goat monocytes. After rHCcyst-2 exposure, the expression of MHC-II on goat monocytes was inhibited. Moreover, rHCcyst-2 could up-regulate the LPS induced NO production of goat monocytes. Phagocytotic assay by FITC-dextran internalization showed that rHCcyst-2 inhibited the phagocytosis of goat monocytes. Our findings provided potential target as immunoregulator, and will be helpful to illustrate the molecular basis of host–parasite interactions and search for new potential molecule as vaccine and drug target candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuling Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - LiXin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Zi M, Xu Y. Involvement of cystatin C in immunity and apoptosis. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:80-90. [PMID: 29355583 PMCID: PMC7112947 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As an abundantly expressed cysteine protease inhibitor widely distributed in the organisms, cystatin C is involved in various physiological processes. Due to its relatively small molecular weight and easy detection, cystatin C is commonly used as a measure for glomerular filtration rate. In pathological conditions, however, growing evidences suggest that cystatin C is associated with various immune responses against either exogenous or endogenous antigens, which ultimately result in inflammatory autoimmune diseases or tumor development if not properly controlled. Thus the fluctuation of cystatin C levels might have more clinical implications than a reflection of kidney functions. Here, we summarize the latest development of studies on the pathophysiological functions of cystatin C, with focus on its immune regulatory roles at both cellular and molecular levels including antigen presentation, secretion of cytokines, synthesis of nitric oxide, as well as apoptosis. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications and therapeutic potentials of what this predominantly expressed protease inhibitor can bring to us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zi
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
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25
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Lippens C, Guivier E, Ollivier A, Faivre B, Sorci G. Life history adjustments to intestinal inflammation in a gut nematode. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3724-3732. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Many parasitic nematodes establish chronic infections. This implies a finely tuned interaction with the host immune response in order to avoid infection clearance. Although a number of immune interference mechanisms have been described in nematodes, how parasites adapt to the immune environment provided by their hosts remains largely unexplored. Here, we used the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus to investigate the plasticity of life history traits and immunomodulatory mechanisms in response to intestinal inflammation. We adopted an experimental model of induced colitis and exposed worms to intestinal inflammation at two different developmental stages (larvae and adults). We found that H. polygyrus responded to intestinal inflammation by up-regulating the expression of a candidate gene involved in the interference with the host immune response. Worms infecting mice with colitis also had better infectivity (earlier adult emergence in the intestinal lumen and higher survival) compared with worms infecting control hosts, suggesting that H. polygyrus adjusted its life history schedule in response to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Lippens
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Emmanuel Guivier
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut Méditerranéen de la Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE, UMR Université Aix Marseille/CNRS 7263/IRD 237/Avignon Université), France
| | - Anthony Ollivier
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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Recombinant Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor (rBm33) exploits host signaling events to regulate inflammatory responses associated with lymphatic filarial infections. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:195-208. [PMID: 28942176 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged existence of filarial parasites and their molecules within the host modulate the host immune system to instigate their survival and induce inflammatory responses that contribute to disease progression. Recombinant Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor (rBm33) modulates the host immune responses by skewing towards Th1 responses characterized by secretion of inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-6, nitric oxide (NO). Here we also specified the molecular signaling events triggered by rBm33 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of filarial endemic normals (EN). rBm33 predominantly enhanced the levels of nitric oxide in cultured PBMCs but did not result in oxidative stress to the host cells. Further, rBm33 treatment of human PBMCs resulted in higher GSH/GSSG levels. MYD88 dependent activation was found to be associated with rBm33 specific inflammatory cytokine production. rBm33 triggered intracellular signaling events also involved JNK activation in host PBMCs. In addition, c-Fos and not NF-κB was identified as the transcription factor regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines in rBm33 stimulated PBMCs. rBm33 marked its role in filarial pathology by altered levels of growth factors but did not have a significant impact on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) activity of host PBMCs. Thus, the study outlines the signaling network of rBm33 induced inflammatory responses within the host immune cells.
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27
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Wang Y, Wu L, Liu X, Wang S, Ehsan M, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Characterization of a secreted cystatin of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus and its immune-modulatory effect on goat monocytes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:425. [PMID: 28923082 PMCID: PMC5604358 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchosis is a disease of the small ruminant caused by a nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus, and it is most important and alarming challenges to the small ruminant's production. The infection of the H. contortus could cause high economic losses worldwide. H. contortus is a blood feeding parasite which penetrates into the abomasal mucosa to feed the blood of the host and causing the anemia and decreased total plasma protein. Modulation and suppression of the immune response of the host by nematode parasites have been reported extensively, and the cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin) is identified as one of the major immunomodulators. METHODS The recombinant protein of HCcyst-3 was expressed in a histidine-tagged fusion soluble form in Escherichia coli, and its inhibitory activity against cathepsin L, B, as well as papain, were identified by fluorogenic substrate analysis. Native HCcyst-3 protein was localized by an Immunohistochemical test. The immunomodulatory effects of HCcyst-3 on cytokine secretion, MHC molecule expression, NO production and phagocytosis were observed by co-incubation of rHCcyst-3 with goat monocytes. RESULTS We cloned and produced recombinant cystatin protein from H. contortus (rHCcyst-3) and investigated its immunomodulatory effects on goat monocyte. The rHCcyst-3 protein is biologically functional as shown by its ability to inhibit the protease activity of cathepsin L, cathepsin B, and papain. The immunohistochemical test demonstrated that the native HCcyst-3 protein was predominantly localized at the body surface and internal surface of the worm's gut. We demonstrated that rHCcyst-3 could be distinguished by antisera from goat experimentally infected with H. contortus and could uptake by goat monocytes. The results showed that the engagement of rHCcyst-3 decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12p40. However, it significantly increased the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in goat monocytes. After rHCcyst-3 exposure, the expression of MHC-II on goat monocytes was restricted. Moreover, rHCcyst-3 could upregulate LPS induced NO production of goat monocytes. Phagocytotic assay by FITC-dextran internalization showed that rHCcyst-3 inhibited the phagocytosis of goat monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the recombinant cystatin from H. contortus (rHCcyst-3) significantly modulated goat monocyte function in multiple aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - LiXin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Guivier E, Lippens C, Faivre B, Sorci G. Plastic and micro-evolutionary responses of a nematode to the host immune environment. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:14-22. [PMID: 28733132 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic organisms have to cope with the defences deployed by their hosts and this can be achieved adopting immune evasion strategies or optimal life history traits according to the prevailing pattern of immune-mediated mortality. Parasites often encounter variable immune environments both within and between hosts, promoting the evolution of plastic strategies instead of fixed responses. Here, we explored the plasticity and micro-evolutionary responses of immunomodulatory mechanisms and life history traits to the immune environment provided by the host, using the parasitic nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. To test if the parasite responds plastically to the immune environment, we stimulated the systemic inflammatory response of mice and we assessed i) the expression of two genes with candidate immunomodulatory functions (Hp-Tgh2 and Hp-CPI); ii) changes in the number of eggs shed in the faeces. To test if the immune environment induces a micro-evolutionary response in the parasite, we maintained the nematode in mice whose inflammatory response was up- or down-regulated during four generations. We found that H. polygyrus plastically responded to a sudden rise of pro-inflammatory cytokines, up-regulating the expression of two candidate genes involved in the process of immune modulation, and enhancing egg output. At the micro-evolutionary level, parasites maintained in hosts experiencing different levels of inflammation did not have differential expression of Hp-Tgh2 and Hp-CPI genes when infecting unmanipulated, control, mice. However, parasites maintained in mice with an up-regulated inflammation shed more eggs compared to the control line. Overall, our study shows that H. polygyrus can plastically adjust the expression of immunomodulatory genes and life history traits, and responds to selection exerted by the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Guivier
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, INSERM UMR 866, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Cédric Lippens
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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29
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Li H, Wang S, Zhan B, He W, Chu L, Qiu D, Li N, Wan Y, Zhang H, Chen X, Fang Q, Shen J, Yang X. Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:222. [PMID: 28482922 PMCID: PMC5422996 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of an infection and remains one of the leading causes of mortality in surgical patients. Bacteremia induces excessive inflammatory responses that result in multiple organ damage. Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived materials have been found to immunomodulate host immune system to reduce inflammation against some allergic or inflammatory diseases. Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (Sj-Cys) is a cysteine protease inhibitor that induces regulatory T-cells and a potential immunomodulatory. The effect of Sj-Cys on reducing sepsis inflammation and mortality was investigated. METHODS Sepsis was induced in BALB/c mice using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), followed by intraperitoneal injection of different doses (10, 25 or 50 μg) of recombinant Sj-Cys (rSj-Cys). The therapeutic effect of rSj-Cys on sepsis was evaluated by observing the survival rates of mice for 96 h after CLP and the pathological injury of liver, kidney and lung by measuring the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in sera and the tissue sections pathology, and the expression of MyD88 in liver, kidney and lung tissues. The immunological mechanism was investigated by examining pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and IL-10 and TGF-β1 in mice sera and in culture of macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). RESULTS rSj-Cys treatment provided significant therapeutic effects on CLP-induced sepsis in mice demonstrated with increased survival rates, alleviated overall disease severity and tissue injury of liver, kidney and lung. The rSj-Cys conferred therapeutic efficacy was associated with upregualted IL-10 and TGF-β1 cytokines and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β. MyD88 expression in liver, kidney and lung tissues of rSj-Cys-treated mice was reduced. In vitro assay with macrophages also showed that rSj-Cys inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediator nitric oxide (NO) after being stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the anti-inflammatory potential of rSj-Cys as a promising therapeutic agent on sepsis. The immunological mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect may involve the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of IL-10 and TGF-β1 cytokines possibly via downregulation of the TLR adaptor-transducer MyD88 pathway. The findings suggest rSj-Cys is a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Li
- Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Shushu Wang
- Pediatrics Department of Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Section of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenxin He
- Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Dapeng Qiu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Nan Li
- Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yongkun Wan
- Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Xingzhi Chen
- Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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30
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Shigemori S, Shimosato T. Applications of Genetically Modified Immunobiotics with High Immunoregulatory Capacity for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:22. [PMID: 28179904 PMCID: PMC5263139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by dysregulated immune responses of the gastrointestinal tract. In recent years, the incidence of IBDs has increased in developed nations, but their prophylaxis/treatment is not yet established. Site-directed delivery of molecules showing anti-inflammatory properties using genetically modified (gm)-probiotics shows promise as a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of IBD. Advantages of gm-probiotics include (1) the ability to use bacteria as a delivery vehicle, enabling safe and long-term use by humans, (2) decreased risks of side effects, and (3) reduced costs. The intestinal delivery of anti-inflammatory proteins such as cytokines and enzymes using Lactococcus lactis has been shown to regulate host intestinal homeostasis depending on the delivered protein-specific machinery. Additionally, clinical experience using interleukin 10-secreting Lc. lactis has been shown to be safe and to facilitate biological containment in IBD therapy. On the other hand, some preclinical studies have demonstrated that gm-strains of immunobiotics (probiotic strains able to beneficially regulate the mucosal immunity) provide beneficial effects on intestinal inflammation as a result of the synergy between the immunoregulatory effects of the bacterium itself and the anti-inflammatory effects of the delivered recombinant proteins. In this review, we discuss the rapid progression in the development of strategies for the prophylaxis and treatment of IBD using gm-probiotics that exhibit immune regulation effects (gm-immunobiotics). In particular, we discuss the type of strains used as delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Shigemori
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan; Supramolecular Complexes Unit, Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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31
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Chen L, He B, Hou W, He L. Cysteine protease inhibitor of Schistosoma japonicum - A parasite-derived negative immunoregulatory factor. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:901-908. [PMID: 28066871 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that cysteine protease inhibitors from some parasites have immunosuppressive effects on the host. We previously have cloned a novel cysteine protease inhibitor from Schistosoma japonicum and purified its recombinant version (protein named rSj-C). Its possible inhibitory effect on the host immune response has not been described.This study shows that rSj-C inhibits lysosomal cysteine protease of murine dendritic cells (DCs). After DCs were incubated with rSj-C and then with soluble adult worm antigen (AWA) of S. japonicum, the mean fluorescence intensity of MHC class II antigens on the surface of DCs decreased significantly by flow cytometry. These results indirectly proved that rSj-C can suppress exogenous-antigen presentation by DCs. The flow cytometric assay revealed that in comparison with control groups, the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells among CD4+CD25+ T cells of Schistosom-infected mice increased significantly 8 weeks after the infected mice were injected with rSj-C (p ˂ 0.05). Additionally, the expression levels of cytokines IL-4 and TGF-β produced by T cells increased significantly as compared with these levels in the normal group (p ˂ 0.05). These results clearly show that the cysteine protease inhibitor from S. japonicum is a new parasite-derived immunosuppressive factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Baohua He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Li He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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32
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Parasitic Nematode Immunomodulatory Strategies: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5030058. [PMID: 27649248 PMCID: PMC5039438 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
More than half of the described species of the phylum Nematoda are considered parasitic, making them one of the most successful groups of parasites. Nematodes are capable of inhabiting a wide variety of niches. A vast array of vertebrate animals, insects, and plants are all identified as potential hosts for nematode parasitization. To invade these hosts successfully, parasitic nematodes must be able to protect themselves from the efficiency and potency of the host immune system. Innate immunity comprises the first wave of the host immune response, and in vertebrate animals it leads to the induction of the adaptive immune response. Nematodes have evolved elegant strategies that allow them to evade, suppress, or modulate host immune responses in order to persist and spread in the host. Nematode immunomodulation involves the secretion of molecules that are capable of suppressing various aspects of the host immune response in order to promote nematode invasion. Immunomodulatory mechanisms can be identified in parasitic nematodes infecting insects, plants, and mammals and vary greatly in the specific tactics by which the parasites modify the host immune response. Nematode-derived immunomodulatory effects have also been shown to affect, negatively or positively, the outcome of some concurrent diseases suffered by the host. Understanding nematode immunomodulatory actions will potentially reveal novel targets that will in turn lead to the development of effective means for the control of destructive nematode parasites.
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33
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Wang S, Xie Y, Yang X, Wang X, Yan K, Zhong Z, Wang X, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Liu F, Shen J. Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:6. [PMID: 26728323 PMCID: PMC4700642 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helminth infections and their components have been shown to have a protective effect on autoimmune diseases. The isolated purified protein from Schisotosoma japonicum and its potential therapeutic effect on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis could provide an alternative way to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs). Methods Colitis was induced in Balb/c mice by rectal administration of 2.5 % TNBS, followed by intraperitoneal injection of rSjcystatin 50 μg at 6 h and 24 h afterwards. The inflammation was monitored by recording weight change, stool character and bleeding, colon length, macroscopic score (MAO), microscopic score (MIO), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and disease activity index (DAI). The potential underlying mechanism was investigated by examining cytokine profiles including Th1 (IFNγ), Th2 (IL-4), Th17 (IL-17A) and Treg subsets from lymphocytes of spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) by flow cytometry. The mRNA relative expressions of the cytokines in splenocytes and MLN were analysed by quantitative real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Simultaneously, the concentrations of the cytokines in the colon homogenate supernatants were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and key transcription factors were detected by Western blotting. Results Administration of rSjcystatin significantly reduced inflammatory parameters and ameliorated the severity of the TNBS-induced colitis through decreasing IFNγ in three organs and lifting the level of IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, and TGF-β in the colon tissues, with uptrending Tregs in the MLN and LPMC. Conclusion The findings provide evidence that rSjcystatin has a therapeutic potential for diminishing colitis inflammation in Balb/c mice. The immunological mechanism may involve the down-regulation of Th1 response and up-regulation of Th2 and Tregs in the MLN and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushu Wang
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Pediatrics Department of Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China.
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Pediatrics Department of Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, the Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233004, China.
| | - Zhengrong Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, the Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233004, China.
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Cao X, Fu Z, Zhang M, Han Y, Han Q, Lu K, Li H, Zhu C, Hong Y, Lin J. Excretory/secretory proteome of 14-day schistosomula, Schistosoma japonicum. J Proteomics 2015; 130:221-30. [PMID: 26453986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a serious public health problem, with 200 million people infected and 779 million people at risk worldwide. The schistosomulum is the early stage of the complex lifecycle of Schistosoma japonicum in their vertebrate hosts, and is the main target of vaccine-induced protective immunity. Excretory/secretory (ES) proteins play a major role in host-parasite interactions and ES protein compositions of schistosomula of S. japonicum have not been characterized to date. In the present study, the proteome of ES proteins from 14 day schistosomula of S. japonicum was analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and 713 unique proteins were finally identified. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed that identified proteins were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, degradation, response to stimulus, oxidation-reduction, biological regulation and binding. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that thioredoxin peroxidase identified in this study had the effect on inhibiting MHCII and CD86 expression on LPS-activated macrophages. The present study provides insight into the growth and development of the schistosome in the final host and valuable information for screening vaccine candidates for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Cao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henran University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanhui Han
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qian Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangang Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Pitrez PM, Gualdi LP, Barbosa GL, Sudbrack S, Ponzi D, Cao RG, Silva ACA, Machado DC, Jones MH, Stein RT, Graeff-Teixeira C. Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response. Exp Parasitol 2015; 156:95-103. [PMID: 26093162 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is not currently clear whether different parasites have distinct effects on the airway inflammatory response in asthma and whether exposure in early life to helminths have a stronger impact in a potential inhibitory effect on asthma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of exposure to different helminth extracts on the development of allergic pulmonary response in mice, including early-life exposure. Different helminth extracts (Angiostrongylus costaricensis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Ascaris lumbricoides) were studied in female adult BALB/c and C57BL/6 IL-10-deficient mice in a protocol of murine asthma, injected intraperitoneally in different periods of exposure (early, pre-sensitization and post-sensitization). Cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) from lung tissue, cytokine levels from BAL/spleen cell cultures, and lung histology were analyzed. Airway cellular influx induced by OVA was significantly inhibited by extracts of A. cantonensis and A. lumbricoides. Extracts of A. lumbricoides and A. costaricensis led to a significant reduction of IL-5 in BAL (p < 0.001). Only the exposure to A. lumbricoides led to an increased production of IL-10 in the lungs (p < 0.001). In IL-10-deficient mice exposed to A. costaricensis pre-sensitization, eosinophil counts and IL-5 levels in BAL and EPO in lung tissue were significantly reduced. In the early exposure to A. cantonensis, lung inflammation was clearly inhibited. In conclusion, different helminth extracts inhibit allergic lung inflammation in mice. IL-10 may not play a central role in some helminth-host interactions. Early exposure to helminth extracts could be a potential strategy to explore primary prevention in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Pitrez
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - L P Gualdi
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G L Barbosa
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S Sudbrack
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D Ponzi
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R G Cao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A C A Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D C Machado
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Respiratory Diseases, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M H Jones
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R T Stein
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C Graeff-Teixeira
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Ziegler T, Rausch S, Steinfelder S, Klotz C, Hepworth MR, Kühl AA, Burda PC, Lucius R, Hartmann S. A Novel Regulatory Macrophage Induced by a Helminth Molecule Instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T Cells and Protects against Mucosal Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1555-64. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Falcón CR, Masih D, Gatti G, Sanchez MC, Motrán CC, Cervi L. Fasciola hepatica Kunitz type molecule decreases dendritic cell activation and their ability to induce inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114505. [PMID: 25486609 PMCID: PMC4259355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete repertoire of proteins with immunomodulatory activity in Fasciola hepatica (Fh) has not yet been fully described. Here, we demonstrated that Fh total extract (TE) reduced LPS-induced DC maturation, and the DC ability to induce allogeneic responses. After TE fractionating, a fraction lower than 10 kDa (F<10 kDa) was able to maintain the TE properties to modulate the DC pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production induced by LPS. In addition, TE or F<10 kDa treatment decreased the ability of immature DC to stimulate the allogeneic responses and induced a novo allogeneic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. In contrast, treatment of DC with T/L or F<10 kDa plus LPS (F<10/L) induced a regulatory IL-27 dependent mechanism that diminished the proliferative and Th1 and Th17 allogeneic responses. Finally, we showed that a Kunitz type molecule (Fh-KTM), present in F<10 kDa, was responsible for suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated DC, by printing tolerogenic features on DC that impaired their ability to induce inflammatory responses. These results suggest a modulatory role for this protein, which may be involved in the immune evasion mechanisms of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian R. Falcón
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Diana Masih
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Gatti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
- Foundation for the advancement of Medicine, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia C. Motrán
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Cuesta-Astroz Y, Scholte LLS, Pais FSM, Oliveira G, Nahum LA. Evolutionary analysis of the cystatin family in three Schistosoma species. Front Genet 2014; 5:206. [PMID: 25071834 PMCID: PMC4089355 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystatin family comprises cysteine protease inhibitors distributed in 3 subfamilies (I25A–C). Family members lacking cystatin activity are currently unclassified. Little is known about the evolution of Schistosoma cystatins, their physiological roles, and expression patterns in the parasite life cycle. The present study aimed to identify cystatin homologs in the predicted proteome of three Schistosoma species and other Platyhelminthes. We analyzed the amino acid sequence diversity focused in the identification of protein signatures and to establish evolutionary relationships among Schistosoma and experimentally validated human cystatins. Gene expression patterns were obtained from different developmental stages in Schistosoma mansoni using microarray data. In Schistosoma, only I25A and I25B proteins were identified, reflecting little functional diversification. I25C and unclassified subfamily members were not identified in platyhelminth species here analyzed. The resulting phylogeny placed cystatins in different clades, reflecting their molecular diversity. Our findings suggest that Schistosoma cystatins are very divergent from their human homologs, especially regarding the I25B subfamily. Schistosoma cystatins also differ significantly from other platyhelminth homologs. Finally, transcriptome data publicly available indicated that I25A and I25B genes are constitutively expressed thus could be essential for schistosome life cycle progression. In summary, this study provides insights into the evolution, classification, and functional diversification of cystatins in Schistosoma and other Platyhelminthes, improving our understanding of parasite biology and opening new frontiers in the identification of novel therapeutic targets against helminthiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Cuesta-Astroz
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa L S Scholte
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Sviatopolk-Mirsky Pais
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Faculdade Infórium de Tecnologia Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laila A Nahum
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Excelência em Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Faculdade Infórium de Tecnologia Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Whelan RA, Rausch S, Ebner F, Günzel D, Richter JF, Hering NA, Schulzke JD, Kühl AA, Keles A, Janczyk P, Nöckler K, Wieler LH, Hartmann S. A transgenic probiotic secreting a parasite immunomodulator for site-directed treatment of gut inflammation. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1730-40. [PMID: 24985163 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel disease are needed and parasitic nematode infections or application of helminth components improve clinical and experimental gut inflammation. We genetically modified the probiotic bacterium Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 to secrete the powerful nematode immunomodulator cystatin in the gut. This treatment was tested in a murine colitis model and on post-weaning intestinal inflammation in pigs, an outbred model with a gastrointestinal system similar to humans. Application of the transgenic probiotic significantly decreased intestinal inflammation in murine acute colitis, associated with increased frequencies of Foxp3(+) Tregs, suppressed local interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A production, decreased macrophage inflammatory protein-1α/β, monocyte chemoattractant protein -1/3, and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted expression and fewer inflammatory macrophages in the colon. High dosages of the transgenic probiotic were well tolerated by post-weaning piglets. Despite being recognized by T cells, secreted cystatin did not lead to changes in cytokine expression or macrophage activation in the colon. However, colon transepithelial resistance and barrier function were significantly improved in pigs receiving the transgenic probotic and post-weaning colon inflammation was reduced. Thus, the anti-inflammatory efficiency of a probiotic can be improved by a nematode-derived immunoregulatory transgene. This treatment regimen should be further investigated as a potential therapeutic option for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Whelan
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F Richter
- 1] Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany [2] Current address: Institute for Anatomy II, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nina A Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Keles
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Janczyk
- Unit for Molecular Diagnostics, Genetics and Pathogen Characterisation, Department of Biological Safety Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Nöckler
- Unit for Molecular Diagnostics, Genetics and Pathogen Characterisation, Department of Biological Safety Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Institute for Microbiology and Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Liu X, Wang X, Bai X, Liu X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Sun S, Yu L, Su X, Wang Z, Wang F, Liu M. Oral administration with attenuated Salmonella encoding a Trichinella cystatin-like protein elicited host immunity. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Das Mohapatra A, Panda SK, Pradhan AK, Prusty BK, Satapathy AK, Ravindran B. Filarial antigens mediate apoptosis of human monocytes through Toll-like receptor 4. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1133-44. [PMID: 24737802 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of several host cells induced by parasites/parasite products has been investigated in human filariasis to understand immune hyporesponsiveness. However, apoptosis of monocytes-one of the major antigen presenting cells in peripheral circulation, which are chronically exposed to filarial antigens in infected subjects-is yet to be understood. METHODS Apoptosis of human monocytes with Brugia pahangi antigen (BpA) was demonstrated by scoring several apoptotic markers using flow cytometry. Ability of BpA and plasma of infected subjects to suppress lymphocyte proliferation was demonstrated by (3)H thymidine incorporation assay and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution assay. RESULTS BpA induced significant apoptosis of normal human monocytes, primarily through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and suppressed phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-mediated proliferation of normal human T lymphocytes. However, monocytes of Wuchereria bancrofti-infected subjects were resistant to BpA-induced apoptosis. Plasma of infected subjects also mediated apoptosis of normal monocytes, presumably due to circulating filarial antigens, and resulted in inhibition of PHA-induced proliferation. CONCLUSION Normal human monocytes were found to be qualitatively different from those of filariasis-infected subjects; whereas filarial antigens mediate apoptosis of normal human monocytes through TLR4, those of infected subjects were found to be resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ashok Kumar Satapathy
- Department of Immunology, Regional Medical Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
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Pleidrup J, Dalgaard TS, Norup LR, Permin A, Schou TW, Skovgaard K, Vadekær DF, Jungersen G, Sørensen P, Juul-Madsen HR. Ascaridia galli infection influences the development of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity after Newcastle Disease vaccination in chickens. Vaccine 2013; 32:383-92. [PMID: 24269617 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potent vaccine efficiency is crucial for disease control in both human and livestock vaccination programmes. Free range chickens and chickens with access to outdoor areas have a high risk of infection with parasites including Ascaridia galli, a gastrointestinal nematode with a potential influence on the immunological response to vaccination against other infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether A. galli infection influences vaccine-induced immunity to Newcastle Disease (ND) in chickens from an MHC-characterized inbred line. Chickens were experimentally infected with A. galli at 4 weeks of age or left as non-parasitized controls. At 10 and 13 weeks of age half of the chickens were ND-vaccinated and at 16 weeks of age, all chickens were challenged with a lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). A. galli infection influenced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after ND vaccination. Thus, significantly lower NDV serum titres were found in the A. galli-infected group as compared to the non-parasitized group early after vaccination. In addition, the A. galli-infected chickens showed significantly lower frequencies of NDV-specific T cells in peripheral blood three weeks after the first ND vaccination as compared to non-parasitized chickens. Finally, A. galli significantly increased local mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-13 and significantly decreased TGF-ß4 expression in the jejunum two weeks after infection with A. galli. At the time of vaccination (six and nine weeks after A. galli infection) the local expression in the jejunum of both IFN-? and IL-10 was significantly decreased in A. galli-infected chickens. Upon challenge with the NDV LaSota strain, viral genomes persisted in the oral cavity for a slightly longer period of time in A. galli-infected vaccinees as compared to non-parasitized vaccinees. However, more work is needed in order to determine if vaccine-induced protective immunity is impaired in A. galli-infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Pleidrup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tina S Dalgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Liselotte R Norup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anders Permin
- DHI, Environment and Toxicology, Agern Allé 5, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Torben W Schou
- DHI, Environment and Toxicology, Agern Allé 5, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- DTU Veterinary, National Veterinary Institute, Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dorte F Vadekær
- DTU Veterinary, National Veterinary Institute, Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- DTU Veterinary, National Veterinary Institute, Division of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Poul Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Identification and characterization of the second cysteine protease inhibitor of Clonorchis sinensis (CsStefin-2). Parasitol Res 2013; 113:47-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hübner MP, Layland LE, Hoerauf A. Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour? Pathog Dis 2013; 69:127-41. [PMID: 23929557 PMCID: PMC4285315 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune and allergic disorders has dramatically increased in developed countries, and it is believed that our ‘cleaner living’ reduces exposure to certain microorganisms and leads to deviated and/or reduced regulation of the immune system. In substantiation of this health hygiene hypothesis, multiple epidemiological studies and animal models have characterized the protective immune responses induced by helminths during auto-inflammatory disorders. The beneficial effects of such helminths, like schistosomes and filariae, are thought to lie in their immunomodulatory capacity, which can be induced by different life-cycle stages or components thereof. In addition to suppressing autoimmunity recent evidence indicates that concurrent helminth infections also counterbalance exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune responses that occur during sepsis, improving survival. As with allergy, epidemiological studies have observed a steady rise in severe sepsis cases and although this may have resulted from several factors (immunosuppressive drugs, chemotherapy, transplantation, increased awareness and increased surgical procedures), it is tempting to hypothesize that the lack of helminth infections in Western countries may have contributed to this phenomenon. This review summarizes how helminths modulate host immunity during sepsis, such as manipulating macrophage activation and provides an overview about the possible implications that may arise during overwhelming bacterial co-infections. This well written review gives a comprehensive overview on the immunopathology of sepsis and the modulation of immune responses by helminths. It provides evidence that helminths or components thereof may improve the outcome of severe infections. This will allow the development of therapeutic strategies to fight infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Thivierge K, Cotton S, Schaefer DA, Riggs MW, To J, Lund ME, Robinson MW, Dalton JP, Donnelly SM. Cathelicidin-like helminth defence molecules (HDMs): absence of cytotoxic, anti-microbial and anti-protozoan activities imply a specific adaptation to immune modulation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2307. [PMID: 23875042 PMCID: PMC3708846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are expressed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. They have multifunctional roles in the defence against infectious agents of mammals, possessing both bactericidal and immune-modulatory activities. We have identified a novel family of molecules secreted by helminth parasites (helminth defence molecules; HDMs) that exhibit similar structural and biochemical characteristics to the HDPs. Here, we have analyzed the functional activities of four HDMs derived from Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica and compared them to human, mouse, bovine and sheep HDPs. Unlike the mammalian HDPs the helminth-derived HDMs show no antimicrobial activity and are non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells (macrophages and red blood cells). However, both the mammalian- and helminth-derived peptides suppress the activation of macrophages by microbial stimuli and alter the response of B cells to cytokine stimulation. Therefore, we hypothesise that HDMs represent a novel family of HDPs that evolved to regulate the immune responses of their mammalian hosts by retaining potent immune modulatory properties without causing deleterious cytotoxic effects. In mammals, secreted host defence peptides (HDPs) protect against a wide range of infectious pathogens. They also perform a range of immune modulatory functions which regulate the immune response to pathogens, ensuring that the protective inflammatory response is not exacerbated and that post-infection repair mechanisms are initiated. We identified a novel family of molecules secreted by medically-important helminth pathogens (termed helminth defence molecules; HDMs) that exhibit striking structural and biochemical similarities to the HDPs. To further investigate the extent of this similarity, we have performed a comparative functional study between several well characterized, anti-microbial, mammalian HDPs and a series of parasite-derived peptides. The parasite HDMs displayed immune modulatory properties that were similar to their HDP homologs in mammals, but possessed no antimicrobial or cytotoxic activity. We propose that HDMs of these helminth pathogens underwent specific adaptation, losing their anti-microbial activity but retaining their ability to regulate the immune responses of their mammalian hosts. This absence of cytotoxicity and retention of immune-modulatory activity offers an opportunity to design novel immunotherapeutics derived from the HDMs which could be used to combat destructive inflammatory responses associated with microbial infection and immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Thivierge
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Cotton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Deborah A. Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joyce To
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria E. Lund
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - John P. Dalton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila M. Donnelly
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Daniłowicz-Luebert E, Steinfelder S, Kühl AA, Drozdenko G, Lucius R, Worm M, Hamelmann E, Hartmann S. A nematode immunomodulator suppresses grass pollen-specific allergic responses by controlling excessive Th2 inflammation. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cysteine protease inhibitor (AcStefin) is required for complete cyst formation of Acanthamoeba. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:567-74. [PMID: 23397569 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00308-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The encystation of Acanthamoeba leads to the formation of resilient cysts from vegetative trophozoites. This process is essential for parasite survival under unfavorable conditions, such as those associated with starvation, low temperatures, and biocides. Furthermore, cysteine proteases have been implicated in the massive turnover of intracellular components required for encystation. Thus, strict modulation of the activities of cysteine proteases is required to protect Acanthamoeba from intracellular damage. However, mechanisms underlying the control of protease activity during encystation have not been established in Acanthamoeba. In the present study, we identified and characterized Acanthamoeba cysteine protease inhibitor (AcStefin), which was found to be highly expressed during encystation and to be associated with lysosomes by fluorescence microscopy. Recombinant AcStefin inhibited various cysteine proteases, including human cathepsin B, human cathepsin L, and papain. Transfection with small interfering RNA against AcStefin increased cysteine protease activity during encystation and resulted in incomplete cyst formation, reduced excystation efficiency, and a significant reduction in cytoplasmic area. Taken together, these results indicate that AcStefin is involved in the modulation of cysteine proteases and that it plays an essential role during the encystation of Acanthamoeba.
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Whelan RAK, Hartmann S, Rausch S. Nematode modulation of inflammatory bowel disease. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:871-886. [PMID: 22086188 PMCID: PMC3459088 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease arising due to a culmination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle-associated factors and resulting in an excessive pro-inflammatory response to bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of IBD in developing nations is relatively low, and it has been proposed that this is directly correlated with a high incidence of helminth infections in these areas. Gastrointestinal nematodes are the most prevalent parasitic worms, and they efficiently modulate the immune system of their hosts in order to establish chronic infections. Thus, they may be capable of suppressing unrelated inflammation in disorders such as IBD. This review describes how nematodes, or their products, suppress innate and adaptive pro-inflammatory immune responses and how the mechanisms involved in the induction of anti-nematode responses regulate colitis in experimental models and clinical trials with IBD patients. We also discuss how refinement of nematode-derived therapies should ultimately result in the development of potent new therapeutics of clinical inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A. K. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Babayan SA, Allen JE, Taylor DW. Future prospects and challenges of vaccines against filariasis. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:243-53. [PMID: 22150082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infections remain a major public health and socio-economic problem across the tropics, despite considerable effort to reduce disease burden or regionally eliminate the infection with mass drug administration programmes. The sustainability of these programmes is now open to question owing to a range of issues, not least of which is emerging evidence for drug resistance. Vaccination, if developed appropriately, remains the most cost-effective means of long-term disease control. The rationale for the feasibility of vaccination against filarial parasites including onchocerciasis (river blindness, Onchocerca volvulus) and lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi) is founded on evidence from both humans and animal models for the development of protective immunity. Nonetheless, enormous challenges need to be faced in terms of overcoming parasite-induced suppression without inducing pathology as well as the need to both recognize and tackle evolutionary and ecological obstacles to successful vaccine development. Nonetheless, new technological advances in addition to systems biology approaches offer hope that optimal immune responses can be induced that will prevent infection, disease and/or transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Kim SE, Kim JH, Min BH, Bae YM, Hong ST, Choi MH. Crude extracts of Caenorhabditis elegans suppress airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35447. [PMID: 22558152 PMCID: PMC3338843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between helminth infections and allergic disease, and several helminth-derived products have been shown to suppress allergic responses in animals. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a crude extract of Caenorhabditis elegans on allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Allergic airway inflammation was induced in BALB/c mice by sensitization with ovalbumin. The effect of the C. elegans crude extract on the development of asthma and on established asthma was evaluated by analyzing airway hyperresponsiveness, serum antibody titers, lung histology and cell counts and cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The role of IFN-γ in the suppression of asthma by the C. elegans crude extract was investigated in IFN-γ knockout and wild-type mice. When mice were sensitized with ovalbumin together with the crude extract of C. elegans, cellular infiltration into the lung was dramatically reduced in comparison with the ovalbumin-treated group. Treatment of mice with the C. elegans crude extract significantly decreased methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and the total cell counts and levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid but increased the levels of IFN-γ and IL-12. Sensitization with the C. elegans crude extract significantly diminished the IgE and IgG1 responses but provoked elevated IgG2a levels. However, the suppressive effect of the C. elegans crude extract was abolished in IFN-γ knockout mice, and the Th2 responses in these mice were as strong as those in wild-type mice sensitized with ovalbumin. The crude extract of C. elegans also suppressed the airway inflammation associated with established asthma. This study provides new insights into immune modulation by the C. elegans crude extract, which suppressed airway inflammation in mice not only during the development of asthma but also after its establishment by skewing allergen-induced Th2 responses to Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Min
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mee Bae
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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