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Meshanni JA, Lee JM, Vayas KN, Sun R, Jiang C, Guo GL, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Suppression of Lung Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis following Nitrogen Mustard Exposure by the Selective Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist Obeticholic Acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:586-595. [PMID: 37188530 PMCID: PMC10801770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause pulmonary injury that can progress to fibrosis. NM toxicity is associated with an influx of inflammatory macrophages in the lung. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in bile acid and lipid homeostasis that has anti-inflammatory activity. In these studies, we analyzed the effects of FXR activation on lung injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis induced by NM. Male Wistar rats were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle control) or NM (0.125 mg/kg) by intratracheal Penncentury-MicroSprayer aerosolization; this was followed by treatment with the FXR synthetic agonist, obeticholic acid (OCA, 15 mg/kg), or vehicle control (0.13-0.18 g peanut butter) 2 hours later and then once per day, 5 days per week thereafter for 28 days. NM caused histopathological changes in the lung, including epithelial thickening, alveolar circularization, and pulmonary edema. Picrosirius red staining and lung hydroxyproline content were increased, indicative of fibrosis; foamy lipid-laden macrophages were also identified in the lung. This was associated with aberrations in pulmonary function, including increases in resistance and hysteresis. Following NM exposure, lung expression of HO-1 and iNOS, and the ratio of nitrates/nitrites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), markers of oxidative stress increased, along with BAL levels of inflammatory proteins, fibrinogen, and sRAGE. Administration of OCA attenuated NM-induced histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered lung function. These findings demonstrate that FXR plays a role in limiting NM-induced lung injury and chronic disease, suggesting that activating FXR may represent an effective approach to limiting NM-induced toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, the role of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) in mustard vesicant-induced pulmonary toxicity was analyzed using nitrogen mustard (NM) as a model. This study's findings that administration of obeticholic acid, an FXR agonist, to rats reduces NM-induced pulmonary injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis provide novel mechanistic insights into vesicant toxicity, which may be useful in the development of efficacious therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jordan M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rachel Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Chenghui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Chesnay A, Paget C, Heuzé-Vourc’h N, Baranek T, Desoubeaux G. Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Pitfalls and Hindrances to Establishing a Reliable Animal Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:129. [PMID: 35205883 PMCID: PMC8877242 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia is a severe lung infection that occurs primarily in largely immunocompromised patients. Few treatment options exist, and the mortality rate remains substantial. To develop new strategies in the fields of diagnosis and treatment, it appears to be critical to improve the scientific knowledge about the biology of the Pneumocystis agent and the course of the disease. In the absence of in vitro continuous culture system, in vivo animal studies represent a crucial cornerstone for addressing Pneumocystis pneumonia in laboratories. Here, we provide an overview of the animal models of Pneumocystis pneumonia that were reported in the literature over the last 60 years. Overall, this review highlights the great heterogeneity of the variables studied: the choice of the host species and its genetics, the different immunosuppressive regimens to render an animal susceptible, the experimental challenge, and the different validation methods of the model. With this work, the investigator will have the keys to choose pivotal experimental parameters and major technical features that are assumed to likely influence the results according to the question asked. As an example, we propose an animal model to explore the immune response during Pneumocystis pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Chesnay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie-Médecine Tropicale, Pôle Biologie Médicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France;
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
| | - Christophe Paget
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc’h
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Baranek
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie-Médecine Tropicale, Pôle Biologie Médicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France;
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Université de Tours, 10 Bouelvard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; (C.P.); (N.H.-V.); (T.B.)
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Pioselli B, Salomone F, Mazzola G, Amidani D, Sgarbi E, Amadei F, Murgia X, Catinella S, Villetti G, De Luca D, Carnielli V, Civelli M. Pulmonary surfactant: a unique biomaterial with life-saving therapeutic applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:526-590. [PMID: 34525915 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210825110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a complex lipoprotein mixture secreted into the alveolar lumen by type 2 pneumocytes, which is composed by tens of different lipids (approximately 90% of its entire mass) and surfactant proteins (approximately 10% of the mass). It is crucially involved in maintaining lung homeostasis by reducing the values of alveolar liquid surface tension close to zero at end-expiration, thereby avoiding the alveolar collapse, and assembling a chemical and physical barrier against inhaled pathogens. A deficient amount of surfactant or its functional inactivation is directly linked to a wide range of lung pathologies, including the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. This paper reviews the main biophysical concepts of surfactant activity and its inactivation mechanisms, and describes the past, present and future roles of surfactant replacement therapy, focusing on the exogenous surfactant preparations marketed worldwide and new formulations under development. The closing section describes the pulmonary surfactant in the context of drug delivery. Thanks to its peculiar composition, biocompatibility, and alveolar spreading capability, the surfactant may work not only as a shuttle to the branched anatomy of the lung for other drugs but also as a modulator for their release, opening to innovative therapeutic avenues for the treatment of several respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elisa Sgarbi
- Preclinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma. Italy
| | | | - Xabi Murgia
- Department of Biotechnology, GAIKER Technology Centre, Zamudio. Spain
| | | | | | - Daniele De Luca
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Antoine Béclère Medical Center, APHP, South Paris University Hospitals, Paris, France; Physiopathology and Therapeutic Innovation Unit-U999, South Paris-Saclay University, Paris. France
| | - Virgilio Carnielli
- Division of Neonatology, G Salesi Women and Children's Hospital, Polytechnical University of Marche, Ancona. Italy
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Charpentier E, Ménard S, Marques C, Berry A, Iriart X. Immune Response in Pneumocystis Infections According to the Host Immune System Status. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080625. [PMID: 34436164 PMCID: PMC8399367 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The host immune response is critical in Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Immunocompetent hosts can eliminate the fungus without symptoms, while immunodeficient hosts develop PCP with an unsuitable excessive inflammatory response leading to lung damage. From studies based on rodent models or clinical studies, this review aimed to better understand the pathophysiology of Pneumocystis infection by analysing the role of immune cells, mostly lymphocytes, according to the immune status of the infected host. Hence, this review first describes the immune physiological response in infected immunocompetent hosts that are able to eliminate the fungus. The objective of the second part is to identify the immune elements required for the control of the fungus, focusing on specific immune deficiencies. Finally, the third part concentrates on the effect of the different immune elements in immunocompromised subjects during PCP, to better understand which cells are detrimental, and which, on the contrary, are beneficial once the disease has started. This work highlights that the immune response associated with a favourable outcome of the infection may differ according to the immune status of the host. In the case of immunocompetency, a close communication between B cells and TCD4 within tertiary lymphocyte structures appears critical to activate M2 macrophages without much inflammation. Conversely, in the case of immunodeficiency, a pro-inflammatory response including Th1 CD4, cytotoxic CD8, NK cells, and IFNγ release seems beneficial for M1 macrophage activation, despite the impact of inflammation on lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléna Charpentier
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (X.I.)
| | - Sandie Ménard
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Marques
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Antoine Berry
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Xavier Iriart
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (X.I.)
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Watson A, Madsen J, Clark HW. SP-A and SP-D: Dual Functioning Immune Molecules With Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622598. [PMID: 33542724 PMCID: PMC7851053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) are soluble innate immune molecules which maintain lung homeostasis through their dual roles as anti-infectious and immunomodulatory agents. SP-A and SP-D bind numerous viruses including influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), enhancing their clearance from mucosal points of entry and modulating the inflammatory response. They also have diverse roles in mediating innate and adaptive cell functions and in clearing apoptotic cells, allergens and other noxious particles. Here, we review how the properties of these first line defense molecules modulate inflammatory responses, as well as host-mediated immunopathology in response to viral infections. Since SP-A and SP-D are known to offer protection from viral and other infections, if their levels are decreased in some disease states as they are in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this may confer an increased risk of viral infection and exacerbations of disease. Recombinant molecules of SP-A and SP-D could be useful in both blocking respiratory viral infection while also modulating the immune system to prevent excessive inflammatory responses seen in, for example, RSV or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recombinant SP-A and SP-D could have therapeutic potential in neutralizing both current and future strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus as well as modulating the inflammation-mediated pathology associated with COVID-19. A recombinant fragment of human (rfh)SP-D has recently been shown to neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Further work investigating the potential therapeutic role of SP-A and SP-D in COVID-19 and other infectious and inflammatory diseases is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Watson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Madsen
- Neonatology, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Howard William Clark
- Neonatology, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital (UCLH), University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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Depicolzuane L, Phelps DS, Floros J. Surfactant Protein-A Function: Knowledge Gained From SP-A Knockout Mice. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:799693. [PMID: 35071140 PMCID: PMC8777267 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.799693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant proteins have many roles in surfactant- related functions and innate immunity. One of these proteins is the surfactant protein A (SP-A) that plays a role in both surfactant-related processes and host defense and is the focus in this review. SP-A interacts with the sentinel host defense cell in the alveolus, the alveolar macrophage (AM), to modulate its function and expression profile under various conditions, as well as other alveolar epithelial cells such as the Type II cell. Via these interactions, SP-A has an impact on the alveolar microenvironment. SP-A is also important for surfactant structure and function. Much of what is understood of the function of SP-A and its various roles in lung health has been learned from SP-A knockout (KO) mouse experiments, as reviewed here. A vast majority of this work has been done with infection models that are bacterial, viral, and fungal in nature. Other models have also been used, including those of bleomycin-induced lung injury and ozone-induced oxidative stress either alone or in combination with an infectious agent, bone marrow transplantation, and other. In addition, models investigating the effects of SP-A on surfactant components or surfactant structure have contributed important information. SP-A also appears to play a role in pathways involved in sex differences in response to infection and/or oxidative stress, as well as at baseline conditions. To date, this is the first review to provide a comprehensive report of the functions of SP-A as learned through KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Floros
- Departments of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA, United States.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Xu HN, Lin Z, Gandhi CK, Amatya S, Wang Y, Li LZ, Floros J. Sex and SP-A2 Dependent NAD(H) Redox Alterations in Mouse Alveolar Macrophages in Response to Ozone Exposure: Potential Implications for COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100915. [PMID: 32992843 PMCID: PMC7601279 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(H)) redox plays a key role in macrophage function. Surfactant protein (SP-) A modulates the functions of alveolar macrophages (AM) and ozone (O3) exposure in the presence or absence of SP-A and reduces mouse survival in a sex-dependent manner. It is unclear whether and how NAD(H) redox status plays a role in the innate immune response in a sex-dependent manner. We investigated the NAD(H) redox status of AM from SP-A2 and SP-A knockout (KO) mice in response to O3 or filtered air (control) exposure using optical redox imaging technique. We found: (i) In SP-A2 mice, the redox alteration of AM in response to O3 showed sex-dependence with AM from males being significantly more oxidized and having a higher level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species than females; (ii) AM from KO mice were more oxidized after O3 exposure and showed no sex differences; (iii) AM from female KO mice were more oxidized than female SP-A2 mice; and (iv) Two distinct subpopulations characterized by size and redox status were observed in a mouse AM sample. In conclusions, the NAD(H) redox balance in AM responds to O3 in a sex-dependent manner and the innate immune molecule, SP-A2, contributes to this observed sex-specific redox response.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N. Xu
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.N.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhenwu Lin
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.N.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chintan K. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (C.K.G.); (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shaili Amatya
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (C.K.G.); (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (C.K.G.); (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lin Z. Li
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.N.X.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Joanna Floros
- Departments of Pediatric and Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Z.L.); (J.F.)
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Liang J, Cao H, Ke Y, Sun C, Chen W, Lin J. Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease in Adult Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:12. [PMID: 32083087 PMCID: PMC7005087 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed at clarifying the prevalence, risk factors, outcome, and outcome-related factors of acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease (AE-ILD) in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). Methods: Data of IIM patients who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (FAHZJU) from September 2007 to September 2019 were retrospectively collected. And the IIM patients with AE-ILD formed the case group. In addition, age and sex matched IIM patients without AE-ILD were randomly selected to constitute the control group. A 1:2 case-control study and intragroup analysis were performed to identify risk factors for development of AE-ILD in IIM patients and unfavorable short-term outcome in AE-ILD patients through comparison, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: AE-ILD occurred in 64 out of 665 IIM patients (9.6%) with a short-term mortality rate of 39.1%. And the 64 IIM patients with AE-ILD formed the case group. Besides, 128 age and sex matched IIM patients without AE-ILD were randomly selected to constitute the control group. The retrospective case-control study revealed that elevated on-admission disease activity (P < 0.001), lower percent-predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO%, P = 0.013) and diagnosis of clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM, P = 0.007) were risk factors for development of AE-ILD in IIM patients. The following intragroup analysis indicated that elevated on-admission disease activity (P = 0.008) and bacterial infection (P = 0.003) were significantly correlated with the unfavorable short-term outcome of patients complicated with AE-ILD. In addition, combined use of steroid and disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs, P = 0.006) was found to significantly reduce the short-term mortality in IIM patients with AE-ILD. Conclusion: AE-ILD is a less frequent but fatal complication in IIM patients with elevated on-admission disease activity, lower DLCO% and diagnosis of CADM working as risk factors, indicating the potential roles of autoimmune abnormality and hypoxia in development of AE-ILD. Elevated on-admission disease activity and bacterial infection could predict unfavorable short-term outcome of IIM patients with AE-ILD. A therapeutic regimen of steroid and DMARDs was found to reduce short-term death in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Liang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Cao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yini Ke
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuanyin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqian Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Lin
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Guo CJ, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Abramova E, Smith LC, Beers MF, Gow AJ. Surfactant protein-D modulation of pulmonary macrophage phenotype is controlled by S-nitrosylation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L539-L549. [PMID: 31411060 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00506.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein-D (SP-D) is a regulator of pulmonary innate immunity whose oligomeric state can be altered through S-nitrosylation to regulate its signaling function in macrophages. Here, we examined how nitrosylation of SP-D alters the phenotypic response of macrophages to stimuli both in vivo and in vitro. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from C57BL6/J and SP-D-overexpressing (SP-D OE) mice was incubated with RAW264.7 cells ± LPS. LPS induces the expression of the inflammatory genes Il1b and Nos2, which is reduced 10-fold by SP-D OE-BAL. S-nitrosylation of the SP-D OE-BAL (SNO-SP-D OE-BAL) abrogated this inhibition. SNO-SP-D OE-BAL alone induced Il1b and Nos2 expression. PCR array analysis of macrophages incubated with SP-D OE-BAL (±LPS) shows increased expression of repair genes, Ccl20, Cxcl1, and Vcam1, that was accentuated by LPS. LPS increases inflammatory gene expression, Il1a, Nos2, Tnf, and Ptgs2, which was accentuated by SNO-SP-D OE-BAL but inhibited by SP-D OE-BAL. The transcription factor NF-κB was identified as a target for SNO-SP-D by IPA, which was confirmed by Trans-AM ELISA in vitro. In vivo, SP-D overexpression increases the burden of infection in a Pneumocystis model while increasing cellular recruitment. Expression of iNOS and the production of NO metabolites were significantly reduced in SP-D OE mice relative to C57BL6/J. Inflammatory gene expression was increased in infected C57BL6/J mice but decreased in SP-D OE. SP-D oligomeric structure was disrupted in C57BL6/J infected mice but unaltered within SP-D OE. Thus SP-D modulates macrophage phenotype and the balance of multimeric to trimeric SP-D is critical to this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Guo
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | - Elena Abramova
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ley Cody Smith
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Michael F Beers
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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10
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Claire Hoving
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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12
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Ordonez SR, Veldhuizen EJA, van Eijk M, Haagsman HP. Role of Soluble Innate Effector Molecules in Pulmonary Defense against Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2098. [PMID: 29163395 PMCID: PMC5671533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections of the lung are life-threatening but rarely occur in healthy, immunocompetent individuals, indicating efficient clearance by pulmonary defense mechanisms. Upon inhalation, fungi will first encounter the airway surface liquid which contains several soluble effector molecules that form the first barrier of defense against fungal infections. These include host defense peptides, like LL-37 and defensins that can neutralize fungi by direct killing of the pathogen, and collectins, such as surfactant protein A and D, that can aggregate fungi and stimulate phagocytosis. In addition, these molecules have immunomodulatory activities which can aid in fungal clearance from the lung. However, existing observations are based on in vitro studies which do not reflect the complexity of the lung and its airway surface liquid. Ionic strength, pH, and the presence of mucus can have strong detrimental effects on antifungal activity, while the potential synergistic interplay between soluble effector molecules is largely unknown. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on soluble effector molecules that contribute to antifungal activity, the importance of environmental factors and discuss the future directions required to understand the innate antifungal defense in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad R Ordonez
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martin van Eijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Minutti CM, Jackson-Jones LH, García-Fojeda B, Knipper JA, Sutherland TE, Logan N, Ringqvist E, Guillamat-Prats R, Ferenbach DA, Artigas A, Stamme C, Chroneos ZC, Zaiss DM, Casals C, Allen JE. Local amplifiers of IL-4Rα-mediated macrophage activation promote repair in lung and liver. Science 2017; 356:1076-1080. [PMID: 28495878 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 immune response controls helminth infection and maintains tissue homeostasis but can lead to allergy and fibrosis if not adequately regulated. We have discovered local tissue-specific amplifiers of type 2-mediated macrophage activation. In the lung, surfactant protein A (SP-A) enhanced interleukin-4 (IL-4)-dependent macrophage proliferation and activation, accelerating parasite clearance and reducing pulmonary injury after infection with a lung-migrating helminth. In the peritoneal cavity and liver, C1q enhancement of type 2 macrophage activation was required for liver repair after bacterial infection, but resulted in fibrosis after peritoneal dialysis. IL-4 drives production of these structurally related defense collagens, SP-A and C1q, and the expression of their receptor, myosin 18A. These findings reveal the existence within different tissues of an amplification system needed for local type 2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Minutti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain.,School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Lucy H Jackson-Jones
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Belén García-Fojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Johanna A Knipper
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Emma Ringqvist
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Raquel Guillamat-Prats
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain.,Critical Care Centre, Corporació Sanitària Universitària Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Parc Taulí 1, 08208-Sabadell, Spain
| | - David A Ferenbach
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Antonio Artigas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain.,Critical Care Centre, Corporació Sanitària Universitària Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Parc Taulí 1, 08208-Sabadell, Spain
| | - Cordula Stamme
- Division of Cellular Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845 Borstel, and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith E Allen
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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14
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Differences in Host Innate Responses among Coccidioides Isolates in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:1043-53. [PMID: 26275879 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00122-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are soil-dwelling fungi and the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, a mycosis endemic to certain semiarid regions in the Americas. The most common route of infection is by inhalation of airborne Coccidioides arthroconidia. Once a susceptible host inhales the conidia, a transition to mature endosporulated spherules can occur within the first 5 days of infection. For this study, we examined the host response in a murine model of coccidioidomycosis during a time period of infection that has not been well characterized. We collected lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from BALB/c mice that were infected with a C. immitis pure strain, a C. immitis hybrid strain, or a C. posadasii strain as well as uninfected mice. We compared the host responses to the Coccidioides strains used in this study by assessing the level of transcription of selected cytokine genes in lung tissues and characterized host and fungal proteins present in BALF. Host response varied depending on the Coccidioides strain that was used and did not appear to be overly robust. This study provides a foundation to begin to dissect the host immune response early in infection, to detect abundant Coccidioides proteins, and to develop diagnostics that target these early time points of infection.
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15
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Mitsuhashi A, Goto H, Kuramoto T, Tabata S, Yukishige S, Abe S, Hanibuchi M, Kakiuchi S, Saijo A, Aono Y, Uehara H, Yano S, Ledford JG, Sone S, Nishioka Y. Surfactant protein A suppresses lung cancer progression by regulating the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1843-53. [PMID: 23499372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a large multimeric protein found in the lungs. In addition to its immunoregulatory function in infectious respiratory diseases, SP-A is also used as a marker of lung adenocarcinoma. Despite the finding that SP-A expression levels in cancer cells has a relationship with patient prognosis, the function of SP-A in lung cancer progression is unknown. We investigated the role of SP-A in lung cancer progression by introducing the SP-A gene into human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. SP-A gene transduction suppressed the progression of tumor in subcutaneous xenograft or lung metastasis mouse models. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the number of M1 antitumor tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) was increased and the number of M2 tumor-promoting TAMs was not changed in the tumor tissue produced by SP-A-expressing cells. In addition, natural killer (NK) cells were also increased and activated in the SP-A-expressing tumor. Moreover, SP-A did not inhibit tumor progression in mice depleted of NK cells. Taking into account that SP-A did not directly activate NK cells, these results suggest that SP-A inhibited lung cancer progression by recruiting and activating NK cells via controlling the polarization of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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16
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Jaw JE, Sin DD. Unifying thoracic biomarkers: surfactant protein-D and beyond. Expert Rev Respir Med 2012; 6:147-54. [PMID: 22455487 DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disorder that affects 300 million people worldwide and is responsible for 3 million deaths annually. Currently, there are no accepted biomarkers of COPD, which has impaired drug development and management of patients with COPD. Pneumoproteins, which are proteins synthesized predominantly in the lungs, are promising blood biomarkers because they have high specificity for lung disease. The most promising is surfactant protein-D, which is synthesized largely in Type 2 pneumocytes, and its blood concentrations have been associated with COPD and with certain clinical end points such as mortality. In this paper, we discuss surfactant protein-D and other pneumoproteins as promising biomarkers of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Erh Jaw
- UBC James Hogg Research Center, The Institute for Heart and Lung Health, St Paul's Hospital and Department of Medicine (Pulmonary Division), University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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17
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Ma CCH, Ma S. The role of surfactant in respiratory distress syndrome. Open Respir Med J 2012; 6:44-53. [PMID: 22859930 PMCID: PMC3409350 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401206010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The key feature of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the insufficient production of surfactant in the lungs of preterm infants. As a result, researchers have looked into the possibility of surfactant replacement therapy as a means of preventing and treating RDS. We sought to identify the role of surfactant in the prevention and management of RDS, comparing the various types, doses, and modes of administration, and the recent development. A PubMed search was carried out up to March 2012 using phrases: surfactant, respiratory distress syndrome, protein-containing surfactant, protein-free surfactant, natural surfactant, animal-derived surfactant, synthetic surfactant, lucinactant, surfaxin, surfactant protein-B, surfactant protein-C.Natural, or animal-derived, surfactant is currently the surfactant of choice in comparison to protein-free synthetic surfactant. However, it is hoped that the development of protein-containing synthetic surfactant, such as lucinactant, will rival the efficacy of natural surfactants, but without the risks of their possible side effects. Administration techniques have also been developed with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and selective surfactant administration now recommended; multiple surfactant doses have also reported better outcomes. An aerosolised form of surfactant is being trialled in the hope that surfactant can be administered in a non-invasive way. Overall, the advancement, concerning the structure of surfactant and its mode of administration, offers an encouraging future in the management of RDS.
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18
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Svirshchevskaya E, Zubkov D, Mouyna I, Berkova N. Innate Immunity and the Role of Epithelial Barrier During Aspergillus fumigatus Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:254-261. [PMID: 23255875 PMCID: PMC3520052 DOI: 10.2174/157339512800671985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are the most important eukaryotic infective agents in Europe which largely overpass parasite infections. Total number of people dying of fungal infection is increasing and this trend is likely to continue due to the increase in immunosuppressive treatments. The opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) is a saprophytic filamentous fungus that can cause invasive pulmonary diseases in immuno-compromised hosts. In veterinary medicine aspergillosis is also a recurrent problem since it infects various species, birds are particularly susceptible. It propagates through airborne conidia (spores), which are inhaled into the small airways where they may germinate and initiate an infection. The host epithelium has permanent contact with the environment and a multitude of diverse microorganisms, resulting in a network of the host’s defense mechanisms. Pathogens use various strategies to invade epithelial barriers, to exploit eukaryotic host function to their own benefit and disseminate throughout the host using the epithelium as a reservoir. The current revue will discuss the ways how epithelial and innate immunity cells can contlol Af infection. We will focus on Af strategies for the host’s invasion, antifungal innate immune response and antimicrobial activities of the respiratory epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Svirshchevskaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation, Russia
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19
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Pulmonary Collectins in Diagnosis and Prevention of Lung Diseases. ANIMAL LECTINS: FORM, FUNCTION AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121960 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1065-2_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins, and is synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II epithelial cells and bronchiolar Clara cells. It acts to keep alveoli from collapsing during the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. After its secretion, lung surfactant forms a lattice structure on the alveolar surface, known as tubular myelin. Surfactant proteins (SP)-A, B, C and D make up to 10% of the total surfactant. SP-B and SPC are relatively small hydrophobic proteins, and are involved in the reduction of surface-tension at the air-liquid interface. SP-A and SP-D, on the other hand, are large oligomeric, hydrophilic proteins that belong to the collagenous Ca2+-dependent C-type lectin family (known as “Collectins”), and play an important role in host defense and in the recycling and transport of lung surfactant (Awasthi 2010) (Fig. 43.1). In particular, there is increasing evidence that surfactant-associated proteins A and -D (SP-A and SP-D, respectively) contribute to the host defense against inhaled microorganisms (see 10.1007/978-3-7091-1065_24 and 10.1007/978-3-7091-1065_25). Based on their ability to recognize pathogens and to regulate the host defense, SP-A and SP-D have been recently categorized as “Secretory Pathogen Recognition Receptors”. While SP-A and SP-D were first identified in the lung; the expression of these proteins has also been observed at other mucosal surfaces, such as lacrimal glands, gastrointestinal mucosa, genitourinary epithelium and periodontal surfaces. SP-A is the most prominent among four proteins in the pulmonary surfactant-system. The expression of SP-A is complexly regulated on the transcriptional and the chromosomal level. SP-A is a major player in the pulmonary cytokine-network and moreover has been described to act in the pulmonary host defense. This chapter gives an overview on the understanding of role of SP-A and SP-D in for human pulmonary disorders and points out the importance for pathology-orientated research to further elucidate the role of these molecules in adult lung diseases. As an outlook, it will become an issue of pulmonary pathology which might provide promising perspectives for applications in research, diagnosis and therapy (Awasthi 2010).
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Phelps DS, Umstead TM, Quintero OA, Yengo CM, Floros J. In vivo rescue of alveolar macrophages from SP-A knockout mice with exogenous SP-A nearly restores a wild type intracellular proteome; actin involvement. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:67. [PMID: 22035134 PMCID: PMC3219558 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice lacking surfactant protein-A (SP-A-/-; knockout; KO) exhibit increased vulnerability to infection and injury. Although many bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein differences between KO and wild-type (WT) are rapidly reversed in KO after infection, their clinical course is still compromised. We studied the impact of SP-A on the alveolar macrophage (AM) proteome under basal conditions. Male SP-A KO mice were SP-A-treated (5 micrograms/mouse) and sacrificed in 6 or 18 hr. The AM proteomes of KO, SP-A-treated KO, and WT mice were studied by 2D-DIGE coupled with MALDI-ToF/ToF and AM actin distribution was examined by phalloidon staining. RESULTS We observed: a) significant differences from KO in WT or exogenous SP-A-treated in 45 of 76 identified proteins (both increases and decreases). These included actin-related/cytoskeletal proteins (involved in motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis), proteins of intracellular signaling, cell differentiation/regulation, regulation of inflammation, protease/chaperone function, and proteins related to Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway; b) SP-A-induced changes causing the AM proteome of the KO to resemble that of WT; and c) that SP-A treatment altered cell size and F-actin distribution. CONCLUSIONS These differences are likely to enhance AM function. The observations show for the first time that acute in vivo SP-A treatment of KO mice, under basal or unstimulated conditions, affects the expression of multiple AM proteins, alters F-actin distribution, and can restore much of the WT phenotype. We postulate that the SP-A-mediated expression profile of the AM places it in a state of "readiness" to successfully conduct its innate immune functions and ensure lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Phelps
- Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Atochina-Vasserman EN, Bates SR, Zhang P, Abramova H, Zhang Z, Gonzales L, Tao JQ, Gochuico BR, Gahl W, Guo CJ, Gow AJ, Beers MF, Guttentag S. Early alveolar epithelial dysfunction promotes lung inflammation in a mouse model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:449-58. [PMID: 21616998 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201011-1882oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The pulmonary phenotype of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) in adults includes foamy alveolar type 2 cells, inflammation, and lung remodeling, but there is no information about ontogeny or early disease mediators. OBJECTIVES To establish the ontogeny of HPS lung disease in an animal model, examine disease mediators, and relate them to patients with HPS1. METHODS Mice with mutations in both HPS1/pale ear and HPS2/AP3B1/pearl (EPPE mice) were studied longitudinally. Total lung homogenate, lung tissue sections, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were examined for phospholipid, collagen, histology, cell counts, chemokines, surfactant protein D (SP-D), and S-nitrosylated SP-D. Isolated alveolar epithelial cells were examined for expression of inflammatory mediators, and chemotaxis assays were used to assess their importance. Pulmonary function test results and BAL from patients with HPS1 and normal volunteers were examined for clinical correlation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS EPPE mice develop increased total lung phospholipid, followed by a macrophage-predominant pulmonary inflammation, and lung remodeling including fibrosis. BAL fluid from EPPE animals exhibited early accumulation of both SP-D and S-nitrosylated SP-D. BAL fluid from patients with HPS1 exhibited similar changes in SP-D that correlated inversely with pulmonary function. Alveolar epithelial cells demonstrated expression of both monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in juvenile EPPE mice. Last, BAL from EPPE mice and patients with HPS1 enhanced migration of RAW267.4 cells, which was attenuated by immunodepletion of SP-D and MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation is initiated from the abnormal alveolar epithelial cells in HPS, and S-nitrosylated SP-D plays a significant role in amplifying pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Atochina-Vasserman EN, Winkler C, Abramova H, Schaumann F, Krug N, Gow AJ, Beers MF, Hohlfeld JM. Segmental allergen challenge alters multimeric structure and function of surfactant protein D in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:856-64. [PMID: 21131470 PMCID: PMC3086753 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201004-0654oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a 43-kD collectin, is synthesized and secreted by airway epithelia as a dodecamer formed by assembly of four trimeric subunits. We have previously shown that the quaternary structure of SP-D can be altered during inflammatory lung injury through its modification by S-nitrosylation, which in turn alters its functional behavior producing a proinflammatory response in effector cells. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that alterations in structure and function of SP-D may occur in humans with acute allergic inflammation. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected from 15 nonsmoking patients with mild intermittent allergic asthma before and 24 hours after segmental provocation with saline, allergen, LPS, and mixtures of allergen and LPS. Structural modifications of SP-D were analyzed by native and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The multimeric structure of native SP-D was found to be disrupted after provocation with allergen or a mixture of allergen and LPS. Interestingly, under reducing conditions, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that 7 of 15 patients with asthma developed an abnormal cross-linked SP-D band after segmental challenge with either allergen or a mixture of allergen with LPS but not LPS alone. Importantly, patients with asthma with cross-linked SP-D demonstrated significantly higher levels of BAL eosinophils, nitrogen oxides, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and S-nitrosothiol-SP-D compared with patients without cross-linked SP-D. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that segmental allergen challenge results in changes of SP-D multimeric structure and that these modifications are associated with an altered local inflammatory response in the distal airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N. Atochina-Vasserman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carla Winkler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helen Abramova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Schaumann
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Norbert Krug
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Gow
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael F. Beers
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens M. Hohlfeld
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Winkler C, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Holz O, Beers MF, Erpenbeck VJ, Krug N, Roepcke S, Lauer G, Elmlinger M, Hohlfeld JM. Comprehensive characterisation of pulmonary and serum surfactant protein D in COPD. Respir Res 2011; 12:29. [PMID: 21396106 PMCID: PMC3061904 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) is considered as a candidate biomarker for the functional integrity of the lung and for disease progression, which can be detected in serum. The origin of SP-D in serum and how serum concentrations are related to pulmonary concentrations under inflammatory conditions is still unclear. Methods In a cross-sectional study comprising non-smokers (n = 10), young - (n = 10), elderly smokers (n = 20), and smokers with COPD (n = 20) we simultaneously analysed pulmonary and serum SP-D levels with regard to pulmonary function, exercise, repeatability and its quaternary structure by native gel electrophoresis. Statistical comparisons were conducted by ANOVA and post-hoc testing for multiple comparisons; repeatability was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. Results In COPD, median (IQR) pulmonary SP-D levels were lower (129(68) ng/ml) compared to smokers (young: 299(190), elderly: 296(158) ng/ml; p < 0.01) and non-smokers (967(708) ng/ml; p < 0.001). The opposite was observed in serum, with higher concentrations in COPD (140(89) ng/ml) as compared to non-smokers (76(47) ng/ml; p < 0.01). SP-D levels were reproducible and correlated with the degree of airway obstruction in all smokers. In addition, smoking lead to disruption of the quaternary structure. Conclusions Pulmonary and serum SP-D levels are stable markers influenced by smoking and related to airflow obstruction and disease state. Smaller subunits of pulmonary SP-D and the rapid increase of serum SP-D levels in COPD due to exercise support the translocation hypothesis and its use as a COPD biomarker. Trial registration no interventional trial
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Winkler
- Department of Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Dispensability of surfactant proteins A and D in immune control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection following aerosol challenge of mice. Infect Immun 2011; 79:1077-85. [PMID: 21199913 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00286-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and -D) play a role in many acute bacterial, viral, and fungal infections and in acute allergic responses. In vitro, human SPs bind Mycobacterium tuberculosis and alter human and rat macrophage-mediated functions. Here we report the roles of SP-A and SP-D in M. tuberculosis infection following aerosol challenge of SP-A-, SP-D-, and SP-A/-D-deficient mice. These studies surprisingly identified no gross defects in uptake or immune control of M. tuberculosis in SP-A-, SP-D-, and SP-A/-D-deficient mice. While both SP-A- and SP-D-deficient mice exhibited evidence of immunopathologic defects, the CD11b(high) CD11c(high) dendritic cell populations and the gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-dependent CD4(+) T cell response to M. tuberculosis were unaltered in all genotypes tested. Together, these data indicate that SP-A and SP-D are dispensable for immune control of M. tuberculosis in a low-dose, aerosol challenge, murine model of tuberculosis (TB).
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Goto H, Ledford JG, Mukherjee S, Noble PW, Williams KL, Wright JR. The role of surfactant protein A in bleomycin-induced acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1336-44. [PMID: 20167853 PMCID: PMC2894409 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200907-1002oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a collectin family member that has multiple immunomodulatory roles in lung host defense. SP-A levels are altered in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum of patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, suggesting the importance of SP-A in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. OBJECTIVES Investigate the role of SP-A in the murine model of noninfectious lung injury induced by bleomycin treatment. METHODS Wild-type (WT) or SP-A deficient (SP-A(-/-)) mice were challenged with bleomycin, and various indices of lung injury were analyzed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS On challenge with bleomycin, SP-A(-/-) mice had a decreased survival rate as compared with WT mice. SP-A(-/-) mice had a higher degree of neutrophil-dominant cell recruitment and the expression of the inflammatory cytokines in BAL fluid than did WT mice. In addition, SP-A(-/-) mice had increased lung edema as assessed by the increased levels of intravenously injected Evans blue dye leaking into the lungs. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and active caspase-3 staining suggested the increased apoptosis in the lung sections from SP-A(-/-) mice challenged with bleomycin. SP-A also specifically reduced bleomycin-induced apoptosis in mouse lung epithelial 12 cells in vitro. Moreover, intratracheal administration of exogenous SP-A rescued the phenotype of SP-A(-/-) mice in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that SP-A plays important roles in modulating inflammation, apoptosis, and epithelial integrity in the lung in response to acute noninfectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatsugu Goto
- Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Julie G. Ledford
- Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sambuddho Mukherjee
- Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paul W. Noble
- Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristi L. Williams
- Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jo Rae Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is the opportunistic fungal organism that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans. Similar to other opportunistic pathogens, Pneumocystis causes disease in individuals who are immunocompromised, particularly those infected with HIV. PCP remains the most common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS. Incidence has decreased greatly with the advent of HAART. However, an increase in the non-HIV immunocompromised population, noncompliance with current treatments, emergence of drug-resistant strains and rise in HIV(+) cases in developing countries makes Pneumocystis a pathogen of continued interest and a public health threat. A great deal of research interest has addressed therapeutic interventions to boost waning immunity in the host to prevent or treat PCP. This article focuses on research conducted during the previous 5 years regarding the host immune response to Pneumocystis, including innate, cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and associated immunotherapies tested against PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Kelly
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical Education Building 3205, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Brummer E, Stevens DA. Collectins and fungal pathogens: roles of surfactant proteins and mannose binding lectin in host resistance. Med Mycol 2010; 48:16-28. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780903117473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Sunil VR, Patel KJ, Mainelis G, Turpin BJ, Ridgely S, Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM, Nazarenko Y, Veleeparambil M, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Pulmonary effects of inhaled diesel exhaust in aged mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 241:283-93. [PMID: 19729031 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary morbidity and mortality resulting from exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) increases with age. The present studies analyzed potential mechanisms underlying increased susceptibility of the elderly to PM using diesel exhaust (DE) as a model. Mice (2 m and 18 m) were exposed to DE (0, 300, and 1000 microg/m(3)) for 3 h once (single) or 3 h/day for 3 days (repeated). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), serum and lung tissue were collected 0 and 24 h later. Exposure to DE resulted in structural alterations in the lungs of older but not younger mice, including patchy thickening of the alveolar septa and inflammatory cell localization in alveolar spaces. These effects were most pronounced 24 h after a single exposure to the higher dose of DE. Significant increases in BAL nitrogen oxides were also noted in older mice, as well as expression of lipocalin 24p3, an oxidative stress marker in the lung with no effects in younger mice. Following DE inhalation, expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFalpha) was upregulated in lungs of both younger and older mice; however, this was attenuated in older animals. Whereas exposure to DE resulted in increases in lung Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in both older and younger mice, IL-8 increased only in older animals. In younger mice, constitutive expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) decreased after DE exposure, while in older mice, constitutive MnSOD was not detectable and DE had no effect on expression of this antioxidant. Taken together, these results suggest that altered generation of inflammatory mediators and MnSOD may contribute to increased susceptibility of older mice to inhaled DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Linke MJ, Ashbaugh AA, Koch JV, Levin L, Tanaka R, Walzer PD. Effects of surfactant protein-A on the interaction of Pneumocystis murina with its host at different stages of the infection in mice. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:58-65. [PMID: 19335775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of surfactant protein A (SP-A), a collectin, on the interaction of Pneumocystis murina with its host at the beginning, early to middle, and late stages of infection. Pneumocystis murina from SP-A wild-type (WT) mice inoculated intractracheally into WT mice (WT(S)-WT(R)) adhered well to alveolar macrophages, whereas organisms from SP-A knockout (KO) mice inoculated into KO mice (KO(S)-KO(R)) did not. Substitution of WT mice as the source of organisms (WT(S)-KO(R)) or recipient host macrophages (KO(S)-WT(R)) restored adherence to that found with WT(S)-WT(R) mice. In contrast, when immunosuppressed KO and WT mice were inoculated with P. murina from a homologous source (KO(S)-KO(R), WT(S)-WT(R)) or heterologous source (WT(S)-KO(R), KO(S)-WT(R)) and followed sequentially, WT(S)-KO(R) mice had the highest levels of infection at weeks 3 and 4; these mice also had the highest levels of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and neutrophils in lavage fluid at week 3. Surfactant protein-A administered to immunosuppressed KO(S)-KO(R) mice with Pneumocystis pneumonia for 8 wk as a therapeutic agent failed to lower the organism burden. We conclude that SP-A can correct the host immune defect in the beginning of P. murina infection, but not in the middle or late stages of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Linke
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA
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31
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Shimizu Y, Sunaga N, Dobashi K, Fueki M, Fueki N, Makino S, Mori M. Serum markers in interstitial pneumonia with and without Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization: a prospective study. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:47. [PMID: 19383170 PMCID: PMC2676289 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with chronic respiratory disease, Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) colonization is observed, and may influence disease progression and systemic inflammation. Pneumocystis pneumonia causes interstitial changes, so making a diagnosis of PCP in patients who have interstitial pneumonia (IP) with P. jirovecii colonization is sometimes difficult based on radiography. Methods This study investigated the prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization in IP patients and assessed pulmonary injury due to P. jirovecii colonization by measurement of serum markers (KL-6, SP-A, SP-D, and (1→3) β-D-glucan (β-D-glucan)) and the peripheral lymphocyte counts, prospectively. A total of 75 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 29), collagen vascular-related interstitial pneumonia (n = 19), chronic bronchitis or pneumonia (n = 20), and Pneumocystis pneumonia (n = 7) were enrolled in this prospective study. P. jirovecii DNA was detected in sputum samples, while serum markers and the lymphocyte count were measured in the peripheral blood. Results IP patients (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and collagen vascular-related IP) who received oral corticosteroids had a high prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization (23.3%). In IP patients, oral corticosteroid therapy was a significant risk factor for P. jirovecii colonization (P < 0.05). Serum markers did not show differences between IP patients with and without P. jirovecii colonization. The β-D-glucan level and lymphocyte count differed between patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia or P. jirovecii colonization. Conclusion Serum levels of KL-6, SP-A, SP-D, and β-D-glucan were not useful for detecting P. jirovecii colonization in IP patients. However, the serum β-D-glucan level and lymphocyte count were useful for distinguishing P. jirovecii colonization from pneumocystis pneumonia in IP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Shimizu
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi Gunma, Japan.
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Atochina-Vasserman EN, Gow AJ, Abramova H, Guo CJ, Tomer Y, Preston AM, Beck JM, Beers MF. Immune reconstitution during Pneumocystis lung infection: disruption of surfactant component expression and function by S-nitrosylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2277-87. [PMID: 19201882 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), the most common opportunistic pulmonary infection associated with HIV infection, is marked by impaired gas exchange and significant hypoxemia. Immune reconstitution disease (IRD) represents a syndrome of paradoxical respiratory failure in patients with active or recently treated PCP subjected to immune reconstitution. To model IRD, C57BL/6 mice were selectively depleted of CD4(+) T cells using mAb GK1.5. Following inoculation with Pneumocystis murina cysts, infection was allowed to progress for 2 wk, GK1.5 was withdrawn, and mice were followed for another 2 or 4 wk. Flow cytometry of spleen cells demonstrated recovery of CD4(+) cells to >65% of nondepleted controls. Lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid harvested from IRD mice were analyzed in tandem with samples from CD4-depleted mice that manifested progressive PCP for 6 wks. Despite significantly decreased pathogen burdens, IRD mice had persistent parenchymal lung inflammation, increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity, markedly impaired surfactant biophysical function, and decreased amounts of surfactant phospholipid and surfactant protein (SP)-B. Paradoxically, IRD mice also had substantial increases in the lung collectin SP-D, including significant amounts of an S-nitrosylated form. By native PAGE, formation of S-nitrosylated SP-D in vivo resulted in disruption of SP-D multimers. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from IRD mice selectively enhanced macrophage chemotaxis in vitro, an effect that was blocked by ascorbate treatment. We conclude that while PCP impairs pulmonary function and produces abnormalities in surfactant components and biophysics, these responses are exacerbated by IRD. This worsening of pulmonary inflammation, in response to persistent Pneumocystis Ags, is mediated by recruitment of effector cells modulated by S-nitrosylated SP-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Linke MJ, Ashbaugh AD, Demland JA, Walzer PD. Pneumocystis murina colonization in immunocompetent surfactant protein A deficient mice following environmental exposure. Respir Res 2009; 10:10. [PMID: 19228388 PMCID: PMC2650685 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumocystis spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause pneumonia in immunocompromised humans and animals. Pneumocystis colonization has also been detected in immunocompetent hosts and may exacerbate other pulmonary diseases. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an innate host defense molecule and plays a role in the host response to Pneumocystis. Methods To analyze the role of SP-A in protecting the immunocompetent host from Pneumocystis colonization, the susceptibility of immunocompetent mice deficient in SP-A (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice to P. murina colonization was analyzed by reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (qPCR) and serum antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Detection of P. murina specific serum antibodies in immunocompetent WT and KO mice indicated that the both strains of mice had been exposed to P. murina within the animal facility. However, P. murina mRNA was only detected by qPCR in the lungs of the KO mice. The incidence and level of the mRNA expression peaked at 8–10 weeks and declined to undetectable levels by 16–18 weeks. When the mice were immunosuppressed, P. murina cyst forms were also only detected in KO mice. P. murina mRNA was detected in SCID mice that had been exposed to KO mice, demonstrating that the immunocompetent KO mice are capable of transmitting the infection to immunodeficient mice. The pulmonary cellular response appeared to be responsible for the clearance of the colonization. More CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were recovered from the lungs of immunocompetent KO mice than from WT mice, and the colonization in KO mice depleted CD4+ cells was not cleared. Conclusion These data support an important role for SP-A in protecting the immunocompetent host from P. murina colonization, and provide a model to study Pneumocystis colonization acquired via environmental exposure in humans. The results also illustrate the difficulties in keeping mice from exposure to P. murina even when housed under barrier conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Linke
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Johnson LN, Koval M. Cross-talk between pulmonary injury, oxidant stress, and gap junctional communication. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:355-67. [PMID: 18816185 PMCID: PMC2933150 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gap junction channels interconnect several different types of cells in the lung, ranging from the alveolar epithelium to the pulmonary vasculature, each of which expresses a unique subset of gap junction proteins (connexins). Major lung functions regulated by gap junctional communication include coordination of ciliary beat frequency and inflammation. Gap junctions help enable the alveolus to regulate surfactant secretion as an integrated system, in which type I cells act as mechanical sensors that transmit calcium transients to type II cells. Thus, disruption of epithelial gap junctional communication, particularly during acute lung injury, can interfere with these processes and increase the severity of injury. Consistent with this, connexin expression is altered during lung injury, and connexin-deficiency has a negative impact on the injury response and lung-growth control. It has recently been shown that alcohol abuse is a significant risk factor associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxidant stress and hormone-signaling cascades in the lung induced by prolonged alcohol ingestion are discussed, as well as the effects of these pathways on connexin expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya N Johnson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, and Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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35
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Haque R, Umstead TM, Ahn K, Phelps DS, Floros J. Effect of low doses of lipopolysaccharide prior to ozone exposure on bronchoalveolar lavage: Differences between wild type and surfactant protein A-deficient mice. PNEUMON 2009; 22:143-155. [PMID: 21278811 PMCID: PMC3027069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Several aspects of the inflammatory response to a single insult, i.e., exposure to 2 ppm of ozone (O(3)) for 3 h or 6 h, are less pronounced in surfactant protein A deficient (SP-A -/-) mice (KO) than in wild type mice (WT). It was hypothesized that a mild insult, specifically low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), would adversely affect host defense and differentially potentiate O(3)-induced injury in WT and KO mice. METHODS: WT and KO mice were treated with different doses of LPS or LPS (2 ng) + O(3) (2 ppm) or filtered air (FA) for 3 h, then sacrificed 4 h following exposure (O(3), FA) or 20 h after LPS treatment alone. Several endpoints of inflammation were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). RESULTS: 1) At 20 h after LPS treatment alone, both WT and KO mice exhibited signs of inflammation, but with differences in the macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) response pattern, total cells (at 0.5 ng LPS) and basal levels of oxidized protein and phospholipids; 2) After LPS + O(3), KO compared to WT showed decrease in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and MIP-2 and increase in phospholipids, and after LPS + FA an increase in total cells; 3) WT after LPS + FA showed an increase in SP-A with no further increase after LPS + O(3), and an increase in oxidized SP-A dimer following O(3) or LPS + O(3). CONCLUSIONS: LPS treatment has negative effects on inflammation endpoints in mouse BAL long after exposure and renders KO mice less capable of responding to a second insult. LPS and O(3) affect SP-A, quantitatively and qualitatively, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwanul Haque
- The Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Todd M. Umstead
- The Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Kwangmi Ahn
- Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - David S. Phelps
- The Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Joanna Floros
- The Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
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Waters P, Vaid M, Kishore U, Madan T. Lung surfactant proteins A and D as pattern recognition proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:74-97. [PMID: 19799113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung surfactant proteins A and D belong to a group of soluble humoral pattern recognition receptors, called collectins, which modulate the immune response to microorganisms. They bind essential carbohydrate and lipid antigens found on the surface of microorganisms via low affinity C-type lectin domains and regulate the host's response by binding to immune cell surface receptors. They form multimeric structures that bind, agglutinate, opsonise and neutralize many different pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, fungi and viruses. They modulate the uptake of these microorganisms by phagocytic cells as well as both the inflammatory and the adaptive immune responses. Recent data have also highlighted their involvement in clearance of apoptotic cells, hypersensitivity and a number of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Waters
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Vaid M, Floros J. Surfactant protein DNA methylation: a new entrant in the field of lung cancer diagnostics? (Review). Oncol Rep 2009; 21:3-11. [PMID: 19082436 PMCID: PMC2899699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer-related mortality in both men and women. A 5-year survival of lung cancer patients is only 15% with a negative correlation between progressively advanced lung cancer stage and a 5-year survival period. The only chance for cure is surgical resection if done at the early stage of the disease. Therefore, an early diagnosis and a better prediction of prognosis could decrease mortality. An early diagnosis could provide the opportunity for a therapeutic intervention early in the course of the disease. Genetic alterations in the cancer genome include aneuploidy, deletions and amplifications of chromosomal regions, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), microsatellite alterations, point mutations and aberrant promoter methylation. Of the various types of genetic alterations (i.e. gene amplifications, allele deletions, point mutations or deletions and methylation) reported in different tumor types, aberrant promoter methylation of genes is recent and is the focus of the present review. Specifically, we will briefly review the role of promoter methylation in various malignancies and then focus on lung cancer diagnosis and promoter gene methylation with emphasis on the methylation status of genes of the innate host defense, namely the surfactant proteins A and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Vaid
- The Penn State Center for Host-defense, Inflammation and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- The Penn State Center for Host-defense, Inflammation and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Mikerov AN, Haque R, Gan X, Guo X, Phelps DS, Floros J. Ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure: sex differences. Respir Res 2008; 9:77. [PMID: 19055785 PMCID: PMC2655296 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surfactant protein A (SP-A) enhances phagocytosis of bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, by alveolar macrophages. Ozone, a major air pollutant, can cause oxidation of surfactant and may influence lung immune function. Immune function may also be affected by sex-specific mechanisms. We hypothesized that ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure, and that sex differences in the effect of ozone do exist. Methods Male and female SP-A (-/-) mice on the C57BL/6J background were exposed to ozone or to filtered air (FA) used as a control and then infected intratracheally with K. pneumoniae bacteria. Survival rate was monitored during a 14-day period. In addition, protein oxidation levels and in vivo phagocytosis were checked 1 h after inoculation of PBS used as a sham control and after inoculation of K. pneumoniae bacteria in PBS, respectively. Results We found: 1) ozone exposure followed by K. pneumoniae infection decreases survival and alveolar macrophage phagocytic function of SP-A (-/-) mice compared to filtered air exposure (p < 0.05), and females are more affected than males; 2) SP-A (-/-) mice (exposed either to ozone or FA) are more susceptible to infection with K. pneumoniae than wild type (WT) mice regarding their survival rate and macrophage phagocytic function; the phagocytic function of FA SP-A(-/-) is similar to that of ozone exposed WT. 3) ozone exposure appears to increase infiltration of PMNs, total protein, and SP-A oxidation in WT mice; infiltration of PMNs and total protein oxidation appears to be more pronounced in female mice in response to ozone; 4) ozone exposure increases SP-A oxidation in WT females significantly more than in males. Conclusion Absence (i.e. ablation of SP-A in SP-A (-/-) mice) or reduction of functional activity of SP-A (i.e. oxidation of SP-A in WT mice) increases the susceptibility of mice to experimental pneumonia after ozone exposure, and in both cases females are more affected by ozone exposure than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N Mikerov
- The Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Jain D, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Tomer Y, Kadire H, Beers MF. Surfactant protein D protects against acute hyperoxic lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:805-13. [PMID: 18635887 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200804-582oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a member of the collectin family of soluble, innate, host defense molecules with demonstrated immunomodulatory properties in vitro. Constitutive absence of SP-D in mice is associated with lung inflammation, alteration in surfactant lipid homeostasis, and increased oxidative-nitrative stress. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that SP-D would protect against acute lung injury from hyperoxia in vivo. METHODS Transgenic mice overexpressing rat SP-D constitutively (SP-D OE) or conditionally via regulation with doxycycline (SP-D Dox-on) were subjected to continuous hyperoxic challenge for up to 14 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Compared with littermate control mice (wild-type [WT]), SP-D OE mice exposed to 80% O(2) demonstrated substantially increased survival accompanied by significant reductions in wet to dry lung ratios and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein. Although SP-D OE and WT mice exhibited a twofold increase in total BAL cells and neutrophilia in response to hyperoxia, the SP-D OE group had lower levels of BAL proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1; increased mRNA levels of the transcription factor NF-E2 related factor-2 (NRF-2) and phase 2 antioxidants hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione peroxidase-2 (GPx-2) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (Nqo-1); and decreases in lung tissue thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. As proof of principle, the protective role of SP-D on hyperoxic injury was confirmed as SP-D Dox-on mice exposed to 85% O(2) demonstrated increased mortality upon withdrawal of doxycycline. CONCLUSIONS Local expression of SP-D protects against hyperoxic lung injury through modulation of proinflammatory cytokines and antioxidant enzymatic scavenger systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Jain
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA
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Hortobágyi L, Kierstein S, Krytska K, Zhu X, Das AM, Poulain F, Haczku A. Surfactant protein D inhibits TNF-alpha production by macrophages and dendritic cells in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:521-528. [PMID: 18554706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant protein (SP) D shares target cells with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, an important autocrine stimulator of dendritic cells and macrophages in the airways. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the mechanisms by which TNF-alpha and SP-D can affect cellular components of the pulmonary innate immune system. METHODS Cytokine and SP-D protein and mRNA expression was assessed by means of ELISA, Western blotting, and real-time PCR, respectively, by using in vivo models of allergic airway sensitization. Macrophage and dendritic cell phenotypes were analyzed by means of FACS analysis. Maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was investigated in vitro. RESULTS TNF-alpha, elicited either by allergen exposure or pulmonary overexpression, induced SP-D, IL-13, and mononuclear cell influx in the lung. Recombinant IL-13 by itself was also capable of enhancing SP-D in vivo and in vitro, and the SP-D response to allergen challenge was impaired in IL-13-deficient mice. Allergen-induced increase of SP-D in the airways coincided with resolution of TNF-alpha release and cell influx. SP-D-deficient mice had constitutively high numbers of alveolar mononuclear cells expressing TNF-alpha, MHC class II, CD86, and CD11b, characteristics of proinflammatory, myeloid dendritic cells. Recombinant SP-D significantly suppressed all of these molecules in bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS TNF-alpha can contribute to enhanced SP-D production in the lung indirectly through inducing IL-13. SP-D, on the other hand, can antagonize the proinflammatory effects of TNF-alpha on macrophages and dendritic cells, at least partly, by inhibiting production of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Kierstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Kateryna Krytska
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | | | - Angela Haczku
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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C-type lectin receptors in antifungal immunity. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Giles SS, Zaas AK, Reidy MF, Perfect JR, Wright JR. Cryptococcus neoformans is resistant to surfactant protein A mediated host defense mechanisms. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1370. [PMID: 18159253 PMCID: PMC2147053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of a protective immune response to infection by the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is mediated in part by host factors that promote interactions between immune cells and C. neoformans yeast. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) contributes positively to pulmonary host defenses against a variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in part by promoting the recognition and phagocytosis of these pathogens by alveolar macrophages. In the present study we investigated the role of SP-A as a mediator of host defense against the pulmonary pathogen, C. neoformans. Previous studies have shown that SP-A binds to acapsular and minimally encapsulated strains of C. neoformans. Using in vitro binding assays we confirmed that SP-A does not directly bind to a fully encapsulated strain of C. neoformans (H99). However, we observed that when C. neoformans was incubated in bronchoalveolar fluid, SP-A binding was detected, suggesting that another alveolar host factor may enable SP-A binding. Indeed, we discovered that SP-A binds encapsulated C. neoformans via a previously unknown IgG dependent mechanism. The consequence of this interaction was the inhibition of IgG-mediated phagocytosis of C. neoformans by alveolar macrophages. Therefore, to assess the contribution of SP-A to the pulmonary host defenses we compared in vivo infections using SP-A null mice (SP-A-/-) and wild-type mice in an intranasal infection model. We found that the immune response assessed by cellular counts, TNFα cytokine production, and fungal burden in lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids during early stages of infection were equivalent. Furthermore, the survival outcome of C. neoformans infection was equivalent in SP-A-/- and wild-type mice. Our results suggest that unlike a variety of bacteria, viruses, and other fungi, progression of disease with an inhalational challenge of C. neoformans does not appear to be negatively or positively affected by SP-A mediated mechanisms of pulmonary host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S. Giles
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aimee K. Zaas
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mike F. Reidy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John R. Perfect
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jo Rae Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Haque R, Umstead TM, Ponnuru P, Guo X, Hawgood S, Phelps DS, Floros J. Role of surfactant protein-A (SP-A) in lung injury in response to acute ozone exposure of SP-A deficient mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 220:72-82. [PMID: 17307210 PMCID: PMC1906716 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Millions are exposed to ozone levels above recommended limits, impairing lung function, causing epithelial damage and inflammation, and predisposing some individuals to pneumonia, asthma, and other lung conditions. Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) plays a role in host defense, the regulation of inflammation, and repair of tissue damage. We tested the hypothesis that the lungs of SP-A(-/-) (KO) mice are more susceptible to ozone-induced damage. We compared the effects of ozone on KO and wild type (WT) mice on the C57BL/6 genetic background by exposing them to 2 parts/million of ozone for 3 or 6 h and sacrificing them 0, 4, and 24 h later. Lungs were subject to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or used to measure endpoints of oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite more total protein in BAL of KO mice after a 3 h ozone exposure, WT mice had increased oxidation of protein and had oxidized SP-A dimers. In KO mice there was epithelial damage as assessed by increased LDH activity and there was increased phospholipid content. In WT mice there were more BAL PMNs and elevated macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. Changes in MIP-2 and MCP-1 were observed in both KO and WT, however mRNA levels differed. In KO mice MIP-2 mRNA levels changed little with ozone, but in WT levels they were significantly increased. In summary, several aspects of the inflammatory response differ between WT and KO mice. These in vivo findings appear to implicate SP-A in regulating inflammation and limiting epithelial damage in response to ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwanul Haque
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Todd M. Umstead
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Padmavathi Ponnuru
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Xiaoxuan Guo
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Samuel Hawgood
- Department of Pediatrics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - David S. Phelps
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Joanna Floros
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
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Jain D, Atochina-Vasserman E, Kadire H, Tomer Y, Inch A, Scott P, Savani RC, Gow AJ, Beers MF. SP-D-deficient mice are resistant to hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 292:L861-71. [PMID: 17158597 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00145.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a member of the collectin superfamily, modulates pulmonary inflammatory responses and innate immunity. Disruption of the SP-D gene in mice induces peribronchiolar inflammation, accumulation of large, foamy macrophages, increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) phospholipid, and pulmonary emphysema. We hypothesized that absence of SP-D aggravates hyperoxia-induced injury. To test this, SP-D-deficient (SP-D-/-) and wild-type (SP-D+/+) mice were exposed to 80% or 21% oxygen. Paradoxically, during 14 days of hyperoxia, SP-D-/- mice had 100% survival vs. 30% in SP-D+/+. The survival advantage in SP-D-/- mice was accompanied by lower histopathological injury scores at days 5 and 14, although total BAL cells (8.2 +/- 1.4 x 10(5) in SP-D-/- vs. 4.04 +/- 0.25 x 10(5) in SP-D+/+ mice) and neutrophils (1.2 +/- 0.4 x 10(5) vs. 0.03 +/- 0.02 x 10(5) in SP-D-/- and SP-D+/+, respectively) were increased. In addition, BAL protein and lung-to-body weight ratios were similarly elevated in both groups after 3, 5, and 14 days of continuous exposure. Biochemically, in contrast to SP-D+/+, SP-D-/- mice had higher levels of surfactant phospholipid and SP-B at baseline and 5 days after hyperoxia accompanied by a preservation of surfactant biophysical activity. From a multiplex assay of nine cytokines, we found elevated levels of IL-13 in BAL fluid of normoxic SP-D-/- mice compared with SP-D+/+. We conclude that the resistance of SP-D-deficient mice to hyperoxia reflects homeostatic changes in the SP-D-/- phenotype involving both phospholipid and SP-B-mediated induced resistance of surfactant to inactivation as well as changes in the immunomodulatory BAL cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Jain
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Room H410F, Hill Pavilion, 380 South University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Schmidt R, Markart P, Ruppert C, Temmesfeld B, Nass R, Lohmeyer J, Seeger W, Günther A. Pulmonary surfactant in patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2370-6. [PMID: 16849999 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000234036.19145.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a severe infection of the immunocompromised host, resulting in diffuse alveolar damage and life-threatening respiratory failure. We analyzed pulmonary surfactant composition and function in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from ventilated and spontaneously breathing HIV-positive patients with PCP. DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. SETTING University hospital intensive care unit. PATIENTS Thirty-four spontaneously breathing (SB-PCP) and 20 ventilated HIV-positive patients with PCP (V-PCP), ten patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 11 spontaneously breathing patients with bacterial pneumonia (PNEU), and 22 healthy volunteers. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Total phospholipid in BALF did not differ between any category vs. controls, whereas total protein increased approximately 14-fold in V-PCP and five-fold in SB-PCP compared with controls (p < .001). The relative content of large surfactant aggregates (LA) was reduced in SB-PCP and V-PCP compared with controls (p < .05). The phospholipid and fatty acid profiles showed a significant reduction in the relative content of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid in PC in all patient categories compared with controls, with more in V-PCP (p < .001) compared with SB-PCP (p < .05). The neutral lipid-to-phospholipid ratio in LA was three-fold elevated in V-PCP (p < .01 compared with control) but not in SB-PCP. Analysis of neutral lipid classes showed a significant increase in the relative content of triglycerides and a reduction in free fatty acids in V-PCP compared with controls. BALF surfactant protein (SP)-A and SP-D significantly increased in V-PCP and SB-PCP, but not in ARDS and PNEU, compared with controls (p < .05). SP-B and SP-C content in LA remained unchanged in PCP compared with controls but decreased significantly in ARDS and PNEU. The minimum surface tension of LA was impaired (p < .001) in V-PCP more than in SB-PCP and was strongly correlated with the reduction in palmitic acid levels in PC LA (r = -.81). Reductions in phosphatidylglycerol strongly correlated with decreased Pao2/Fio2 values (r = .72). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that severe alterations in surfactant function and composition occur in patients with PCP and are even more pronounced in ventilated patients than in nonventilated patients. Surfactant lipid changes in PCP, but not surfactant protein profiles, closely resemble those found in ARDS.
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Li G, Zhou D, Vicencio AG, Ryu J, Xue J, Kanaan A, Gavrialov O, Haddad GG. Effect of carbon dioxide on neonatal mouse lung: a genomic approach. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:1556-64. [PMID: 16888043 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the deleterious effects associated with elevated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) or hypercapnia, it has been hypothesized that CO(2) can protect the lung from injury. However, the effects of chronic hypercapnia on the neonatal lung are unknown. Hence, we investigated the effect of chronic hypercapnia on neonatal mouse lung to identify genes that could potentially contribute to hypercapnia-mediated lung protection. Newborn mouse litters were exposed to 8% CO(2), 12% CO(2), or room air for 2 wk. Lungs were excised and analyzed for morphometric alterations. The alveolar walls of CO(2)-exposed mice appeared thinner than those of controls. Analyses of gene expression differences by microarrays revealed that genes from a variety of functional categories were differentially expressed following hypercapnia treatment, including those encoding growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and endopeptidases. In particular and of major interest, the expression level of genes encoding surfactant proteins A and D, as well as chloride channel calcium-activated 3, were significantly increased, but the expression of WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 2 was significantly decreased. The significant changes in gene expression occurred mostly at 8% CO(2), but only a few at 12% CO(2). Our results lead us to conclude that 1) there are a number of gene families that may contribute to hypercapnia-mediated lung protection; 2) the upregulation of surfactant proteins A and D may play a role as anti-inflammatory or antioxidant agents; and 3) the effects of CO(2) seem to depend on the level to which the lung is exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093-0735, USA
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Fisher AB, Dodia C, Yu K, Manevich Y, Feinstein SI. Lung phospholipid metabolism in transgenic mice overexpressing peroxiredoxin 6. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:785-92. [PMID: 16815092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies with peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) null mice demonstrated that the phospholipase A(2) activity of this enzyme plays a major role in lung phospholipid metabolism. This study evaluated lung phospholipid metabolism in transgenic mice that over-express Prdx6. Lung lysosomal type PLA(2) activity in transgenic mice was 222% of wild type in lung homogenate and 280% in isolated lamellar bodies. Total phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and disaturated PC were decreased approximately 20-35% in bronchoalveolar lung fluid, lung homogenate, and lung lamellar bodies in transgenic mice although lung compliance and type 2 cell ultrastructure were unaltered. To study metabolism, unilamellar liposomes ((3)H-DPPC: PC: cholesterol: PG, 10: 5: 3: 2 mol fraction) were instilled endotracheally in anesthetized mice and lungs were removed for perfusion. Compared to wild type, transgenic mice showed similar net uptake of liposomes in 2 h, but significantly increased (3)H-DPPC degradation (38.9+/-1.1 vs. 29.0+/-1.3% of recovered dpm). The PLA(2) competitive inhibitor MJ33 decreased degradation to 15% of recovered dpm in both transgenic and wild type lungs. Incorporation of [(14)C] palmitate into DSPC at 24 h after its intravenous injection was markedly increased in both the lung surfactant (+100%) and lamellar bodies (+188%) while incorporation of [(3)H] choline was increased by only 10-20%. These results indicate increased DPPC degradation and synthesis by the reacylation pathway with Prdx6 overexpression and provide additional evidence that the PLA(2) activity of Prdx6 has an important role in lung surfactant turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068, USA.
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Zaas AK, Schwartz DA. Innate immunity and the lung: defense at the interface between host and environment. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2006; 15:195-202. [PMID: 16182128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lung serves as a major interface between the host and the external environment. As such, numerous lines of defense protect the host from inhaled potential pathogens. A breach in pulmonary innate immunity can lead to deleterious outcomes, such as pneumonia and disseminated infection. Pulmonary innate immunity, the first line of defense, is mediated by airway and alveolar epithelial cells as well as resident and recruited leukocytes. This article will discuss the key cellular and secreted components of the pulmonary innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee K Zaas
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Abstract
Dectin-1 is a natural killer (NK)-cell-receptor-like C-type lectin that is thought to be involved in innate immune responses to fungal pathogens. This transmembrane signalling receptor mediates various cellular functions, from fungal binding, uptake and killing, to inducing the production of cytokines and chemokines. These activities could influence the resultant immune response and can, in certain circumstances, lead to autoimmunity and disease. As I discuss here, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these functions has revealed new concepts, including collaborative signalling with the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the use of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), that have implications for the role of other non-TLR pattern-recognition receptors in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Brown
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, CLS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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Linke M, Ashbaugh A, Koch J, Tanaka R, Walzer P. Efficient resolution of Pneumocystis murina infection in surfactant protein A-deficient mice following withdrawal of corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:143-147. [PMID: 16434705 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following withdrawal of immunosuppression, surfactant protein A (SP-A)-deficient and wild-type mice cleared Pneumocystis murina infection in a similar manner, but exhibited significant differences in lymphocyte populations, interleukin (IL)-6 levels and chemokine expression levels. A higher percentage of lymphocytes were detected in lung lavage fluid from SP-A-deficient mice, but more CD4+ T cells were isolated from lung tissue of wild-type mice. Higher concentrations of IL-6 were detected in lavage fluid and enhanced expression of lymphotactin and RANTES were detected in the lungs of wild-type mice. Equal levels of surfactant protein D were detected in SP-A-deficient and wild-type mice and no differences were detected in markers of lung injury between the two strains of mice. Thus, SP-A does not enhance organism clearance, but does modulate the host immune response during resolution of P. murina infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linke
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 231 Bethesda, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, 3200 Vine St, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Alan Ashbaugh
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 231 Bethesda, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Judith Koch
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 231 Bethesda, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 231 Bethesda, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Peter Walzer
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 231 Bethesda, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, 3200 Vine St, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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