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Ruhal R, Sahu A, Koujalagi T, Das A, Prasanth H, Kataria R. Biofilm-specific determinants of enterococci pathogen. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:397. [PMID: 39249569 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Amongst all Enterococcus spp., E. faecalis and E. faecium are most known notorious pathogen and their biofilm formation has been associated with endocarditis, oral, urinary tract, and wound infections. Biofilm formation involves a pattern of initial adhesion, microcolony formation, and mature biofilms. The initial adhesion and microcolony formation involve numerous surface adhesins e.g. pili Ebp and polysaccharide Epa. The mature biofilms are maintained by eDNA, It's worth noting that phage-mediated dispersal plays a prominent role. Further, the involvement of peptide pheromones in regulating biofilm maintenance sets it apart from other pathogens and facilitating the horizontal transfer of resistance genes. The role of fsr based regulation by regulating gelE expression is also discussed. Thus, we provide a concise overview of the significant determinants at each stage of Enterococcus spp. biofilm formation. These elements could serve as promising targets for antibiofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Ruhal
- School of Bio Science and Technology, VIT Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Abhijeet Sahu
- School of Bio Science and Technology, VIT Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Tushar Koujalagi
- School of Bio Science and Technology, VIT Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ankumoni Das
- School of Bio Science and Technology, VIT Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Hema Prasanth
- School of Bio Science and Technology, VIT Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Rashmi Kataria
- School of Bio Science and Technology, VIT Vellore, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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2
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Shaker AA, Samir A, Zaher HM, Abdel-Moein KA. Emergence of Virulent Extensively Drug-Resistant Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Among Diarrheic Pet Animals: A Possible Public Health Threat on the Move. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:600-606. [PMID: 38800841 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have become an increasing public health concern in the past few decades, being associated with serious multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections. This study was conducted to investigate the role of diarrheic pet animals as potential reservoirs for virulent extensively drug-resistant (XDR) VRE and their threat on human health. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs were collected from 153 diarrheic pet animals (80 dogs and 73 cats). The collected swabs were cultured on CHROMagarTMVRE for the isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, and then suspected colonies were identified as enterococci after Gram staining, conventional biochemical tests, and molecular techniques. VRE were basically identified using the disk diffusion method; however, molecular identification of vanA and vanB genes was carried out among confirmed VRE isolates. Moreover, three virulence genes (cytolysin A, cylA; enterococcal surface protein, esp; and hyaluronidase, hyl) were investigated in VRE isolates. Thereafter, VRE strains that harbored virulence genes were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Results: Eighteen out of 153 animals (11.8%) were positive for VRE, which were obtained from 15% and 8.2% of the examined dogs and cats, respectively. None of the obtained isolates carried the vanA gene, whereas the vanB gene was detected in E. faecalis (4/10) with a prevalence rate (40%). Of the obtained VRE isolates, five possessed esp and/or cylA, while all strains were negative for the hyl gene. Furthermore, four virulent VRE isolates exhibited an XDR pattern, and one isolate was MDR. Conclusion: Diarrheic pet animals could represent a potential zoonotic reservoir for virulent XDR vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, which may have serious public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A Shaker
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samir
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M Zaher
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled A Abdel-Moein
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Haeberle AL, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Zar S, Johnson S, Patel R, Willett JLE. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Enterococcus faecalis isolates from periprosthetic joint infections. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0056524. [PMID: 38912797 PMCID: PMC11302728 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00565-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over 2.5 million prosthetic joint implantation surgeries occur annually in the United States. Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs), though occurring in only 1-2% of patients receiving replacement joints, are challenging to diagnose and treat and are associated with significant morbidity. The Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis, which can be highly antibiotic-resistant and is a robust biofilm producer on indwelling medical devices, accounts for 2-11% of PJIs. E. faecalis PJIs are understudied compared to those caused by other pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus. This motivates the need to generate a comprehensive understanding of E. faecalis PJIs to guide future treatments for these infections. To address this, we describe a panel of E. faecalis strains isolated from the surface of prosthetic joints in a cohort of individuals treated at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. Here, we present the first complete genome assemblage of E. faecalis PJI isolates. Comparative genomics shows differences in genome size, virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmids, and prophages, underscoring the genetic diversity of these strains. These isolates have strain-specific differences in in vitro biofilm biomass, biofilm burden, and biofilm morphology. We measured robust changes in biofilm architecture and aggregation for all isolates when grown in simulated synovial fluid (SSF). Finally, we evaluated the antibiotic efficacy of these isolates and found strain-specific changes across all strains when grown in SSF. Results of this study highlight the existence of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity among E. faecalis PJI isolates which will provide valuable insight and resources for future E. faecalis PJI research. IMPORTANCE Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) affect ~1-2% of those who undergo joint replacement surgery. Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that causes ~10% of PJIs in the United States each year, but our understanding of how and why E. faecalis causes PJIs is limited. E. faecalis infections are typically biofilm-associated and can be difficult to clear with antibiotic therapy. Here, we provide complete genomes for four E. faecalis PJI isolates from the Mayo Clinic. These isolates have strain-specific differences in biofilm formation, aggregation, and antibiotic susceptibility in simulated synovial fluid. These results provide important insight into the genomic and phenotypic features of E. faecalis isolates from PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Haeberle
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kerryl E. Greenwood-Quaintance
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah Zar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen Johnson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia L. E. Willett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Sheriff EK, Salvato F, Andersen SE, Chatterjee A, Kleiner M, Duerkop BA. Enterococcal quorum-controlled protease alters phage infection. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae022. [PMID: 39156124 PMCID: PMC11328733 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections has sparked interest in alternative antimicrobials, including bacteriophages (phages). Limited understanding of the phage infection process hampers our ability to utilize phages to their full therapeutic potential. To understand phage infection dynamics, we performed proteomics on Enterococcus faecalis infected with the phage VPE25. We discovered that numerous uncharacterized phage proteins are produced during phage infection of E. faecalis. Additionally, we identified hundreds of changes in bacterial protein abundances during infection. One such protein, enterococcal gelatinase (GelE), an fsr quorum-sensing-regulated protease involved in biofilm formation and virulence, was reduced during VPE25 infection. Plaque assays showed that mutation of either the quorum-sensing regulator fsrA or gelE resulted in plaques with a "halo" morphology and significantly larger diameters, suggesting decreased protection from phage infection. GelE-associated protection during phage infection is dependent on the putative murein hydrolase regulator LrgA and antiholin-like protein LrgB, whose expression have been shown to be regulated by GelE. Our work may be leveraged in the development of phage therapies that can modulate the production of GelE thereby altering biofilm formation and decreasing E. faecalis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Sheriff
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Fernanda Salvato
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, 112 Derieux Pl., Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Shelby E Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Anushila Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, 112 Derieux Pl., Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Breck A Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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5
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Xiang Y, Wang S, Huang H, Li X, Wei Y, Li H, Ji X. A novel endolysin from an Enterococcus faecalis phage and application. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106689. [PMID: 38750777 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the primary species detected in cases of secondary persistent infection resulting from root canal therapy failure. Due to the overuse of antibacterial agents, E. faecalis has developed resistance to these drugs, making it challenging to treat clinical diseases caused by E. faecalis infection. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new alternative drugs for treating E. faecalis infections. We aimed to clone and express the genes of phage endolysins, purify the recombinant proteins, and analyze their antibacterial activity, lysis profile, and ability to remove biofilm. The crude enzyme of phage endolysin pEF51 (0.715 mg/mL), derived from phage PEf771 infecting E. faecalis, exhibited superior bacterial inhibitory activity and a broader bactericidal spectrum than its parental phage PEf771. Furthermore, pEF51 demonstrated high efficacy in eliminating E. faecalis biofilm. Therapeutic results of the infected Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model indicated that among 10 SD rats, only one developed a thoracic peritoneal abscess and splenic peritoneal abscess after 72 h of treatment with pEF51. This suggests that pEF51 could provide protection against E. faecalis infection in SD rats. Based on the 16S rDNA metagenomic data of the intestinal microbial community of SD rats, endolysin pEF51 exerted a certain influence on the diversity of intestinal microorganisms at the genus level. Thus, pEF51 may serve as a promising alternative to antibiotics in the management of E. faecalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- -Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Suping Wang
- -Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao Huang
- -Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- -Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- -Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- -Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- -Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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6
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Sheriff EK, Salvato F, Andersen SE, Chatterjee A, Kleiner M, Duerkop BA. Enterococcal quorum-controlled protease alters phage infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593607. [PMID: 38766208 PMCID: PMC11100838 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Increased prevalence of multidrug resistant bacterial infections has sparked interest in alternative antimicrobials, including bacteriophages (phages). Limited understanding of the phage infection process hampers our ability to utilize phages to their full therapeutic potential. To understand phage infection dynamics we performed proteomics on Enterococcus faecalis infected with the phage VPE25. We discovered numerous uncharacterized phage proteins are produced during phage infection of Enterococcus faecalis. Additionally, we identified hundreds of changes in bacterial protein abundances during infection. One such protein, enterococcal gelatinase (GelE), an fsr quorum sensing regulated protease involved in biofilm formation and virulence, was reduced during VPE25 infection. Plaque assays showed that mutation of either the fsrA or gelE resulted in plaques with a "halo" morphology and significantly larger diameters, suggesting decreased protection from phage infection. GelE-associated protection during phage infection is dependent on the murein hydrolase regulator LrgA and antiholin-like protein LrgB, whose expression have been shown to be regulated by GelE. Our work may be leveraged in the development of phage therapies that can modulate the production of GelE thereby altering biofilm formation and decreasing E. faecalis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Sheriff
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Fernanda Salvato
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Shelby E. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Anushila Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Breck A. Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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7
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Ortiz de la Rosa JM, Martín-Gutiérrez G, Casimiro-Soriguer CS, Gimeno-Gascón MA, Cisneros JM, de Alarcón A, Lepe JA. C-terminal deletion of RelA protein is suggested as a possible cause of infective endocarditis recurrence with Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0108323. [PMID: 38349158 PMCID: PMC10923276 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01083-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Enterococcus spp. represents the third most common cause of IE, with high rates of relapse compared with other bacteria. Interestingly, late relapses (>6 months) have only been described in Enterococcus faecalis, but here we describe the first reported IE relapse with Enterococcus faecium more than a year (17 months) after the initial endocarditis episode. Firstly, by multi locus sequence typing (MLST), we demonstrated that both isolates (EF646 and EF641) belong to the same sequence type (ST117). Considering that EF641 was able to overcome starvation and antibiotic treatment conditions surviving for a long period of time, we performed bioinformatic analysis in identifying potential genes involved in virulence and stringent response. Our results showed a 13-nucleotide duplication (positions 1638-1650) in the gene relA, resulting in a premature stop codon, with a loss of 167 amino acids from the C-terminal domains of the RelA enzyme. RelA mediates the stringent response in bacteria, modulating levels of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). The relA mutant (EF641) was associated with lower growth capacity, the presence of small colony variants, and higher capacity to produce biofilms (compared with the strain EF646), but without differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns according to standard procedures during planktonic growth. Instead, EF641 demonstrated tolerance to high doses of teicoplanin when growing in a biofilm. We conclude that all these events would be closely related to the long-term survival of the E. faecium and the late relapse of the IE. These data represent the first clinical evidence of mutations in the stringent response (relA gene) related with E. faecium IE relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Ortiz de la Rosa
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Martín-Gutiérrez
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Loyola Andalucía University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos S. Casimiro-Soriguer
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María Adelina Gimeno-Gascón
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cisneros
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Arístides de Alarcón
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Lepe
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Daca A, Jarzembowski T. From the Friend to the Foe- Enterococcus faecalis Diverse Impact on the Human Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2422. [PMID: 38397099 PMCID: PMC10888668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium which accompanies us from the first days of our life. As a commensal it produces vitamins, metabolizes nutrients, and maintains intestinal pH. All of that happens in exchange for a niche to inhabit. It is not surprising then, that the bacterium was and is used as an element of many probiotics and its positive impact on the human immune system and the body in general is hard to ignore. This bacterium has also a dark side though. The plasticity and relative ease with which one acquires virulence traits, and the ability to hide from or even deceive and use the immune system to spread throughout the body make E. faecalis a more and more dangerous opponent. The statistics clearly show its increasing role, especially in the case of nosocomial infections. Here we present the summarization of current knowledge about E. faecalis, especially in the context of its relations with the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jarzembowski
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
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CASTAGNOLA R, MARTINI C, COLANGELI M, PELLICCIOTTA I, MARIGO L, Maria GRANDE N, BUGLI F, PLOTINO G. In Vitro Evaluation of Smear Layer and Debris Removal and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Irrigating Solutions. Eur Endod J 2024; 9:81-88. [PMID: 37965676 PMCID: PMC10777091 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2023.19042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the smear layer and debris removal and antimicrobial activity of two dual-action irrigating solutions for continuous chelation (Triton; Brasseler, Savannah, USA and Dual Rinse HEDP; Medcem GmbH, Weinfelden, Switzerland) with a dual step irrigation protocol with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). METHODS Thirty single-rooted single-canal teeth were divided into three groups (n=10) and irrigated with Triton, Dual Rinse HEDP mixed with 6% NaOCl and 6% NaOCl/17% EDTA. The teeth were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to assess the canal wall cleanliness. In addition, 80 dentine discs were contaminated with Candida albicans and 80 discs with Enterococcus faecalis and irrigated with Triton, Dual Rinse HEDP mixed with 6% NaOCl and 6% NaOCl/17% EDTA or not treated (n=20). Fifteen discs were used to evaluate colony-forming units, while 5 discs were analysed by SEM. Data were analysed using the Shapiro- Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis and One-Way ANOVA tests. RESULTS Triton was statistically more effective than Dual Rinse HEDP and NaOCl/EDTA in removing debris (p<0.05), except with NaOCl/EDTA in the coronal third. Triton was more effective than Dual Rinse HEDP in removing the smear layer from the apical and middle thirds (p<0.05). All the irrigation protocols significantly re- duced the number of E. faecalis. The Triton group showed the lowest number of remaining C. albicans (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Triton was the most effective irrigation solution in removing debris and as effective as NaOCl/ EDTA in removing the smear layer. Triton showed the highest efficacy against C. albicans. New irrigating solutions that provide continuous chelation may provide an alternative to current irrigation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella CASTAGNOLA
- Department of Ageing, Neurological, Orthopaedic, Head and Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, UOC General Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rome, Italy
- Department of Head-Neck and Sense Organs, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia MARTINI
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Intensivology and Perioperative Clinics, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro COLANGELI
- Department of Ageing, Neurological, Orthopaedic, Head and Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, UOC General Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rome, Italy
- Department of Head-Neck and Sense Organs, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria PELLICCIOTTA
- Department of Ageing, Neurological, Orthopaedic, Head and Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, UOC General Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rome, Italy
- Department of Head-Neck and Sense Organs, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca MARIGO
- Department of Ageing, Neurological, Orthopaedic, Head and Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, UOC General Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rome, Italy
- Department of Head-Neck and Sense Organs, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Maria GRANDE
- Department of Ageing, Neurological, Orthopaedic, Head and Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, UOC General Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rome, Italy
- Department of Head-Neck and Sense Organs, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca BUGLI
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Intensivology and Perioperative Clinics, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca PLOTINO
- Private Practice, Rome, Italy Castagnola R, Martini C and Bugli F, Plotino G equally contributed to this article
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10
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Jovanović M, Velebit B, Tošić T, Maki G, Pavić S, Jovanović S, Stošović R, Zervos MJ. Comparative study of virulence factor genes, β-hemolysis and biofilm production in invasive and colonizing enterococci. EUR J INFLAMM 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x231156333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In humans, enterococci are among the most important opportunistic pathogens. This study aims to compare invasive isolates obtained from blood cultures of patients with sepsis and endocarditis with colonizing isolates obtained from healthy donors’ stool samples. Methods: A case-by-case assessment was conducted on invasive infection cases to determine whether enterococci were involved in their pathogenesis. They were tested for the presence of virulence factor genes, β-hemolysis on agars supplemented with human and sheep blood, and biofilm forming capacity. Results: Three species of enterococci were identified among invasive isolates: Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus durans. All endocarditis isolates were biofilm producers. Genes esp, gelE, asa1, ace, hyl, cylB, and cylA were present in 7 (41.2%), 11 (64.7%), 11 (64.7%), 13 (76.5%), 0, 3 (17.6%), and 1 (5.9%) invasive isolate, but none of them could be linked to a particular infection (sepsis or endocarditis). Colonizing isolates proved to have had more virulence factor genes, but the differences were not statistically significant. Members of that group produced a greater amount of biofilm when the ace gene was absent ( p = 0.047). The production of β-hemolysis by noninvasive strains was detected more frequently when agar was supplemented with human blood ( p = 0.021). In general, the presence of either cyl gene on that specific agar was in direct connection with the production of β-hemolysis: cylA ( p = 0.047) or cylB ( p = 0.020). Conclusion: We have been unable to establish any correlation between invasive isolates and any virulence gene carriage and biofilm formation. β-hemolysis was produced significantly more often by colonizing strains when agar had been supplemented with human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Jovanović
- Department of Microbiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Velebit
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Tošić
- Department of Microbiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gina Maki
- Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sladjana Pavić
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Užice, Užice, Serbia
| | - Snežana Jovanović
- Department of Microbiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rajica Stošović
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Allergology and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Nappi F, Avtaar Singh SS, Jitendra V, Fiore A. Bridging Molecular and Clinical Sciences to Achieve the Best Treatment of Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2604. [PMID: 37894262 PMCID: PMC10609379 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a commensal bacterium that causes various infections in surgical sites, the urinary tract, and blood. The bacterium is becoming a significant concern because it tends to affect the elderly population, which has a high prevalence of undiagnosed degenerative valvular disease and is often subjected to invasive procedures and implanted medical devices. The bacterium's actions are influenced by specific characteristics like pili activity and biofilm formation. This resistance significantly impedes the effectiveness of numerous antibiotic therapies, particularly in cases of endocarditis. While current guidelines recommend antimicrobial therapy, the emergence of resistant strains has introduced complexity in managing these patients, especially with the increasing use of transcatheter therapies for those who are not suitable for surgery. Presentations of the condition are often varied and associated with generalised symptoms, which may pose a diagnostic challenge. We share our encounter with a case study that concerns an octogenarian who had a TAVI valve and developed endocarditis. We also conducted a literature review to identify the essential treatment algorithms for such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Vikram Jitendra
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK;
| | - Antonio Fiore
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94000 Creteil, France;
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12
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Jin X, Sun X, Wang Z, Dou J, Lin Z, Lu Q, Zhang T, Wen G, Shao H, Cheng G, Luo Q. Virulent Phage vB_EfaS_WH1 Removes Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm and Inhibits Its Growth on the Surface of Chicken Meat. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051208. [PMID: 37243294 DOI: 10.3390/v15051208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a potential animal and human pathogen. Improper use of antibiotics encourages resistance. Bacteriophages and their derivatives are promising for treating drug-resistant bacterial infections. In this study, phylogenetic and electron microscopy analyses of phage vB_EfaS_WH1 (WH1) isolated from chicken feces revealed it to be a novel phage in the family Siphoviridae. WH1 showed good pH stability (4-11), temperature tolerance (4-60 °C), and broad E. faecalis host range (60% of isolates). Genome sequencing revealed a 56,357 bp double-stranded DNA genome with a G+C content of 39.21%. WH1 effectively destroyed E. faecalis EF01 biofilms, even at low concentrations. When WH1 was applied at 1 × 105 to 1 × 109 PFU/g to chicken breast samples stored at 4 °C, surface growing E. faecalis were appreciably eradicated after 24 h. The phage WH1 showed good antibacterial activity, which could be used as a potential biocontrol agent to reduce the formation of E. faecalis biofilm, and could also be used as an alternative for the control of E. faecalis in chicken products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junfeng Dou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhengdan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Guoyuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Huabin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
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13
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Liang S, Wang J, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Liu S, Schwarz S, Xie F. Bactericidal synergism between phage endolysin Ply2660 and cathelicidin LL-37 against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:16. [PMID: 37024490 PMCID: PMC10078070 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and the ability to form biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis have compromised the choice of therapeutic options, which triggered the search for new therapeutic strategies, such as the use of phage endolysins and antimicrobial peptides. However, few studies have addressed the synergistic relationship between these two promising options. Here, we investigated the combination of the phage endolysin Ply2660 and the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 to target drug-resistant biofilm-producing E. faecalis. In vitro bactericidal assays were used to demonstrate the efficacy of the Ply2660-LL-37 combination against E. faecalis. Larger reductions in viable cell counts were observed when Ply2660 and LL-37 were applied together than after individual treatment with either substance. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the Ply2660-LL-37 combination could lead to severe cell lysis of E. faecalis. The mode of action of the Ply2660-LL-37 combination against E. faecalis was that Ply2660 degrades cell wall peptidoglycan, and subsequently, LL-37 destroys the cytoplasmic membrane. Furthermore, Ply2660 and LL-37 act synergistically to inhibit the biofilm formation of E. faecalis. The Ply2660-LL-37 combination also showed a synergistic effect for the treatment of established biofilm, as biofilm killing with this combination was superior to each substance alone. In a murine peritoneal septicemia model, the Ply2660-LL-37 combination distinctly suppressed the dissemination of E. faecalis isolates and attenuated organ injury, being more effective than each treatment alone. Altogether, our findings indicate that the combination of a phage endolysin and an antimicrobial peptide may be a potential antimicrobial strategy for combating E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Fang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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14
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Schaffer SD, Hutchison CA, Rouchon CN, Mdluli NV, Weinstein AJ, McDaniel D, Frank KL. Diverse Enterococcus faecalis strains show heterogeneity in biofilm properties. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:103986. [PMID: 35995340 PMCID: PMC9825631 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is important for Enterococcus faecalis to cause healthcare-associated infections. It is unclear how E. faecalis biofilms vary in parameters such as development and composition. To test the hypothesis that differences in biofilms exist among E. faecalis strains, we evaluated in vitro biofilm formation and matrix characteristics of five genetically diverse E. faecalis lab-adapted strains and clinical isolates (OG1RF, V583, DS16, MMH594, and VA1128). Biofilm formation of all strains was repressed in TSB+10% FBS. However, DMEM+10% FBS enhanced biofilm formation of clinical isolate VA1128. Crystal violet staining and fluorescence microscopy of biofilms grown on Aclar membranes demonstrated differences between OG1RF and VA1128 in biofilm development over a 48-h time course. None of the biofilms were dispersed by single treatments of sodium (meta)periodate, DNase, or Proteinase K alone, but the biofilm biomass of both OG1RF and DS16 was partially removed by a sequential treatment of sodium (meta)periodate and DNase. Reversing the treatment order was not effective, suggesting that the extracellular DNA targeted by DNase was obscured by carbohydrates that are susceptible to sodium (meta)periodate degradation. Fluorescent staining of biofilm matrix components further demonstrated that more carbohydrates bound by wheat germ agglutinin comprise OG1RF biofilms compared to VA1128 biofilms. This study highlights the existence of heterogeneity in biofilm properties among diverse E. faecalis strains, which may have implications for the design of novel anti-biofilm treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Schaffer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carissa A Hutchison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Candace N Rouchon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nontokozo V Mdluli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Arielle J Weinstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dennis McDaniel
- Biomedical Instrumentation Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristi L Frank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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15
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Huang Y, Eeckhaut V, Goossens E, Rasschaert G, Van Erum J, Roovers G, Ducatelle R, Antonissen G, Van Immerseel F. Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis related Enterococcus cecorum isolates are genetically distinct from the commensal population and are more virulent in an embryo mortality model. Vet Res 2023; 54:13. [PMID: 36823606 PMCID: PMC9951403 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is a common cause of broiler lameness. Bacteria that are found in BCO lesions are intestinal bacteria that are proposed to have translocated through the intestinal epithelium and have spread systemically. One of the specific bacterial species frequently isolated in BCO cases is Enterococcus cecorum. In the current study, caecal isolates were obtained from birds derived from healthy flocks (12 isolates from 6 flocks), while isolates derived from caeca, colon, pericardium, caudal thoracic vertebrae, coxo-femoral joint, knee joint and intertarsal joint (hock) were obtained from broilers derived from BCO outbreaks (111 isolates from 10 flocks). Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was performed to determine similarity. Clonal E. cecorum populations were isolated from different bones/joints and pericardium from animals within the same flock, with intestinal strains carrying the same pulsotype, pointing to the intestinal origin of the systemically present bacteria. Isolates from the intestinal tract of birds from healthy flocks clustered away from the BCO strains. Isolates from the gut, bones/joints and pericardium of affected animals contained a set of genes that were absent in isolates from the gut of healthy animals, such as genes encoding for enterococcal polysaccharide antigens (epa genes), cell wall structural components and nutrient transporters. Isolates derived from the affected birds induced a significant higher mortality in the embryo mortality model as compared to the isolates from the gut of healthy birds, pointing to an increased virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evy Goossens
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO)- Technology and Food Science Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | | | | | - Richard Ducatelle
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT), Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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16
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Liu X, Xiong Y, Shi Y, Deng X, Deng Q, Liu Y, Yu Z, Li D, Zheng J, Li P. In vitro activities of licochalcone A against planktonic cells and biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970901. [PMID: 36338074 PMCID: PMC9634178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of licochalcone A on Enterococcus faecalis and to investigate the possible target genes of licochalcone A in E. faecalis. This study found that licochalcone A had antibacterial activities against E. faecalis, with the MIC50 and MIC90 were 25 μM. Licochalcone A (at 4 × MIC) indicated a rapid bactericidal effect on E. faecalis planktonic cells, and killed more E. faecalis planktonic cells (at least 3-log10 cfu/ml) than vancomycin, linezolid, or ampicillin at the 2, 4, and 6 h of the time-killing test. Licochalcone A (at 10 × MIC) significantly reduced the production of E. faecalis persister cells (at least 2-log10 cfu/ml) than vancomycin, linezolid, or ampicillin at the 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of the time-killing test. Licochalcone A (at 1/4 × MIC) significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of E. faecalis. The RNA levels of biofilm formation-related genes, agg, esp, and srtA, markedly decreased when the E. faecalis isolates were treated with licochalcone A at 1/4 × MIC for 6 h. To explore the possible target genes of licochalcone A in E. faecalis, the licochalcone A non-sensitive E. faecalis clones were selected in vitro by induction of wildtype strains for about 140 days under the pressure of licochalcone A, and mutations in the possible target genes were detected by whole-genome sequencing. This study found that there were 11 nucleotide mutations leading to nonsynonymous mutations of 8 amino acids, and among these amino acid mutations, there were 3 mutations located in transcriptional regulator genes (MarR family transcriptional regulator, TetR family transcriptional regulator, and MerR family transcriptional regulator). In conclusion, this study found that licochalcone A had an antibacterial effect on E. faecalis, and significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of E. faecalis at subinhibitory concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanpeng Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiyi Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangbin Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yansong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Duoyun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Caixeta Magalhães Tibúrcio AA, Paiva AD, Pedrosa AL, Rodrigues WF, Bernardes da Silva R, Oliveira AG. Effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on biofilm formation and expression of virulence genes in penicillin-resistant, ampicillin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11154. [PMID: 36303921 PMCID: PMC9593294 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of enterococcal infections. Thus, the biofilm-forming ability and frequency of biofilm-related genes in penicillin-resistant, ampicillin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis (PRASEF) compared to penicillin- and ampicillin-susceptible E. faecalis (PSASEF) were assessed in the present study. In addition, the effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics on biofilm formation and expression of virulence genes was evaluated. Twenty PRASEF and 21 PSASEF clinical isolates were used to determine the effect of sub-MICs of antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, and gentamicin) on biofilm formation, and ten selected isolates were subjected to RT-qPCR to detect the transcript levels of virulence genes (efaA, asa1, esp, and ace). Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by the microdilution broth method. Biofilm formation assay was performed using the microtiter plate method. All PSASEF and PRASEF isolates produced biofilms in vitro. Most isolates had three or four virulence genes. Sub-MICs of ampicillin significantly decreased biofilm production and expression of ace and asa1 genes, although the transcript levels were significantly lower (−350% and −606.2%, respectively) among the PSASEF isolates only. Sub-MICs of gentamicin did not have any significant effect on biofilm formation, but slightly increased the transcript levels of efaA. In conclusion, this study showed that the biofilm-forming ability and frequency of the evaluated virulence genes were similar among the PRASEF and PSASEF isolates. Further, in vitro antibiotic sub-MICs were confirmed to interfere with the expression pattern of virulence genes and biofilm formation by E. faecalis. However, further studies are required to clarify the role of sublethal doses of antibiotics on enterococcal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Dias Paiva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Pedrosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wellington Francisco Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Bernardes da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Corresponding author.
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18
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Ognenovska S, Mukerjee C, Sanderson-Smith M, Moore KH, Mansfield KJ. Virulence Mechanisms of Common Uropathogens and Their Intracellular Localisation within Urothelial Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080926. [PMID: 36015046 PMCID: PMC9415470 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common debilitating condition whereby uropathogens are able to survive within the urinary tract. In this study, we aimed to determine if the common uropathogens Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Group B Streptococcus possessed virulence mechanisms that enable the invasion of urothelial cells. Urothelial cells were isolated from women with detrusor overactivity and recurrent UTIs; the intracellular localisation of the uropathogens was determined by confocal microscopy. Uropathogens were also isolated from women with acute UTIs and their intracellular localisation and virulence mechanisms were examined (yeast agglutination, biofilm formation, and haemolysis). Fluorescent staining and imaging of urothelial cells isolated from women with refractory detrusor overactivity and recurrent UTIs demonstrated that all three uropathogens were capable of intracellular colonisation. Similarly, the bacterial isolates from women with acute UTIs were also seen to intracellularly localise using an in vitro model. All Enterococcus and Streptococcus isolates possessed a haemolytic capacity and displayed a strong biofilm formation whilst yeast cell agglutination was unique to Escherichia coli. The expression of virulence mechanisms by these uropathogenic species was observed to correlate with successful urothelial cell invasion. Invasion into the bladder urothelium was seen to be a common characteristic of uropathogens, suggesting that bacterial reservoirs within the bladder contribute to the incidence of recurrent UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ognenovska
- Detrusor Muscle Laboratory, Department of Urogynaecology, University of New South Wales, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Chinmoy Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kate H. Moore
- Detrusor Muscle Laboratory, Department of Urogynaecology, University of New South Wales, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Kylie J. Mansfield
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence:
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19
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Shahroodian S, Mirshekar M, Talebi M, Torki A, Amirmozafari N. Association between virulence factors and biofilm formation in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from semen of infertile men. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 88:e13561. [PMID: 35499217 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Enterococcus faecalis is a common microbial semen contaminant. Although virulence factors and biofilm formation have often been analyzed in Enterococcus spp., there is little information about these features in isolates obtained from the genitourinary tract. This study was intended to characterize and determine the relationship between biofilm-forming ability and the presence of E. faecalis virulence factors isolated from human semen. METHOD OF STUDY A total of 32 patients diagnosed with primary infertility and 28 healthy men were included in the study. Semen analyses were performed according to the WHO guidelines. PCR reactions were applied for the detection of ace, esp, efeA, gelE, asa1, and cylA genes. Microtiter plate assay, via measurement of OD560, was used to measure the biofilm-forming ability of the isolates. RESULTS Sixty E. faecalis isolates from semen of infertile and fertile men were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The prevalence of ace, esp, efeA, gelE, asa1 and cylA were reported to be 81.3%/100.0%, 81.3%/89.3%, 81.3%/85.7%, 71.9%/53.6%, 8.8%/75.0%, and 62.5%/67.9% in infertile/fertile groups; respectively. Strong, weak, and non-biofilm reactions were reported to be 50.0%/21.4%, 40.6%/64.3%, and 9.4%/14.3% in infertile and fertile groups; respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant relationship between fertility and weak biofilm reaction and also between biofilm formation and possession of the esp gene (P < .05). It could be speculated that colonization with E. faecalis with a strong ability for biofilm formation could become a potential threat to men's fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Shahroodian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirshekar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Torki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nour Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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de Souza Rodrigues D, Lannes‐Costa PS, da Silva Santos G, Ribeiro RL, Langoni H, Teixeira LM, Nagao PE. Antimicrobial resistance, biofilm production and invasion of mammary epithelial cells by
Enterococcus faecalis
and
Enterococcus mundtii
strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:184-194. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayane de Souza Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Fisiologia de Estreptococos Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Pamella Silva Lannes‐Costa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Fisiologia de Estreptococos Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Fisiologia de Estreptococos Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Rachel Leite Ribeiro
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Helio Langoni
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade do Estado de São Paulo Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Lúcia Martins Teixeira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Prescilla Emy Nagao
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Fisiologia de Estreptococos Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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21
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Ravinanthanan M, Hegde MN, Shetty V, Kumari S, Al Qahtani FN. A Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Novel Surfactant-Based Endodontic Irrigant Regimen's on Enterococcus faecalis. Contemp Clin Dent 2022; 13:205-210. [PMID: 36213858 PMCID: PMC9533387 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_360_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Irrigants play an important role in the eradication of microorganisms in the complex root canal system. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), and iodine potassium iodide (IKI) have certain limitations despite their routine clinical use. Surfactant irrigants with antimicrobial properties can be a milestone in endodontics to overcome the drawbacks of conventional irrigants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of surfactants in comparison with routine endodontic irrigants on Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods Primary irrigants NaOCl, CHX, IKI were prepared at concentrations of 5%, 2.5%, 2%, and 1%; while mixture of tetracycline acid and detergent (MTAD) (100%) served as control group. Surfactants such as cetrimide (CTR) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were prepared at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. The direct contact assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy after 5 min. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results In the primary group, only 5% CHX was significant over MTAD (P < 0.05). In the surfactant group, all concentrations of CTR and SDS (except 0.5%) were significant (P < 0.05) in killing E. faecalis over MTAD. Two percent CHX in combination with 0.5% CTR and 1% SDS had an effective kill percentage over 2% CHX and MTAD alone. Conclusion Surfactant irrigant regimens can be used as adjuncts with CHX to overcome its clinical limitations and potentiate its substantivity, thereby enhancing clinical success in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Ravinanthanan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Al Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence:Dr. Manikandan Ravinanthanan, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Al Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | - Mithra N. Hegde
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, ABSMIDS, NITTE University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Veena Shetty
- Department of Microbiology, ABSMIDS, NITTE University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suchetha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, ABSMIDS, NITTE University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Fahd Nasser Al Qahtani
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Al Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Ali IAA, Lévesque CM, Neelakantan P. Fsr quorum sensing system modulates the temporal development of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm matrix. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 37:22-30. [PMID: 34862746 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication process that regulates major pathogenic attributes in bacteria including biofilm formation, secretion of virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. The two-component Fsr-QS system of the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis controls the production of extracellular gelatinase that contributes to biofilm development by enhancing the release of nucleic acids into the biofilm matrix. However, the contribution of this system to the deposition of other biofilm matrix components such as polysaccharides and proteins remains unknown. Using wild type and mutant strains, we discovered that biofilm formation was attenuated by inactivation of the Fsr system or its downstream gelatinase production. Inactivation of the Fsr system caused a modest, yet significant reduction in biofilm metabolic activity without affecting cell counts. Inactivation of the QS-signal sensor FsrC and response regulator FsrA resulted in decreased extracellular polysaccharides and proteins in biofilms in a temporal manner. Irrespective of biofilm age, eDNA levels were reduced in the gelatinase mutant strain. Our results collectively suggest that the Fsr system contributes to the temporal deposition of polysaccharides and proteins into the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS) of E. faecalis biofilm, without affecting bacterial viability. This understanding of the role of the Fsr-QS system in biofilm development may reveal a novel target to develop effective antibiofilm agents to tackle E. faecalis-mediated infections such as in dental root canals, heart valves, and surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam A A Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
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23
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El-Zamkan MA, Mohamed HMA. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and biofilm formation in Enterococcus species isolated from milk of sheep and goat with subclinical mastitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259584. [PMID: 34780540 PMCID: PMC8592430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to discuss the antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants and biofilm formation capacity of Enterococcus spp. isolated from milk of sheep and goat with subclinical mastitis in Qena, Egypt. The obtained isolates were identified by the VITEK2 system and 16S rDNA sequencing as E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. casseliflavus and E. hirae. Overall, E. faecalis and E. faecium were the dominant species recovered from mastitic milk samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility test evidenced multidrug resistance of the isolates against the following antimicrobials: oxacillin (89.2.%), followed by vancomycin (75.7%) and linezolid (70.3%). Also, most of these isolates (73%) could form biofilms. For example, 18.9% of Enterococcus strains formed strong biofilm, whereas 32.4% of isolates formed moderate biofilm and 21.6% of isolates formed weak biofilm. The most prevalent resistance genes found in our isolates were blaZ (54%), vanA (40%), ermB (51.4%), tetM (13.5%) and optrA (10.8%). Moreover, asa1 (37.8%), cylA (42.3%), gelE (78.4%), esp (32.4%), EF3314(48.6%) and ace (75.5%) were the most common virulence genes. A significant correlation was found between biofilm formation, multidrug resistance and virulence genes of the isolates. This study highlights several aspects of virulence and harmfulness of Enterococcus strains isolated from subclinical mastitic milk, which necessitates continuous inspection and monitoring of dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. El-Zamkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Control, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Hams M. A. Mohamed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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24
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Ferchichi M, Sebei K, Boukerb AM, Karray-Bouraoui N, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ, Connil N, Zommiti M. Enterococcus spp.: Is It a Bad Choice for a Good Use-A Conundrum to Solve? Microorganisms 2021; 9:2222. [PMID: 34835352 PMCID: PMC8622268 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since antiquity, the ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Enterococci, which are just as predominant in both human and animal intestinal commensal flora, have been used (and still are) as probiotics in food and feed production. Their qualities encounter several hurdles, particularly in terms of the array of virulence determinants, reflecting a notorious reputation that nearly prevents their use as probiotics. Additionally, representatives of the Enterococcus spp. genus showed intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobial agents, and flexibility to acquire resistance determinants encoded on a broad array of conjugative plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages. The presence of such pathogenic aspects among some species represents a critical barrier compromising their use as probiotics in food. Thus, the genus neither has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status nor has it been included in the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) list implying drastic legislation towards these microorganisms. To date, the knowledge of the virulence factors and the genetic structure of foodborne enterococcal strains is rather limited. Although enterococcal infections originating from food have never been reported, the consumption of food carrying virulence enterococci seems to be a risky path of transfer, and hence, it renders them poor choices as probiotics. Auspiciously, enterococcal virulence factors seem to be strain specific suggesting that clinical isolates carry much more determinants that food isolates. The latter remain widely susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics and subsequently, have a lower potential for pathogenicity. In terms of the ideal enterococcal candidate, selected strains deemed for use in foods should not possess any virulence genes and should be susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics. Overall, implementation of an appropriate risk/benefit analysis, in addition to the case-by-case assessment, the establishment of a strain's innocuity, and consideration for relevant guidelines, legislation, and regulatory aspects surrounding functional food development seem to be the crucial elements for industries, health-staff and consumers to accept enterococci, like other LAB, as important candidates for useful and beneficial applications in food industry and food biotechnology. The present review aims at shedding light on the world of hurdles and limitations that hampers the Enterococcus spp. genus and its representatives from being used or proposed for use as probiotics. The future of enterococci use as probiotics and legislation in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Ferchichi
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Khaled Sebei
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Najoua Karray-Bouraoui
- Laboratoire de Productivité Végétale et Contraintes Abiotiques, LR18ES04, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Mohamed Zommiti
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
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25
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Iida N, Mizukoshi E, Yamashita T, Yutani M, Seishima J, Wang Z, Arai K, Okada H, Yamashita T, Sakai Y, Masuo Y, Agustina R, Kato Y, Fujinaga Y, Oshima M, Honda M, Lebreton F, Gilmore MS, Kaneko S. Chronic liver disease enables gut Enterococcus faecalis colonization to promote liver carcinogenesis. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:1039-1054. [PMID: 35121877 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis is observed in chronic hepatobiliary diseases and is frequently associated with liver carcinogenesis; however, the extent and specific mechanisms triggered by alterations in the microbiota mediating tumorigenesis in these patients remain unclear. Here we show that Enterococcus faecalis is abundant in the microbiota of patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Xenotransplantation of gut microbiota from these patients increased the number of spontaneous liver tumors in mice and enhanced susceptibility to liver carcinogens. Hepatic colonization by gelE-positive E. faecalis increased liver expression of proliferative genes in a TLR4-Myd88-dependent manner, leading to liver tumorigenesis. Moreover, decreased fecal deoxycholic acid levels were associated with colonization by E. faecalis. Overall, these data identify E. faecalis as a key promoter of liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriho Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eishiro Mizukoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jun Seishima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hikari Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rina Agustina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Innovative Cancer Model Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - François Lebreton
- Department of Ophthalmology; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Ophthalmology; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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26
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Kuang X, Zhang J, Peng X, Xie Q, Li J, Zhou X, Luo Y, Xu X. A small molecule II-6s inhibits Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1978756. [PMID: 34552703 PMCID: PMC8451641 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1978756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Limitations of current intracanal irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) necessitate the development of novel antimicrobial agents to control endodontic infection. Aim This study investigated the antimicrobial activities of a small molecule II-6s against Enterococcus faecalis associated with endodontic diseases. Methods The susceptibility of E. faecalis to II-6s was evaluated by the microdilution method and time-kill assay. Microbial resistance was assessed by repeated exposure of E. faecalis to II-6s. Cytotoxicity of II-6s was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Virulence gene expression of the II-6s-treated E. faecalis cells was measured by RT-qPCR. Bacterial reductions in the dentinal tubules were further assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results II-6s exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and down-regulated virulence-associated genes in E. faecalis. II-6s induced no drug resistance in E. faecalis with lower cytotoxicity as compared to NaOCl and CHX. More importantly, 0.003125% II-6s exhibited significant bactericidal effect against E. faecalis residing in the dentinal tubules, which was comparable to 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX. Conclusions II-6s has excellent antimicrobial activity, moderate cytotoxicity and induces no drug resistance, and thus is a promising agent for the treatment of endodontic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, ChicagoU.S.A
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Ramos Y, Sansone S, Morales DK. Sugarcoating it: Enterococcal polysaccharides as key modulators of host-pathogen interactions. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009822. [PMID: 34499702 PMCID: PMC8428557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusibeska Ramos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Sansone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Diana K. Morales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Safety and metabolic characteristics of 17 Enterococcus faecium isolates. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5683-5694. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Attenuates Enterococcus faecalis Virulence and Inhibits Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060702. [PMID: 34208134 PMCID: PMC8230787 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis as an important nosocomial pathogen is critically implicated in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, urinary tract, and persistent root canal infections. Its major virulence attributes (biofilm formation, production of proteases, and hemolytic toxins) enable it to cause extensive host tissue damage. With the alarming increase in enterococcal resistance to antibiotics, novel therapeutics are required to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation and virulence. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), the main phytochemical in cinnamon essential oils, has demonstrated promising activity against a wide range of pathogens. Here, we comprehensively investigated the effect of TC on planktonic growth, biofilm formation, proteolytic and hemolytic activities, as well as gene regulation in E. faecalis. Our findings revealed that sub-inhibitory concentrations of TC reduced biofilm formation, biofilm exopolysaccharides, as well as its proteolytic and hemolytic activities. Mechanistic studies revealed significant downregulation of the quorum sensing fsr locus and downstream gelE, which are major virulence regulators in E. faecalis. Taken together, our study highlights the potential of TC to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation and its virulence.
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Lytic bacteriophages facilitate antibiotic sensitization of Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00143-21. [PMID: 33649110 PMCID: PMC8092871 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00143-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium, a commensal of the human intestine, has emerged as a hospital-adapted, multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogen. Bacteriophages (phages), natural predators of bacteria, have regained attention as therapeutics to stem the rise of MDR bacteria. Despite their potential to curtail MDR E. faecium infections, the molecular events governing E. faecium-phage interactions remain largely unknown. Such interactions are important to delineate because phage selective pressure imposed on E. faecium will undoubtedly result in phage resistance phenotypes that could threaten the efficacy of phage therapy. In an effort to understand the emergence of phage resistance in E. faecium, three newly isolated lytic phages were used to demonstrate that E. faecium phage resistance is conferred through an array of cell wall-associated molecules, including secreted antigen A (SagA), enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (Epa), wall teichoic acids, capsule, and an arginine-aspartate-aspartate (RDD) protein of unknown function. We find that capsule and Epa are important for robust phage adsorption and that phage resistance mutations in sagA, epaR, and epaX enhance E. faecium susceptibility to ceftriaxone, an antibiotic normally ineffective due to its low affinity for enterococcal penicillin binding proteins. Consistent with these findings, we provide evidence that phages potently synergize with cell wall (ceftriaxone and ampicillin) and membrane-acting (daptomycin) antimicrobials to slow or completely inhibit the growth of E. faecium Our work demonstrates that the evolution of phage resistance comes with fitness defects resulting in drug sensitization and that lytic phages could serve as effective antimicrobials for the treatment of E. faecium infections.
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Deng F, Chen Y, Zhou X, Xiao H, Sun T, Deng Y, Wen J. New Insights into the Virulence Traits and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococci Isolated from Diverse Probiotic Products. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040726. [PMID: 33807433 PMCID: PMC8065695 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status of Enterococcus has not yet been authenticated, but enterococci, as probiotics, have been increasingly applied in human healthcare and animal husbandry, for instance as a dietary supplement, feed additive, or growth promotor. The food chain is the important route for introducing enterococci into the human gut. The pathogenicity of Enterococcus from probiotic products requires investigation. In the study, 110 commercial probiotic products used for human, animal, aquaculture, and plants were examined, among which 36 enterococci were identified, including 31 from Enterococcus faecium, 2 from E. faecalis, 2 from E. casseliflavus, and 1 from E. gallinarum. Strikingly, 28 of the 36 enterococci isolated from probiotics here did not mention the presence of Enterococcus in the labeled ingredients, and no Enterococcus isolates were found from 5 animal probiotics that were labeled with the genus. In total, 35 of the 110 products exhibited hemolysis, including 5 (10.6%) human probiotics, 14 (41.2%) animal probiotics, 8 (57.1%) aquaculture probiotics, and 8 (53.3%) plant probiotics. The detection rates of virulence factors associated with adhesion, antiphagocytosis, exoenzyme, biofilm, and other putative virulence markers (PVM) in 36 enterococci were 94.4%, 91.7%, 5.6%, 94.4% and 8.3%. Twenty-six of the 36 isolated strains exhibited biofilm formation ability, where 25 strains (69.4%) and one (2.8%) were strong and weak biofilm producers, respectively. We analyzed the resistance rates against erythromycin (97%), vancomycin and ciprofloxacin (8%), tetracycline (3%), and high-level aminoglycosides (0%), respectively. High detection rates of msrC/lsaA (86%) and aac(6')-Ii (86%) were observed, followed by vanC (8%), tetM (3%). The Tn5801-tetM-like integrative conjugative element (ICE) was identified in E. gallinarum, exhibiting resistance to tetracycline (64 μg/mL). Seven probiotic E. faecalis and E. faecium, as active ingredients in human probiotics, shared the same STs (sequence types) and were distinct from the STs of other contaminated or mislabeled enterococci, indicating that two particular STs belonged to native probiotic isolates. These findings advocate appropriate assessments of enterococci when used in probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengru Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; (F.D.); (Y.C.); (X.Z.); (H.X.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; (F.D.); (Y.C.); (X.Z.); (H.X.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; (F.D.); (Y.C.); (X.Z.); (H.X.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiying Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; (F.D.); (Y.C.); (X.Z.); (H.X.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; (F.D.); (Y.C.); (X.Z.); (H.X.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; (F.D.); (Y.C.); (X.Z.); (H.X.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; (F.D.); (Y.C.); (X.Z.); (H.X.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (J.W.)
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Francisco PA, Fagundes PIDG, Lemes-Junior JC, Lima AR, Passini MRZ, Gomes BPFA. Pathogenic potential of Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from root canals after unsuccessful endodontic treatment. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5171-5179. [PMID: 33559751 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate strains of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from endodontic failures cases for (a) presence of virulence genes, namely, gelatinase production (gelE), surface protein (esp), collagen-binding adhesin (ace), cytolysin activator (cylA), E. faecalis antigen A (efaA) and aggregation substance (asa), all by using PCR; (b) biofilm formation capacity; and (c) activity of gelatinase and β-lactamase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five strains of E. faecalis were tested. The DNA extracted from these strains was used for identification of virulence genes by PCR and 1% agarose gel. Biofilm formation was performed on polystyrene microplates by using the violet crystal staining method. For assessment of the gelatinase activity, inoculum of pure cultures was deposited in tubes containing gelatin and a nutrient broth, whereas nitrocefin disks were used to assess the β-lactamase action. RESULTS The virulence genes efaA and cylA were detected in 100% of the strains, whereas gelE was present in 84%, ace in 68%, esp in 56% and asa in 48%. Four strains had no biofilm formation, 17 had poor formation and four had moderate formation. Gelatinase production was observed in three strains and β-lactamase resistance in five strains of E. faecalis. TOPIC Diverse patterns of virulence gene detection were observed among the E. faecalis strains, with predominance of those capable of forming biofilm. A few strains have been found to hydrolyze gelatin proteins, whereas β-lactamase resistance was detected in different isolates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To understand the influence of virulence factors in E. faecalis on the host heath status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Amanda Francisco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ivo da Graça Fagundes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Lemes-Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Rodrigues Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maicon Ricardo Zieberg Passini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira 901, Bairro Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Matysik A, Ho FK, Ler Tan AQ, Vajjala A, Kline KA. Cellular chaining influences biofilm formation and structure in group A Streptococcus. Biofilm 2020; 2:100013. [PMID: 33447800 PMCID: PMC7798446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2019.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcal (GAS) biofilm formation is an important pathological feature contributing to the antibiotic tolerance and progression of various GAS infections. Although a number of bacterial factors have been described to promote in vitro GAS biofilm formation, the relevance of in vitro biofilms to host-associated biofilms requires further understanding. In this study, we demonstrate how constituents of the host environment, such as lysozyme and NaCl, can modulate GAS bacterial chain length and, in turn, shape GAS biofilm morphology and structure. Disruption of GAS chains with lysozyme results in biofilms that are more stable. Based on confocal microscopy, we attribute the increase in biofilm stability to a dense and compact three-dimensional structure produced by de-chained cells. To show that changes in biofilm stability and structure are due to the shortening of bacterial chains and not specific to the activity of lysozyme, we demonstrate that augmented chaining induced by NaCl or deletion of the autolysin gene mur1.2 produced defects in biofilm formation characterized by a loose biofilm architecture. We conclude that GAS biofilm formation can be directly influenced by host and environmental factors through the modulation of bacterial chain length, potentially contributing to persistence and colonization within the host. Further studies of in vitro biofilm models incorporating physiological constituents such as lysozyme may uncover new insights into the physiology of in vivo GAS biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Matysik
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore
| | - Foo Kiong Ho
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore
| | - Alicia Qian Ler Tan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore
| | - Anuradha Vajjala
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A. Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551
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Gholizadeh P, Aghazadeh M, Ghotaslou R, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Pirzadeh T, Köse Ş, Ganbarov K, Yousefi M, Kafil HS. CRISPR- cas system in the acquisition of virulence genes in dental-root canal and hospital-acquired isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Virulence 2020; 11:1257-1267. [PMID: 32930628 PMCID: PMC7549939 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1809329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is one of the important causative agents of nosocomial and life-threatening infections in human. Several studies have demonstrated that the presence of CRISPR-cas is associated with antibiotic susceptibility and lack of virulence traits. In this study, we aimed to assess the phenotypic and genotypic virulence determinants in relation to CRISPR elements from the dental-root canals and hospital-acquired isolates of E. faecalis. Eighty-eight hospital-acquired and 73 dental-root canal isolates of E. faecalis were assessed in this study. Phenotypic screening of the isolates included biofilm formation, and gelatinase and hemolysis activities. Genotypical screening using PCR was further used to evaluate the presence of CRISPR elements and different virulence-associated genes such as efaA, esp, cylA, hyl, gelE, ace, ebpR, and asa1. Biofilm formation, gelatinase, and hemolysis activities were detected in 93.8%, 29.2%, and 19.2% of the isolates, respectively. The most prevalent virulence-associated gene was ace, which was followed by efaA, whereas cylA was the least identified. The presence of CRISPR1-cas, orphan CRISPR2, and CRISPR3-cas was determined in 13%, 55.3%, and 17.4% of the isolates, respectively. CRISPR elements were significantly more prevalent in the dental-root canal isolates. An inverse significant correlation was found between CRISPR-cas loci, esp, and gelE, while direct correlations were observed in the case of cylA, hyl, gelE (among CRISPR-loci 1 and 3), asa1, ace, biofilm formation, and hemolysis activity. Findings, therefore, indicate that CRISPR-cas might prevent the acquisition of some respective pathogenicity factors in some isolates, though not all; so selective forces could not influence pathogenic traits. Abbreviations: BHI: brain-heart infusion agar; CRISPRs: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Esp: Cell wall-associated protein; ENT: ear-nose-throat; ICU: intensive care units; OD: optical densities; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; UTI: urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Gholizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Reza Ghotaslou
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Pirzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Şükran Köse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
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Martini C, Longo F, Castagnola R, Marigo L, Grande NM, Cordaro M, Cacaci M, Papi M, Palmieri V, Bugli F, Sanguinetti M. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Graphene Oxide on Enterococcus faecalis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E692. [PMID: 33066198 PMCID: PMC7602102 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of graphene oxide (GO) against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro conditions and when used to coat dentin surface to prevent E. faecalis adhesion. The ATCC strain of E. faecalis 29212 has been used to perform a viability test. The pellet was suspended in ultrapure water, NaCl, PBS buffer, CaCl2 and MgCl2, Luria-Bertani broth solutions. The viability was evaluated by the colony forming unit counting method. Atomic force microscopy images and the measure of surface zeta potential variation were analyzed. Dentin discs were covered with a film of GO (n = 15) or were not treated (n = 15). Bacterial suspension was added to each sample of dentine discs and microbial counts were calculated. Statistically significant differences between two groups were assessed by a two-tailed unpaired t-test. Bacteria cell morphology was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. The highest growth inhibition was obtained in ddH2O and CaCl2 solution while, in PBS and NaCl, GO had poor antibacterial efficacy with a growth enhancing effect in the latter. GO on dentin discs demonstrated high antibacterial activity. GO film has demonstrated acceptable adhesion properties to root dentin and a role in the inhibition of bacterial film proliferation and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesca Longo
- UOC Odontoiatria Generale e Ortodonzia, Dipartimento Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (L.M.); (N.M.G.); (M.C.)
- Istituto di Odontoiatria e Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Castagnola
- UOC Odontoiatria Generale e Ortodonzia, Dipartimento Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (L.M.); (N.M.G.); (M.C.)
- Istituto di Odontoiatria e Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Marigo
- UOC Odontoiatria Generale e Ortodonzia, Dipartimento Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (L.M.); (N.M.G.); (M.C.)
- Istituto di Odontoiatria e Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Maria Grande
- UOC Odontoiatria Generale e Ortodonzia, Dipartimento Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (L.M.); (N.M.G.); (M.C.)
- Istituto di Odontoiatria e Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Cordaro
- UOC Odontoiatria Generale e Ortodonzia, Dipartimento Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (L.M.); (N.M.G.); (M.C.)
- Istituto di Odontoiatria e Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Traits among Multidrug Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Egypt. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.3.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are remarkable multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria that are causing serious healthcare-associated infections. The current study investigated the frequency of Enterococcus spp., antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and the presence of some plasmid-mediated virulence characters and antimicrobial resistance determinants in enterococcal isolates from Egyptian hospitals in Cairo. Enterococcus bacterial isolates were recovered from different clinical specimens and identified using biochemical testing and KB005A HiStrep™ identification kit. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and/or broth microdilution method were used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Phenotypic assays were performed to study biofilm formation and cytolysin and gelatinase production. PCR assays targeting the plasmid-carried genes aac(6’)-aph(2’), aph(3)-IIIa, vanA, agg and cylA were performed. In this study, 50 isolates of diverse Enterococcus spp. were identified with E. faecium was the most frequently isolated one. High resistance profiles were determined against tested antimicrobials and all isolates were MDR. Moderate biofilm formation was detected in 20% of isolates, 18% showed complete blood hemolysis and 12% produced gelatinase. All isolates carried the tested aminoglycosides resistance genes, while vanA was found only in 4 isolates (8%). The virulence genes agg and cylA were detected in 4% and 32% of isolates, respectively. In conclusion, E. faecium was the most prevalent species. The entire isolates set were MDR and the plasmid-carried aminoglycoside resistance genes were extensively disseminated among MDR isolates. Thus, regular surveillance studies, from the area of study or other geographical regions in Egypt, and strict infection control measures are required to monitor the emerging MDR enterococci.
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Topka-Bielecka G, Bloch S, Nejman-Faleńczyk B, Grabski M, Jurczak-Kurek A, Górniak M, Dydecka A, Necel A, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Characterization of the Bacteriophage vB_EfaS-271 Infecting Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176345. [PMID: 32882938 PMCID: PMC7503890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated bacteriophage infecting Enterococcus faecalis strains has been characterized, including determination of its molecular features. This phage, named vB_EfaS-271, has been classified as a Siphoviridae member, according to electron microscopy characterization of the virions, composed of a 50 nm-diameter head and a long, flexible, noncontractable tail (219 × 12.5 nm). Analysis of the whole dsDNA genome of this phage showed that it consists of 40,197 bp and functional modules containing genes coding for proteins that are involved in DNA replication (including DNA polymerase/primase), morphogenesis, packaging and cell lysis. Mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to identify several phage-encoded proteins. vB_EfaS-271 reveals a relatively narrow host range, as it is able to infect only a few E. faecalis strains. On the other hand, it is a virulent phage (unable to lysogenize host cells), effectively and quickly destroying cultures of sensitive host bacteria, with a latent period as short as 8 min and burst size of approximately 70 phages per cell at 37 °C. This phage was also able to destroy biofilms formed by E. faecalis. These results contribute to our understanding of the biodiversity of bacteriophages, confirming the high variability among these viruses and indicating specific genetic and functional features of vB_EfaS-271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracja Topka-Bielecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Sylwia Bloch
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Michał Grabski
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
- Laboratory of Marine Biogeochemistry, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Agata Jurczak-Kurek
- Department of Molecular Evolution, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Górniak
- Department of Molecular Evolution, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Dydecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Necel
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-523-6040
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Bin-Asif H, Abid Ali S. The Genus Enterococcus and Its Associated Virulent Factors. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Khosravi N, Sadeghpour Heravi F, Tabasi M, Badamchi A, Minaeian S, Javadinia S, Tabasi E, Tabatabaei A. Detection of fluoroquinolone genes and spread of antibiotic resistance profile of Enterococcus strains isolated from clinical specimens. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
We lack fundamental understanding of how phage infection influences bacterial gene expression and, consequently, how bacterial responses to phage infection affect the assembly of polymicrobial communities. Using parallel genomic approaches, we have discovered novel transcriptional regulators and metabolic genes that influence phage infection. The integration of whole-genome transcriptomic profiling during phage infection has revealed the differential regulation of genes important for group behaviors and polymicrobial interactions. Our work suggests that therapeutic phages could more broadly influence bacterial community composition outside their intended host targets. Bacteriophages (phages) have been proposed as alternative therapeutics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. However, there are major gaps in our understanding of the molecular events in bacterial cells that control how bacteria respond to phage predation. Using the model organism Enterococcus faecalis, we used two distinct genomic approaches, namely, transposon library screening and RNA sequencing, to investigate the interaction of E. faecalis with a virulent phage. We discovered that a transcription factor encoding a LytR family response regulator controls the expression of enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (epa) genes that are involved in phage infection and bacterial fitness. In addition, we discovered that DNA mismatch repair mutants rapidly evolve phage adsorption deficiencies, underpinning a molecular basis for epa mutation during phage infection. Transcriptomic profiling of phage-infected E. faecalis revealed broad transcriptional changes influencing viral replication and progeny burst size. We also demonstrate that phage infection alters the expression of bacterial genes associated with intra- and interbacterial interactions, including genes involved in quorum sensing and polymicrobial competition. Together, our results suggest that phage predation has the potential to influence complex microbial behavior and may dictate how bacteria respond to external environmental stimuli. These responses could have collateral effects (positive or negative) on microbial communities, such as the host microbiota, during phage therapy.
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Degradation of the Incretin Hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) by Enterococcus faecalis Metalloprotease GelE. mSphere 2020; 5:5/1/e00585-19. [PMID: 32051237 PMCID: PMC7021470 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00585-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have a complex and interconnected relationship with their gastrointestinal microbiomes, yet our interest in the microbiome tends to focus on overt pathogenic or probiotic activities, leaving the roles that commensal species may have on host physiology and metabolic processes largely unexplored. Commensal organisms in the microbiome produce and secrete many factors that have an opportunity to interact with the gastrointestinal tract and host biology. Here, we show that a secreted protease from E. faecalis, GelE, is able to degrade the gastrointestinal hormone GLP-1, which is responsible for regulating glucose homeostasis and appetite in the body. The disruption of natural GLP-1 signaling by GelE may have significant consequences for maintaining healthy blood glucose levels and in the development of metabolic disease. Furthermore, this work deepens our understanding of specific host-microbiome interactions. Metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, have become increasingly prevalent global health concerns. Studies over the past decade have established connections between the gastrointestinal microbiota and host metabolism, but the mechanisms behind these connections are only beginning to be understood. We were interested in identifying microbes that have the ability to modulate the levels of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Using a human-derived cell line that is capable of secreting GLP-1 in response to stimulatory ligands (NCI-H716), we identified supernatants from several bacterial isolates that were capable of decreasing GLP-1 levels, including several strains of Enterococcus faecalis. We further identified the secreted protease GelE, an established virulence factor from E. faecalis, as being responsible for GLP-1 inhibition via direct cleavage of GLP-1 by GelE. Finally, we demonstrated that E. faecalis supernatants can disrupt a colonic epithelial monolayer and cleave GLP-1 in a gelE-dependent manner. This work suggests that a secreted factor from an intestinal microbe can traverse the epithelial barrier and impact levels of an important intestinal hormone. IMPORTANCE Humans have a complex and interconnected relationship with their gastrointestinal microbiomes, yet our interest in the microbiome tends to focus on overt pathogenic or probiotic activities, leaving the roles that commensal species may have on host physiology and metabolic processes largely unexplored. Commensal organisms in the microbiome produce and secrete many factors that have an opportunity to interact with the gastrointestinal tract and host biology. Here, we show that a secreted protease from E. faecalis, GelE, is able to degrade the gastrointestinal hormone GLP-1, which is responsible for regulating glucose homeostasis and appetite in the body. The disruption of natural GLP-1 signaling by GelE may have significant consequences for maintaining healthy blood glucose levels and in the development of metabolic disease. Furthermore, this work deepens our understanding of specific host-microbiome interactions.
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Zheng J, Wu Y, Lin Z, Wang G, Jiang S, Sun X, Tu H, Yu Z, Qu D. ClpP participates in stress tolerance, biofilm formation, antimicrobial tolerance, and virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:30. [PMID: 32033530 PMCID: PMC7006429 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ClpP is important for bacterial growth and plays an indispensable role in cellular protein quality control systems by refolding or degrading damaged proteins, but the physiological significance of ClpP in Enterococcus faecalis remains obscure. A clpP deletion mutant (△clpP) was constructed using the E. faecalis OG1RF strain to clarify the effect of ClpP on E. faecalis. The global abundance of proteins was determined by a mass spectrometer with tandem mass tag labeling. Results The ΔclpP mutant strain showed impaired growth at 20 °C or 45 °C at 5% NaCl or 2 mM H2O2. The number of surviving ΔclpP mutants decreased after exposure to the high concentration (50× minimal inhibitory concentration) of linezolid or minocycline for 96 h. The ΔclpP mutant strain also demonstrated decreased biofilm formation but increased virulence in a Galleria mellonella model. The mass spectrometry proteomics data indicated that the abundances of 135 proteins changed (111 increased, 24 decreased) in the ΔclpP mutant strain. Among those, the abundances of stress response or virulence relating proteins: FsrA response regulator, gelatinase GelE, regulatory protein Spx (spxA), heat-inducible transcription repressor HrcA, transcriptional regulator CtsR, ATPase/chaperone ClpC, acetyl esterase/lipase, and chaperonin GroEL increased in the ΔclpP mutant strain; however, the abundances of ribosomal protein L4/L1 family protein (rplD), ribosomal protein L7/L12 (rplL2), 50S ribosomal protein L13 (rplM), L18 (rplR), L20 (rplT), 30S ribosomal protein S14 (rpsN2) and S18 (rpsR) all decreased. The abundances of biofilm formation-related adapter protein MecA increased, while the abundances of dihydroorotase (pyrC), orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (pyrE), and orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase (pyrF) all decreased in the ΔclpP mutant strain. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that ClpP participates in stress tolerance, biofilm formation, antimicrobial tolerance, and virulence of E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Guangfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sibo Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Orlando, 32827, USA
| | - Xiang Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Haopeng Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518052, China.
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid disrupts mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. J Microbiol 2020; 58:314-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Montironi ID, Moliva MV, Campra NA, Raviolo JM, Bagnis G, Cariddi LN, Reinoso EB. Characterization of an Enterococcus faecium strain in a murine mastitis model. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1289-1300. [PMID: 31840319 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to characterize phenotypically and genotypically Enterococcus faecium strains collected from bovine mastitis milk and to evaluate one of them for its virulence in a murine mastitis model. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of five E. faecium isolates were collected from cows with subclinical mastitis. EF-7A showed resistance to antibiotics tested, it presented alpha haemolysin and did not present gelatinase activity. It yielded cyA, efafm and gelE1 genes and it could be characterized as a moderate biofilm producer. It was able to internalize in MAC-T cells and 1×108 colony forming unit ml-1 was able to establish an intramammary infection in mice. The strain could be recovered from liver, kidney and blood samples. RAPD profiles showed different bands with respect to the inoculated strain. Histopathology analyses showed different grades of polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltration in mammary glands. CONCLUSION This is the first report that studied E. faecium strain in a lactating mouse model of mastitis and showed that the experimental inoculation was able to stimulate an inflammatory response resulting in mastitis. Results contribute to a better understanding of intramammary infections caused by E. faecium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This investigation shows that mice represent a valuable model for the study of the mastitis pathogenesis caused by E. faecium considering the high costs of using cows for mastitis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Montironi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - M V Moliva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - N A Campra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - J M Raviolo
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - G Bagnis
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - L N Cariddi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
| | - E B Reinoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, República Argentina
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Gasparrini AJ, Wang B, Sun X, Kennedy EA, Hernandez-Leyva A, Ndao IM, Tarr PI, Warner BB, Dantas G. Persistent metagenomic signatures of early-life hospitalization and antibiotic treatment in the infant gut microbiota and resistome. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2285-2297. [PMID: 31501537 PMCID: PMC6879825 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hospitalized preterm infants receive frequent and often prolonged exposures to antibiotics because they are vulnerable to infection. It is not known whether the short-term effects of antibiotics on the preterm infant gut microbiota and resistome persist after discharge from neonatal intensive care units. Here, we use complementary metagenomic, culture-based and machine learning techniques to study the gut microbiota and resistome of antibiotic-exposed preterm infants during and after hospitalization, and we compare these readouts to antibiotic-naive healthy infants sampled synchronously. We find a persistently enriched gastrointestinal antibiotic resistome, prolonged carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and distinct antibiotic-driven patterns of microbiota and resistome assembly in extremely preterm infants that received early-life antibiotics. The collateral damage of early-life antibiotic treatment and hospitalization in preterm infants is long lasting. We urge the development of strategies to reduce these consequences in highly vulnerable neonatal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gasparrini
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Sun
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kennedy
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ariel Hernandez-Leyva
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - I Malick Ndao
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barbara B Warner
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Identification of Novel Bacteriophages with Therapeutic Potential That Target Enterococcus faecalis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00512-19. [PMID: 31451618 PMCID: PMC6803325 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00512-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis is frequently responsible for nosocomial infections in humans and represents one of the most common bacteria isolated from recalcitrant endodontic (root canal) infections. E. faecalis is intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics routinely used in clinical settings (such as cephalosporins and aminoglycosides) and can acquire resistance to vancomycin (vancomycin-resistant enterococci). The resistance of E. faecalis to several classes of antibiotics and its capacity to form biofilms cause serious therapeutic problems. Here, we report the isolation of several bacteriophages that target E. faecalis strains isolated from the oral cavity of patients suffering root canal infections. All phages isolated were Siphoviridae with similar tail lengths (200 to 250 nm) and icosahedral heads. The genome sequences of three isolated phages were highly conserved with the exception of predicted tail protein genes that diverge in sequence, potentially reflecting the host range. The properties of the phage with the broadest host range (SHEF2) were further characterized. We show that this phage requires interaction with components of the major and variant region enterococcal polysaccharide antigen to engage in lytic infection. Finally, we explored the therapeutic potential of this phage and show that it can eradicate E. faecalis biofilms formed in vitro on a standard polystyrene surface but also on a cross-sectional tooth slice model of endodontic infection. We also show that SHEF2 cleared a lethal infection of zebrafish when applied in the circulation. We therefore propose that the phage described here could be used to treat a broad range of antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis infections.
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Weng PL, Ramli R, Hamat RA. Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns, Biofilm Formation and esp Gene among Clinical Enterococci: Is There Any Association? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183439. [PMID: 31533204 PMCID: PMC6765802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are commonly found in humans, animals and environments. Their highly adaptive mechanisms are related to several virulent determinants and their ability to resist antibiotics. Data on the relationship between the esp gene, biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility profiles may differ between countries. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the proportion of esp gene and biofilm formation among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates. We also investigated the possible association between the esp gene with antibiotic susceptibility patterns and biofilm formation. The isolates were collected from clinical samples and identified using biochemical tests and 16SRNA. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and a biofilm assay were conducted according to the established guidelines. Molecular detection by PCR was used to identify the esp gene using established primers. In total, 52 and 28 of E. faecalis and E. faecium were identified, respectively. E. faecium exhibited higher resistance rates compared to E. faecalis as follows: piperacillin/tazobactam (100% versus 1.9%), ampicillin (92.8% versus 1.9%), high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) (89.3% versus 25.0%) and penicillin (82.1% versus 7.7%). E. faecium produced more biofilms than E. faecalis (59.3% versus 49.0%). E. faecium acquired the esp gene more frequently than E. faecalis (78.6% versus 46.2%). Interestingly, the associations between ampicillin and tazobactam/piperacillin resistance with the esp gene were statistically significant (X2 = 4.581, p = 0.027; and X2 = 6.276, p = 0.012, respectively). Our results demonstrate that E. faecium exhibits high rates of antimicrobial resistance, esp gene acquisition and biofilm formation. These peculiar traits of E. faecium may have implications for the management of enterococcal infections in hospitals. Thus, concerted efforts by all parties in establishing appropriate treatment and effective control measures are warranted in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh Leng Weng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Ramliza Ramli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Rukman Awang Hamat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
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Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Montanaro L. Implant infections: adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:397-409. [PMID: 29720707 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1061] [Impact Index Per Article: 212.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medical device-associated infections account for a large proportion of hospital-acquired infections. A variety of opportunistic pathogens can cause implant infections, depending on the type of the implant and on the anatomical site of implantation. The success of these versatile pathogens depends on rapid adhesion to virtually all biomaterial surfaces and survival in the hostile host environment. Biofilm formation on implant surfaces shelters the bacteria and encourages persistence of infection. Furthermore, implant-infecting bacteria can elude innate and adaptive host defences as well as biocides and antibiotic chemotherapies. In this Review, we explore the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms underlying implant infections, highlighting orthopaedic implants and Staphylococcus aureus as a prime example, and discuss innovative targets for preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy. .,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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49
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Fiore E, Van Tyne D, Gilmore MS. Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0053-2018. [PMID: 31298205 PMCID: PMC6629438 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0053-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are unusually well adapted for survival and persistence in a variety of adverse environments, including on inanimate surfaces in the hospital environment and at sites of infection. This intrinsic ruggedness undoubtedly played a role in providing opportunities for enterococci to interact with other overtly drug-resistant microbes and acquire additional resistances on mobile elements. The rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance among hospital-adapted enterococci has rendered hospital-acquired infections a leading therapeutic challenge. With about a quarter of a genome of additional DNA conveyed by mobile elements, there are undoubtedly many more properties that have been acquired that help enterococci persist and spread in the hospital setting and cause diseases that have yet to be defined. Much remains to be learned about these ancient and rugged microbes, particularly in the area of pathogenic mechanisms involved with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fiore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: How Enterococcus faecalis Subverts the Host Immune Response to Cause Infection. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2932-2945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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