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Neve RL, Giedraitis E, Akbari MS, Cohen S, Phelan VV. Secondary metabolite profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates reveals rare genomic traits. mSystems 2024; 9:e0033924. [PMID: 38619244 PMCID: PMC11097636 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00339-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen with remarkable phylogenetic and phenotypic variabilities. In this work, we applied classical molecular networking analysis to secondary metabolite profiling data from seven Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, including five clinical isolates from the lung secretions of people with cystic fibrosis (CF). We provide three vignettes illustrating how secondary metabolite profiling aids in the identification of rare genomics traits in P. aeruginosa. First, we describe the identification of a previously unreported class of acyl putrescines produced by isolate mFLRO1. Secondary analysis of publicly available metabolomics data revealed that acyl putrescines are produced by <5% of P. aeruginosa strains. Second, we show that isolate SH3A does not produce di-rhamnolipids. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics revealed that SH3A cannot produce di-rhamnolipids because its genome belongs to clade 5 of the P. aeruginosa phylogenetic tree. Previous phylogenetic analysis of thousands of P. aeruginosa strains concluded that <1% of publicly available genome sequences contribute to this clade. Last, we show that isolate SH1B does not produce the phenazine pyocyanin or rhamnolipids because it has a one-base insertion frameshift mutation (678insC) in the gene rhlR, which disrupts rhl-driven quorum sensing. Secondary analysis of the tens of thousands of publicly available genomes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the Pseudomonas Genome Database revealed that this mutation was present in only four P. aeruginosa genomes. Taken together, this study highlights that secondary metabolite profiling combined with genomic analysis can identify rare genetic traits of P. aeruginosa isolates.IMPORTANCESecondary metabolite profiling of five Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis sputum captured three traits present in <1%-5% of publicly available data, pointing to how our current library of P. aeruginosa strains may not represent the diversity within this species or the genetic variance that occurs in the CF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Neve
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Giedraitis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Madeline S. Akbari
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shirli Cohen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Vanessa V. Phelan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Nafee N, Gaber DM, Abouelfetouh A, Alseqely M, Empting M, Schneider M. Enzyme-Linked Lipid Nanocarriers for Coping Pseudomonal Pulmonary Infection. Would Nanocarriers Complement Biofilm Disruption or Pave Its Road? Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3861-3890. [PMID: 38708178 PMCID: PMC11068056 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s445955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections persistent to antibiotics. Methods To eradicate pseudomonal biofilms, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with quorum-sensing-inhibitor (QSI, disrupting bacterial crosstalk), coated with chitosan (CS, improving internalization) and immobilized with alginate lyase (AL, destroying alginate biofilms) were developed. Results SLNs (140-205 nm) showed prolonged release of QSI with no sign of acute toxicity to A549 and Calu-3 cells. The CS coating improved uptake, whereas immobilized-AL ensured >1.5-fold higher uptake and doubled SLN diffusion across the artificial biofilm sputum model. Respirable microparticles comprising SLNs in carbohydrate matrix elicited aerodynamic diameters MMAD (3.54, 2.48 µm) and fine-particle-fraction FPF (65, 48%) for anionic and cationic SLNs, respectively. The antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activity of SLNs was explored in Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference mucoid/nonmucoid strains as well as clinical isolates. The full growth inhibition of planktonic bacteria was dependent on SLN type, concentration, growth medium, and strain. OD measurements and live/dead staining proved that anionic SLNs efficiently ceased biofilm formation and eradicated established biofilms, whereas cationic SLNs unexpectedly promoted biofilm progression. AL immobilization increased biofilm vulnerability; instead, CS coating increased biofilm formation confirmed by 3D-time lapse confocal imaging. Incubation of SLNs with mature biofilms of P. aeruginosa isolates increased biofilm density by an average of 1.5-fold. CLSM further confirmed the binding and uptake of the labeled SLNs in P. aeruginosa biofilms. Considerable uptake of CS-coated SLNs in non-mucoid strains could be observed presumably due to interaction of chitosan with LPS glycolipids in the outer cell membrane of P. aeruginosa. Conclusion The biofilm-destructive potential of QSI/SLNs/AL inhalation is promising for site-specific biofilm-targeted interventional CF therapy. Nevertheless, the intrinsic/extrinsic fundamentals of nanocarrier-biofilm interactions require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Nafee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, 13110, Kuwait
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Dina M Gaber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, 1029, Egypt
| | - Alaa Abouelfetouh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alamein International University, Alamein, 5060335, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Alseqely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Antiviral and Antivirulence Drugs (AVID), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
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Wei X, Gao J, Zhou D, Xu C, Chen P, Chen S, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li G, Zhu G, Liu H, Li J, Geng B, Gao L, Cheng Z, Lamont IL, Pletzer D, Jin Y, Jin S, Wu W. Murepavadin promotes the killing efficacies of aminoglycoside antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by enhancing membrane potential. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0153923. [PMID: 38470195 PMCID: PMC10989017 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01539-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Murepavadin is a peptidomimetic that specifically targets the lipopolysaccharide transport protein LptD of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we found that murepavadin enhances the bactericidal efficacies of tobramycin and amikacin. We further demonstrated that murepavadin enhances bacterial respiration activity and subsequent membrane potential, which promotes intracellular uptake of aminoglycoside antibiotics. In addition, the murepavadin-amikacin combination displayed a synergistic bactericidal effect in a murine pneumonia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiacong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Congjuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuiping Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 5th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Nankai University Affiliated Hospital (Tianjin Forth Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanxian Li
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangbo Zhu
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Geng
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Gao
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Iain L. Lamont
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Pletzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yongxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shouguang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Walsh D, Bevan J, Harrison F. How Does Airway Surface Liquid Composition Vary in Different Pulmonary Diseases, and How Can We Use This Knowledge to Model Microbial Infections? Microorganisms 2024; 12:732. [PMID: 38674677 PMCID: PMC11052052 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth environment greatly alters many facets of pathogen physiology, including pathogenesis and antimicrobial tolerance. The importance of host-mimicking environments for attaining an accurate picture of pathogen behaviour is widely recognised. Whilst this recognition has translated into the extensive development of artificial cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum medium, attempts to mimic the growth environment in other respiratory disease states have been completely neglected. The composition of the airway surface liquid (ASL) in different pulmonary diseases is far less well characterised than CF sputum, making it very difficult for researchers to model these infection environments. In this review, we discuss the components of human ASL, how different lung pathologies affect ASL composition, and how different pathogens interact with these components. This will provide researchers interested in mimicking different respiratory environments with the information necessary to design a host-mimicking medium, allowing for better understanding of how to treat pathogens causing infection in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Walsh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.H.)
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Neff SL, Doing G, Reiter T, Hampton TH, Greene CS, Hogan DA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome analysis of metal restriction in ex vivo cystic fibrosis sputum. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0315723. [PMID: 38385740 PMCID: PMC10986534 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03157-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections are a feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) that many patients experience even with the advent of highly effective modulator therapies. Identifying factors that impact P. aeruginosa in the CF lung could yield novel strategies to eradicate infection or otherwise improve outcomes. To complement published P. aeruginosa studies using laboratory models or RNA isolated from sputum, we analyzed transcripts of strain PAO1 after incubation in sputum from different CF donors prior to RNA extraction. We compared PAO1 gene expression in this "spike-in" sputum model to that for P. aeruginosa grown in synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium to determine key genes, which are among the most differentially expressed or most highly expressed. Using the key genes, gene sets with correlated expression were determined using the gene expression analysis tool eADAGE. Gene sets were used to analyze the activity of specific pathways in P. aeruginosa grown in sputum from different individuals. Gene sets that we found to be more active in sputum showed similar activation in published data that included P. aeruginosa RNA isolated from sputum relative to corresponding in vitro reference cultures. In the ex vivo samples, P. aeruginosa had increased levels of genes related to zinc and iron acquisition which were suppressed by metal amendment of sputum. We also found a significant correlation between expression of the H1-type VI secretion system and CFTR corrector use by the sputum donor. An ex vivo sputum model or synthetic sputum medium formulation that imposes metal restriction may enhance future CF-related studies.IMPORTANCEIdentifying the gene expression programs used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to colonize the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) will illuminate new therapeutic strategies. To capture these transcriptional programs, we cultured the common P. aeruginosa laboratory strain PAO1 in expectorated sputum from CF patient donors. Through bioinformatic analysis, we defined sets of genes that are more transcriptionally active in real CF sputum compared to a synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium. Many of the most differentially active gene sets contained genes related to metal acquisition, suggesting that these gene sets play an active role in scavenging for metals in the CF lung environment which may be inadequately represented in some models. Future studies of P. aeruginosa transcript abundance in CF may benefit from the use of an expectorated sputum model or media supplemented with factors that induce metal restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Neff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Georgia Doing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Taylor Reiter
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Casey S. Greene
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deborah A. Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Coenye T. Biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility testing: where are we and where could we be going? Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0002423. [PMID: 37812003 PMCID: PMC10732061 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00024-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about the fundamental aspects of biofilm biology, including the mechanisms behind the reduced antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilms, has increased drastically over the last decades. However, this knowledge has so far not been translated into major changes in clinical practice. While the biofilm concept is increasingly on the radar of clinical microbiologists, physicians, and healthcare professionals in general, the standardized tools to study biofilms in the clinical microbiology laboratory are still lacking; one area in which this is particularly obvious is that of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). It is generally accepted that the biofilm lifestyle has a tremendous impact on antibiotic susceptibility, yet AST is typically still carried out with planktonic cells. On top of that, the microenvironment at the site of infection is an important driver for microbial physiology and hence susceptibility; but this is poorly reflected in current AST methods. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art concerning biofilm AST and highlight the knowledge gaps in this area. Subsequently, potential ways to improve biofilm-based AST will be discussed. Finally, bottlenecks currently preventing the use of biofilm AST in clinical practice, as well as the steps needed to get past these bottlenecks, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Forti F, Bertoli C, Cafora M, Gilardi S, Pistocchi A, Briani F. Identification and impact on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence of mutations conferring resistance to a phage cocktail for phage therapy. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0147723. [PMID: 37966242 PMCID: PMC10714927 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01477-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this work, we identified the putative receptors of 16 Pseudomonas phages and evaluated how resistance to phages recognizing different bacterial receptors may affect the virulence. Our findings are relevant for the implementation of phage therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, which are difficult to treat with antibiotics. Overall, our results highlight the need to modify natural phages to enlarge the repertoire of receptors exploited by therapeutic phages and suggest that phages using the PAO1-type T4P as receptor may have limited value for the therapy of the cystic fibrosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Bertoli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Cafora
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Gilardi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Briani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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8
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Ness M, Holmes AL, Wu C, Hossain E, Ibberson CB, McCall LI. Metabolomic Analysis of Polymicrobial Wound Infections and an Associated Adhesive Bandage. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:1847-1857. [PMID: 37289200 PMCID: PMC10524476 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about ion suppression, spectral contamination, or interference have led to avoidance of polymers in mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics. This avoidance, however, has left many biochemical fields underexplored, including wounds, which are often treated with adhesive bandages. Here, we found that despite previous concerns, the addition of an adhesive bandage can still result in biologically informative MS data. Initially, a test LC-MS analysis was performed on a mixture of known chemical standards and a polymer bandage extract. Results demonstrated successful removal of many polymer-associated features through a data processing step. Furthermore, the bandage presence did not interfere with metabolite annotation. This method was then implemented in the context of murine surgical wound infections covered with an adhesive bandage and inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or a 1:1 mix of these pathogens. Metabolites were extracted and analyzed by LC-MS. On the bandage side, we observed a greater impact of infection on the metabolome. Distance analysis showed significant differences between all conditions and demonstrated that coinfected samples were more similar to S. aureus-infected samples compared to P. aeruginosa-infected samples. We also found that coinfection was not merely a summative effect of each monoinfection. Overall, these results represent an expansion of LC-MS-based metabolomics to a novel, previously under-investigated class of samples, leading to actionable biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ness
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norman, OK, USA, 73019
| | - Avery L. Holmes
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Norman, OK, USA, 73019
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norman, OK, USA, 73019
| | - Ekram Hossain
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norman, OK, USA, 73019
| | - Carolyn B. Ibberson
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Norman, OK, USA, 73019
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norman, OK, USA, 73019
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Norman, OK, USA, 73019
- University of Oklahoma, Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, Norman, OK, USA, 73019
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9
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Neff SL, Doing G, Reiter T, Hampton TH, Greene CS, Hogan DA. Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcription in an ex vivo cystic fibrosis sputum model identifies metal restriction as a gene expression stimulus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554169. [PMID: 37662412 PMCID: PMC10473638 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections are a distinctive feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) pathology, that challenge adults with CF even with the advent of highly effective modulator therapies. Characterizing P. aeruginosa transcription in the CF lung and identifying factors that drive gene expression could yield novel strategies to eradicate infection or otherwise improve outcomes. To complement published P. aeruginosa gene expression studies in laboratory culture models designed to model the CF lung environment, we employed an ex vivo sputum model in which laboratory strain PAO1 was incubated in sputum from different CF donors. As part of the analysis, we compared PAO1 gene expression in this "spike-in" sputum model to that for P. aeruginosa grown in artificial sputum medium (ASM). Analyses focused on genes that were differentially expressed between sputum and ASM and genes that were most highly expressed in sputum. We present a new approach that used sets of genes with correlated expression, identified by the gene expression analysis tool eADAGE, to analyze the differential activity of pathways in P. aeruginosa grown in CF sputum from different individuals. A key characteristic of P. aeruginosa grown in expectorated CF sputum was related to zinc and iron acquisition, but this signal varied by donor sputum. In addition, a significant correlation between P. aeruginosa expression of the H1-type VI secretion system and corrector use by the sputum donor was observed. These methods may be broadly useful in looking for variable signals across clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Neff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Georgia Doing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Taylor Reiter
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Casey S. Greene
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deborah A. Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Kohout VR, Wardzala CL, Kramer JR. Mirror Image Mucins and Thio Mucins with Tunable Biodegradation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16573-16583. [PMID: 37473442 PMCID: PMC11080933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Mucin glycoproteins are the major component of mucus and are integral to the cellular glycocalyx. Mucins play diverse roles in health and disease, are an important element in epithelial tissue models, and have broad therapeutic potential. All mucin applications are currently challenged by their inherent structural heterogeneity and degradation by proteases. In this study, we describe the synthesis and study of chemically defined mucin analogues bearing native glycans. We utilized combinations of enantiomer amino acids and glycan thioether linkages to achieve tunable proteolysis while maintaining cytocompatibility and binding activity. Structural characterization revealed a previously unknown mirror-image helix and sheds light on the molecular drivers of glycoprotein conformation. This work represents an important step toward the development of artificial mucins for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Kohout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Casia L Wardzala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jessica R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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11
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Savchenko V, Szamosvári D, Bao Y, Pignitter M, Böttcher T. Biosynthetic flexibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa leads to hydroxylated 2-alkylquinolones with proinflammatory host response. Commun Chem 2023; 6:138. [PMID: 37400564 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces various 4(1H)-quinolones with diverse functions. Among these, 2-nonyl-4(1H)-quinolone (NQ) and its N-oxide (NQNO) belong to the main metabolites. Their biosynthesis involves substrates from the fatty acid metabolism and we hypothesized that oxidized fatty acids could be responsible for a so far undetected class of metabolites. We developed a divergent synthesis strategy for 2'-hydroxy (2'-OH) and 2'-oxo- substituted quinolones and N-oxides and demonstrated for the first time that 2'-OH-NQ and 2'-OH-NQNO but not the corresponding 2'-oxo compounds are naturally produced by PAO1 and PA14 strains of P. aeruginosa. The main metabolite 2'-OH-NQ is produced even in concentrations comparable to NQ. Exogenous availability of β-hydroxydecanoic acid can further increase the production of 2'-OH-NQ. In contrast to NQ, 2'-OH-NQ potently induced the cytokine IL-8 in a human cell line at 100 nм, suggesting a potential role in host immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Savchenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dávid Szamosvári
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yifan Bao
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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A Library of Promoter- gfp Fusion Reporters for Studying Systematic Expression Pattern of Cyclic-di-GMP Metabolism-Related Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0189122. [PMID: 36744921 PMCID: PMC9973039 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01891-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an environmental microorganism and is a model organism for biofilm research. Cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial second messenger that plays critical roles in biofilm formation. P. aeruginosa contains approximately 40 genes that encode enzymes that participate in the metabolism of c-di-GMP (biosynthesis or degradation), yet it lacks tools that aid investigation of the systematic expression pattern of those genes. In this study, we constructed a promoter-gfp fusion reporter library that consists of 41 reporter plasmids. Each plasmid contains a promoter of corresponding c-di-GMP metabolism-related (CMR) genes from P. aeruginosa reference strain PAO1; thus, each promoter-gfp fusion reporter can be used to detect the promoter activity as well as the transcription of corresponding gene. The promoter activity was tested in P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Among the 41 genes, the promoters of 26 genes showed activity in both P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The library was applied to determine the influence of different temperatures, growth media, and subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on the transcriptional profile of the 41 CMR genes in P. aeruginosa. The results showed that different growth conditions did affect the transcription of different genes, while the promoter activity of a few genes was kept at the same level under several different growth conditions. In summary, we provide a promoter-gfp fusion reporter library for systematic monitoring or study of the regulation of CMR genes in P. aeruginosa. In addition, the functional promoters can also be used as a biobrick for synthetic biology studies. IMPORTANCE The opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa can cause acute and chronic infections in humans, and it is one of the main pathogens in nosocomial infections. Biofilm formation is one of the most important causes for P. aeruginosa persistence in hosts and evasion of immune and antibiotic attacks. c-di-GMP is a critical second messenger to control biofilm formation. In P. aeruginosa reference strain PAO1, 41 genes are predicted to participate in the making and breaking of this dinucleotide. A major missing piece of information in this field is the systematic expression profile of those genes in response to changing environment. Toward this goal, we constructed a promoter-gfp transcriptional fusion reporter library that consists of 41 reporter plasmids, each of which contains a promoter of corresponding c-di-GMP metabolism-related genes in P. aeruginosa. This library provides a helpful tool to understand the complex regulation network related to c-di-GMP and to discover potential therapeutic targets.
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Jean-Pierre V, Boudet A, Sorlin P, Menetrey Q, Chiron R, Lavigne JP, Marchandin H. Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus in the Specific Context of Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010597. [PMID: 36614040 PMCID: PMC9820612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen whose characteristics support its success in various clinical settings including Cystic Fibrosis (CF). In CF, S. aureus is indeed the most commonly identified opportunistic pathogen in children and the overall population. S. aureus colonization/infection, either by methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant strains, will become chronic in about one third of CF patients. The persistence of S. aureus in CF patients' lungs, despite various eradication strategies, is favored by several traits in both host and pathogen. Among the latter, living in biofilm is a highly protective way to survive despite deleterious environmental conditions, and is a common characteristic shared by the main pathogens identified in CF. This is why CF has earned the status of a biofilm-associated disease for several years now. Biofilm formation by S. aureus, and the molecular mechanisms governing and regulating it, have been extensively studied but have received less attention in the specific context of CF lungs. Here, we review the current knowledge on S. aureus biofilm in this very context, i.e., the importance, study methods, molecular data published on mono- and multi-species biofilm and anti-biofilm strategies. This focus on studies including clinical isolates from CF patients shows that they are still under-represented in the literature compared with studies based on reference strains, and underlines the need for such studies. Indeed, CF clinical strains display specific characteristics that may not be extrapolated from results obtained on laboratory strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jean-Pierre
- HSM—HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Agathe Boudet
- VBIC—Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, Université de Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30900 Nîmes, France
| | - Pauline Sorlin
- HSM—HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Quentin Menetrey
- INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Université de Lille, INSERM U1286, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Raphaël Chiron
- HSM—HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre de Ressources et de Compétences de la Mucoviscidose, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- VBIC—Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, Université de Montpellier, INSERM U1047, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30900 Nîmes, France
| | - Hélène Marchandin
- HSM—HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
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Choudhary MI, Römling U, Nadeem F, Bilal HM, Zafar M, Jahan H, ur-Rahman A. Innovative Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance and Tolerance. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010016. [PMID: 36677308 PMCID: PMC9863313 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance and tolerance are natural phenomena that arose due to evolutionary adaptation of microorganisms against various xenobiotic agents. These adaptation mechanisms make the current treatment options challenging as it is increasingly difficult to treat a broad range of infections, associated biofilm formation, intracellular and host adapted microbes, as well as persister cells and microbes in protected niches. Therefore, novel strategies are needed to identify the most promising drug targets to overcome the existing hurdles in the treatment of infectious diseases. Furthermore, discovery of novel drug candidates is also much needed, as few novel antimicrobial drugs have been introduced in the last two decades. In this review, we focus on the strategies that may help in the development of innovative small molecules which can interfere with microbial resistance mechanisms. We also highlight the recent advances in optimization of growth media which mimic host conditions and genome scale molecular analyses of microbial response against antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, we discuss the identification of antibiofilm molecules and their mechanisms of action in the light of the distinct physiology and metabolism of biofilm cells. This review thus provides the most recent advances in host mimicking growth media for effective drug discovery and development of antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (U.R.); (H.J.); Tel.: +46-8-5248-7319 (U.R.); +92-21-111-232-292 (ext. 301) (H.J.)
| | - Faiza Nadeem
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Bilal
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Munirah Zafar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Humera Jahan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (U.R.); (H.J.); Tel.: +46-8-5248-7319 (U.R.); +92-21-111-232-292 (ext. 301) (H.J.)
| | - Atta ur-Rahman
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Barton TE, Frost F, Fothergill JL, Neill DR. Challenges and opportunities in the development of novel antimicrobial therapeutics for cystic fibrosis. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748497 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic respiratory infection is the primary driver of mortality in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Existing drug screening models utilised in preclinical antimicrobial development are unable to mimic the complex CF respiratory environment. Consequently, antimicrobials showing promising activity in preclinical models often fail to translate through to clinical efficacy in people with CF. Model systems used in CF anti-infective drug discovery and development range from antimicrobial susceptibility testing in nutrient broth, through to 2D and 3D in vitro tissue culture systems and in vivo models. No single model fully recapitulates every key aspect of the CF lung. To improve the outcomes of people with CF (PwCF) it is necessary to develop a set of preclinical models that collectively recapitulate the CF respiratory environment to a high degree of accuracy. Models must be validated for their ability to mimic aspects of the CF lung and associated lung infection, through evaluation of biomarkers that can also be assessed following treatment in the clinic. This will give preclinical models greater predictive power for identification of antimicrobials with clinical efficacy. The landscape of CF is changing, with the advent of modulator therapies that correct the function of the CFTR protein, while antivirulence drugs and phage therapy are emerging alternative treatments to chronic infection. This review discusses the challenges faced in current antimicrobial development pipelines, including the advantages and disadvantages of current preclinical models and the impact of emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Barton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Frederick Frost
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne L Fothergill
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Daniel R Neill
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
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Aiyer A, Das T, Whiteley GS, Glasbey T, Kriel FH, Farrell J, Manos J. The Efficacy of an N-Acetylcysteine-Antibiotic Combination Therapy on Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a Cystic Fibrosis Sputum/Lung Cell Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2886. [PMID: 36359406 PMCID: PMC9687303 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder causing dysfunctional ion transport resulting in the accumulation of viscous mucus. This environment fosters a chronic bacterial biofilm-associated infection in the airways. Achromobacter xylosoxidans, a gram-negative aerobic bacillus, has been increasingly associated with antibiotic resistance and chronic colonisation in CF. In this study, we aimed to create a reproducible model of CF infection using an artificial sputum medium (ASMDM-1) with bronchial (BEAS-2B) and macrophage (THP-1) cells to test A. xylosoxidans infection and treatment toxicity. This study was conducted in three distinct stages. First, the tolerance of BEAS-2B cell lines and two A. xylosoxidans strains against ASMDM-1 was optimised. Secondly, the cytotoxicity of combined therapy (CT) comprising N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the antibiotics colistin or ciprofloxacin was tested on cells alone in the sputum model in both BEAS-2B and THP-1 cells. Third, the efficacy of CT was assessed in the context of a bacterial infection within the live cell/sputum model. We found that a model using 20% ASMDM-1 in both cell populations tolerated a colistin-NAC-based CT and could significantly reduce bacterial loads in vitro (~2 log10 CFU/mL compared to untreated controls). This pilot study provides the foundation to study other bacterial opportunists that infect the CF lung to observe infection and CT kinetics. This model also acts as a springboard for more complex co-culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Aiyer
- Charles Perkins Centre, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Theerthankar Das
- Charles Perkins Centre, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gregory S. Whiteley
- Charles Perkins Centre, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Whiteley Corporation, Level 5, 12 Mount Street North Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2566, Australia
| | - Trevor Glasbey
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago, NSW 2322, Australia
| | - Frederik H. Kriel
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago, NSW 2322, Australia
| | - Jessica Farrell
- Charles Perkins Centre, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Whiteley Corporation, Level 5, 12 Mount Street North Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Jim Manos
- Charles Perkins Centre, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Highmore CJ, Melaugh G, Morris RJ, Parker J, Direito SOL, Romero M, Soukarieh F, Robertson SN, Bamford NC. Translational challenges and opportunities in biofilm science: a BRIEF for the future. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:68. [PMID: 36038607 PMCID: PMC9424220 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are increasingly recognised as a critical global issue in a multitude of industries impacting health, food and water security, marine sector, and industrial processes resulting in estimated economic cost of $5 trillion USD annually. A major barrier to the translation of biofilm science is the gap between industrial practices and academic research across the biofilms field. Therefore, there is an urgent need for biofilm research to notice and react to industrially relevant issues to achieve transferable outputs. Regulatory frameworks necessarily bridge gaps between different players, but require a clear, science-driven non-biased underpinning to successfully translate research. Here we introduce a 2-dimensional framework, termed the Biofilm Research-Industrial Engagement Framework (BRIEF) for classifying existing biofilm technologies according to their level of scientific insight, including the understanding of the underlying biofilm system, and their industrial utility accounting for current industrial practices. We evidence the BRIEF with three case studies of biofilm science across healthcare, food & agriculture, and wastewater sectors highlighting the multifaceted issues around the effective translation of biofilm research. Based on these studies, we introduce some advisory guidelines to enhance the translational impact of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Highmore
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - G Melaugh
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.,School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - R J Morris
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - J Parker
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - S O L Direito
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - M Romero
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - F Soukarieh
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK.,Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - S N Robertson
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK. .,Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
| | - N C Bamford
- NBIC Interdisciplinary Research Fellows, UK National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Southampton, UK. .,Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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18
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Aiyer A, Manos J. The Use of Artificial Sputum Media to Enhance Investigation and Subsequent Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis Bacterial Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071269. [PMID: 35888988 PMCID: PMC9318996 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator protein reduce ionic exchange in the lung, resulting in thicker mucus, which impairs mucociliary function, airway inflammation and infection. The mucosal and nutritional environment of the CF lung is inadequately mimicked by commercially available growth media, as it lacks key components involved in microbial pathogenesis. Defining the nutritional composition of CF sputum has been a long-term goal of in vitro research into CF infections to better elucidate bacterial growth and infection pathways. This narrative review highlights the development of artificial sputum medium, from a viable in vitro method for understanding bacterial mechanisms utilised in CF lung, to uses in the development of antimicrobial treatment regimens and examination of interactions at the epithelial cell surface and interior by the addition of host cell layers. The authors collated publications based on a PubMed search using the key words: “artificial sputum media” and “cystic fibrosis”. The earliest iteration of artificial sputum media were developed in 1997. Formulations since then have been based either on published data or chemically derived from extracted sputum. Formulations contain combinations of mucin, extracellular DNA, iron, amino acids, and lipids. A valuable advantage of artificial sputum media is the ability to standardise media composition according to experimental requirements.
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