1
|
Zhao T, Gussak A, van der Hee B, Brugman S, van Baarlen P, Wells JM. Identification of plasminogen-binding sites in Streptococcus suis enolase that contribute to bacterial translocation across the blood-brain barrier. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1356628. [PMID: 38456079 PMCID: PMC10919400 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1356628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that can cause invasive disease commonly associated with meningitis in pigs and humans. To cause meningitis, S. suis must cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprising blood vessels that vascularize the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is highly selective due to interactions with other cell types in the brain and the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Purified streptococcal surface enolase, an essential enzyme participating in glycolysis, can bind human plasminogen (Plg) and plasmin (Pln). Plg has been proposed to increase bacterial traversal across the BBB via conversion to Pln, a protease which cleaves host proteins in the ECM and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) to disrupt tight junctions. The essentiality of enolase has made it challenging to unequivocally demonstrate its role in binding Plg/Pln on the bacterial surface and confirm its predicted role in facilitating translocation of the BBB. Here, we report on the CRISPR/Cas9 engineering of S. suis enolase mutants eno261, eno252/253/255, eno252/261, and eno434/435 possessing amino acid substitutions at in silico predicted binding sites for Plg. As expected, amino acid substitutions in the predicted Plg binding sites reduced Plg and Pln binding to S. suis but did not affect bacterial growth in vitro compared to the wild-type strain. The binding of Plg to wild-type S. suis enhanced translocation across the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 but not for the eno mutant strains tested. To our knowledge, this is the first study where predicted Plg-binding sites of enolase have been mutated to show altered Plg and Pln binding to the surface of S. suis and attenuation of translocation across an endothelial cell monolayer in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng Z, Lu H, Jiang Y. Promising immunotherapeutic targets for treating candidiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1339501. [PMID: 38404288 PMCID: PMC10884116 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1339501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, there has been a significant increase in invasive fungal infections, which has corresponded with the expanding population of individuals with compromised immune systems. As a result, the mortality rate linked to these infections remains unacceptably high. The currently available antifungal drugs, such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins, face limitations in terms of their diversity, the escalating resistance of fungi and the occurrence of significant adverse effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new antifungal medications. Vaccines and antibodies present a promising avenue for addressing fungal infections due to their targeted antifungal properties and ability to modulate the immune response. This review investigates the structure and function of cell wall proteins, secreted proteins, and functional proteins within C. albicans. Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the current advancements and challenges in macromolecular drugs to identify new targets for the effective management of candidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chiang-Ni C, Chiang CY, Chen YW, Shi YA, Chao YT, Wang S, Tsai PJ, Chiu CH. RopB-regulated SpeB cysteine protease degrades extracellular vesicles-associated streptolysin O and bacterial proteins from group A Streptococcus. Virulence 2023; 14:2249784. [PMID: 37621107 PMCID: PMC10461520 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2249784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be released from gram-positive bacteria and would participate in the delivery of bacterial toxins. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is one of the most common pathogens of monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis. Spontaneous inactivating mutation in the CovR/CovS two-component regulatory system is related to the increase of EVs production via an unknown mechanism. This study aimed to investigate whether the CovR/CovS-regulated RopB, the transcriptional regulator of GAS exoproteins, would participate in regulating EVs production. Results showed that the size, morphology, and number of EVs released from the wild-type strain and the ropB mutant were similar, suggesting RopB is not involved in controlling EVs production. Nonetheless, RopB-regulated SpeB protease degrades streptolysin O and bacterial proteins in EVs. Although SpeB has crucial roles in modulating protein composition in EVs, the SpeB-positive EVs failed to trigger HaCaT keratinocytes pyroptosis, suggesting that EVs did not deliver SpeB into keratinocytes or the amount of SpeB in EVs was not sufficient to trigger cell pyroptosis. Finally, we identified that EV-associated enolase was resistant to SpeB degradation, and therefore could be utilized as the internal control protein for verifying SLO degradation. This study revealed that RopB would participate in modulating protein composition in EVs via SpeB-dependent protein degradation and suggested that enolase is a potential internal marker for studying GAS EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chiang-Ni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Wen Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yong-An Shi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Satala D, Bednarek A, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. The Recruitment and Activation of Plasminogen by Bacteria-The Involvement in Chronic Infection Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10436. [PMID: 37445613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria is largely related to the specific properties of the bacterial cell surface and extracellular hydrolytic activity. Furthermore, a significant role of hijacking of host proteolytic cascades by pathogens during invasion should not be disregarded during consideration of the mechanisms of bacterial virulence. This is the key factor for the pathogen evasion of the host immune response, tissue damage, and pathogen invasiveness at secondary infection sites after initial penetration through tissue barriers. In this review, the mechanisms of bacterial impact on host plasminogen-the precursor of the important plasma serine proteinase, plasmin-are characterized, principally focusing on cell surface exposition of various proteins, responsible for binding of this host (pro)enzyme and its activators or inhibitors, as well as the fibrinolytic system activation tactics exploited by different bacterial species, not only pathogenic, but also selected harmless residents of the human microbiome. Additionally, the involvement of bacterial factors that modulate the process of plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis during periodontitis is also described, providing a remarkable example of a dual use of this host system in the development of chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tjia-Fleck S, Readnour BM, Ayinuola YA, Castellino FJ. High-Resolution Single-Particle Cryo-EM Hydrated Structure of Streptococcus pyogenes Enolase Offers Insights into Its Function as a Plasminogen Receptor. Biochemistry 2023; 62:735-746. [PMID: 36701429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellular plasminogen (Pg) receptors (PgRs) are utilized to recruit Pg; stimulate its activation to the serine protease, plasmin (Pm); and sterically protect the surface Pm from inactivation by host inhibitors. One such PgR is the moonlighting enzyme, enolase, some of which leaves the cytoplasm and resides at the cell surface to potentially function as a PgR. Since microbes employ conscription of host Pg by PgRs as one virulence mechanism, we explored the structural basis of the ability of Streptococcus pyogenes enolase (Sen) to function in this manner. Employing single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), recombinant Sen from S. pyogenes was modeled at 2.6 Å as a stable symmetrical doughnut-shaped homooctamer with point group 422 (D4) symmetry, with a monomeric subunit molecular weight of ∼49 kDa. Binding sites for hPg were reported in other studies to include an internal K252,255 and the COOH-terminal K434,435 residues of Sen. However, in native Sen, the latter are buried within the minor interfaces of the octamer and do not function as a Pg-binding epitope. Whereas Sen and hPg do not interact in solution, when Sen is bound to a surface, hPg interacts with Sen independently of K252,255,434,435. PgRs devoid of COOH-terminal lysine utilize lysine isosteres comprising a basic residue, "i", and an anionic residue at "i + 3" around one turn of an α-helix. We highlight a number of surface-exposed potential hPg-binding lysine isosteres and further conclude that while the octameric structure of Sen is critical for hPg binding, disruption of this octamer without dissociation exposes hPg-binding epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheiny Tjia-Fleck
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Bradley M Readnour
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yetunde A Ayinuola
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie Q, Xing H, Wen X, Liu B, Wei Y, Yu Y, Xie X, Song D, Shao G, Xiong Q, Feng Z. Identification of the multiple roles of enolase as an plasminogen receptor and adhesin in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105934. [PMID: 36481292 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent underlying porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease worldwide. The recruitment of plasminogen to the surface and subsequently promotion of plasmin conversion by the surface-located receptor, have been reported to assist the adhesion and invasion of Mycoplasmas. The surface localization and plasminogen-binding ability of M. hyopneumoniae enolase were previously confirmed; however, the biological functions were not be determined, especially the role as a plasminogen receptor. Here, using ELISA and SPR analyses, we confirmed the stable binding of M. hyopneumoniae enolase to plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner. The facilitation of the activation of plasminogen in the presence of tPA and direct activation of plasminogen at low efficiency without tPA addition by M. hyopneumoniae enolase were also determined using a plasmin-specific chromogenic substrate. Notably, the C-terminal and N-terminal regions located in M. hyopneumoniae enolase play an important role in plasminogen binding and activation. Additionally, we demonstrate that M. hyopneumoniae enolase can competitively inhibit the adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to PK15 cells. These results provide insight into the role of enolase in M. hyopneumoniae infection, a mechanism that manipulates the proteolytic system of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Huixuan Xing
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arvizu-Rubio VJ, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Moonlighting proteins in medically relevant fungi. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14001. [PMID: 36117533 PMCID: PMC9480056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins represent an intriguing area of cell biology, due to their ability to perform two or more unrelated functions in one or many cellular compartments. These proteins have been described in all kingdoms of life and are usually constitutively expressed and conserved proteins with housekeeping functions. Although widely studied in pathogenic bacteria, the information about these proteins in pathogenic fungi is scarce, but there are some reports of their functions in the etiological agents of the main human mycoses, such as Candida spp., Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Sporothrix schenckii. In these fungi, most of the described moonlighting proteins are metabolic enzymes, such as enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; chaperones, transcription factors, and redox response proteins, such as peroxiredoxin and catalase, which moonlight at the cell surface and perform virulence-related processes, contributing to immune evasion, adhesions, invasion, and dissemination to host cells and tissues. All moonlighting proteins and their functions described in this review highlight the limited information about this biological aspect in pathogenic fungi, representing this a relevant opportunity area that will contribute to expanding our current knowledge of these organisms' pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayinuola YA, Tjia-Fleck S, Readnour BM, Liang Z, Ayinuola O, Paul LN, Lee SW, Fischetti VA, Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. Relationships Between Plasminogen-Binding M-Protein and Surface Enolase for Human Plasminogen Acquisition and Activation in Streptococcus pyogenes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:905670. [PMID: 35685926 PMCID: PMC9173704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.905670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteolytic activity of human plasmin (hPm) is utilized by various cells to provide a surface protease that increases the potential of cells to migrate and disseminate. Skin-trophic Pattern D strains of Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), e.g., GAS isolate AP53, contain a surface M-protein (PAM) that directly and strongly interacts (Kd ~ 1 nM) with human host plasminogen (hPg), after which it is activated to hPm by a specific coinherited bacterial activator, streptokinase (SK2b), or by host activators. Another ubiquitous class of hPg binding proteins on GAS cells includes "moonlighting" proteins, such as the glycolytic enzyme, enolase (Sen). However, the importance of Sen in hPg acquisition, especially when PAM is present, has not been fully developed. Sen forms a complex with hPg on different surfaces, but not in solution. Isogenic AP53 cells with a targeted deletion of PAM do not bind hPg, but the surface expression of Sen is also greatly diminished upon deletion of the PAM gene, thus confounding this approach for defining the role of Sen. However, cells with point deletions in PAM that negate hPg binding, but fully express PAM and Sen, show that hPg binds weakly to Sen on GAS cells. Despite this, Sen does not stimulate hPg activation by SK2b, but does stimulate tissue-type plasminogen activator-catalyzed activation of hPg. These data demonstrate that PAM plays the dominant role as a functional hPg receptor in GAS cells that also contain surface enolase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yetunde A. Ayinuola
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Sheiny Tjia-Fleck
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Bradley M. Readnour
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Zhong Liang
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Olawole Ayinuola
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Lake N. Paul
- BioAnalysis, LLC.Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shaun W. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Vincent A. Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Victoria A. Ploplis
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States,*Correspondence: Francis J. Castellino,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Yu Y, Li Y, Li S, Wang L, Wei Y, Wu Y, Pillay B, Olaniran AO, Chiliza TE, Shao G, Feng Z, Xiong Q. A multifunctional enolase mediates cytoadhesion and interaction with host plasminogen and fibronectin in Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Vet Res 2022; 53:26. [PMID: 35337383 PMCID: PMC8951703 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis may cause systemic inflammation of pigs, typically polyserositis and arthritis, and is also associated with several types of human cancer. However, the pathogenesis of M. hyorhinis colonizing and breaching the respiratory barrier to establish systemic infection is poorly understood. Glycolytic enzymes are important moonlighting proteins and virulence-related factors in various bacteria. In this study, we investigated the functions of a glycolytic critical enzyme, enolase in the infection and systemic spread of M. hyorhinis. Bacterial surface localization of enolase was confirmed by flow cytometry and colony hybridization assay. Recombinant M. hyorhinis enolase (rEno) was found to adhere to pig kidney (PK-15) cells, and anti-rEno serum significantly decreased adherence. The enzyme was also found to bind host plasminogen and fibronectin, and interactions were specific and strong, with dissociation constant (KD) values of 1.4 nM and 14.3 nM, respectively, from surface plasmon resonance analysis. Activation of rEno-bound plasminogen was confirmed by its ability to hydrolyze plasmin-specific substrates and to degrade a reconstituted extracellular matrix. To explore key sites during these interactions, C-terminal lysine residues of enolase were replaced with leucine, and the resulting single-site and double-site mutants show significantly reduced interaction with plasminogen in far-Western blotting and surface plasmon resonance tests. The binding affinities of all mutants to fibronectin were reduced as well. Collectively, these results imply that enolase moonlights as an important adhesin of M. hyorhinis, and interacts with plasminogen and fibronectin. The two lysine residues in the C-terminus are important binding sites for its multiple binding activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yuzi Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bala Pillay
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Thamsanqa E Chiliza
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China. .,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hussain M, Kohler C, Becker K. Enolase of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Is a Surface-Exposed Moonlighting Protein That Binds to Extracellular Matrix and the Plasminogen/Plasmin System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:837297. [PMID: 35308335 PMCID: PMC8928124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.837297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) species Staphylococcus lugdunensis is unique in causing serious infections in humans that resemble those of Staphylococcus aureus rather than those of other CoNS species. The colonization and invasion of host tissue presupposes the presence of adherence factors, but only a few proteins mediating adhesion of S. lugdunensis to biotic surfaces are known yet. Here, we report on the functionality of the S. lugdunensis enolase (SlEno), which performs two distinct roles, first, as the metabolic enzyme of the glycolysis, and second, as an adherence factor to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cells. Phylogenetic analyses of the SlEno confirmed their high conservation to enolases of other species and revealed a closer relationship to Staphylococcus epidermidis than to S. aureus. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and Western blot experiments, we identified SlEno to be located in the cytoplasm as well as on the cell surface of S. lugdunensis. Recombinantly generated and surface-associated SlEno showed the usual enolase activity by catalyzing the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate but, in addition, also displayed strong binding to immobilized laminin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, and collagen type IV in a dose-dependent manner. We also showed a strong binding of SlEno to plasminogen (Plg) and observed a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-dependent conversion of Plg to plasmin (Pln) whereby the Plg activation significantly increased in the presence of SlEno. This interaction might be dependent on lysines of the SlEno protein as binding to Plg was inhibited by ε-aminocaproic acid. Furthermore, the enhanced activation of the Plg/Pln system by SlEno enabled S. lugdunensis to migrate through a fibrin matrix. This migration was about 10-fold higher than without exogenously added SlEno. Finally, we observed a significantly higher clearance of S. lugdunensis by freshly prepared granulocytes and in the presence of anti-SlEno antibodies. In conclusion, these data demonstrate for the first time a moonlighting function of the S. lugdunensis enolase, which is an underrated virulence factor for colonization and invasion of tissues. Hence, SlEno might be a potential vaccine candidate to prevent severe infections caused by this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Hussain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Karsten Becker,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Osorio-Aguilar Y, Gonzalez-Vazquez MC, Hernandez-Ceron DE, Lozano-Zarain P, Martinez-Laguna Y, Gonzalez-Bonilla CR, Rocha-Gracia RDC, Carabarin-Lima A. Structural Characterization of Haemophilus influenzae Enolase and Its Interaction with Human Plasminogen by In Silico and In Vitro Assays. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121614. [PMID: 34959569 PMCID: PMC8707213 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is the causal agent of invasive pediatric diseases, such as meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, pericarditis, cellulitis, and bacteremia (serotype b). Non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) strains are associated with localized infections, such as otitis media, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia, and can cause invasive diseases, such as as meningitis and sepsis in immunocompromised hosts. Enolase is a multifunctional protein and can act as a receptor for plasminogen, promoting its activation to plasmin, which leads to the degradation of components of the extracellular matrix, favoring host tissue invasion. In this study, using molecular docking, three important residues involved in plasminogen interaction through the plasminogen-binding motif (251EFYNKENGMYE262) were identified in non-typeable H. influenzae enolase (NTHiENO). Interaction with the human plasminogen kringle domains is conformationally stable due to the formation of four hydrogen bonds corresponding to enoTYR253-plgGLU1 (K2), enoTYR253-plgGLY310 (K3), and enoLYS255-plgARG471/enoGLU251-plgLYS468 (K5). On the other hand, in vitro assays, such as ELISA and far-western blot, showed that NTHiENO is a plasminogen-binding protein. The inhibition of this interaction using polyclonal anti-NTHiENO antibodies was significant. With these results, we can propose that NTHiENO–plasminogen interaction could be one of the mechanisms used by H. influenzae to adhere to and invade host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Osorio-Aguilar
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (M.C.G.-V.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.); (R.d.C.R.-G.)
| | - Maria Cristina Gonzalez-Vazquez
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (M.C.G.-V.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.); (R.d.C.R.-G.)
| | | | - Patricia Lozano-Zarain
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (M.C.G.-V.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.); (R.d.C.R.-G.)
| | - Ygnacio Martinez-Laguna
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (M.C.G.-V.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.); (R.d.C.R.-G.)
| | | | - Rosa del Carmen Rocha-Gracia
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (M.C.G.-V.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.); (R.d.C.R.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Carabarin-Lima
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (M.C.G.-V.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.); (R.d.C.R.-G.)
- Licenciatura en Biotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(222)-229-5500 (ext. 3965)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kant S, Pancholi V. Novel Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation With Dual Specificity Plays a Key Role in the Modulation of Streptococcus pyogenes Physiology and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689246. [PMID: 34950110 PMCID: PMC8689070 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, GAS) genomes do not contain a gene encoding a typical bacterial-type tyrosine kinase (BY-kinase) but contain an orphan gene-encoding protein Tyr-phosphatase (SP-PTP). Hence, the importance of Tyr-phosphorylation is underappreciated and not recognized for its role in GAS pathophysiology and pathogenesis. The fact that SP-PTP dephosphorylates Abl-tyrosine kinase-phosphorylated myelin basic protein (MBP), and SP-STK (S. pyogenes Ser/Thr kinase) also autophosphorylates its Tyr101-residue prompted us to identify a putative tyrosine kinase and Tyr-phosphorylation in GAS. Upon a genome-wide search of kinases possessing a classical Walker motif, we identified a non-canonical tyrosine kinase M5005_Spy_1476, a ∼17 kDa protein (153 aa) (SP-TyK). The purified recombinant SP-TyK autophosphorylated in the presence of ATP. In vitro and in vivo phosphoproteomic analyses revealed two key phosphorylated tyrosine residues located within the catalytic domain of SP-TyK. An isogenic mutant lacking SP-TyK derived from the M1T1 strain showed a retarded growth pattern. It displayed defective cell division and long chains with multiple parallel septa, often resulting in aggregates. Transcriptomic analysis of the mutant revealed 287 differentially expressed genes responsible for GAS pathophysiology and pathogenesis. SP-TyK also phosphorylated GAS CovR, WalR, SP-STP, and SDH/GAPDH proteins with dual specificity targeting their Tyr/Ser/Thr residues as revealed by biochemical and mass-spectrometric-based phosphoproteomic analyses. SP-TyK-phosphorylated CovR bound to PcovR efficiently. The mutant displayed sustained release of IL-6 compared to TNF-α during co-culturing with A549 lung cell lines, attenuation in mice sepsis model, and significantly reduced ability to adhere to and invade A549 lung cells and form biofilms on abiotic surfaces. SP-TyK, thus, plays a critical role in fine-tuning the regulation of key cellular functions essential for GAS pathophysiology and pathogenesis through post-translational modifications and hence, may serve as a promising target for future therapeutic developments.
Collapse
|
13
|
Coppolino F, Romeo L, Pietrocola G, Lentini G, De Gaetano GV, Teti G, Galbo R, Beninati C. Lysine Residues in the MK-Rich Region Are Not Required for Binding of the PbsP Protein From Group B Streptococci to Plasminogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:679792. [PMID: 34568085 PMCID: PMC8455988 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.679792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to plasminogen (Plg) enables bacteria to associate with and invade host tissues. The cell wall protein PbsP significantly contributes to the ability of group B streptococci, a frequent cause of invasive infection, to bind Plg. Here we sought to identify the molecular regions involved in the interactions between Plg and PbsP. The K4 Kringle domain of the Plg molecule was required for binding of Plg to whole PbsP and to a PbsP fragment encompassing a region rich in methionine and lysine (MK-rich domain). These interactions were inhibited by free L-lysine, indicating the involvement of lysine binding sites in the Plg molecule. However, mutation to alanine of all lysine residues in the MK-rich domain did not decrease its ability to bind Plg. Collectively, our data identify a novel bacterial sequence that can interact with lysine binding sites in the Plg molecule. Notably, such binding did not require the presence of lysine or other positively charged amino acids in the bacterial receptor. These data may be useful for developing alternative therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking interactions between group B streptococci and Plg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Coppolino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letizia Romeo
- Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Scylla Biotech Srl, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cloning and Characterization of Immunological Properties of Haemophilus influenzae Enolase. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6629824. [PMID: 34222496 PMCID: PMC8225457 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6629824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is a common organism of the human upper respiratory tract; this bacterium is responsible of a wide spectrum for respiratory infections and can generate invasive diseases such as meningitis and septicemia. These infections are associated with H. influenzae encapsulated serotype b. However, the incidence of invasive disease caused by nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) has increased in the post-H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) vaccine era. Currently, an effective vaccine against NTHi is not available; due to this, it is important to find an antigen capable to confer protection against NTHi infection. In this study, 10 linear B cell epitopes and 13 CTL epitopes and a putative plasminogen-binding motif (252FYNKENGMY260) and the presence of enolase on the surface of different strains of H. influenzae were identified in the enolase sequence of H. influenzae. Both in silico and experimental results showed that recombinant enolase from H. influenzae is immunogenic that could induce a humoral immune response; this was observed mediating the generation of specific polyclonal antibodies anti-rNTHiENO that recognize typeable and nontypeable H. influenzae strains. The immunogenic properties and the superficial localization of enolase in H. influenzae, important characteristics to be considered as a new candidate for the development of a vaccine, were demonstrated.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pathogen Moonlighting Proteins: From Ancestral Key Metabolic Enzymes to Virulence Factors. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061300. [PMID: 34203698 PMCID: PMC8232316 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting and multitasking proteins refer to proteins with two or more functions performed by a single polypeptide chain. An amazing example of the Gain of Function (GoF) phenomenon of these proteins is that 25% of the moonlighting functions of our Multitasking Proteins Database (MultitaskProtDB-II) are related to pathogen virulence activity. Moreover, they usually have a canonical function belonging to highly conserved ancestral key functions, and their moonlighting functions are often involved in inducing extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling. There are three main questions in the context of moonlighting proteins in pathogen virulence: (A) Why are a high percentage of pathogen moonlighting proteins involved in virulence? (B) Why do most of the canonical functions of these moonlighting proteins belong to primary metabolism? Moreover, why are they common in many pathogen species? (C) How are these different protein sequences and structures able to bind the same set of host ECM protein targets, mainly plasminogen (PLG), and colonize host tissues? By means of an extensive bioinformatics analysis, we suggest answers and approaches to these questions. There are three main ideas derived from the work: first, moonlighting proteins are not good candidates for vaccines. Second, several motifs that might be important in the adhesion to the ECM were identified. Third, an overrepresentation of GO codes related with virulence in moonlighting proteins were seen.
Collapse
|
16
|
Karkowska-Kuleta J, Wronowska E, Satala D, Zawrotniak M, Bras G, Kozik A, Nobbs AH, Rapala-Kozik M. Als3-mediated attachment of enolase on the surface of Candida albicans cells regulates their interactions with host proteins. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13297. [PMID: 33237623 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional protein enolase has repeatedly been identified on the surface of numerous cell types, including a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. In Candida albicans-one of the most common fungal pathogens in humans-a surface-exposed enolase form has been previously demonstrated to play an important role in candidal pathogenicity. In our current study, the presence of enolase at the fungal cell surface under different growth conditions was examined, and a higher abundance of enolase at the surface of C. albicans hyphal forms compared to yeast-like cells was found. Affinity chromatography and chemical cross-linking indicated a member of the agglutinin-like sequence protein family-Als3-as an important potential partner required for the surface display of enolase. Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells overexpressing Als3 with site-specific deletions showed that the Ig-like N-terminal region of Als3 (aa 166-225; aa 218-285; aa 270-305; aa 277-286) and the central repeat domain (aa 434-830) are essential for the interaction of this adhesin with enolase. In addition, binding between enolase and Als3 influenced subsequent docking of host plasma proteins-high molecular mass kininogen and plasminogen-on the candidal cell surface, thus supporting the hypothesis that C. albicans can modulate plasma proteolytic cascades to affect homeostasis within the host and propagate inflammation during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen SM, Zou Z, Guo SY, Hou WT, Qiu XR, Zhang Y, Song LJ, Hu XY, Jiang YY, Shen H, An MM. Preventing Candida albicans from subverting host plasminogen for invasive infection treatment. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2417-2432. [PMID: 33115324 PMCID: PMC7646593 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1840927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen in humans that colonizes the skin and mucosal surfaces of the majority healthy individuals. How C. albicans disseminates into the bloodstream and causes life-threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised patients remains unclear. Plasminogen system activation can degrade a variety of structural proteins in vivo and is involved in several homeostatic processes. Here, for the first time, we characterized that C. albicans could capture and “subvert” host plasminogen to invade host epithelial cell surface barriers through cell-wall localized Eno1 protein. We found that the “subverted” plasminogen system plays an important role in development of invasive infection caused by C. albicans in mice. Base on this finding, we discovered a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) 12D9 targeting C. albicans Eno1, with high affinity to the 254FYKDGKYDL262 motif in α-helices 6, β-sheet 6 (H6S6) loop and direct blocking activity for C. albicans capture host plasminogen. mAb 12D9 could prevent C. albicans from invading human epithelial and endothelial cells, and displayed antifungal activity and synergistic effect with anidulafungin or fluconazole in proof-of-concept in vivo studies, suggesting that blocking the function of cell surface Eno1 was effective for controlling invasive infection caused by Candida spp. In summary, our study provides the evidence of C. albicans invading host by “subverting” plasminogen system, suggesting a potential novel treatment strategy for invasive fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zui Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Tong Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Ran Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Mao An
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Satala D, Satala G, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Bukowski M, Kluza A, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Structural Insights into the Interactions of Candidal Enolase with Human Vitronectin, Fibronectin and Plasminogen. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217843. [PMID: 33105833 PMCID: PMC7660097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant amounts of enolase—a cytosolic enzyme involved in the glycolysis pathway—are exposed on the cell surface of Candida yeast. It has been hypothesized that this exposed enolase form contributes to infection-related phenomena such as fungal adhesion to human tissues, and the activation of fibrinolysis and extracellular matrix degradation. The aim of the present study was to characterize, in structural terms, the protein-protein interactions underlying these moonlighting functions of enolase. The tight binding of human vitronectin, fibronectin and plasminogen by purified C. albicans and C. tropicalis enolases was quantitatively analyzed by surface plasmon resonance measurements, and the dissociation constants of the formed complexes were determined to be in the 10−7–10−8 M range. In contrast, the binding of human proteins by the S.cerevisiae enzyme was much weaker. The chemical cross-linking method was used to map the sites on enolase molecules that come into direct contact with human proteins. An internal motif 235DKAGYKGKVGIAMDVASSEFYKDGK259 in C. albicans enolase was suggested to contribute to the binding of all three human proteins tested. Models for these interactions were developed and revealed the sites on the enolase molecule that bind human proteins, extensively overlap for these ligands, and are well-separated from the catalytic activity center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Satala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Michal Bukowski
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Kluza
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li H, Huang Y, Wang J, Yu H, Zhao J, Wan Q, Qi X, Li H, Wang C, Pan B. Molecular and biochemical characterization of enolase from Dermanyssus gallinae. Gene 2020; 756:144911. [PMID: 32574756 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enolase, a multifunctional glycolytic enzyme, is known to act as a plasminogen receptor in many species, involved in the pivotal processes such as motility, adhesion, invasion, growth, and differentiation of the parasites. Knowledge on the function of enolase from Dermanyssus gallinae is very limited. Here we report on the molecular cloning, enzymatic activity, tissue distribution and plasminogen binding activity of enolase from D. gallinae (DgENO). The full-length of cDNA was 1305 bp, specifying a peptide of 434 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DgENO was highly conserved compared with a range of organisms, indicating the potentially similar functions in D. gallinae. A recombinant DgENO (rDgENO) protein was produced and characterized, it catalyzed the dehydration of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate, the optimal pH was 7.5. Polyclonal antibodies were generated in mice and western blotting indicated that antiserum specifically recognized the native enolase in the somatic extracts from D. gallinae. Immunohistochemical staining of mite sections revealed that the distribution of DgENO was ubiquitous with high level in salivary gland, mite digestive tissues and fat bodies in D. gallinae. Expression level of DgENO was observed mostly in engorged adult mites. Moreover, ELISA binding assay showed that rDgENO could bind plasminogen, and lysine analog ε-aminocaproic acid significantly inhibited this binding activity, indicating that D. gallinae enolase is a receptor of plasminogen. The present study provided foundation for understanding of the biological functions of DgENO and its application in development of vaccines against D. gallinae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Bin Jiang District, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - He Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuanwen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vinod V, Vijayrajratnam S, Vasudevan AK, Biswas R. The cell surface adhesins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2019; 232:126392. [PMID: 31841935 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface adhesins play a major role in facilitating host colonization and subsequent establishment of infection. The surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, owing to the complex architecture of its cell envelope, expresses numerous adhesins with varied chemical nature, including proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins and glycopolymers. Studies on mycobacterial adhesins show that they bind with multifarious host receptors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In this review we have highlighted the adhesins that are abundantly present on the mycobacterial surface and their interactions with host receptors. M. tuberculosis interacts with various host cell surface receptors such as toll like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, scavenger receptors, and Fc and complement receptors. Apart from these, ECM components like fibronectin, collagen, elastin, laminin, fibrillin and vitronectin also provide binding sites for surface adhesins of the tubercle bacilli. M. tuberculosis adhesins include proteins with and without signal peptide sequence and transmembrane proteins. Other surface adhesin macromolecules of M. tuberculosis comprises of lipids, glycolipids and glycopolymers. The interaction between the mycobacterial adhesins and their host receptors result in adhesion of the microbe to the host cells, induction of immune response and aid in the pathogenesis of the disease. A thorough understanding of the different M. tuberculosis surface adhesins and host receptors will provide a better picture of interaction between them at molecular level. The information gained on adhesins and host receptors will prove beneficial in developing novel therapeutic strategies such as the use of anti-adhesin molecules to hinder the adhesion of bacteria to the host cells, thereby preventing establishment of infection. The surface molecules discussed in this review will also benefit in identification of new drug targets, diagnostic markers or vaccine candidates against the deadly pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vinod
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sukhithasri Vijayrajratnam
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fischetti VA. Surface Proteins on Gram-Positive Bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0012-2018. [PMID: 31373270 PMCID: PMC6684298 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0012-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface proteins are critical for the survival of gram-positive bacteria both in the environment and to establish an infection. Depending on the organism, their surface proteins are evolutionarily tailored to interact with specific ligands on their target surface, be it inanimate or animate. Most surface molecules on these organisms are covalently anchored to the peptidoglycan through an LPxTG motif found at the C-terminus. These surface molecules are generally modular with multiple binding or enzymatic domains designed for a specific survival function. For example, some molecules will bind serum proteins like fibronectin or fibrinogen in one domain and have a separate function in another domain. In addition, enzymes such as those responsible for the production of ATP may be generally found on some bacterial surfaces, but when or how they are used in the life of these bacteria is currently unknown. While surface proteins are required for pathogenicity but not viability, targeting the expression of these molecules on the bacterial surface would prevent infection but not death of the organism. Given that the number of different surface proteins could be in the range of two to three dozen, each with two or three separate functional domains (with hundreds to thousands of each protein on a given organism), exemplifies the complexity that exists on the bacterial surface. Because of their number, we could not adequately describe the characteristics of all surface proteins in this chapter. However, since the streptococcal M protein was one of the first gram-positive surface protein to be completely sequenced, and perhaps one of the best studied, we will use M protein as a model for surface proteins in general, pointing out differences with other surface molecules when necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Didiasova M, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. When Place Matters: Shuttling of Enolase-1 Across Cellular Compartments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:61. [PMID: 31106201 PMCID: PMC6498095 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme, which catalyzes the inter-conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Altered expression of this enzyme is frequently observed in cancer and accounts for the Warburg effect, an adaptive response of tumor cells to hypoxia. In addition to its catalytic function, ENO-1 exhibits other activities, which strongly depend on its cellular and extracellular localization. For example, the association of ENO-1 with mitochondria membrane was found to be important for the stability of the mitochondrial membrane, and ENO-1 sequestration on the cell surface was crucial for plasmin-mediated pericellular proteolysis. The latter activity of ENO-1 enables many pathogens but also immune and cancer cells to invade the tissue, leading further to infection, inflammation or metastasis formation. The ability of ENO-1 to conduct so many diverse processes is reflected by its contribution to a high number of pathologies, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular hypertrophy, fungal and bacterial infections, cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatic fibrosis, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis. These unexpected non-catalytic functions of ENO-1 and their contributions to diseases are the subjects of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Didiasova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Deshmukh SS, Kornblatt MJ, Kornblatt JA. The influence of truncating the carboxy-terminal amino acid residues of streptococcal enolase on its ability to interact with canine plasminogen. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0206338. [PMID: 30653526 PMCID: PMC6336276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The native octameric structure of streptococcal enolase from Streptococcus pyogenes increasingly dissociates as amino acid residues are removed one by one from the carboxy-terminus. These truncations gradually convert native octameric enolase into monomers and oligomers. In this work, we investigated how these truncations influence the interaction between Streptococcal enolase and canine plasminogen. We used dual polarization interferometry (DPI), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) to study the interaction. The DPI was our first technique, was performed on all the truncations and used one exclusive kind of chip. The LSRP was used to show that the DPI results were not dependent on the type of chip used. The AUC was required to show that our surface results were not the result of selecting a minority population in any given sample; the majority of the protein was responsible for the binding phenomenon we observed. By comparing results from these techniques we identified one detail that is essential for streptococcal enolase to bind plasminogen: In our hands the individual monomers bind plasminogen; dimers, trimers, tetramers may or may not bind, the fully intact, native, octamer does not bind plasminogen. We also evaluated the contribution to the equilibrium constant made by surface binding as well as in solution. On a surface, the association coefficient is about twice that in solution. The difference is probably not significant. Finally, the fully octameric form of the protein that does not contain a hexa-his N-terminal peptide does not bind to a silicon oxynitride surface, does not bind to an Au-nanoparticle surface, does not bind to a surface coated with Ni-NTA nor does it bind to a surface coated with DPgn. The likelihood is great that the enolase species on the surface of Streptococcus pyogenes is an x-mer of the native octamer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Judith Kornblatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal Qc, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of the Enolase from Helicobacter pylori. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9538193. [PMID: 30648111 PMCID: PMC6311853 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9538193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enolase, which catalyses the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate, is an important enzyme in the classic glycolysis pathway in cells. Enolase is highly conserved in organisms from bacteria to humans, indicating its importance in cells. Thus, enolase is a good target for developing new drugs. In the last decade, new functions of this enzyme have been found. Helicobacter pylori is a common human pathogen that causes gastric diseases and even gastric cancer. In this study, the sequence of H. pylori enolase (HpEno) was analysed; the conservation (at least partial) of binding sites for cofactor, plasminogen, and host extracellular RNA, as well as catalytic site, indicates that HpEno should be capable of performing the functions. Recombinant HpEno was overexpressed and purified from E. coli. Compared to the enolases from other species, HpEno had similar characteristics for its secondary structure. The temperature-induced profiles indicate that HpEno is quite stable to temperature, compared to other homologs. Regarding the kinetics of the unfolding reaction, we found that the activation enthalpy associated with the thermal unfolding reaction is equivalent to the reported activation enthalpy for yeast enolase, indicating a similar scaffold and kinetic stability. Although a wide range of experimental conditions were assayed, it was not possible to detect any enzymatic activity of HpEno. To prove the lack of activity, still a much wider range of experiments should be carried out.
Collapse
|
25
|
Crystal structure of GAPDH of Streptococcus agalactiae and characterization of its interaction with extracellular matrix molecules. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:359-367. [PMID: 30553015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GAPDH being a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway is one of the surface adhesins of many Gram-positive bacteria including Streptococcus agalactiae. This anchorless adhesin is known to bind to host plasminogen (PLG) and fibrinogen (Fg), which enhances the virulence and modulates the host immune system. The crystal structure of the recombinant GAPDH from S. agalactiae (SagGAPDH) was determined at 2.6 Å resolution by molecular replacement. The structure was found to be highly conserved with a typical NAD binding domain and a catalytic domain. In this paper, using biolayer interferometry studies, we report that the multifunctional SagGAPDH enzyme binds to a variety of host molecules such as PLG, Fg, laminin, transferrin and mucin with a KD value of 4.4 × 10-7 M, 9.8 × 10-7 M, 1 × 10-5 M, 9.7 × 10-12 M and 1.4 × 10-7 M respectively. The ligand affinity blots reveal that SagGAPDH binds specifically to α and β subunits of Fg and the competitive binding ELISA assay reveals that the Fg and PLG binding sites on GAPDH does not overlap each other. The PLG binding motif of GAPDH varies with organisms, however positively charged residues in the hydrophobic surroundings is essential for PLG binding. The lysine analogue competitive binding assay and lysine succinylation experiments deciphered the role of SagGAPDH lysines in PLG binding. On structural comparison with S. pneumoniae GAPDH, K171 of SagGAPDH is being predicted to be involved in PLG binding. Further SagGAPDH exhibited enzymatic activity in the presence of Fg, PLG and transferrin. This suggests that these host molecules does not mask the active site and bind at some other region of GAPDH.
Collapse
|
26
|
An TJ, Benvenuti MA, Mignemi ME, Thomsen IP, Schoenecker JG. Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infection: Hijacking the Acute-Phase Response. JBJS Rev 2018; 4:01874474-201609000-00004. [PMID: 27760072 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.15.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue injury activates the acute-phase response mediated by the liver, which promotes coagulation, immunity, and tissue regeneration. To survive and disseminate, musculoskeletal pathogens express virulence factors that modulate and hijack this response. As the acute-phase reactants required by these pathogens are most abundant in damaged tissue, these infections are predisposed to occur in tissues following traumatic or surgical injury. Staphylococcus aureus expresses the virulence factors coagulase and von Willebrand binding protein to stimulate coagulation and to form a fibrin abscess that protects it from host immune-cell phagocytosis. After the staphylococcal abscess community reaches quorum, which is the colony density that enables cell-to-cell communication and coordinated gene expression, subsequent expression of staphylokinase stimulates activation of fibrinolysis, which ruptures the abscess wall and results in bacterial dissemination. Unlike Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes expresses streptokinase and other virulence factors to activate fibrinolysis and to rapidly disseminate throughout the body, causing diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis. Understanding the virulence strategies of musculoskeletal pathogens will help to guide clinical diagnosis and decision-making through monitoring of acute-phase markers such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and fibrinogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J An
- Departments of Orthopaedics (M.E.M. and J.G.S.), Pediatrics (I.P.T. and J.G.S.), Pediatric Infectious Disease (I.P.T.), Pharmacology (J.G.S.), and Pathology (J.G.S.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine (T.J.A. and M.A.B.), Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mirasol-Meléndez E, Brieba LG, Díaz-Quezada C, López-Hidalgo M, Figueroa-Angulo EE, Ávila-González L, Arroyo-Verástegui R, Benítez-Cardoza CG. Characterization of multiple enolase genes from Trichomonas vaginalis. Potential novel targets for drug and vaccine design. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:444-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
28
|
Ponce R, León-Janampa N, Gilman RH, Liendo R, Roncal E, Luis S, Quiñones-Garcia S, Silverstein Z, García HH, Gonzales A, Sheen P, Zimic M, Pajuelo MJ. A novel enolase from Taenia solium metacestodes and its evaluation as an immunodiagnostic antigen for porcine cysticercosis. Exp Parasitol 2018; 191:44-54. [PMID: 29885292 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysticercosis is a worldwide parasitic disease of humans and pigs principally caused by infection with the larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. Through the use of the recently-made-available T. solium genome, we identified a gene within a novel 1448 bp ORF that theoretically encodes for a 433 amino acid-long protein and predicted to be an α-enolase closely related to enolases of other flatworms. Additional bioinformatic analyses revealed a putative plasminogen-binding region on this protein, suggesting a potential role for this protein in pathogenesis. On this basis, we isolated the mRNA encoding for this presumptive enolase from T. solium metacestodes and reverse-transcribed it into cDNA before subsequently cloning and expressing it in both E. coli (rEnoTs) and insect cells (rEnoTsBac), in a 6xHis tagged manner. The molecular weights of these two recombinant proteins were ∼48 and ∼50 kDa, respectively, with the differences likely attributable to differential glycosylation. We used spectrophotometric assays to confirm the enolase nature of rEnoTs as well as to measure its enzymatic activity. The resulting estimates of specific activity (60.000 U/mg) and Km (0.091 mM) are quite similar to the catalytic characteristics of enolases of other flatworms. rEnoTs also exhibited high immunogenicity, eliciting a strong polyclonal antibody response in immunized rabbits. We subsequently employed rEnoTsBac for use in an ELISA aimed at discriminating between healthy pigs and those infected with T. solium. This diagnostic assay exhibited a sensitivity of 88.4% (95% CI, 74.92%-96.11%) and a specificity of 83.7% (95% CI: 69.29%-93.19%). In conclusión, this study reports on and enzymatically characterizes a novel enolase from T. solium metacestode, and shows a potential use as an immunodiagnostic for porcine cysticercosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Helminth/chemistry
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/metabolism
- Computational Biology
- Confidence Intervals
- Cysticercosis/diagnosis
- Cysticercosis/veterinary
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/chemistry
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/genetics
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/immunology
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- ROC Curve
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Alignment
- Sf9 Cells
- Spectrophotometry/veterinary
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/diagnosis
- Swine Diseases/parasitology
- Taenia solium/classification
- Taenia solium/enzymology
- Taenia solium/genetics
- Taenia solium/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reynaldo Ponce
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nancy León-Janampa
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruddy Liendo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Elisa Roncal
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sueline Luis
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Stefany Quiñones-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Zach Silverstein
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hector H García
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando Gonzales
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia Sheen
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mirko Zimic
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mónica J Pajuelo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rahi A, Dhiman A, Singh D, Lynn AM, Rehan M, Bhatnagar R. Exploring the interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis enolase and human plasminogen using computational methods and experimental techniques. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2408-2417. [PMID: 28888036 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface localized microbial enolases' binding with human plasminogen has been increasingly proven to have an important role in initial infection cycle of several human pathogens. Likewise, surface localized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) enolase also binds to human plasminogen, and this interaction may entail crucial consequences for granuloma stability. The current study is the first attempt to explore the plasminogen interacting residues of enolase from Mtb. Beginning with the structural modeling of Mtb enolase, the binding pose of Mtb enolase and human plasminogen was predicted using protein-protein docking simulations. The binding pose revealed the interface region with interacting residues and molecular interactions. Next, the interacting residues were refined and ranked by using various criteria. Finally, the selected interacting residues were tested experimentally for their involvement in plasminogen binding. The two consecutive lysine residues, Lys-193 and Lys-194, turned out to be active residues for plasminogen binding. These residues when substituted for alanine along with the most active residue Lys-429, that is, the triple mutant (K193A + K194A + K429A) Mtb enolase, exhibited 40% reduction in plasminogen binding. It is worth noting that Mtb enolase lost nearly half of the plasminogen binding activity with only three simultaneous substitutions, without any significant secondary structure perturbation. Further, the sequence comparison between Mtb and human enolase isoforms suggests the possibility of selective targeting of Mtb enolase to obstruct binding of human plasminogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rahi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alisha Dhiman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Damini Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Andrew M Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Rehan
- King, Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Host-derived extracellular RNA promotes adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae to endothelial and epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37758. [PMID: 27892961 PMCID: PMC5125276 DOI: 10.1038/srep37758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia. The infection process involves bacterial cell surface receptors, which interact with host extracellular matrix components to facilitate colonization and dissemination of bacteria. Here, we investigated the role of host-derived extracellular RNA (eRNA) in the process of pneumococcal alveolar epithelial cell infection. Our study demonstrates that eRNA dose-dependently increased S. pneumoniae invasion of alveolar epithelial cells. Extracellular enolase (Eno), a plasminogen (Plg) receptor, was identified as a novel eRNA-binding protein on S. pneumoniae surface, and six Eno eRNA-binding sites including a C-terminal 15 amino acid motif containing lysine residue 434 were characterized. Although the substitution of lysine 434 for glycine (K434G) markedly diminished the binding of eRNA to Eno, the adherence to and internalization into alveolar epithelial cells of S. pneumoniae strain carrying the C-terminal lysine deletion and the mutation of internal Plg-binding motif were only marginally impaired. Accordingly, using a mass spectrometric approach, we identified seven novel eRNA-binding proteins in pneumococcal cell wall. Given the high number of eRNA-interacting proteins on pneumococci, treatment with RNase1 completely inhibited eRNA-mediated pneumococcal alveolar epithelial cell infection. Our data support further efforts to employ RNAse1 as an antimicrobial agent to combat pneumococcal infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rahi A, Matta SK, Dhiman A, Garhyan J, Gopalani M, Chandra S, Bhatnagar R. Enolase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a surface exposed plasminogen binding protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3355-3364. [PMID: 27569900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, has long been studied as an anchorless protein present on the surface of many pathogenic bacteria that aids in tissue remodeling and invasion by binding to host plasminogen. METHODS Anti-Mtb enolase antibodies in human sera were detected using ELISA. Immunoelectron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to show surface localization of Mtb enolase. SPR was used to determine the affinity of enolase-plasminogen interaction. Plasmin formation upon plasminogen binding to enolase and Mtb surface was measured by ELISA. Mice challenge and histopathological studies were undertaken to determine the protective efficacy of enolase immunization. RESULTS Enolase of Mtb is present on its surface and binds human plasminogen with high affinity. There was an average of 2-fold increase in antibody mediated recognition of Mtb enolase in human sera from TB patients with an active disease over control individuals. Substitution of C-terminal lysine to alanine in rEno decreased its binding affinity with human plasminogen by >2-folds. Enolase bound plasminogen showed urokinase mediated conversion into plasmin. Binding of plasminogen to the surface of Mtb and its conversion into fibrinolytic plasmin was significantly reduced in the presence of anti-rEno antibodies. Immunization with rEno also led to a significant decrease in lung CFU counts of mice upon infection with Mtb H37Rv. CONCLUSIONS Mtb enolase is a surface exposed plasminogen binding protein which upon immunization confers significant protection against Mtb challenge. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Plasminogen binding has been recognized for Mtb, however, proteins involved have not been characterized. We show here that Mtb enolase is a moonlighting plasminogen binding protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rahi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sumit Kumar Matta
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Alisha Dhiman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Jaishree Garhyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Monisha Gopalani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kylväjä R, Ojalehto T, Kainulainen V, Virkola R, Westerlund-Wikström B. Penicillin binding protein 3 of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325-4 binds and activates human plasminogen. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:389. [PMID: 27488131 PMCID: PMC4972960 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen expressing a number of virulence-associated adhesive molecules. In a previous study, we generated in a secretion-competent Escherichia coli strain a library of random FLAG-tag positive (FTP) polypeptides of S. aureus. To identify adhesive proteins and gain additional knowledge on putative virulence factors of S. aureus, we here screened the FTP library against human serum proteins. Findings Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325-4, origin of the FTP library, adhered to immobilized plasminogen in vitro. In an enzyme-linked immunoassay a C-terminal part of penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3), included in the FTP library, bound to immobilized plasminogen. We expressed and purified full-length PBP3 and its C-terminal fragments as recombinant proteins. In a time-resolved fluorometry—based assay the PBP3 polypeptides bound to immobilized plasminogen. The polypeptides enhanced formation of plasmin from plasminogen as analyzed by cleavage of a chromogenic plasmin substrate. Conclusions The present findings, although preliminary, demonstrate reliably that S. aureus NCTC 8325-4 adheres to immobilized plasminogen in vitro and that the adhesion may be mediated by a C-terminal fragment of the PBP3 protein. The full length PBP3 and the penicillin binding C-terminal domain of PBP3 expressed as recombinant proteins bound plasminogen and activated plasminogen to plasmin. These phenomena were inhibited by the lysine analogue ε-aminocaproic acid suggesting that the binding is mediated by lysine residues. A detailed molecular description of surface molecules enhancing the virulence of S. aureus will aid in understanding of its pathogenicity and help in design of antibacterial drugs in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2190-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Kylväjä
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ratastie 2, 01620, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Tuomas Ojalehto
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Orion Diagnostica, Koivu-Mankkaan tie 6, 02200, Espoo, Finland
| | - Veera Kainulainen
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritva Virkola
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benita Westerlund-Wikström
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins are multifunctional proteins that participate in unrelated biological processes and that are not the result of gene fusion. A certain number of these proteins have been characterized in yeasts, and the easy genetic manipulation of these microorganisms has been useful for a thorough analysis of some cases of moonlighting. As the awareness of the moonlighting phenomenon has increased, a growing number of these proteins are being uncovered. In this review, we present a crop of newly identified moonlighting proteins from yeasts and discuss the experimental evidence that qualifies them to be classified as such. The variety of moonlighting functions encompassed by the proteins considered extends from control of transcription to DNA repair or binding to plasminogen. We also discuss several questions pertaining to the moonlighting condition in general. The cases presented show that yeasts are important organisms to be used as tools to understand different aspects of moonlighting proteins.
Collapse
|
34
|
Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Rohde M, Walker MJ. Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and colonization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3739-3757. [PMID: 27312939 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is a human-adapted pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of disease. GAS can cause relatively mild illnesses, such as strep throat or impetigo, and less frequent but severe life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. GAS is an important public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main route of GAS transmission between humans is through close or direct physical contact, and particularly via respiratory droplets. The upper respiratory tract and skin are major reservoirs for GAS infections. The ability of GAS to establish an infection in the new host at these anatomical sites primarily results from two distinct physiological processes, namely bacterial adhesion and colonization. These fundamental aspects of pathogenesis rely upon a variety of GAS virulence factors, which are usually under strict transcriptional regulation. Considerable progress has been made in better understanding these initial infection steps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of GAS adhesion and colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre For Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sumitomo T, Nakata M, Higashino M, Yamaguchi M, Kawabata S. Group A Streptococcus exploits human plasminogen for bacterial translocation across epithelial barrier via tricellular tight junctions. Sci Rep 2016; 7:20069. [PMID: 26822058 PMCID: PMC4731814 DOI: 10.1038/srep20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human-specific pathogen responsible for local suppurative and life-threatening invasive systemic diseases. Interaction of GAS with human plasminogen (PLG) is a salient characteristic for promoting their systemic dissemination. In the present study, a serotype M28 strain was found predominantly localized in tricellular tight junctions of epithelial cells cultured in the presence of PLG. Several lines of evidence indicated that interaction of PLG with tricellulin, a major component of tricellular tight junctions, is crucial for bacterial localization. A site-directed mutagenesis approach revealed that lysine residues at positions 217 and 252 within the extracellular loop of tricellulin play important roles in PLG-binding activity. Additionally, we demonstrated that PLG functions as a molecular bridge between tricellulin and streptococcal surface enolase (SEN). The wild type strain efficiently translocated across the epithelial monolayer, accompanied by cleavage of transmembrane junctional proteins. In contrast, amino acid substitutions in the PLG-binding motif of SEN markedly compromised those activities. Notably, the interaction of PLG with SEN was dependent on PLG species specificity, which influenced the efficiency of bacterial penetration. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism by which GAS exploits host PLG for acceleration of bacterial invasion into deeper tissues via tricellular tight junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miharu Higashino
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Network of Surface-Displayed Glycolytic Enzymes in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Their Interactions with Human Plasminogen. Infect Immun 2015; 84:666-76. [PMID: 26667841 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01071-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In different bacteria, primarily cytosolic and metabolic proteins are characterized as surface localized and interacting with different host factors. These moonlighting proteins include glycolytic enzymes, and it has been hypothesized that they influence the virulence of pathogenic species. The presence of surface-displayed glycolytic enzymes and their interaction with human plasminogen as an important host factor were investigated in the genome-reduced and cell wall-less microorganism Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common agent of respiratory tract infections of humans. After successful expression of 19 glycolytic enzymes and production of polyclonal antisera, the localization of proteins in the mycoplasma cell was characterized using fractionation of total proteins, colony blot, mild proteolysis and immunofluorescence of M. pneumoniae cells. Eight glycolytic enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenases A to C (PdhA-C), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapA), lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh), phosphoglycerate mutase (Pgm), pyruvate kinase (Pyk), and transketolase (Tkt), were confirmed as surface expressed and all are able to interact with plasminogen. Plasminogen bound to recombinant proteins PdhB, GapA, and Pyk was converted to plasmin in the presence of urokinase plasminogen activator and plasmin-specific substrate d-valyl-leucyl-lysine-p-nitroanilide dihydrochloride. Furthermore, human fibrinogen was degraded by the complex of plasminogen and recombinant protein PdhB or Pgm. In addition, surface-displayed proteins (except PdhC) bind to human lung epithelial cells, and the interaction was reduced significantly by preincubation of cells with antiplasminogen. Our results suggest that plasminogen binding and activation by different surface-localized glycolytic enzymes of M. pneumoniae may play a role in successful and long-term colonization of the human respiratory tract.
Collapse
|
37
|
The Energetics of Streptococcal Enolase Octamer Formation: The Quantitative Contributions of the Last Eight Amino Acids at the Carboxy-Terminus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135754. [PMID: 26287818 PMCID: PMC4546058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The enolase produced by Streptococcus pyogenes is a homo-octamer whose overall shape resembles that of a donut. The octamer is best described as a tetramer of dimers. As such, it contains two types of interfaces. The first is common to almost all enolases as most enolases that have been studied are dimers. The second is unique to the octamers and includes residues near the carboxy-terminus. The primary sequence of the enolase contains 435 residues with an added 19 as an N-terminal hexahistine tag. We have systematically truncated the carboxy-terminus, individually removing the first 8 residues. This gave rise to a series of eight structures containing respectively, 435, 434, 433, 432, 431, 430, 429 and 427 residues. The truncations cause the protein to gradually dissociate from octamers to enzymatically inactive monomers with very small amounts of intermediate tetramers and dimers. We have evaluated the contributions of the missing residues to the monomer/octamer equilibrium using a combination of analytical ultracentrifugation and activity assays. For the dissociation reaction,
octamer ⇐⇒ 8 monomer
truncation of all eight C-terminal residues resulted in a diminution in the standard Gibbs energy of dissociation of about 59 kJ/mole of octamer relative to the full length protein. Considering that this change is spread over eight subunits, this translates to a change in standard Gibbs interaction energy of less than 8 kJ/mole of monomer distributed over the eight monomers. The resulting proteins, containing 434, 433, 432, 431, 430, 429 and 427 residues per monomer, showed intermediate free energies of dissociation. Finally, three other mutations were introduced into our reference protein to establish how they influenced the equilibrium. The main importance of this work is it shows that for homo-multimeric proteins a small change in the standard Gibbs interaction energy between subunits can have major physiological effects.
Collapse
|
38
|
Six A, Bellais S, Bouaboud A, Fouet A, Gabriel C, Tazi A, Dramsi S, Trieu-Cuot P, Poyart C. Srr2, a multifaceted adhesin expressed by ST-17 hypervirulent Group B Streptococcus involved in binding to both fibrinogen and plasminogen. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:1209-22. [PMID: 26094503 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Group B Streptococcus (GBS) 'hypervirulent' ST-17 clone is strongly associated with invasive neonatal meningitis. Comparative genome analyses revealed that the serine-rich repeat (Srr) glycoprotein Srr2 is a cell wall-anchored protein specific for ST-17 strains, the non-ST-17 isolates expressing Srr1. Here, we unravel the binding capacity of GBS Srr proteins to relevant components of the host fibrinolysis pathway. We demonstrate that: (i) Srr2 binds plasminogen and plasmin whereas Srr1 does not; (ii) the ability of ST-17 strains to bind fibrinogen reflects a high level surface display of Srr2 combined with a higher affinity of Srr2 than Srr1 to bind this ligand; and (iii) Srr2 binding to host plasma proteins results in the formation of bacterial aggregates that are efficiently endocytosed by phagocytes. Importantly, we show that Srr2 increased bacterial survival to phagocytic killing and bacterial persistence in a murine model of meningitis. We conclude that Srr2 is a multifaceted adhesin used by the ST-17 clone to hijack ligands of the host coagulation system, thereby contributing to bacterial dissemination and invasiveness, and ultimately to meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Six
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Bellais
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abdelouhab Bouaboud
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Fouet
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Christelle Gabriel
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Asmaa Tazi
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques, Paris, F-75014, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre Cochin-Hôtel Dieu-Broca, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Shaynoor Dramsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram Positif, Paris, F-74016, France.,CNRS ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Trieu-Cuot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram Positif, Paris, F-74016, France.,CNRS ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Claire Poyart
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram Positif, Paris, F-74016, France.,CNRS ERL3526, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques, Paris, F-75014, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre Cochin-Hôtel Dieu-Broca, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75014, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cork AJ, Ericsson DJ, Law RHP, Casey LW, Valkov E, Bertozzi C, Stamp A, Jovcevski B, Aquilina JA, Whisstock JC, Walker MJ, Kobe B. Stability of the octameric structure affects plasminogen-binding capacity of streptococcal enolase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121764. [PMID: 25807546 PMCID: PMC4373793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human pathogen that has the potential to cause invasive disease by binding and activating human plasmin(ogen). Streptococcal surface enolase (SEN) is an octameric α-enolase that is localized at the GAS cell surface. In addition to its glycolytic role inside the cell, SEN functions as a receptor for plasmin(ogen) on the bacterial surface, but the understanding of the molecular basis of plasmin(ogen) binding is limited. In this study, we determined the crystal and solution structures of GAS SEN and characterized the increased plasminogen binding by two SEN mutants. The plasminogen binding ability of SENK312A and SENK362A is ~2- and ~3.4-fold greater than for the wild-type protein. A combination of thermal stability assays, native mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography approaches shows that increased plasminogen binding ability correlates with decreased stability of the octamer. We propose that decreased stability of the octameric structure facilitates the access of plasmin(ogen) to its binding sites, leading to more efficient plasmin(ogen) binding and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Cork
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ruby H. P. Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lachlan W. Casey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Eugene Valkov
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Carlo Bertozzi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Anna Stamp
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Blagojce Jovcevski
- School of Biological Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - J. Andrew Aquilina
- School of Biological Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - James C. Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail: (BK); (MJW)
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail: (BK); (MJW)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Balhara V, Deshmukh SS, Kálmán L, Kornblatt JA. The interaction of streptococcal enolase with canine plasminogen: the role of surfaces in complex formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88395. [PMID: 24520380 PMCID: PMC3919783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enolase from Streptococcus pyogenes (Str enolase F137L/E363G) is a homo-octamer shaped like a donut. Plasminogen (Pgn) is a monomeric protein composed of seven discrete separated domains organized into a lock washer. The enolase is known to bind Pgn. In past work we searched for conditions in which the two proteins would bind to one another. The two native proteins in solution would not bind under any of the tried conditions. We found that if the structures were perturbed binding would occur. We stated that only the non-native Str enolase or Pgn would interact such that we could detect binding. We report here the results of a series of dual polarization interferometry (DPI) experiments coupled with atomic force microscopy (AFM), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence. We show that the critical condition for forming stable complexes of the two native proteins involves Str enolase binding to a surface. Surfaces that attract Str enolase are a sufficient condition for binding Pgn. Under certain conditions, Pgn adsorbed to a surface will bind Str enolase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Balhara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - László Kálmán
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack A. Kornblatt
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ruhanen H, Hurley D, Ghosh A, O'Brien KT, Johnston CR, Shields DC. Potential of known and short prokaryotic protein motifs as a basis for novel peptide-based antibacterial therapeutics: a computational survey. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:4. [PMID: 24478765 PMCID: PMC3896991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short linear motifs (SLiMs) are functional stretches of protein sequence that are of crucial importance for numerous biological processes by mediating protein-protein interactions. These motifs often comprise peptides of less than 10 amino acids that modulate protein-protein interactions. While well-characterized in eukaryotic intracellular signaling, their role in prokaryotic signaling is less well-understood. We surveyed the distribution of known motifs in prokaryotic extracellular and virulence proteins across a range of bacterial species and conducted searches for novel motifs in virulence proteins. Many known motifs in virulence effector proteins mimic eukaryotic motifs and enable the pathogen to control the intracellular processes of their hosts. Novel motifs were detected by finding those that had evolved independently in three or more unrelated virulence proteins. The search returned several significantly over-represented linear motifs of which some were known motifs and others are novel candidates with potential roles in bacterial pathogenesis. A putative C-terminal G[AG].$ motif found in type IV secretion system proteins was among the most significant detected. A KK$ motif that has been previously identified in a plasminogen-binding protein, was demonstrated to be enriched across a number of adhesion and lipoproteins. While there is some potential to develop peptide drugs against bacterial infection based on bacterial peptides that mimic host components, this could have unwanted effects on host signaling. Thus, novel SLiMs in virulence factors that do not mimic host components but are crucial for bacterial pathogenesis, such as the type IV secretion system, may be more useful to develop as leads for anti-microbial peptides or drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heini Ruhanen
- Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Hurley
- Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ambarnil Ghosh
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Department, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata, India
| | - Kevin T O'Brien
- Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Denis C Shields
- Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Site-restricted plasminogen activation mediated by group A streptococcal streptokinase variants. Biochem J 2014; 458:23-31. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
By examining the roles of bacterial and host-derived cofactors in streptokinase-mediated plasminogen activation, we find that phenotypic streptokinase variation functionally underpins a pathogenic mechanism whereby streptokinase variants differentially focus plasminogen activation, leading to specific niche adaption within the host.
Collapse
|
44
|
Lippolis R, Siciliano RA, Mazzeo MF, Abbrescia A, Gnoni A, Sardanelli AM, Papa S. Comparative secretome analysis of four isogenic Bacillus clausii probiotic strains. Proteome Sci 2013; 11:28. [PMID: 23816335 PMCID: PMC3716886 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-11-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spore-bearing alkaliphilic Bacillus species constitute a large, heterogeneous group of microorganisms, important for their ability to produce enzymes, antibodies and metabolites of potential medical use. Some Bacillus species are currently being used for manufacturing probiotic products consisting of bacterial spores, exhibiting specific features (colonization, immune-stimulation and antimicrobial activity) that can account for their claimed probiotic properties. In the present work a comparative proteomic study was performed aimed at characterizing the secretome of four closely related isogenic O/C, SIN, N/R and T B. clausii strains, already marketed in a pharmaceutical mixture as probiotics. Results Proteomic analyses revealed a high degree of concordance among the four secretomes, although some proteins exhibited considerable variations in their expression level in the four strains. Among these, some proteins with documented activity in the interaction with host cells were identified, such as the glycolytic enzyme enolase, with a putative plasminogen-binding activity, GroEL, a molecular chaperone shown to be able to bind to mucin, and flagellin protein, a structural flagella protein and a putative immunomodulation agent. Conclusion This study shows, for the first time, differences in the secretome of the OC, SIN, NR and T B. clausii strains. These differences indicate that specific secretome features characterize each of the four strains despite their genotypic similarity. This could confer to the B. clausii strains specific probiotic functions associated with the differentially expressed proteins and indicate that they can cooperate as probiotics as the secretome components of each strain could contribute to the overall activity of a mixed probiotic preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lippolis
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Thomas C, Jacobs E, Dumke R. Characterization of pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit B and enolase as plasminogen-binding proteins in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.061184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Thomas
- Dresden University of Technology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Enno Jacobs
- Dresden University of Technology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roger Dumke
- Dresden University of Technology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vastano V, Capri U, Candela M, Siciliano RA, Russo L, Renda M, Sacco M. Identification of binding sites of Lactobacillus plantarum enolase involved in the interaction with human plasminogen. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
47
|
Sharma A, Arya DK, Sagar V, Bergmann R, Chhatwal GS, Johri AK. Identification of potential universal vaccine candidates against group A Streptococcus by using high throughput in silico and proteomics approach. J Proteome Res 2012. [PMID: 23181284 DOI: 10.1021/pr3005265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes or group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes ~700 million human infections each year, resulting in over 500,000 deaths. The development of a commercial GAS vaccine is hampered due to high strain and serotype diversity in different geographical regions, and the generation of cross-reactive antibodies that may induce autoimmune disease. There is an urgent need to search for alternative vaccine candidates. High throughput multigenome data mining coupled with proteomics seems to be a promising approach to identify the universal vaccine candidates. In the present study, in silico analysis led to prediction of 147 proteins as universal vaccine candidates. Distribution pattern of these predicted candidates was explored in nonsequenced Indian GAS strains (n = 20) by using DNA array hybridization validating in silico analysis. High throughput analyses of surface proteins using 1D-SDS-PAGE coupled with ESI-LC-MS/MS was applied on highly (M49) and less (M1) invasive GAS strains of Indian origin. Comparative proteomics analysis revealed that highly invasive GAS M49 had metabolically more active membrane associated protein machinery than less invasive M1. Further, by overlapping proteomics data with in silico predicted vaccine candidate genes, 52 proteins were identified as probable universal vaccine candidates, which were expressed in these GAS serotypes. These proteins can further be investigated as universal vaccine candidates against GAS. Moreover, this robust approach may serve as a model that can be applied to identify the universal vaccine candidates in case of other pathogenic bacteria with high strain and genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinay Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bacterial plasminogen receptors utilize host plasminogen system for effective invasion and dissemination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:482096. [PMID: 23118509 PMCID: PMC3477821 DOI: 10.1155/2012/482096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order for invasive pathogens to migrate beyond the site of infection, host physiological barriers such as the extracellular matrix, the basement membrane, and encapsulating fibrin network must be degraded. To circumvent these impediments, proteolytic enzymes facilitate the dissemination of the microorganism. Recruitment of host proteases to the bacterial surface represents a particularly effective mechanism for enhancing invasiveness. Plasmin is a broad spectrum serine protease that degrades fibrin, extracellular matrices, and connective tissue. A large number of pathogens express plasminogen receptors which immobilize plasmin(ogen) on the bacterial surface. Surface-bound plasminogen is then activated by plasminogen activators to plasmin through limited proteolysis thus triggering the development of a proteolytic surface on the bacteria and eventually assisting the spread of bacteria. The host hemostatic system plays an important role in systemic infection. The interplay between hemostatic processes such as coagulation and fibrinolysis and the inflammatory response constitutes essential components of host defense and bacterial invasion. The goal of this paper is to highlight mechanisms whereby pathogenic bacteria, by engaging surface receptors, utilize and exploit the host plasminogen and fibrinolytic system for the successful dissemination within the host.
Collapse
|
49
|
Bacterial plasminogen receptors: mediators of a multifaceted relationship. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:272148. [PMID: 23118502 PMCID: PMC3478875 DOI: 10.1155/2012/272148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple species of bacteria are able to sequester the host zymogen plasminogen to the cell surface. Once localised to the bacterial surface, plasminogen can act as a cofactor in adhesion, or, following activation to plasmin, provide a source of potent proteolytic activity. Numerous bacterial plasminogen receptors have been identified, and the mechanisms by which they interact with plasminogen are diverse. Here we provide an overview of bacterial plasminogen receptors and discuss the diverse role bacterial plasminogen acquisition plays in the relationship between bacteria and the host.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Enolase is a conserved cytoplasmic metalloenzyme existing universally in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The enzyme can also locate on the cell surface and bind to plasminogen, via which contributing to the mucosal surface localization of the bacterial pathogens and assisting the invasion into the host cells. The functions of the eukaryotic enzymes on the cell surface expression (including T cells, B cells, neutrophils, monocytoes, neuronal cells and epithelial cells) are not known. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2, SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen which has recently caused two large-scale outbreaks in southern China with severe streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) never seen before in human sufferers. We recently identified the SS2 enolase as an important protective antigen which could protect mice from fatal S.suis 2 infection. In this study, a 2.4-angstrom structure of the SS2 enolase is solved, revealing an octameric arrangement in the crystal. We further demonstrated that the enzyme exists exclusively as an octamer in solution via a sedimentation assay. These results indicate that the octamer is the biological unit of SS2 enolase at least in vitro and most likely in vivo as well. This is, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive characterization of the SS2 enolase octamer both structurally and biophysically, and the second octamer enolase structure in addition to that of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We also investigated the plasminogen binding property of the SS2 enzyme.
Collapse
|