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Mahieu L, Van Moll L, De Vooght L, Delputte P, Cos P. In vitro modelling of bacterial pneumonia: a comparative analysis of widely applied complex cell culture models. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae007. [PMID: 38409952 PMCID: PMC10913945 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia greatly contributes to the disease burden and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections among all age groups and risk profiles. Therefore, laboratory modelling of bacterial pneumonia remains important for elucidating the complex host-pathogen interactions and to determine drug efficacy and toxicity. In vitro cell culture enables for the creation of high-throughput, specific disease models in a tightly controlled environment. Advanced human cell culture models specifically, can bridge the research gap between the classical two-dimensional cell models and animal models. This review provides an overview of the current status of the development of complex cellular in vitro models to study bacterial pneumonia infections, with a focus on air-liquid interface models, spheroid, organoid, and lung-on-a-chip models. For the wide scale, comparative literature search, we selected six clinically highly relevant bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus). We reviewed the cell lines that are commonly used, as well as trends and discrepancies in the methodology, ranging from cell infection parameters to assay read-outs. We also highlighted the importance of model validation and data transparency in guiding the research field towards more complex infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mahieu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laurence Van Moll
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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2
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Peptide based therapeutics and their use for the treatment of neurodegenerative and other diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:574-581. [PMID: 29677544 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are actively involved in different biological functions and importantly contribute to human health, and the use of peptides as therapeutics has a long successful history in disease management. A number of peptides have wide-ranging therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antithrombotic effects. Neurodegenerative diseases are typically caused by abnormal aggregations of proteins or peptides, and the depositions of these aggregates in or on neurons, disrupt signaling and eventually kill neurons. During recent years, research on short peptides has advanced tremendously. This review offers a brief introduction to peptide based therapeutics and their application in disease management and provides an overview of peptide vaccines, and toxicity related issues. In addition, the importance of peptides in the management of different neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic applications is discussed. The present review provides an understanding of peptides and their applications for the management of different diseases, but with focus on neurodegenerative diseases. The role of peptides as anti-cancer, antimicrobial and antidiabetic agents has also been discussed.
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3
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Menou A, Flajolet P, Duitman J, Justet A, Moog S, Jaillet M, Tabèze L, Solhonne B, Garnier M, Mal H, Mordant P, Castier Y, Cazes A, Sallenave J, A. Mailleux A, Crestani B. Human airway trypsin‐like protease exerts potent, antifibrotic action in pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J 2018; 32:1250-1264. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700583r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Awen Menou
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Pauline Flajolet
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Aurélien Justet
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Service de Pneumologie A Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hôpital Bichat Paris France
| | - Sophie Moog
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Madeleine Jaillet
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Laure Tabèze
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Service de Pneumologie A Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hôpital Bichat Paris France
| | - Brigitte Solhonne
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Marc Garnier
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Departement d'Anesthésie et Réanimation, (AP‐HP) Hôpital Tenon Paris France
| | - Hervé Mal
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hôpital Bichat Paris France
| | - Pierre Mordant
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hôpital Bichat Paris France
| | - Yves Castier
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hôpital Bichat Paris France
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Departement d'Anatomie Pathologique Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hôpital Bichat Paris France
| | - Jean‐Michel Sallenave
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Arnaud A. Mailleux
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- INSERM, Unité 1552 Paris France
- Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Remodeling in Renal and Respiratory Diseases (FIRE) Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex Paris France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Service de Pneumologie A Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hôpital Bichat Paris France
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Justet A, Joannes A, Besnard V, Marchal-Sommé J, Jaillet M, Bonniaud P, Sallenave JM, Solhonne B, Castier Y, Mordant P, Mal H, Cazes A, Borie R, Mailleux AA, Crestani B. FGF9 prevents pleural fibrosis induced by intrapleural adenovirus injection in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L781-L795. [PMID: 28729349 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00508.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is necessary for fetal lung development and is expressed by epithelium and mesothelium. We evaluated the role of FGF9 overexpression on adenoviral-induced pleural injury in vivo and determined the biological effects of FGF9 on mesothelial cells in vitro. We assessed the expression of FGF9 and FGF receptors by mesothelial cells in both human and mouse lungs. Intrapleural injection of an adenovirus expressing human FGF9 (AdFGF9) or a control adenovirus (AdCont) was performed. Mice were euthanized at days 3, 5, and 14 Expression of FGF9 and markers of inflammation and myofibroblastic differentiation was studied by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, rat mesothelial cells were stimulated with FGF9 (20 ng/ml), and we assessed its effect on proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. FGF9 was expressed by mesothelial cells in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. FGF receptors, mainly FGFR3, were expressed by mesothelial cells in vivo in humans and mice. AdCont instillation induced diffuse pleural thickening appearing at day 5, maximal at day 14 The altered pleura cells strongly expressed α-smooth muscle actin and collagen. AdFGF9 injection induced maximal FGF9 expression at day 5 that lasted until day 14 FGF9 overexpression prevented pleural thickening, collagen and fibronectin accumulation, and myofibroblastic differentiation of mesothelial cells. In vitro, FGF9 decreased mesothelial cell migration and inhibited the differentiating effect of transforming growth factor-β1. We conclude that FGF9 has a potential antifibrotic effect on mesothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Justet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Joannes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Besnard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Marchal-Sommé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine Jaillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Philipe Bonniaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jean Michel Sallenave
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Solhonne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yves Castier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Mordant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Mal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation, Paris, France; and
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Département d'Anatomie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Borie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud A Mailleux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France; .,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
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5
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Zhang N, Van Crombruggen K, Gevaert E, Bachert C. Barrier function of the nasal mucosa in health and type-2 biased airway diseases. Allergy 2016; 71:295-307. [PMID: 26606240 DOI: 10.1111/all.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal lining of the upper airways represents the outer surface of the body to the ambient air and its contents and is prepared for it as the first line of defense. Apart from the well-described physical barrier and the mucociliary clearance, a variety of systems, including the airway microbiome, antimicrobial proteins, damage-associated molecular patterns, innate lymphoid cells, epithelial-derived cytokines and chemokines, and finally the adaptive immune system, as well as eosinophils as newly appreciated defense cells form different levels of protection against and response to any possible intruder. Of interest especially for allergic airway disease, mucosal germs might not just elicit a classical Th1/Th17-biased inflammatory response, but may directly induce a type-2 mucosal inflammation. Innovative therapeutic interventions may be possible at different levels also; however, whether modulations of the innate or adaptive immune responses will finally be more successful, and how the correction of the adaptive immune response might impact on the innate side, will be determined in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Zhang
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - K. Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - E. Gevaert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
- Division of ENT diseases; CLINTEC; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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Jiang X, Nguyen TT, Tian W, Sung YK, Yuan K, Qian J, Rajadas J, Sallenave JM, Nickel NP, de Jesus Perez V, Rabinovitch M, Nicolls MR. Cyclosporine Does Not Prevent Microvascular Loss in Transplantation but Can Synergize With a Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitor, Elafin, to Maintain Graft Perfusion During Acute Rejection. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1768-81. [PMID: 25727073 PMCID: PMC4474772 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The loss of a functional microvascular bed in rejecting solid organ transplants is correlated with fibrotic remodeling and chronic rejection; in lung allografts, this pathology is predicted by bronchoalveolar fluid neutrophilia which suggests a role for polymorphonuclear cells in microcirculatory injury. In a mouse orthotopic tracheal transplant model, cyclosporine, which primarily inhibits T cells, failed as a monotherapy for preventing microvessel rejection and graft ischemia. To target neutrophil action that may be contributing to vascular injury, we examined the effect of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, elafin, on the microvascular health of transplant tissue. We showed that elafin monotherapy prolonged microvascular perfusion and enhanced tissue oxygenation while diminishing the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages and decreasing tissue deposition of complement C3 and the membrane attack complex, C5b-9. Elafin was also found to promote angiogenesis through activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway but was insufficient as a single agent to completely prevent tissue ischemia during acute rejection episodes. However, when combined with cyclosporine, elafin effectively preserved airway microvascular perfusion and oxygenation. The therapeutic strategy of targeting neutrophil elastase activity alongside standard immunosuppression during acute rejection episodes may be an effective approach for preventing the development of irreversible fibrotic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Veterans’ Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Tom T. Nguyen
- Veterans’ Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Wen Tian
- Veterans’ Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Yon K. Sung
- Veterans’ Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ke Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jin Qian
- Veterans’ Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,INSERM U884, Paris, France
| | - Nils P. Nickel
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford, CA
| | - Vinicio de Jesus Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Mark R. Nicolls
- Veterans’ Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Brown TI, Collie DS, Shaw DJ, Rzechorzek NM, Sallenave JM. Sheep lung segmental delivery strategy demonstrates adenovirus priming of local lung responses to bacterial LPS and the role of elafin as a response modulator. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107590. [PMID: 25216250 PMCID: PMC4162618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral lung infections increase susceptibility to subsequent bacterial infection. We questioned whether local lung administration of recombinant adenoviral vectors in the sheep would alter the susceptibility of the lung to subsequent challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We further questioned whether local lung expression of elafin, a locally produced alarm anti-LPS/anti-bacterial molecule, would modulate the challenge response. We established that adenoviral vector treatment primed the lung for an enhanced response to bacterial LPS. Whereas this local effect appeared to be independent of the transgene used (Ad-o-elafin or Ad-GFP), Ad-o-elafin treated sheep demonstrated a more profound lymphopenia in response to local lung administration of LPS. The local influence of elafin in modulating the response to LPS was restricted to maintaining neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity, and levels of alveolar macrophage and neutrophil phagocytosis at higher levels post-LPS. Adenoviral vector-bacterial synergism exists in the ovine lung and elafin expression modulates such synergism both locally and systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I. Brown
- University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Collie
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Darren J. Shaw
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nina M. Rzechorzek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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8
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Antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes. J Virol 2013; 87:7526-38. [PMID: 23637403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02243-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor elafin (E) and its precursor, trappin-2 (Tr), have been associated with mucosal resistance to HIV-1 infection. We recently showed that Tr/E are among principal anti-HIV-1 molecules in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid, that E is ∼130 times more potent than Tr against HIV-1, and that Tr/E inhibited HIV-1 attachment and transcytosis across human genital epithelial cells (ECs). Since herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a major sexually transmitted infection and risk factor for HIV-1 infection and transmission, we assessed Tr/E contribution to defense against HSV-2. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that pretreatment of endometrial (HEC-1A) and endocervical (End1/E6E7) ECs with human Tr-expressing adenovirus (Ad/Tr) or recombinant Tr/E proteins before or after HSV-2 infection resulted in significantly reduced virus titers compared to those of controls. Interestingly, E was ∼7 times more potent against HSV-2 infection than Tr. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous Tr/E by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly increased HSV-2 replication in genital ECs. Recombinant Tr and E reduced viral attachment to genital ECs by acting indirectly on cells. Further, lower viral replication was associated with reduced secretion of proinflammatory interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. Additionally, protected Ad/Tr-treated ECs demonstrated enhanced interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) nuclear translocation and increased antiviral IFN-β in response to HSV-2. Lastly, in vivo studies of intravaginal HSV-2 infection in Tr-transgenic mice (Etg) showed that despite similar virus replication in the genital tract, Etg mice had reduced viral load and TNF-α in the central nervous system compared to controls. Collectively, this is the first experimental evidence highlighting anti-HSV-2 activity of Tr/E in female genital mucosa.
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Jasinghe VJ, Peyrotte EA, Meyers AFA, Gajanayaka N, Ball TB, Sandstrom P, Lavigne C. Human rElafin Inhibits HIV-1 Replication in Its Natural Target Cells. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:128-37. [PMID: 23593565 PMCID: PMC3620473 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trappin-2/elafin is a novel innate immune factor that belongs to the serine protease inhibitor family and has known antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. In this study, we further investigated the anti-HIV activity of elafin using different cellular models and both X4– and R5–HIV-1 laboratory strains. We compared the antiviral activity of human recombinant elafin (rElafin) with three well-known antiretroviral drugs, AZT, tenofovir, and enfuvirtide. We have found that when the virus is pre-incubated with rElafin prior to the infection of the cells, HIV-1 replication is significantly inhibited. In target T cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, maximal inhibition was achieved using submicromolar concentrations, and rElafin was found to be as potent as enfuvirtide, showing its potential for therapeutic application. We also show data on the mechanism of the antiviral activity of rElafin. We have demonstrated that rElafin neither binds to CD4, CXCR4, or CCR5 host cell receptors, nor to the viral glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. Furthermore, in our cell-to-cell fusion assays, in contrast to enfuvirtide, rElafin failed to block cell fusion. Altogether our results indicate that rElafin interferes with HIV replication at the early steps of its cycle but with a different mechanism of action than enfuvirtide. This study provides the first experimental evidence that elafin inhibits HIV replication in its natural target cells; therefore, elafin might have potential for its development as a new anti-HIV drug or microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj J Jasinghe
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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10
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Anti-HIV-1 activity of elafin is more potent than its precursor's, trappin-2, in genital epithelial cells. J Virol 2012; 86:4599-610. [PMID: 22345469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06561-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervicovaginal lavage fluid (CVL) is a natural source of anti-HIV-1 factors; however, molecular characterization of the anti-HIV-1 activity of CVL remains elusive. In this study, we confirmed that CVLs from HIV-1-resistant (HIV-R) compared to HIV-1-susceptible (HIV-S) commercial sex workers (CSWs) contain significantly larger amounts of serine antiprotease trappin-2 (Tr) and its processed form, elafin (E). We assessed anti-HIV-1 activity of CVLs of CSWs and recombinant E and Tr on genital epithelial cells (ECs) that possess (TZM-bl) or lack (HEC-1A) canonical HIV-1 receptors. Our results showed that immunodepletion of 30% of Tr/E from CVL accounted for up to 60% of total anti-HIV-1 activity of CVL. Knockdown of endogenous Tr/E in HEC-1A cells resulted in significantly increased shedding of infectious R5 and X4 HIV-1. Pretreatment of R5, but not X4 HIV-1, with either Tr or E led to inhibition of HIV-1 infection of TZM-bl cells. Interestingly, when either HIV-1 or cells lacking canonical HIV-1 receptors were pretreated with Tr or E, HIV-1 attachment and transcytosis were significantly reduced, and decreased attachment was not associated with altered expression of syndecan-1 or CXCR4. Determination of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of Tr and E anti-HIV-1 activity indicated that E is ∼130 times more potent than its precursor, Tr, despite their equipotent antiprotease activities. This study provides the first experimental evidence that (i) Tr and E are among the principal anti-HIV-1 molecules of CVL; (ii) Tr and E affect cell attachment and transcytosis of HIV-1; (iii) E is more efficient than Tr regarding anti-HIV-1 activity; and (iv) the anti-HIV-1 effect of Tr and E is contextual.
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SLPI and trappin-2 as therapeutic agents to target airway serine proteases in inflammatory lung diseases: current and future directions. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 39:1441-6. [PMID: 21936830 DOI: 10.1042/bst0391441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that NSPs (neutrophil serine proteases), including elastase, Pr3 (proteinase 3) and CatG (cathepsin G) are major pathogenic determinants in chronic inflammatory disorders of the lungs. Two unglycosylated natural protease inhibitors, SLPI (secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor) and elafin, and its precursor trappin-2 that are found in the lungs, have therapeutic potential for reducing the protease-induced inflammatory response. This review examines the multifaceted roles of SLPI and elafin/trappin-2 in the context of their possible use as inhaled drugs for treating chronic lung diseases such as CF (cystic fibrosis) and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
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Dybvig T, Facci M, Gerdts V, Wilson HL. Biological roles of host defense peptides: lessons from transgenic animals and bioengineered tissues. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:213-25. [PMID: 21088855 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) have long been recognized as microbicidal agents, but their roles as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity have only more recently been appreciated. The study of transgenic animal and tissue models has provided platforms to improve our understanding of the immune modulatory functions of HDPs. Here, the characterization of transgenic animals or tissue models that over-express and/or are deficient for specific HDPs is reviewed. We also attempt to reconcile this data with evidence from human studies monitoring HDP expression at constitutive levels and/or in conjunction with inflammation, infection models, or disease states. We have excluded activities ascribed to HDPs derived exclusively from in vitro experiments. An appreciation of the way that HDPs promote innate immunity or influence the adaptive immune response is necessary in order to exploit their therapeutic or adjuvant potential and to open new perspectives in understanding the basis of immunity. The potential applications for HDPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Dybvig
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
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Lung protease/anti-protease network and modulation of mucus production and surfactant activity. Biochimie 2010; 92:1608-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Yin L, Swanson B, An J, Hacker BM, Silverman GA, Dale BA, Chung WO. Differential effects of periopathogens on host protease inhibitors SLPI, elafin, SCCA1, and SCCA2. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2. [PMID: 21523231 PMCID: PMC3084571 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitors (SLPI), elafin, squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 and 2 (SCCA1 and SCCA2) are specific endogenous serine protease inhibitors expressed by epithelial cells that prevent tissue damage from excessive proteolytic enzyme activity due to inflammation. To determine the effects of various periopathogens on these protease inhibitors, we utilized human gingival epithelial cells (GECs) challenged with cell-free bacteria supernatants of various periopathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Design The gene expression and secretion of SLPI, elafin, SCCA1, and SCCA2 were determined using real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The direct effects of periopathogens and P. gingivalis gingipain mutants on these inhibitors were examined in vitro by Western Blot. The effect on the innate immune response of GECs was measured by expression of antimicrobial peptides: human beta-defenisin-2 (hBD2) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20). Results We found that SLPI, SCCA2, elafin, hBD2, and CCL20 gene expression levels were significantly induced (p<0.001) in response to P. gingivalis, whose virulence factors include cysteine proteases, but not in response to stimulation by other bacteria. P. gingivalis reduced the secretion of SLPI and elafin significantly in GECs, and degraded recombinant SLPI, elafin, SCCA1, and SCCA2. Differential degradation patterns of SLPI, elafin, SCCA1, and SCCA2 were observed with different bacteria as well as P. gingivalis mutants associated with the loss of specific gingipains secreted by P. gingivalis. In addition, pretreatment of GECs with SLPI, SCCA1, or SCCA2 partially blocked hBD2 and CCL20 mRNA expression in response to P. gingivalis, suggesting a protective effect. Conclusion Our results suggest that different periopathogens affect the host protease inhibitors in a different manner, suggesting host susceptibility may differ in the presence of these pathogens. The balance between cellular protease inhibitors and their degradation may be an important factor in susceptibility to periodontal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Sallenave JM. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and elafin/trappin-2: versatile mucosal antimicrobials and regulators of immunity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 42:635-43. [PMID: 20395631 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0095rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) are pleiotropic molecules chiefly synthesized at the mucosal surface that have a fundamental role in the surveillance against microbial infections. Their initial discovery as anti-proteases present in the inflammatory milieu in chronic pathologies such as those of the lung suggested that they may play a role in keeping in check extracellular proteases released during the excessive activation of innate immune cells such as neutrophils. This soon proved to be a simplistic explanation, as other functions were also soon ascribed to these molecules (antimicrobial, modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, regulation of tissue repair). Data emanating from patients with chronic pathologies (in the lung and elsewhere) have shown that SLPI and elafin are often inactivated in inflammatory secretions, either through the action of host or microbial products, justifying attempts at antiprotease supplementation in clinical protocols. Although these have been sparse, proof of principle has been demonstrated, and future challenges will undoubtedly rest with improvements in methods of delivery in the context of tissue inflammation and in careful selection of patients more likely to benefit from SLPI/elafin augmentation.
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Li Q, Zhou XD, Xu XY, Yang J. Recombinant human elafin protects airway epithelium integrity during inflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2981-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Wilkinson TS, Dhaliwal K, Hamilton TW, Lipka AF, Farrell L, Davidson DJ, Duffin R, Morris AC, Haslett C, Govan JRW, Gregory CD, Sallenave JM, Simpson AJ. Trappin-2 promotes early clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through CD14-dependent macrophage activation and neutrophil recruitment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1338-46. [PMID: 19264904 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microaspiration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to the pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia. Trappin-2 is a host defense peptide that assists with the clearance of P. aeruginosa through undefined mechanisms. A model of macrophage interactions with replicating P. aeruginosa (strain PA01) in serum-free conditions was developed, and the influence of subantimicrobial concentrations of trappin-2 was subsequently studied. PA01 that was pre-incubated with trappin-2 (at concentrations that have no direct antimicrobial effects), but not control PA01, was cleared by alveolar and bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, trappin-2-enhanced clearance of PA01 was completely abrogated by CD14- null macrophages. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated the presence of trappin-2 on the bacterial cell surface of trappin-2-treated PA01. In a murine model of early lung infection, trappin-2-treated PA01 was cleared more efficiently than control PA01 2 hours of intratracheal instillation. Furthermore, trappin-2-treated PA01 up-regulated the murine chemokine CXCL1/KC after 2 hours with a corresponding increase in neutrophil recruitment 1 hour later. These in vivo trappin-2-treated PA01 effects were absent in CD14-deficient mice. Trappin-2 appears to opsonize P. aeruginosa for more efficient, CD14-dependent clearance by macrophages and contributes to the induction of chemokines that promote neutrophil recruitment. Trappin-2 may therefore play an important role in innate recognition and clearance of pathogens during the very earliest stages of pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Wilkinson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Pálffy R, Gardlík R, Behuliak M, Kadasi L, Turna J, Celec P. On the physiology and pathophysiology of antimicrobial peptides. Mol Med 2009; 15:51-9. [PMID: 19015736 PMCID: PMC2583110 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2008.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are a heterogeneous group of molecules involved in the nonspecific immune responses of a variety of organisms ranging from prokaryotes to mammals, including humans. AMP have various physical and biological properties, yet the most common feature is their antimicrobial effect. The majority of AMP disrupt the integrity of microbial cells by 1 of 3 known mechanisms--the barrel-stave pore model, the thoroidal pore model, or the carpet model. Results of growing numbers of descriptive and experimental studies show that altered expression of AMP in various tissues is important in the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal, respiratory, and other diseases. We discuss novel approaches and strategies to further improve the promising future of therapeutic applications of AMP. The spread of antibiotic resistance increases the importance of developing a clinical role for AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Pálffy
- BiomeD Research and Publishing Group, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Roman Gardlík
- BiomeD Research and Publishing Group, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Behuliak
- BiomeD Research and Publishing Group, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ludevit Kadasi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Turna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Celec
- BiomeD Research and Publishing Group, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Yagihara H, Kinjo E, Kobayashi Y, Tsuji A, Nishimura Y, Shinozaki N, Tamura K, Isotani M, Nakagaki K, Takahashi K, Ono K, Washizu T, Bonkobara M. Expression of canine Kdap in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic epidermis. Vet J 2008; 180:348-55. [PMID: 18691918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte differentiation-associated protein, Kdap, is a recently identified small secretory protein that may act as a soluble regulator for the cornification and/or desquamation of keratinocytes. To clarify the role of Kdap in the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, detailed in situ localisation of Kdap was studied using canine skin with normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic epidermis. In normal canine trunk skin, Kdap was expressed by granular keratinocytes, with polarity to the apical side of the cells, suggesting that canine Kdap is present in lamellar granules, as in humans. Expression of Kdap was widespread in the spinous layers in hyperplastic epidermis, but was undetectable in squamous cell carcinomas. These findings suggest that Kdap is closely related to the delay of terminal differentiation and/or release of cells in hyperplastic epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yagihara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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21
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Roghanian A, Sallenave JM. Neutrophil elastase (NE) and NE inhibitors: canonical and noncanonical functions in lung chronic inflammatory diseases (cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2008; 21:125-44. [PMID: 18518838 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2007.0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases and antiproteases have multiple important roles both in normal homeostasis and during inflammation. Antiprotease molecules may have developed in a parallel network, consisting of "alarm" and "systemic" inhibitors. Their primary function was thought until recently to mainly prevent the potential injurious effects of excess release of proteolytic enzymes, such as neutrophil elastase (NE), from inflammatory cells. However, recently, new potential roles have been ascribed to these antiproteases. We will review "canonical" and new "noncanonical" functions for these molecules, and more particularly, those pertaining to their role in innate and adaptive immunity (antibacterial activity and biasing of the adaptive immune response).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Neutrophil depletion causes a fatal defect in murine pulmonary Staphylococcus aureus clearance. J Surg Res 2008; 150:278-85. [PMID: 18621398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of healthcare-associated pneumonia. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with the disease, animal models of S. aureus pneumonia are rare. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the pathogenicity of four different strains of S. aureus (both methicillin-sensitive and -resistant as well as Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive and -negative) in four strains of immunocompetent inbred and outbred mice (FVB/N, C57Bl/6, BALB/c, ND4; n = 148). The immunological basis for the development of murine S. aureus pneumonia was then determined by selectively depleting neutrophils, lymphocytes, or pulmonary macrophages prior to the onset of infection. An additional cohort of animals was rendered immunosuppressed by induction of abdominal sepsis via cecal ligation and puncture 2, 4, or 7 d prior to the onset of pneumonia. RESULTS Nearly all immunocompetent mice survived, regardless of which strain of S. aureus was used or which strain of mouse was infected. Among animals with immune depletion or prior immunosuppression, survival was decreased only following neutrophil depletion (26% versus 90% alive at 7 d, P < 0.0001). Compared to immunocompetent animals, neutrophil-depleted mice with S. aureus pneumonia had delayed pulmonary bacterial clearance at 16 and 40 h but had no difference in levels of bacteremia. Neutrophil-depleted mice also had elevated levels of pulmonary monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (822 pg/mL versus 150 pg/mL, P < 0.05). In contrast, pulmonary histological appearance was similar in both groups as was dry/wet lung weight. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that neutrophils play a critical role in the host response to S. aureus pneumonia, and the survival differences observed in neutrophil-depleted mice are associated with alterations in bacterial clearance and pulmonary cytokine response.
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Baranger K, Zani ML, Chandenier J, Dallet-Choisy S, Moreau T. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of trappin-2 (pre-elafin) do not depend on its protease inhibitory function. FEBS J 2008; 275:2008-20. [PMID: 18341586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trappin-2 (also known as pre-elafin) is an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases and is involved in the control of excess proteolysis, especially in inflammatory events, along with the structurally related secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor. Secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor has been shown to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, whereas recent data indicate that trappin-2 has antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, we tested the antibacterial properties of trappin-2 towards other respiratory pathogens. We found that trappin-2, at concentrations of 5-20 microm, has significant activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis and the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, in addition to P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. A similar antimicrobial activity was observed with trappin-2 A62D/M63L, a trappin-2 variant that has lost its antiprotease properties, indicating that trappin-2 exerts its antibacterial effects through mechanisms independent from its intrinsic antiprotease capacity. Furthermore, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of trappin-2 were sensitive to NaCl and heparin, demonstrating that its mechanism of action is most probably dependent on its cationic nature. This enables trappin-2 to interact with the membranes of target organisms and disrupt them, as shown by our scanning electron microscopy analyses. Thus, trappin-2 not only provides an antiprotease shield, but also may play an important role in the innate defense of the human lungs and mucosae against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Baranger
- INSERM U618, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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24
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Moreau T, Baranger K, Dadé S, Dallet-Choisy S, Guyot N, Zani ML. Multifaceted roles of human elafin and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI), two serine protease inhibitors of the chelonianin family. Biochimie 2007; 90:284-95. [PMID: 17964057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elafin and SLPI are low-molecular weight proteins that were first identified as protease inhibitors in mucous fluids including lung secretions, where they help control excessive proteolysis due to neutrophil serine proteases (elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G). Elafin and SLPI are structurally related in that both have a fold with a four-disulfide core or whey acidic protein (WAP) domain responsible for inhibiting proteases. Elafin is derived from a precursor, trappin-2 or pre-elafin, by proteolysis. Trappin-2, which is itself a protease inhibitor, has a unique N-terminal domain that enables it to become cross-linked to extracellular matrix proteins by transglutaminase(s). SLPI and elafin/trappin-2 are attractive candidates as therapeutic molecules for inhibiting neutrophil serine proteases in inflammatory lung diseases. Hence, they have become the WAP proteins most studied over the last decade. This review focuses on recent findings revealing that SLPI and elafin/trappin-2 have many biological functions as diverse as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory functions, in addition to their well-recognized role as protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Moreau
- INSERM U618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, IFR 135 Imagerie fonctionnelle, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.
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25
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Yin L, Dale BA. Activation of protective responses in oral epithelial cells by Fusobacterium nucleatum and human beta-defensin-2. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:976-987. [PMID: 17577065 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral epithelia are constantly exposed to non-pathogenic (commensal) bacteria, but generally remain healthy and uninflamed. Fusobacterium nucleatum, an oral commensal bacterium, strongly induces human beta-defensin-2 (hBD2), an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptide, in gingival epithelial cells (GECs). hBD2 is also expressed in normal oral tissue leading to the hypothesis that oral epithelia are in an activated state with respect to innate immune responses under normal in vivo conditions. In order to test this hypothesis, global gene expression was evaluated in GECs in response to stimulation by an F. nucleatum cell wall (FnCW) preparation and to hBD2 peptide. FnCW treatment altered 829 genes, while hBD2 altered 209 genes (P<0.005, ANOVA). Many induced genes were associated with the gene ontology categories of immune responses and defence responses. Consistent with the hypothesis, similar responses were activated by commensal bacteria and hBD2. These responses included up-regulation of common antimicrobial effectors and chemokines, and down-regulation of proliferation markers. In addition, FnCW up-regulated multiple protease inhibitors, and suppressed NF-kappaB function and the ubiquitin/proteasome system. These global changes may protect the tissue from inflammatory damage. Both FnCW and hBD2 also up-regulated genes that may enhance the epithelial barrier. The findings suggest that both commensal bacteria and hBD2 activate protective responses of GECs and play an important role in immune modulation in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Beverly A Dale
- Departments of Periodontics, Biochemistry and Medicine/Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Abstract
Recent evidence shows that human neutrophil elastase inhibitors can be synthesized locally at mucosal sites. In addition to efficiently targeting bacterial and host enzymes, they can be released in the interstitium and in the lumen of mucosa, where they have been shown to have antimicrobial activities, and to activate innate immune responses. This review will address more particularly the pleiotropic functions of low-molecular-mass neutrophil elastase inhibitors [SLPI (secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor) and elafin] and, more specifically, their role in the development of the adaptive immune response.
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27
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Abstract
Elafin and SLPI (secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor) have multiple important roles both in normal homoeostasis and at sites of inflammation. These include antiprotease and antimicrobial activity as well as modulation of the response to LPS (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation. Elafin and SLPI are members of larger families of proteins secreted predominantly at mucosal sites, and have been shown to be modulated in multiple pathological conditions. We believe that elafin and SLPI are important molecules in the controlled functioning of the innate immune system, and may have further importance in the integration of this system with the adaptive immune response. Recent interest has focused on the influence of inflamed tissues on the recruitment and phenotypic modulation of cells of the adaptive immune system and, indeed, the local production of elafin and SLPI indicate that they are ideally placed in this regard. Functionally related proteins, such as the defensins and cathelicidins, have been shown to have direct effects upon dendritic cells with potential alteration of their phenotype towards type I or II immune responses. This review addresses the multiple functions of elafin and SLPI in the inflammatory response and discusses further their roles in the development of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Williams
- Rayne Laboratory, Respiratory Medicine Unit, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Roghanian A, Williams SE, Sheldrake TA, Brown TI, Oberheim K, Xing Z, Howie SEM, Sallenave JM. The antimicrobial/elastase inhibitor elafin regulates lung dendritic cells and adaptive immunity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:634-42. [PMID: 16424380 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0405oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with bacteria and viruses such as adenovirus are a feature of chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), and may be instrumental in the generation of disease exacerbations. We have previously shown in acute models that elafin (a lung natural chemotactic molecule for macrophages and neutrophils, with potent antimicrobial and neutrophil elastase inhibitor activity) is upregulated in infection and modulates innate immunity. Here we present data using two independent systems of elafin overexpression in vivo (recombinant adenovirus [Ad-elafin] and an elafin transgenic mouse line) to examine the function of elafin in adaptive immunity. We show that elafin increases the number (immunofluorescence) and activation status (flow cytometric measurement) of CD11c+/MHCII+ lung dendritic cells in vivo. Analysis of cytokines produced by spleen and lung cells, and of antibodies measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, shows that the immunity induced is biased toward a type 1 response (production of IL-12, IFN-gamma, and IgG2a). Furthermore, elafin overexpression protected mice against further challenge with Ad-LacZ, as assessed by antibody levels and neutralization titer, as well as LacZ expression in lung tissue. Thus, the pleiotropic molecule elafin has significant potential in modulating antigen-presenting cell numbers and activity, and could be beneficial in mucosal protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
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Nobar SM, Zani ML, Boudier C, Moreau T, Bieth JG. Oxidized elafin and trappin poorly inhibit the elastolytic activity of neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. FEBS J 2005; 272:5883-93. [PMID: 16279952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil proteinase-mediated lung tissue destruction is prevented by inhibitors, including elafin and its precursor, trappin. We wanted to establish whether neutrophil-derived oxidants might impair the inhibitory function of these molecules. Myeloperoxidase/H(2)O(2) and N-chlorosuccinimide oxidation of the inhibitors was checked by mass spectrometry and enzymatic methods. Oxidation significantly lowers the affinities of the two inhibitors for neutrophil elastase (NE) and proteinase 3 (Pr3). This decrease in affinity is essentially caused by an increase in the rate of inhibitory complex dissociation. Oxidized elafin and trappin have, however, reasonable affinities for NE (K(i) = 4.0-9.2 x 10(-9) M) and for Pr3 (K(i) = 2.5-5.0 x 10(-8) M). These affinities are theoretically sufficient to allow the oxidized inhibitors to form tight binding complexes with NE and Pr3 in lung secretions where their physiological concentrations are in the micromolar range. Yet, they are unable to efficiently inhibit the elastolytic activity of the two enzymes. At their physiological concentration, fully oxidized elafin and trappin do not inhibit more than 30% of an equimolar concentration of NE or Pr3. We conclude that in vivo oxidation of elafin and trappin strongly impairs their activity. Inhibitor-based therapy of inflammatory lung diseases must be carried out using oxidation-resistant variants of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shila M Nobar
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, INSERM U392, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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