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Galea D, Herzberg M, Nies DH. The metal-binding GTPases CobW2 and CobW3 are at the crossroads of zinc and cobalt homeostasis in Cupriavidus metallidurans. J Bacteriol 2024:e0022624. [PMID: 39041725 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00226-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The metal-resistant beta-proteobacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans is also able to survive conditions of metal starvation. We show that zinc-starved cells can substitute some of the required zinc with cobalt but not with nickel ions. The zinc importer ZupT was necessary for this process but was not essential for either zinc or cobalt import. The cellular cobalt content was also influenced by the two COG0523-family proteins, CobW2 and CobW3. Pulse-chase experiments with radioactive and isotope-enriched zinc demonstrated that both proteins interacted with ZupT to control the cellular flow-equilibrium of zinc, a central process of zinc homeostasis. Moreover, an antagonistic interplay of CobW2 and CobW3 in the presence of added cobalt caused a growth defect in mutant cells devoid of the cobalt efflux system DmeF. Full cobalt resistance also required a synergistic interaction of ZupT and DmeF. Thus, the two transporters along with CobW2 and CobW3 interact to control cobalt homeostasis in a process that depends on zinc availability. Because ZupT, CobW2, and CobW3 also direct zinc homeostasis, this process links the control of cobalt and zinc homeostasis, which subsequently protects C. metallidurans against cadmium stress and general metal starvation.IMPORTANCEIn bacterial cells, zinc ions need to be allocated to zinc-dependent proteins without disturbance of this process by other transition metal cations. Under zinc-starvation conditions, C. metallidurans floods the cell with cobalt ions, which protect the cell against cadmium toxicity, help withstand metal starvation, and provide cobalt to metal-promiscuous paralogs of essential zinc-dependent proteins. The number of cobalt ions needs to be carefully controlled to avoid a toxic cobalt overload. This is accomplished by an interplay of the zinc importer ZupT with the COG0523-family proteins, CobW3, and CobW2. At high external cobalt concentrations, this trio of proteins additionally interacts with the cobalt efflux system, DmeF, so that these four proteins form an inextricable link between zinc and cobalt homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Galea
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Herzberg
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dietrich H Nies
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Hirth N, Wiesemann N, Krüger S, Gerlach MS, Preußner K, Galea D, Herzberg M, Große C, Nies DH. A gold speciation that adds a second layer to synergistic gold-copper toxicity in Cupriavidus metallidurans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0014624. [PMID: 38557120 PMCID: PMC11022561 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00146-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The metal-resistant bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans occurs in metal-rich environments. In auriferous soils, the bacterium is challenged by a mixture of copper ions and gold complexes, which exert synergistic toxicity. The previously used, self-made Au(III) solution caused a synergistic toxicity of copper and gold that was based on the inhibition of the CupA-mediated efflux of cytoplasmic Cu(I) by Au(I) in this cellular compartment. In this publication, the response of the bacterium to gold and copper was investigated by using a commercially available Au(III) solution instead of the self-made solution. The new solution was five times more toxic than the previously used one. Increased toxicity was accompanied by greater accumulation of gold atoms by the cells. The contribution of copper resistance determinants to the commercially available Au(III) solution and synergistic gold-copper toxicity was studied using single- and multiple-deletion mutants. The commercially available Au(III) solution inhibited periplasmic Cu(I) homeostasis, which is required for the allocation of copper ions to copper-dependent proteins in this compartment. The presence of the gene for the periplasmic Cu(I) and Au(I) oxidase, CopA, decreased the cellular copper and gold content. Transcriptional reporter gene fusions showed that up-regulation of gig, encoding a minor contributor to copper resistance, was strictly glutathione dependent. Glutathione was also required to resist synergistic gold-copper toxicity. The new data indicated a second layer of synergistic copper-gold toxicity caused by the commercial Au(III) solution, inhibition of the periplasmic copper homeostasis in addition to the cytoplasmic one.IMPORTANCEWhen living in auriferous soils, Cupriavidus metallidurans is not only confronted with synergistic toxicity of copper ions and gold complexes but also by different gold species. A previously used gold solution made by using aqua regia resulted in the formation of periplasmic gold nanoparticles, and the cells were protected against gold toxicity by the periplasmic Cu(I) and Au(I) oxidase CopA. To understand the role of different gold species in the environment, another Au(III) solution was commercially acquired. This compound was more toxic due to a higher accumulation of gold atoms by the cells and inhibition of periplasmic Cu(I) homeostasis. Thus, the geo-biochemical conditions might influence Au(III) speciation. The resulting Au(III) species may subsequently interact in different ways with C. metallidurans and its copper homeostasis system in the cytoplasm and periplasm. This study reveals that the geochemical conditions may decide whether bacteria are able to form gold nanoparticles or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hirth
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nicole Wiesemann
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephanie Krüger
- Microscopy Unit, Biocenter, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Michelle-Sophie Gerlach
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kilian Preußner
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana Galea
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Herzberg
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Große
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dietrich H. Nies
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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3
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Valenzuela-Ibaceta F, Torres-Olea N, Ramos-Zúñiga J, Dietz-Vargas C, Navarro CA, Pérez-Donoso JM. Minicells as an Escherichia coli mechanism for the accumulation and disposal of fluorescent cadmium sulphide nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:78. [PMID: 38414055 PMCID: PMC10900627 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial biosynthesis of fluorescent nanoparticles or quantum dots (QDs) has emerged as a unique mechanism for heavy metal tolerance. However, the physiological pathways governing the removal of QDs from bacterial cells remains elusive. This study investigates the role of minicells, previously identified as a means of eliminating damaged proteins and enhancing bacterial resistance to stress. Building on our prior work, which unveiled the formation of minicells during cadmium QDs biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, we hypothesize that minicells serve as a mechanism for the accumulation and detoxification of QDs in bacterial cells. RESULTS Intracellular biosynthesis of CdS QDs was performed in E. coli mutants ΔminC and ΔminCDE, known for their minicell-producing capabilities. Fluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrated that the generated minicells exhibited fluorescence emission, indicative of QD loading. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of nanoparticles in minicells, while energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the coexistence of cadmium and sulfur. Cadmium quantification through flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) demonstrated that minicells accumulated a higher cadmium content compared to rod cells. Moreover, fluorescence intensity analysis suggested that minicells accumulated a greater quantity of fluorescent nanoparticles, underscoring their efficacy in QD removal. Biosynthesis dynamics in minicell-producing strains indicated that biosynthesized QDs maintained high fluorescence intensity even during prolonged biosynthesis times, suggesting continuous QD clearance in minicells. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a model wherein E. coli utilizes minicells for the accumulation and removal of nanoparticles, highlighting their physiological role in eliminating harmful elements and maintaining cellular fitness. Additionally, this biosynthesis system presents an opportunity for generating minicell-coated nanoparticles with enhanced biocompatibility for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Valenzuela-Ibaceta
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República # 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Torres-Olea
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República # 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Ramos-Zúñiga
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República # 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Dietz-Vargas
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República # 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio A Navarro
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República # 330, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M Pérez-Donoso
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República # 330, Santiago, Chile.
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Rivera-Millot A, Harrison LB, Veyrier FJ. Copper management strategies in obligate bacterial symbionts: balancing cost and benefit. Emerg Top Life Sci 2024; 8:29-35. [PMID: 38095549 PMCID: PMC10903467 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria employ diverse mechanisms to manage toxic copper in their environments, and these evolutionary strategies can be divided into two main categories: accumulation and rationalization of metabolic pathways. The strategies employed depend on the bacteria's lifestyle and environmental context, optimizing the metabolic cost-benefit ratio. Environmental and opportunistically pathogenic bacteria often possess an extensive range of copper regulation systems in order to respond to variations in copper concentrations and environmental conditions, investing in diversity and/or redundancy as a safeguard against uncertainty. In contrast, obligate symbiotic bacteria, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Bordetella pertussis, tend to have specialized and more parsimonious copper regulation systems designed to function in the relatively stable host environment. These evolutionary strategies maintain copper homeostasis even in challenging conditions like encounters within phagocytic cells. These examples highlight the adaptability of bacterial copper management systems, tailored to their specific lifestyles and environmental requirements, in the context of an evolutionary the trade-off between benefits and energy costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rivera-Millot
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Luke B. Harrison
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Frédéric J. Veyrier
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
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5
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Han F, Shi Y, Pan S, Li Z. Competition of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on the bacterial cells: a new insight from bioaccumulation based on NanoSIMS imaging. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0145323. [PMID: 38224623 PMCID: PMC10880600 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01453-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymetallic exposure causes complex toxicity to microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the responses of Escherichia coli under co-existence of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), primarily based on biochemical analysis and RNA sequencing. Cd completely inhibited bacterial growth at a concentration of 2.41 mmol/L, with its removal rate as low as <10%. In contrast, the Pb removal rate was >95% under equimolar sole Pb stress. In addition, the Raman analysis confirmed the loss of proteins for the bacterial cells. Under the co-existence of Cd and Pb, the Cd toxicity to E. coli was alleviated. Meanwhile, the biosorption of Pb cations was more intense during the competitive sorption with Cd. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that a few cells were elongated during incubation, i.e., the average cellular length increased from 1.535 ± 0.407 to 1.845 ± 0.620 µm. Moreover, NanoSIMS imaging showed that the intracellular distribution of Cd and Pb was coupled with sulfur. Genes regulating sulfate transporter were also upregulated to promote sulfate assimilation. Then, the subsequent production of biogenic sulfide and sulfur-containing amino acids was enhanced. Although this strategy based on S enrichment could resist the polymetallic stress, not all related genes were induced to upregulate under sole Cd stress. Therefore, the S metabolism might remodel the microbial resistance to variable occurrence of heavy metals. Furthermore, the competitive sorption (in contrast to sole Cd stress) could prevent microbial cells from strong Cd toxicity.IMPORTANCEMicrobial tolerance and resistance to heavy metals have been widely studied under stress of single metals. However, the polymetallic exposure seems to prevail in the environment. Though microbial resistance can alleviate the effects of exogenous stress, the taxonomic or functional response to polymetallic exposure is still not fully understood. We determined the strong cytotoxicity of cadmium (Cd) on growth, and cell elongation would be driven by Cd stress. The addition of appropriate lead (Pb) showed a stimulating effect on microbial bioactivity. Meanwhile, the biosorption of Pb was more intense during co-existence of Pb and Cd. Our work also revealed the spatial coupling of intracellular S and Cd/Pb. In particular, the S assimilation was promoted by Pb stress. This work elucidated the microbial responses to polymetallic exposure and may provide new insights into the antagonistic function during metal stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunhui Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feiyu Han
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixiao Shi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shang Pan
- College of Agro-grassland Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Chou LC, Tsai CC. Assessing the Effectiveness of Fermented Banana Peel Extracts for the Biosorption and Removal of Cadmium to Mitigate Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Foods 2023; 12:2632. [PMID: 37444370 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identified 11 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains that exhibited tolerance to heavy metal cadmium concentrations above 50 ppm for 48 h. Among these strains, T126-1 and T40-1 displayed the highest tolerance, enduring cadmium concentrations up to 500 ppm while still inhibiting bacterial growth by 50%. Moreover, the fermentation of banana peel using LAB significantly enhanced the clearance rate of cadmium (p < 0.05) compared to nonfermented banana peel. Additionally, the LAB-fermented banana peel exhibited higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and reduced power values. Strain T40-1 exhibited a significant improvement in its ability to chelate ferrous ions (p < 0.05). Regarding antibiotic resistance, both the T40-1 and TH3 strains demonstrated high resistance with a third-level inhibition rate against ampicillin and tetracycline. Cell viability tests revealed that incubation with the T40-1 and TH3 strains for a duration of 24 h did not result in any cellular damage. Moreover, these LAB strains effectively mitigated oxidative stress markers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), caused by 2 ppm cadmium on cells. Furthermore, the LAB strains were able to reduce the inflammatory response, as evidenced by a decrease in interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels (p < 0.05). The use of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis provided valuable insight into the interaction between metal ions and the organic functional groups present on the cell wall of fermented banana peel. In summary, this study highlights the potential of the LAB strains T40-1 and TH3 in terms of their tolerance to the cadmium, ability to enhance cadmium clearance rates, and their beneficial effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Chun Chou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, HungKuang University, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Tsai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, HungKuang University, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
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Hirth N, Gerlach MS, Wiesemann N, Herzberg M, Große C, Nies DH. Full Copper Resistance in Cupriavidus metallidurans Requires the Interplay of Many Resistance Systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023:e0056723. [PMID: 37191542 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00567-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The metal-resistant bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans uses its copper resistance components to survive the synergistic toxicity of copper ions and gold complexes in auriferous soils. The cup, cop, cus, and gig determinants encode as central component the Cu(I)-exporting PIB1-type ATPase CupA, the periplasmic Cu(I)-oxidase CopA, the transenvelope efflux system CusCBA, and the Gig system with unknown function, respectively. The interplay of these systems with each other and with glutathione (GSH) was analyzed. Copper resistance in single and multiple mutants up to the quintuple mutant was characterized in dose-response curves, Live/Dead-staining, and atomic copper and glutathione content of the cells. The regulation of the cus and gig determinants was studied using reporter gene fusions and in case of gig also RT-PCR studies, which verified the operon structure of gigPABT. All five systems contributed to copper resistance in the order of importance: Cup, Cop, Cus, GSH, and Gig. Only Cup was able to increase copper resistance of the Δcop Δcup Δcus Δgig ΔgshA quintuple mutant but the other systems were required to increase copper resistance of the Δcop Δcus Δgig ΔgshA quadruple mutant to the parent level. Removal of the Cop system resulted in a clear decrease of copper resistance in most strain backgrounds. Cus cooperated with and partially substituted Cop. Gig and GSH cooperated with Cop, Cus, and Cup. Copper resistance is thus the result of an interplay of many systems. IMPORTANCE The ability of bacteria to maintain homeostasis of the essential-but-toxic "Janus"-faced element copper is important for their survival in many natural environments but also in case of pathogenic bacteria in their respective host. The most important contributors to copper homeostasis have been identified in the last decades and comprise PIB1-type ATPases, periplasmic copper- and oxygen-dependent copper oxidases, transenvelope efflux systems, and glutathione; however, it is not known how all these players interact. This publication investigates this interplay and describes copper homeostasis as a trait emerging from a network of interacting resistance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hirth
- Molecular Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Wiesemann
- Molecular Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Herzberg
- Molecular Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Cornelia Große
- Molecular Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dietrich H Nies
- Molecular Microbiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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8
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Larson J, Tokmina-Lukaszewska M, Fausset H, Spurzem S, Cox S, Cooper G, Copié V, Bothner B. Arsenic Exposure Causes Global Changes in the Metalloproteome of Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2023; 11:382. [PMID: 36838347 PMCID: PMC9965246 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid with differential biological effects, depending on speciation and concentration. Trivalent arsenic (arsenite, AsIII) is more toxic at lower concentrations than the pentavalent form (arsenate, AsV). In E. coli, the proteins encoded by the arsRBC operon are the major arsenic detoxification mechanism. Our previous transcriptional analyses indicate broad changes in metal uptake and regulation upon arsenic exposure. Currently, it is not known how arsenic exposure impacts the cellular distribution of other metals. This study examines the metalloproteome of E. coli strains with and without the arsRBC operon in response to sublethal doses of AsIII and AsV. Size exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICPMS) was used to investigate the distribution of five metals (56Fe, 24Mg, 66Zn, 75As, and 63Cu) in proteins and protein complexes under native conditions. Parallel analysis by SEC-UV-Vis spectroscopy monitored the presence of protein cofactors. Together, these data reveal global changes in the metalloproteome, proteome, protein cofactors, and soluble intracellular metal pools in response to arsenic stress in E. coli. This work brings to light one outcome of metal exposure and suggests that metal toxicity on the cellular level arises from direct and indirect effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
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Anand S, Singh A, Kumar V. Recent advancements in cadmium-microbe interactive relations and their application for environmental remediation: a mechanistic overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:17009-17038. [PMID: 36622611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxic and persistent nature of cadmium (Cd) in the environment has become a matter of concern with its drastic increase in the concentrations over past few decades. Among the various techniques, the microbial remediation has been accepted as an effective decontamination tool for environmental applications, which is sustainable over a period of time. The Cd decontamination potential of the microbes depends on various internal and external factors that play a crucial role in selection of the microbes for application in a particular environment. Thus, it is important to understand the role of these factors for optimal application of the microbes. This study provides an insight into the mechanisms involved between the microbes and the environmental Cd. The study also briefly reviews the mathematical models that have been used to predict the remediation potential of the microbes and the kinetics involved during the process. A critical analysis of the recent advancements in the techniques for use of bacteria, fungi, and algal cells to remove Cd has been also presented in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Anand
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004
| | - Ankur Singh
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004.
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10
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Host-Mediated Copper Stress Is Not Protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0249522. [PMID: 36413018 PMCID: PMC9769658 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02495-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ions are required by all organisms for the chemical processes that support life. However, in excess they can also exert toxicity within biological systems. During infection, bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae are exposed to host-imposed metal intoxication, where the toxic properties of metals, such as copper, are exploited to aid in microbial clearance. However, previous studies investigating the antimicrobial efficacy of copper in vivo have reported variable findings. Here, we use a highly copper-sensitive strain of S. pneumoniae, lacking both copper efflux and intracellular copper buffering by glutathione, to investigate how copper stress is managed and where it is encountered during infection. We show that this strain exhibits highly dysregulated copper homeostasis, leading to the attenuation of growth and hyperaccumulation of copper in vitro. In a murine infection model, whole-tissue copper quantitation and elemental bioimaging of the murine lung revealed that infection with S. pneumoniae resulted in increased copper abundance in specific tissues, with the formation of spatially discrete copper hot spots throughout the lung. While the increased copper was able to reduce the viability of the highly copper-sensitive strain in a pneumonia model, copper levels in professional phagocytes and in a bacteremic model were insufficient to prosecute bacterial clearance. Collectively, this study reveals that host copper is redistributed to sites of infection and can impact bacterial viability in a hypersusceptible strain. However, in wild-type S. pneumoniae, the concerted actions of the copper homeostatic mechanisms are sufficient to facilitate continued viability and virulence of the pathogen. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is one of the world's foremost bacterial pathogens. Treatment of both localized and systemic pneumococcal infection is becoming complicated by increasing rates of multidrug resistance globally. Copper is a potent antimicrobial agent used by the mammalian immune system in the defense against bacterial pathogens. However, unlike other bacterial species, this copper stress is unable to prosecute pneumococcal clearance. This study determines how the mammalian host inflicts copper stress on S. pneumoniae and the bacterial copper tolerance mechanisms that contribute to maintenance of viability and virulence in vitro and in vivo. This work has provided insight into the chemical biology of the host-pneumococcal interaction and identified a potential avenue for novel antimicrobial development.
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Berthou M, Clarot I, Gouyon J, Steyer D, Monat MA, Boudier A, Pallotta A. Thiol sensing: From current methods to nanoscale contribution. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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The Effect of Heavy Metals on Conjugation Efficiency of an F-Plasmid in Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081123. [PMID: 36009992 PMCID: PMC9404890 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation, the process by which conjugative plasmids are transferred between bacteria, is regarded as a major contributor to the spread of antibiotic resistance, in both environmental and clinical settings. Heavy metals are known to co-select for antibiotic resistance, but the impact of the presence of these metals on conjugation itself is not clear. Here, we systematically investigate the impact that five heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc) have on the transfer of an IncF conjugative plasmid in Escherichia coli. Our results show that two of the metals, cadmium and manganese, have no significant impact, while arsenic and zinc both reduce conjugation efficiency by approximately 2-fold. Copper showed the largest impact, with an almost 100-fold decrease in conjugation efficiency. This was not mediated by any change in transcription from the major Py promoter responsible for transcription of the conjugation machinery genes. Further, we show that in order to have this severe impact on the transfer of the plasmid, copper sulfate needs to be present during the mating process, and we suggest explanations for this.
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Novoa-Aponte L, Argüello JM. Unique underlying principles shaping copper homeostasis networks. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:509-528. [PMID: 35802193 PMCID: PMC9470648 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Copper is essential in cells as a cofactor for key redox enzymes. Bacteria have acquired molecular components that sense, uptake, distribute, and expel copper ensuring that cuproenzymes are metallated and steady-state metal levels are maintained. Toward preventing deleterious reactions, proteins bind copper ions with high affinities and transfer the metal via ligand exchange, warranting that copper ions are always complexed. Consequently, the directional copper distribution within cell compartments and across cell membranes requires specific dynamic interactions and metal exchange between cognate holo-apo protein partners. These metal exchange reactions are determined by thermodynamic and kinetics parameters and influenced by mass action. Then, copper distribution can be conceptualized as a molecular system of singular interacting elements that maintain a physiological copper homeostasis. This review focuses on the impact of copper high-affinity binding and exchange reactions on the homeostatic mechanisms, the conceptual models to describe the cell as a homeostatic system, the various molecule functions that contribute to copper homeostasis, and the alternative system architectures responsible for copper homeostasis in model bacteria. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Novoa-Aponte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Genetics and Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - José M Argüello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Díaz-Torres O, Lugo-Melchor OY, de Anda J, Pacheco A, Yebra-Montes C, Gradilla-Hernández MS, Senés-Guerrero C. Bacterial Dynamics and Their Influence on the Biogeochemical Cycles in a Subtropical Hypereutrophic Lake During the Rainy Season. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:832477. [PMID: 35479621 PMCID: PMC9037096 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.832477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lakes in subtropical regions are highly susceptible to eutrophication due to the heavy rainfall, which causes significant runoff of pollutants (e.g., nutrients) to reach surface waters, altering the water quality and influencing the microbial communities that regulate the biogeochemical cycles within these ecosystems. Lake Cajititlán is a shallow, subtropical, and endorheic lake in western Mexico. Nutrient pollution from agricultural activity and wastewater discharge have affected the lake’s water quality, leading the reservoir to a hypereutrophic state, resulting in episodes of fish mortality during the rainy season. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of bacterial communities within Lake Cajititlán and their genes associated with the nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and carbon biogeochemical cycles during the rainy season, as well as the influences of physicochemical and environmental variables on such dynamics. Significant temporal variations were observed in the composition of bacterial communities, of which Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas were the dominant genera. The climatological parameters that were most correlated with the bacterial communities and their functional profiles were pH, DO, ORP, turbidity, TN, EC, NH4+, and NO3–. The bacterial communities displayed variations in their functional composition for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur metabolisms during the sampling months. The bacterial communities within the lake are highly susceptible to nutrient loads and low DO levels during the rainy season. Bacterial communities had a higher relative abundance of genes associated with denitrification, nitrogen fixation, assimilatory sulfate reduction, cysteine, SOX system, and all phosphorus metabolic pathways. The results obtained here enrich our understanding of the bidirectional interactions between bacterial communities and major biogeochemical processes in eutrophic subtropical lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Díaz-Torres
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Servicios Analiticos y Metrologicos, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Yadira Lugo-Melchor
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Servicios Analiticos y Metrologicos, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José de Anda
- Departamento de Tecnologia Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Adriana Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Monterrey, Mexico
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Łyżeń R, Gawron G, Kadziński L, Banecki B. GSH Protects the Escherichia coli Cells from High Concentrations of Thymoquinone. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082546. [PMID: 35458746 PMCID: PMC9029668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of glutathione (GSH) on Escherichia coli cells grown in a high concentration of thymoquinone (TQ). This quinone, as the main active compound of Nigella sativa seed oil, exhibits a wide range of biological activities. At low concentrations, it acts as an antioxidant, and at high concentrations, an antimicrobial agent. Therefore, any interactions between thymoquinone and glutathione are crucial for cellular defense against oxidative stress. In this study, we found that GSH can conjugate with thymoquinone and its derivatives in vitro, and only fivefold excess of GSH was sufficient to completely deplete TQ and its derivatives. We also carried out studies on cultures of GSH-deficient Escherichia coli strains grown on a minimal medium in the presence of different concentrations of TQ. The strains harboring mutations in gene ΔgshA and ΔgshB were about two- and fourfold more sensitive (256 and 128 µg/mL, respectively) than the wild type. It was also revealed that TQ concentration has an influence on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in E. coli strains—at the same thymoquinone concentration, the level of ROS was higher in GSH-deficient E. coli strains than in wild type.
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Alviz-Gazitua P, Durán RE, Millacura FA, Cárdenas F, Rojas LA, Seeger M. Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 Possesses Aromatic Catabolic Versatility and Degrades Benzene in the Presence of Mercury and Cadmium. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020484. [PMID: 35208938 PMCID: PMC8879955 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal co-contamination in crude oil-polluted environments may inhibit microbial bioremediation of hydrocarbons. The model heavy metal-resistant bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 possesses cadmium and mercury resistance, as well as genes related to the catabolism of hazardous BTEX aromatic hydrocarbons. The aims of this study were to analyze the aromatic catabolic potential of C. metallidurans CH34 and to determine the functionality of the predicted benzene catabolic pathway and the influence of cadmium and mercury on benzene degradation. Three chromosome-encoded bacterial multicomponent monooxygenases (BMMs) are involved in benzene catabolic pathways. Growth assessment, intermediates identification, and gene expression analysis indicate the functionality of the benzene catabolic pathway. Strain CH34 degraded benzene via phenol and 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde. Transcriptional analyses revealed a transition from the expression of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (tomB) in the early exponential phase to catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (catA1 and catA2) in the late exponential phase. The minimum inhibitory concentration to Hg (II) and Cd (II) was significantly lower in the presence of benzene, demonstrating the effect of co-contamination on bacterial growth. Notably, this study showed that C. metallidurans CH34 degraded benzene in the presence of Hg (II) or Cd (II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alviz-Gazitua
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (P.A.-G.); (R.E.D.); (F.A.M.); (F.C.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno 5311890, Chile
| | - Roberto E. Durán
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (P.A.-G.); (R.E.D.); (F.A.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Felipe A. Millacura
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (P.A.-G.); (R.E.D.); (F.A.M.); (F.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
| | - Franco Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (P.A.-G.); (R.E.D.); (F.A.M.); (F.C.)
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables (CREAS), Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Luis A. Rojas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile;
| | - Michael Seeger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (P.A.-G.); (R.E.D.); (F.A.M.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: or
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Huang X, Lao W, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Wang Q. Glutamate dehydrogenase enables Salmonella to survive under oxidative stress and escape from clearance in macrophages. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:81-94. [PMID: 34855205 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a biological threat to bacteria, which induce the synthesis of proteins and production of antioxidants to combat it. Herein, we report that glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) of Salmonella can assimilate ammonium into glutamate and promote the generation of glutathione (GSH) to combat oxidative damage. Oxidation induces the transcription of gdhA, which encodes GDH, and activates the enzymatic activity of GDH. The ΔgdhA mutant Salmonella strain showed decreased levels of GSH and reduced survival in macrophages, and this growth deficiency could be partially restored by overexpression of GDH and complementation with its downstream metabolites. Therefore, GDH plays a critical role in the growth of Salmonella in oxidative environments, especially under low energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Wenji Lao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Youci Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yunwei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Qijun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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Hyre A, Casanova-Hampton K, Subashchandrabose S. Copper Homeostatic Mechanisms and Their Role in the Virulence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142020. [PMID: 34125582 PMCID: PMC8669021 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient that also exerts toxic effects at high concentrations. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on copper handling and homeostasis systems in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. We describe the mechanisms by which transcriptional regulators, efflux pumps, detoxification enzymes, metallochaperones, and ancillary copper response systems orchestrate cellular response to copper stress. E. coli and S. enterica are important pathogens of humans and animals. We discuss the critical role of copper during killing of these pathogens by macrophages and in nutritional immunity at the bacterial-pathogen-host interface. In closing, we identify opportunities to advance our understanding of the biological roles of copper in these model enteric bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hyre
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kaitlin Casanova-Hampton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sargurunathan Subashchandrabose
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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The Molecular Basis of Acinetobacter baumannii Cadmium Toxicity and Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0171821. [PMID: 34495707 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01718-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter species are ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria that can be found in water, in soil, and as commensals of the human skin. The successful inhabitation of Acinetobacter species in diverse environments is primarily attributable to the expression of an arsenal of stress resistance determinants, which includes an extensive repertoire of metal ion efflux systems. Metal ion homeostasis in the hospital pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii contributes to pathogenesis; however, insights into its metal ion transporters for environmental persistence are lacking. Here, we studied the impact of cadmium stress on A. baumannii. Our functional genomics and independent mutant analyses revealed a primary role for CzcE, a member of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) superfamily, in resisting cadmium stress. We also show that the CzcCBA heavy metal efflux system contributes to cadmium efflux. Collectively, these systems provide A. baumannii with a comprehensive cadmium translocation pathway from the cytoplasm to the periplasm and subsequently the extracellular space. Furthermore, analysis of the A. baumannii metallome under cadmium stress showed zinc depletion, as well as copper enrichment, both of which are likely to influence cellular fitness. Overall, this work provides new knowledge on the role of a broad arsenal of membrane transporters in A. baumannii metal ion homeostasis. IMPORTANCE Cadmium toxicity is a widespread problem, yet the interaction of this heavy metal with biological systems is poorly understood. Some microbes have evolved traits to proactively counteract cadmium toxicity, including Acinetobacter baumannii, which is notorious for persisting in harsh environments. Here, we show that A. baumannii utilizes a dedicated cadmium efflux protein in concert with a system that is primarily attuned to zinc efflux to efficiently overcome cadmium stress. The molecular characterization of A. baumannii under cadmium stress revealed how active cadmium efflux plays a key role in preventing the dysregulation of bacterial metal ion homeostasis, which appeared to be a primary means by which cadmium exerts toxicity upon the bacterium.
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Andrei A, Di Renzo MA, Öztürk Y, Meisner A, Daum N, Frank F, Rauch J, Daldal F, Andrade SLA, Koch HG. The CopA2-Type P 1B-Type ATPase CcoI Serves as Central Hub for cbb 3-Type Cytochrome Oxidase Biogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712465. [PMID: 34589071 PMCID: PMC8475189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu)-transporting P1B-type ATPases are ubiquitous metal transporters and crucial for maintaining Cu homeostasis in all domains of life. In bacteria, the P1B-type ATPase CopA is required for Cu-detoxification and exports excess Cu(I) in an ATP-dependent reaction from the cytosol into the periplasm. CopA is a member of the CopA1-type ATPase family and has been biochemically and structurally characterized in detail. In contrast, less is known about members of the CopA2-type ATPase family, which are predicted to transport Cu(I) into the periplasm for cuproprotein maturation. One example is CcoI, which is required for the maturation of cbb 3-type cytochrome oxidase (cbb 3-Cox) in different species. Here, we reconstituted purified CcoI of Rhodobacter capsulatus into liposomes and determined Cu transport using solid-supported membrane electrophysiology. The data demonstrate ATP-dependent Cu(I) translocation by CcoI, while no transport is observed in the presence of a non-hydrolysable ATP analog. CcoI contains two cytosolically exposed N-terminal metal binding sites (N-MBSs), which are both important, but not essential for Cu delivery to cbb 3-Cox. CcoI and cbb 3-Cox activity assays in the presence of different Cu concentrations suggest that the glutaredoxin-like N-MBS1 is primarily involved in regulating the ATPase activity of CcoI, while the CopZ-like N-MBS2 is involved in Cu(I) acquisition. The interaction of CcoI with periplasmic Cu chaperones was analyzed by genetically fusing CcoI to the chaperone SenC. The CcoI-SenC fusion protein was fully functional in vivo and sufficient to provide Cu for cbb 3-Cox maturation. In summary, our data demonstrate that CcoI provides the link between the cytosolic and periplasmic Cu chaperone networks during cbb 3-Cox assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Andrei
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Agostina Di Renzo
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yavuz Öztürk
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Meisner
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Noel Daum
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Frank
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juna Rauch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fevzi Daldal
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Susana L A Andrade
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Nong W, Wu J, Ghiladi RA, Guan Y. The structural appeal of metal–organic frameworks in antimicrobial applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Akintunde JK, Ajiboye JA, Siemuri EO, Olabisi OO. Fansidar drug induces cytotoxicity in some vital tissues in a rat model: combination defensive effect of selenium and zinc capsules. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2021; 12:20420986211027101. [PMID: 34349977 PMCID: PMC8287264 DOI: 10.1177/20420986211027101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Fansidar (FAN) is widely used as an antimalarial drug, but it may cause hepatoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Hence, the study examines the cytoprotection of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) tablets against FAN induced toxicity. METHOD Group I was given distilled water. Groups II, III, IV, and V received 50 mg/kg FAN by gavage. Group III was co-treated with a 50 mg/kg Se tablet. Group IV was co-treated with a 50 mg/kg Zn tablet. Group V was co-treated with a 50 mg/kg Se tablet + 50 mg/kg Zn tablet. The exposure lasted for 7 days (sub-acute exposure). RESULT FAN causes cytotoxicity through significant (p < 0.05) alteration of antioxidant molecules and hepatic enzymes. It also significantly (p < 0.05) induces renal, hepatocyte, and purkinje cell damage, but no visible lesion on testicular cells. The FAN induced cytotoxicity was significantly (p < 0.05) reversed on treatment with both single and combined antioxidant tablets. CONCLUSION Our study supports the view that antioxidant micronutrient (Se and Zn) tablets may be a useful modulator in alleviating FAN induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in male rats. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Combined selenium and zinc capsules: better therapy against cytotoxicity Fansidar was approved by United States' Food and Drug Administration as an anti-malarial drug to treat acute and complicated malaria fever among patients in West Africa; however, its usage elicits toxicity to several organs of the body. It was elucidated that the combination of selenium and zinc capsules promotes organ wellness on co-treatment with Fansidar.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K Akintunde
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - J. A Ajiboye
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry unit, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - E. O Siemuri
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria
| | - O. O. Olabisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry unit, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Bahr G, González LJ, Vila AJ. Metallo-β-lactamases in the Age of Multidrug Resistance: From Structure and Mechanism to Evolution, Dissemination, and Inhibitor Design. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7957-8094. [PMID: 34129337 PMCID: PMC9062786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major problems in current practical medicine. The spread of genes coding for resistance determinants among bacteria challenges the use of approved antibiotics, narrowing the options for treatment. Resistance to carbapenems, last resort antibiotics, is a major concern. Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze carbapenems, penicillins, and cephalosporins, becoming central to this problem. These enzymes diverge with respect to serine-β-lactamases by exhibiting a different fold, active site, and catalytic features. Elucidating their catalytic mechanism has been a big challenge in the field that has limited the development of useful inhibitors. This review covers exhaustively the details of the active-site chemistries, the diversity of MBL alleles, the catalytic mechanism against different substrates, and how this information has helped developing inhibitors. We also discuss here different aspects critical to understand the success of MBLs in conferring resistance: the molecular determinants of their dissemination, their cell physiology, from the biogenesis to the processing involved in the transit to the periplasm, and the uptake of the Zn(II) ions upon metal starvation conditions, such as those encountered during an infection. In this regard, the chemical, biochemical and microbiological aspects provide an integrative view of the current knowledge of MBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Bahr
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- Area Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lisandro J. González
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- Area Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J. Vila
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda S/N, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- Area Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Chi BB, Lu YN, Yin PC, Liu HY, Chen HY, Shan Y. Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Highly Metal-Tolerant Penicillium janthinellum P1 Provide Insights Into Its Metal Tolerance. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663217. [PMID: 34149650 PMCID: PMC8212970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a global knotty problem and fungi hold promising potential for the remediation of wastewater containing heavy metals. Here, a new highly chromium-tolerance species, Penicillium janthinellum P1, is investigated. The genome of P1 was sequenced and assembled into 30 Mb genome size containing 10,955 predicted protein-coding genes with a GC content of 46.16% through an integrated method of Illumina short-read sequencing and single-molecule real-time Pacific Biosciences sequencing platforms. Through a phylogenetic analysis with model species of fungi, the evolutionary divergence time of Penicillium janthinellum P1 and Penicillium oxalicum 114-2 was estimated to be 74 MYA. 33 secondary metabolism gene clusters were identified via antiSMASH software, mainly including non-ribosomal peptide synthase genes and T1 polyketide synthase genes. 525 genes were annotated to encode enzymes that act on carbohydrates, involving 101 glucose-degrading enzymes and 24 polysaccharide synthase. By whole-genome sequence analysis, large numbers of metal resistance genes were found in strain P1. Especially ABC transporter and Superoxide dismutase ensure that the P1 fungus can survive in a chromium-polluted environment. ChrA and ChrR were also identified as key genes for chromium resistance. Analysis of their genetic loci revealed that the specific coding-gene arrangement may account for the fungus’s chromium resistance. Genetic information and comparative analysis of Penicillium janthinellum are valuable for further understanding the mechanism of high resistance to heavy metal chromium, and gene loci analysis provides a new perspective for identifying chromium-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Chi
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Ya-Nan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Ping-Chuan Yin
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Hui-Ying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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Liu Y, Yang W, Su T, Che C, Li G, Chen C, Si M. The cssR gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum plays a negative regulatory role in stress responses. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:110. [PMID: 34082775 PMCID: PMC8176726 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CssR, the product of the Corynebacterium glutamicum ncgl1578 gene cotranscribed with ncgl1579, is a TetR (tetracycline regulator) family repressor. Although many TetR-type regulators in C. glutamicum have been extensively described, members of the TetR family involved in the stress response remain unidentified. Results In this study, we found that CssR regulated the transcription of its own gene and the ncgl1576-ncgl1577 operon. The ncgl1576-ncgl1577 operon, which is located upstream of cssR in the orientation opposite that of the cssR operon, encodes an ATP-binding cassette (ABC), some of which are involved in the export of a wide range of antimicrobial compounds. The cssR-deletion (ΔcssR) mutant displayed increased resistance to various stresses. An imperfect palindromic motif (5′-TAA(G)TGN13CA(G)TTA-3′; 25 bp) located at the intergenic region between cssR and ncgl1577 was identified as the sole binding site for CssR. Expression of cssR and ncgl1577 was induced by antibiotics and heavy metals but not H2O2 or diamide, and the DNA-binding activity of CssR was impaired by antibiotics and heavy metals but not H2O2. Antibiotics and heavy metals caused CssR dissociation from target gene promoters, thus derepressing their transcription. Oxidant treatment neither altered the conformation of CssR nor modified its cysteine residues, indicating that the cysteine residues in CssR have no redox activity. In the ΔcssR mutant strain, genes involved in redox homeostasis also showed increased transcription levels, and the NADPH/NADP+ ratio was higher than that of the parental strain. Conclusion The stress response mechanism of CssR in C. glutamicum is realized via ligand-induced conformational changes of the protein, not via cysteine oxidation-based thiol modification. Moreover, the crucial role of CssR in the stress response was demonstrated by negatively controlling the expression of the ncgl1576-ncgl1577 operon, its structural gene, and/or redox homeostasis-related genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01600-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tao Su
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Chengchuan Che
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Guizhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Can Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, China.
| | - Meiru Si
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China.
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Klenotic PA, Moseng MA, Morgan CE, Yu EW. Structural and Functional Diversity of Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Transporters. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5378-5416. [PMID: 33211490 PMCID: PMC8119314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are a global threat with many common infections becoming increasingly difficult to eliminate. While significant effort has gone into the development of potent biocides, the effectiveness of many first-line antibiotics has been diminished due to adaptive resistance mechanisms. Bacterial membrane proteins belonging to the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily play significant roles in mediating bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. They participate in multidrug efflux and cell wall biogenesis to transform bacterial pathogens into "superbugs" that are resistant even to last resort antibiotics. In this review, we summarize the RND superfamily of efflux transporters with a primary focus on the assembly and function of the inner membrane pumps. These pumps are critical for extrusion of antibiotics from the cell as well as the transport of lipid moieties to the outer membrane to establish membrane rigidity and stability. We analyze recently solved structures of bacterial inner membrane efflux pumps as to how they bind and transport their substrates. Our cumulative data indicate that these RND membrane proteins are able to utilize different oligomerization states to achieve particular activities, including forming MDR pumps and cell wall remodeling machineries, to ensure bacterial survival. This mechanistic insight, combined with simulated docking techniques, allows for the design and optimization of new efflux pump inhibitors to more effectively treat infections that today are difficult or impossible to cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Klenotic
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Moseng
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
| | - Christopher E. Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
| | - Edward W. Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
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27
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Brawley HN, Lindahl PA. Low-molecular-mass labile metal pools in Escherichia coli: advances using chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:479-494. [PMID: 33963934 PMCID: PMC8205893 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Labile low-molecular-mass (LMM) transition metal complexes play essential roles in metal ion trafficking, regulation, and signalling in biological systems, yet their chemical identities remain largely unknown due to their rapid ligand-exchange rates and weak M-L bonds. Here, an Escherichia coli cytosol isolation procedure was developed that was devoid of detergents, strongly coordinating buffers, and EDTA. The interaction of the metal ions from these complexes with a SEC column was minimized by pre-loading the column with 67ZnSO4 and then monitoring 66Zn and other metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) when investigating cytosolic ultrafiltration flow-through-solutions (FTSs). Endogenous cytosolic salts suppressed ESI-MS signals, making the detection of metal complexes difficult. FTSs contained ca. 80 µM Fe, 15 µM Ni, 13 µM Zn, 10 µM Cu, and 1.4 µM Mn (after correcting for dilution during cytosol isolation). FTSs exhibited 2-5 Fe, at least 2 Ni, 2-5 Zn, 2-4 Cu, and at least 2 Mn species with apparent masses between 300 and 5000 Da. Fe(ATP), Fe(GSH), and Zn(GSH) standards were passed through the column to assess their presence in FTS. Major LMM sulfur- and phosphorus-containing species were identified. These included reduced and oxidized glutathione, methionine, cysteine, orthophosphate, and common mono- and di-nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, AMP, and NADH. FTSs from cells grown in media supplemented with one of these metal salts exhibited increased peak intensity for the supplemented metal indicating that the size of the labile metal pools in E. coli is sensitive to the concentration of nutrient metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley N Brawley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA
| | - Paul A Lindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Pearson SA, Cowan JA. Glutathione-coordinated metal complexes as substrates for cellular transporters. Metallomics 2021; 13:mfab015. [PMID: 33770183 PMCID: PMC8086996 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is the major thiol-containing species in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and plays a wide variety of roles, including detoxification of metals by sequestration, reduction, and efflux. ABC transporters such as MRP1 and MRP2 detoxify the cell from certain metals by exporting the cations as a metal-glutathione complex. The ability of the bacterial Atm1 protein to efflux metal-glutathione complexes appears to have evolved over time to become the ABCB7 transporter in mammals, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. No longer needed for the role of cellular detoxification, ABCB7 appears to be used to transport glutathione-coordinated iron-sulfur clusters from mitochondria to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Pearson
- The Ohio State University Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J A Cowan
- The Ohio State University Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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29
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Characterization of the roles of activated charcoal and Chelex in the induction of PrfA regulon expression in complex medium. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250989. [PMID: 33914817 PMCID: PMC8084165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is able to survive across a wide range of intra- and extra-host environments by appropriately modulating gene expression patterns in response to different stimuli. Positive Regulatory Factor A (PrfA) is the major transcriptional regulator of virulence gene expression in L. monocytogenes. It has long been known that activated charcoal is required to induce the expression of PrfA-regulated genes in complex media, such as Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), but not in chemically defined media. In this study, we show that the expression of the PrfA-regulated hly, which encodes listeriolysin O, is induced 5- and 8-fold in L. monocytogenes cells grown in Chelex-treated BHI (Ch-BHI) and in the presence of activated charcoal (AC-BHI), respectively, relative to cells grown in BHI medium. Specifically, we show that metal ions present in BHI broth plays a role in the reduced expression of the PrfA regulon. In addition, we show that expression of hly is induced when the levels of bioavailable extra- or intercellular iron are reduced. L. monocytogenes cells grown Ch-BHI and AC-BHI media showed similar levels of resistance to the iron-activated antibiotic, streptonigrin, indicating that activated charcoal reduces the intracellular labile iron pool. Metal depletion and exogenously added glutathione contributed synergistically to PrfA-regulated gene expression since glutathione further increased hly expression in metal-depleted BHI but not in BHI medium. Analyses of transcriptional reporter fusion expression patterns revealed that genes in the PrfA regulon are differentially expressed in response to metal depletion, metal excess and exogenous glutathione. Our results suggest that metal ion abundance plays a role in modulating expression of PrfA-regulated virulence genes in L. monocytogenes.
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30
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Maaskant RV, Chordia S, Roelfes G. Merging Whole‐cell Biosynthesis of Styrene and Transition‐metal Catalyzed Derivatization Reactions. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V. Maaskant
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Shreyans Chordia
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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31
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Nothling MD, Cao H, McKenzie TG, Hocking DM, Strugnell RA, Qiao GG. Bacterial Redox Potential Powers Controlled Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:286-293. [PMID: 33373526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbes employ a remarkably intricate electron transport system to extract energy from the environment. The respiratory cascade of bacteria culminates in the terminal transfer of electrons onto higher redox potential acceptors in the extracellular space. This general and inducible mechanism of electron efflux during normal bacterial proliferation leads to a characteristic fall in bulk redox potential (Eh), the degree of which is dependent on growth phase, the microbial taxa, and their physiology. Here, we show that the general reducing power of bacteria can be subverted to induce the abiotic production of a carbon-centered radical species for targeted bioorthogonal molecular synthesis. Using two species, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as model microbes, a common redox active aryldiazonium salt is employed to intervene in the terminal respiratory electron flow, affording radical production that is mediated by native redox-active molecular shuttles and active bacterial metabolism. The aryl radicals are harnessed to initiate and sustain a bioorthogonal controlled radical polymerization via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (BacRAFT), yielding a synthetic extracellular matrix of "living" vinyl polymers with predetermined molecular weight and low dispersity. The ability to interface the ubiquitous reducing power of bacteria into synthetic materials design offers a new means for creating engineered living materials with promising adaptive and self-regenerative capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Nothling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hanwei Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dianna M Hocking
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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32
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Rivera-Millot A, Slupek S, Chatagnon J, Roy G, Saliou JM, Billon G, Alaimo V, Hot D, Salomé-Desnoulez S, Locht C, Antoine R, Jacob-Dubuisson F. Streamlined copper defenses make Bordetella pertussis reliant on custom-made operon. Commun Biol 2021; 4:46. [PMID: 33420409 PMCID: PMC7794356 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is both essential and toxic to living beings, which tightly controls its intracellular concentration. At the host-pathogen interface, copper is used by phagocytic cells to kill invading microorganisms. We investigated copper homeostasis in Bordetella pertussis, which lives in the human respiratory mucosa and has no environmental reservoir. B. pertussis has considerably streamlined copper homeostasis mechanisms relative to other Gram-negative bacteria. Its single remaining defense line consists of a metallochaperone diverted for copper passivation, CopZ, and two peroxide detoxification enzymes, PrxGrx and GorB, which together fight stresses encountered in phagocytic cells. Those proteins are encoded by an original, composite operon assembled in an environmental ancestor, which is under sensitive control by copper. This system appears to contribute to persistent infection in the nasal cavity of B. pertussis-infected mice. Combining responses to co-occurring stresses in a tailored operon reveals a strategy adopted by a host-restricted pathogen to optimize survival at minimal energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rivera-Millot
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Slupek
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Chatagnon
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gauthier Roy
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gabriel Billon
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 – LASIRE – Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l’Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Véronique Alaimo
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 – LASIRE – Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l’Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Salomé-Desnoulez
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France ,grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Bio Imaging Center Lille platform (BICeL), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rudy Antoine
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Françoise Jacob-Dubuisson
- grid.463727.30000 0004 0386 3856Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019- UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Oetiker N, Muñoz-Villagrán C, Vásquez CC, Bravo D, Pérez-Donoso JM. Bacterial phototoxicity of biomimetic CdTe-GSH quantum dots. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:155-168. [PMID: 33274558 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles or quantum dots (QDs) have excellent properties as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. This is mainly a consequence of their nanometric size and the generation of light-activated redox species. In previous works, we have reported the low-cost biomimetic synthesis of glutathione (GSH) capped QDs (CdTe-GSH QDs) with high biocompatibility. However, no studies have been performed to determine their phototoxic effect. The aim of this work was to characterize the light-induced toxicity of green (QDs500 ) and red (QDs600 ) QDs in Escherichia coli, and to study the molecular mechanism involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Photodegradation and reduction power of biomimetic QDs was determined to analyse their potential for radical generation. Escherichia coli cells were exposed to photoactivated QDs and viability was evaluated at different times. High toxicity was determined in E. coli cells exposed to photoactivated QDs, particularly QDs500 . The molecular mechanism involved in QDs phototoxicity was studied by determining Cd2+ -release and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cells exposed to photoactivated QDs500 presented high levels of ROS. Cells exposed to photoactivated QDs500 presented high levels of ROS. Finally, to understand this phenomenon and the importance of oxidative and cadmium-stress in QDs-mediated phototoxicity, experiments were performed in E. coli mutants in ROS and Cd2+ response genes. As expected, E. coli mutants in ROS response genes were more sensitive than the wt strain to photoactivated QDs, with a higher effect in green-QDs500 . No increase in phototoxicity was observed in cadmium-related mutants. CONCLUSION Obtained results indicate that light exposure increases the toxicity of biomimetic QDs on E. coli cells. The mechanism of bacterial phototoxicity of biomimetic CdTe-GSH QDs is mostly associated with ROS generation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results presented establish biomimetic CdTe-GSH QDs as a promising cost-effective alternative against microbial infections, particularly QDs500 .
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oetiker
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center of Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Muñoz-Villagrán
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C C Vásquez
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Bravo
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Dentistry Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J M Pérez-Donoso
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center of Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for bacterial physiology but in excess it is bacteriotoxic. To limit Cu levels in the cytoplasm, most bacteria possess a transcriptionally responsive system for Cu export. In the Gram-positive human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]), this system is encoded by the copYAZ operon. This study demonstrates that although the site of GAS infection represents a Cu-rich environment, inactivation of the copA Cu efflux gene does not reduce virulence in a mouse model of invasive disease. In vitro, Cu treatment leads to multiple observable phenotypes, including defects in growth and viability, decreased fermentation, inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapA) activity, and misregulation of metal homeostasis, likely as a consequence of mismetalation of noncognate metal-binding sites by Cu. Surprisingly, the onset of these effects is delayed by ∼4 h even though expression of copZ is upregulated immediately upon exposure to Cu. Further biochemical investigations show that the onset of all phenotypes coincides with depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH). Supplementation with extracellular GSH replenishes the intracellular pool of this thiol and suppresses all the observable effects of Cu treatment. These results indicate that GSH buffers excess intracellular Cu when the transcriptionally responsive Cu export system is overwhelmed. Thus, while the copYAZ operon is responsible for Cu homeostasis, GSH has a role in Cu tolerance and allows bacteria to maintain metabolism even in the presence of an excess of this metal ion.IMPORTANCE The control of intracellular metal availability is fundamental to bacterial physiology. In the case of copper (Cu), it has been established that rising intracellular Cu levels eventually fill the metal-sensing site of the endogenous Cu-sensing transcriptional regulator, which in turn induces transcription of a copper export pump. This response caps intracellular Cu availability below a well-defined threshold and prevents Cu toxicity. Glutathione, abundant in many bacteria, is known to bind Cu and has long been assumed to contribute to bacterial Cu handling. However, there is some ambiguity since neither its biosynthesis nor uptake is Cu-regulated. Furthermore, there is little experimental support for this physiological role of glutathione beyond measuring growth of glutathione-deficient mutants in the presence of Cu. Our work with group A Streptococcus provides new evidence that glutathione increases the threshold of intracellular Cu availability that can be tolerated by bacteria and thus advances fundamental understanding of bacterial Cu handling.
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35
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Si M, Chen C, Zhong J, Li X, Liu Y, Su T, Yang G. MsrR is a thiol-based oxidation-sensing regulator of the XRE family that modulates C. glutamicum oxidative stress resistance. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:189. [PMID: 33008408 PMCID: PMC7532634 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium glutamicum thrives under oxidative stress caused by the inevitably extreme environment during fermentation as it harbors antioxidative stress genes. Antioxidant genes are controlled by pathway-specific sensors that act in response to growth conditions. Although many families of oxidation-sensing regulators in C. glutamicum have been well described, members of the xenobiotic-response element (XRE) family, involved in oxidative stress, remain elusive. Results In this study, we report a novel redox-sensitive member of the XER family, MsrR (multiple stress resistance regulator). MsrR is encoded as part of the msrR-3-mst (3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase) operon; msrR-3-mst is divergent from multidrug efflux protein MFS. MsrR was demonstrated to bind to the intergenic region between msrR-3-mst and mfs. This binding was prevented by an MsrR oxidation-mediated increase in MsrR dimerization. MsrR was shown to use Cys62 oxidation to sense oxidative stress, resulting in its dissociation from the promoter. Elevated expression of msrR-3-mst and mfs was observed under stress. Furthermore, a ΔmsrR mutant strain displayed significantly enhanced growth, while the growth of strains lacking either 3-mst or mfs was significantly inhibited under stress. Conclusion This report is the first to demonstrate the critical role of MsrR-3-MST-MFS in bacterial stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Si
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Can Chen
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, China
| | - Jingyi Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Su
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Ge Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China.
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Andrei A, Öztürk Y, Khalfaoui-Hassani B, Rauch J, Marckmann D, Trasnea PI, Daldal F, Koch HG. Cu Homeostasis in Bacteria: The Ins and Outs. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E242. [PMID: 32962054 PMCID: PMC7558416 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide dismutation. However, due to its toxicity, cells have developed elaborate mechanisms for Cu homeostasis, which balance Cu supply for cuproprotein biogenesis with the need to remove excess Cu. This review summarizes our current knowledge on bacterial Cu homeostasis with a focus on Gram-negative bacteria and describes the multiple strategies that bacteria use for uptake, storage and export of Cu. We furthermore describe general mechanistic principles that aid the bacterial response to toxic Cu concentrations and illustrate dedicated Cu relay systems that facilitate Cu delivery for cuproenzyme biogenesis. Progress in understanding how bacteria avoid Cu poisoning while maintaining a certain Cu quota for cell proliferation is of particular importance for microbial pathogens because Cu is utilized by the host immune system for attenuating pathogen survival in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Andrei
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
- Fakultät für Biologie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yavuz Öztürk
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | | | - Juna Rauch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Dorian Marckmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | | | - Fevzi Daldal
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
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Capeness MJ, Horsfall LE. Synthetic biology approaches towards the recycling of metals from the environment. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1367-1378. [PMID: 32627824 PMCID: PMC7458392 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metals are a finite resource and their demand for use within existing and new technologies means metal scarcity is increasingly a global challenge. Conversely, there are areas containing such high levels of metal pollution that they are hazardous to life, and there is loss of material at every stage of the lifecycle of metals and their products. While traditional resource extraction methods are becoming less cost effective, due to a lowering quality of ore, industrial practices have begun turning to newer technologies to tap into metal resources currently locked up in contaminated land or lost in the extraction and manufacturing processes. One such technology uses biology for the remediation of metals, simultaneously extracting resources, decontaminating land, and reducing waste. Using biology for the identification and recovery of metals is considered a much 'greener' alternative to that of chemical methods, and this approach is about to undergo a renaissance thanks to synthetic biology. Synthetic biology couples molecular genetics with traditional engineering principles, incorporating a modular and standardised practice into the assembly of genetic parts. This has allowed the use of non-model organisms in place of the normal laboratory strains, as well as the adaption of environmentally sourced genetic material to standardised parts and practices. While synthetic biology is revolutionising the genetic capability of standard model organisms, there has been limited incursion into current practices for the biological recovery of metals from environmental sources. This mini-review will focus on some of the areas that have potential roles to play in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Capeness
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, and the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roger Land Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, U.K
| | - Louise E. Horsfall
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, and the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roger Land Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, U.K
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38
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CarR, a MarR-family regulator from Corynebacterium glutamicum, modulated antibiotic and aromatic compound resistance. Biochem J 2020; 476:3141-3159. [PMID: 31689352 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MarR (multiple antibiotic resistance regulator) proteins are a family of transcriptional regulators that is prevalent in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Understanding the physiological and biochemical function of MarR homologs in C. glutamicum has focused on cysteine oxidation-based redox-sensing and substrate metabolism-involving regulators. In this study, we characterized the stress-related ligand-binding functions of the C. glutamicum MarR-type regulator CarR (C. glutamicum antibiotic-responding regulator). We demonstrate that CarR negatively regulates the expression of the carR (ncgl2886)-uspA (ncgl2887) operon and the adjacent, oppositely oriented gene ncgl2885, encoding the hypothetical deacylase DecE. We also show that CarR directly activates transcription of the ncgl2882-ncgl2884 operon, encoding the peptidoglycan synthesis operon (PSO) located upstream of carR in the opposite orientation. The addition of stress-associated ligands such as penicillin and streptomycin induced carR, uspA, decE, and PSO expression in vivo, as well as attenuated binding of CarR to operator DNA in vitro. Importantly, stress response-induced up-regulation of carR, uspA, and PSO gene expression correlated with cell resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and aromatic compounds. Six highly conserved residues in CarR were found to strongly influence its ligand binding and transcriptional regulatory properties. Collectively, the results indicate that the ligand binding of CarR induces its dissociation from the carR-uspA promoter to derepress carR and uspA transcription. Ligand-free CarR also activates PSO expression, which in turn contributes to C. glutamicum stress resistance. The outcomes indicate that the stress response mechanism of CarR in C. glutamicum occurs via ligand-induced conformational changes to the protein, not via cysteine oxidation-based thiol modifications.
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Muñoz D, Marcano L, Martín-Rodríguez R, Simonelli L, Serrano A, García-Prieto A, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Muela A. Magnetosomes could be protective shields against metal stress in magnetotactic bacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11430. [PMID: 32651449 PMCID: PMC7351786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are aquatic microorganisms with the ability to biomineralise membrane-enclosed magnetic nanoparticles, called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes are arranged into a chain that behaves as a magnetic compass, allowing the bacteria to align in and navigate along the Earth’s magnetic field lines. According to the magneto-aerotactic hypothesis, the purpose of producing magnetosomes is to provide the bacteria with a more efficient movement within the stratified water column, in search of the optimal positions that satisfy their nutritional requirements. However, magnetosomes could have other physiological roles, as proposed in this work. Here we analyse the role of magnetosomes in the tolerance of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 to transition metals (Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu). By exposing bacterial populations with and without magnetosomes to increasing concentrations of metals in the growth medium, we observe that the tolerance is significantly higher when bacteria have magnetosomes. The resistance mechanisms triggered in magnetosome-bearing bacteria under metal stress have been investigated by means of x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). XANES experiments were performed both on magnetosomes isolated from the bacteria and on the whole bacteria, aimed to assess whether bacteria use magnetosomes as metal storages, or whether they incorporate the excess metal in other cell compartments. Our findings reveal that the tolerance mechanisms are metal-specific: Mn, Zn and Cu are incorporated in both the magnetosomes and other cell compartments; Co is only incorporated in the magnetosomes, and Ni is incorporated in other cell compartments. In the case of Co, Zn and Mn, the metal is integrated in the magnetosome magnetite mineral core.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Muñoz
- Dpto. de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - L Marcano
- Dpto. de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Martín-Rodríguez
- QUIPRE Department, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Spain.,Nanomedicine Group, IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - L Simonelli
- CLAESS beamline, ALBA Synchrotron, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - A Serrano
- SpLine, Spanish CRG BM25 Beamline, ESRF, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - A García-Prieto
- Dpto. de Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.,BCMaterials, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - M L Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto. de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,BCMaterials, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - A Muela
- Dpto. de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain. .,BCMaterials, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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40
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Ren X, Zou L, Holmgren A. Targeting Bacterial Antioxidant Systems for Antibiotics Development. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1922-1939. [PMID: 31589114 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191007163654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become an urgent issue in modern medicine which requires novel strategies to develop antibiotics. Recent studies have supported the hypothesis that antibiotic-induced bacterial cell death is mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The hypothesis also highlighted the importance of antioxidant systems, the defense mechanism which contributes to antibiotic resistance. Thioredoxin and glutathione systems are the two major thiol-dependent systems which not only provide antioxidant capacity but also participate in various biological events in bacteria, such as DNA synthesis and protein folding. The biological importance makes them promising targets for novel antibiotics development. Based on the idea, ebselen and auranofin, two bacterial thioredoxin reductase inhibitors, have been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria lacking the GSH efficiently. A recent study combining ebselen and silver exhibited a strong synergistic effect against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria which possess both thioredoxin and glutathione systems. These drug-repurposing studies are promising for quick clinical usage due to their well-known profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lili Zou
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/ Institute of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University, 443000 Yichang, China
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Winans MJ, Gallagher JEG. Metallomic and lipidomic analysis of S. cerevisiae response to cellulosic copper nanoparticles uncovers drivers of toxicity. Metallomics 2020; 12:799-812. [PMID: 32239052 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a promising new technology, of which antimicrobial metal nanocomposites are predicted to become valuable in medical and food packaging applications. Copper is a redox-active antimicrobial metal that can become increasingly toxic depending on the target biomolecule's donor atom selectivity and the chemical species of copper present. Mass is the traditional measurement of the intrinsic elemental chemistry, but this practice fails to reflect the morphology and surface area reactivity of nanotechnology. The carboxymethyl cellulose copper nanoparticles (CMC-Cu) investigated in this study have unique and undefined toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is different from CuSO4. Cellular surface damage was found in scanning electron micrographs upon CMC-Cu exposure. Further investigation into the lipids revealed altered phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine membrane composition, as well as depleted triacylglycerols, suggesting an impact on the Kennedy lipid pathway. High levels of reactive oxygen species were measured which likely played a role in the lipid peroxidation detected with CMC-Cu treatment. Metal homeostasis was affected by CMC-Cu treatment. The copper sensitive yeast strain, YJM789, significantly decreased cellular zinc concentrations while the copper concentrations increased, suggesting a possible ionic mimicry relationship. In contrast to other compounds that generate ROS, no evidence of genotoxicity was found. As commonplace objects become more integrated with nanotechnology, humanity must look forward past traditional measurements of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Winans
- West Virginia University - Biology Department, 53 Campus Drive LSB 3140, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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42
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Giachino A, Waldron KJ. Copper tolerance in bacteria requires the activation of multiple accessory pathways. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:377-390. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giachino
- Biosciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Kevin J. Waldron
- Biosciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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43
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Wu W, Li X, Zhang X, Gu T, Qiu Y, Zhu M, Tan W. Characteristics of oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses by a mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria in response to Co 2+ exposure. Extremophiles 2020; 24:485-499. [PMID: 32322992 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During bioleaching of Cobalt from waste lithium-ion batteries, the biooxidation activity of acidophilic bacteria is inhibited by a high concentration of Co ion in the liquid phase. However, the mechanism for Co2+ toxicity to acidophilic bacteria has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects of Co2+ concentration on the biooxidation activity for Fe2+, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and antioxidant defense systems in a mixed-culture of acidophilic bacteria (MCAB) were investigated. The results showed that the biooxidation activity of the MCAB was inhibited by Co2+. Furthermore, it was indicated that the intracellular ROS contents of the MCAB under conditions of 0.4 M and 0.6 M Co2+ were 2.60 and 3.34 times higher than that under the condition of 0 M Co2+. The increase in intracellular malondialdehyde content indicated that the oxidative damage was induced by Co2+. Moreover, the antioxidant systems in MCAB were affected by Co2+. It was observed that the Co2+ exposure increased the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities while reducing the superoxide dismutase activity and the intracellular glutathione (GSH) content. It was found that an exogenous GSH supplementation eliminated excess intracellular ROS and improved the biooxidation activity of the MCAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Tingyue Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Yongqiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Minglong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wensong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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44
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Maurakis S, Cornelissen CN. Metal-Limited Growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for Characterization of Metal-Responsive Genes and Metal Acquisition from Host Ligands. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32202529 DOI: 10.3791/60903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace metals such as iron and zinc are vital nutrients known to play key roles in prokaryotic processes including gene regulation, catalysis, and protein structure. Metal sequestration by hosts often leads to metal limitation for the bacterium. This limitation induces bacterial gene expression whose protein products allow bacteria to overcome their metal-limited environment. Characterization of such genes is challenging. Bacteria must be grown in meticulously prepared media that allows sufficient access to nutritional metals to permit bacterial growth while maintaining a metal profile conducive to achieving expression of the aforementioned genes. As such, a delicate balance must be established for the concentrations of these metals. Growing a nutritionally fastidious organism such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which has evolved to survive only in the human host, adds an additional level of complexity. Here, we describe the preparation of a defined metal-limited medium sufficient to allow gonococcal growth and the desired gene expression. This method allows the investigator to chelate iron and zinc from undesired sources while supplementing the media with defined sources of iron or zinc, whose preparation is also described. Finally, we outline three experiments that utilize this media to help characterize the protein products of metal-regulated gonococcal genes.
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45
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Synthesis and Properties of Zinc-Modified Hydroxyapatite. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11010010. [PMID: 32093305 PMCID: PMC7151590 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatites modified with metal ions are the main inorganic components of bone tissue and are approved for use as components for biocomposites and coatings for surgical implants. This study examined prototypes of functional materials for bone implants based on hydroxyapatite modified with zinc ions. Zinc-modified hydroxyapatite was composed and synthesized. Using the XRD method, the phase composition was established. Using SEM, EPMA, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (BET) methods, surface properties were investigated. Antibacterial activity and biocompatibility have been established. The studied materials have antimicrobial activity; the samples did not cause significant changes in either the internal organs or the general condition of laboratory animals during the entire experiment.
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46
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Sehin TB, Hnatush SO, Maslovska OD, Halushka AA, Zaritska YH. Biochemical indicators of green photosynthetic bacteria Chlorobium limicola response to Cu(2+) action. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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47
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Baksh KA, Zamble DB. Allosteric control of metal-responsive transcriptional regulators in bacteria. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1673-1684. [PMID: 31857375 PMCID: PMC7008368 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.011444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many transition metals are essential trace nutrients for living organisms, but they are also cytotoxic in high concentrations. Bacteria maintain the delicate balance between metal starvation and toxicity through a complex network of metal homeostasis pathways. These systems are coordinated by the activities of metal-responsive transcription factors-also known as metal-sensor proteins or metalloregulators-that are tuned to sense the bioavailability of specific metals in the cell in order to regulate the expression of genes encoding proteins that contribute to metal homeostasis. Metal binding to a metalloregulator allosterically influences its ability to bind specific DNA sequences through a variety of intricate mechanisms that lie on a continuum between large conformational changes and subtle changes in internal dynamics. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how metal sensor proteins respond to intracellular metal concentrations. In particular, we highlight the allosteric mechanisms used for metal-responsive regulation of several prokaryotic single-component metalloregulators, and we briefly discuss current open questions of how metalloregulators function in bacterial cells. Understanding the regulation and function of metal-responsive transcription factors is a fundamental aspect of metallobiochemistry and is important for gaining insights into bacterial growth and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Baksh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Deborah B Zamble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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48
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Wang H, Wu P, Liu J, Yang S, Ruan B, Rehman S, Liu L, Zhu N. The regulatory mechanism of Chryseobacterium sp. resistance mediated by montmorillonite upon cadmium stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124851. [PMID: 31546187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and its uptake by living organisms causes adverse effect, further resulting in cycle pollution of the biosphere. The specific regulatory mechanism between clays and microbes under Cd stress remains unclear. In this study, interface interactions among clays, microbes and Cd were confirmed. Comparative transcriptome was conducted to investigate how it regulated gene expression patterns of microbes (Chryseobacterium sp. WAL2), which exposed to a series of gradient concentrations of Cd (16, 32, 64 and 128 μg mL-1) for 12 d in the presence and absence of clay montmorillonite (Mt) (16 g L-1). Cd was highly enriched by the unique interface interactions between Mt and bacteria (67.6-82.1%), leading to a more hostile environment for bacterial cells. However, Mt ultimately enhanced bacterial resistance to Cd stress by stimulating the mechanism of bacterial resistance; namely: (i) Mt increased genes expression connected with ion transport, enhancing the uptake of Cd; (ii) Mt stimulated genes expression related to efflux pump and positively regulated cellular oxidative stress (e.g., glutathione) and Cd accumulation (e.g., cysteine) processes. Further, genes expression related to intracellular metabolic processes was enforced, which supplied a driving force and accelerated electron transfer; (iii) Mt improved genes expression involved in DNA replication and other biological processes (e.g., terpenoid backbone biosynthesis) to maintain bacterial vitality. Therefore, the study not only optimized a unique Cd resistance mechanism of Mt on Chryseobacterium sp., but also provided a novel insight for environmental mitigation of heavy metals from the perspective of molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Bo Ruan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Saeed Rehman
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Liangting Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Nengwu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Lonergan ZR, Skaar EP. Nutrient Zinc at the Host-Pathogen Interface. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:1041-1056. [PMID: 31326221 PMCID: PMC6864270 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential cofactor required for life and, as such, mechanisms exist for its homeostatic maintenance in biological systems. Despite the evolutionary distance between vertebrates and microbial life, there are parallel mechanisms to balance the essentiality of zinc with its inherent toxicity. Vertebrates regulate zinc homeostasis through a complex network of metal transporters and buffering systems that respond to changes in nutritional zinc availability or inflammation. Fine-tuning of this network becomes crucial during infections, where host nutritional immunity attempts to limit zinc availability to pathogens. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that pathogens have evolved mechanisms to subvert host-mediated zinc withholding, and these metal homeostasis systems are important for survival within the host. We discuss here the mechanisms of vertebrate and bacterial zinc homeostasis and mobilization, as well as recent developments in our understanding of microbial zinc acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Lonergan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Microbe-Host Interactions Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Antoine R, Rivera-Millot A, Roy G, Jacob-Dubuisson F. Relationships Between Copper-Related Proteomes and Lifestyles in β Proteobacteria. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2217. [PMID: 31608037 PMCID: PMC6769254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential transition metal whose redox properties are used for a variety of enzymatic oxido-reductions and in electron transfer chains. It is also toxic to living beings, and therefore its cellular concentration must be strictly controlled. We have performed in silico analyses of the predicted proteomes of more than one hundred species of β proteobacteria to characterize their copper-related proteomes, including cuproproteins, i.e., proteins with active-site copper ions, copper chaperones, and copper-homeostasis systems. Copper-related proteomes represent between 0 and 1.48% of the total proteomes of β proteobacteria. The numbers of cuproproteins are globally proportional to the proteome sizes in all phylogenetic groups and strongly linked to aerobic respiration. In contrast, environmental bacteria have considerably larger proportions of copper-homeostasis systems than the other groups of bacteria, irrespective of their proteome sizes. Evolution toward commensalism, obligate, host-restricted pathogenesis or symbiosis is globally reflected in the loss of copper-homeostasis systems. In endosymbionts, defense systems and copper chaperones have disappeared, whereas residual cuproenzymes are electron transfer proteins for aerobic respiration. Lifestyle is thus a major determinant of the size and composition of the copper-related proteome, and it is particularly reflected in systems involved in copper homeostasis. Analyses of the copper-related proteomes of a number of species belonging to the Burkholderia, Bordetella, and Neisseria genera indicates that commensals are in the process of shedding their copper-homeostasis systems and chaperones to greater extents yet than pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Françoise Jacob-Dubuisson
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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