1
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Herkert NR, Thoden JB, Holden HM. Structure and function of an
N
‐acetyltransferase from the human pathogen
Acinetobacter baumannii
isolate BAL_212. Proteins 2022; 90:1594-1605. [PMID: 35277885 PMCID: PMC9271549 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram‐negative bacterium commonly found in soil and water that can cause human infections of the blood, lungs, and urinary tract. Of particular concern is its prevalence in health‐care settings where it can survive on surfaces and shared equipment for extended periods of time. The capsular polysaccharide surrounding the organism is known to be the major contributor to virulence. The structure of the K57 capsular polysaccharide produced by A. baumannii isolate BAL_212 from Vietnam was recently shown to contain the rare sugar 4‐acetamido‐4,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucose. Three enzymes are required for its biosynthesis, one of which is encoded by the gene H6W49_RS17300 and referred to as VioB, a putative N‐acetyltransferase. Here, we describe a combined structural and functional analysis of VioB. Kinetic analyses show that the enzyme does, indeed, function on dTDP‐4‐amino‐4,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucose with a catalytic efficiency of 3.9 x 104 M−1 s−1 (±6000), albeit at a reduced value compared to similar enzymes. Three high‐resolution X‐ray structures of various enzyme/ligand complexes were determined to resolutions of 1.65 Å or better. One of these models represents an intermediate analogue of the tetrahedral transition state. Differences between the VioB structure and those determined for the N‐acetyltransferases from Campylobacter jejuni (PglD), Caulobacter crescentus (PerB), and Psychrobacter cryohalolentis (Pcryo_0637) are highlighted. Taken together, this investigation sheds new insight into the Type I sugar N‐acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R. Herkert
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - James B. Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Hazel M. Holden
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin USA
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2
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Liu B, Furevi A, Perepelov AV, Guo X, Cao H, Wang Q, Reeves PR, Knirel YA, Wang L, Widmalm G. Structure and genetics of Escherichia coli O antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:655-683. [PMID: 31778182 PMCID: PMC7685785 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current standard in defining strains for taxonomy and epidemiology, providing the basis for many serotyping schemes for Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers the diversity in E. coli O antigen structures and gene clusters, and the genetic basis for the structural diversity. Of the 187 formally defined O antigens, six (O31, O47, O67, O72, O94 and O122) have since been removed and three (O34, O89 and O144) strains do not produce any O antigen. Therefore, structures are presented for 176 of the 181 E. coli O antigens, some of which include subgroups. Most (93%) of these O antigens are synthesized via the Wzx/Wzy pathway, 11 via the ABC transporter pathway, with O20, O57 and O60 still uncharacterized due to failure to find their O antigen gene clusters. Biosynthetic pathways are given for 38 of the 49 sugars found in E. coli O antigens, and several pairs or groups of the E. coli antigens that have related structures show close relationships of the O antigen gene clusters within clades, thereby highlighting the genetic basis of the evolution of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Axel Furevi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xi Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Quan Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular and Microbial Bioscience, University of Sydney, 2 Butilin Ave, Darlington NSW 2008, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Pang Y, Guo X, Tian X, Liu F, Wang L, Wu J, Zhang S, Li S, Liu B. Developing a novel molecular serotyping system based on capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 309:108332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Bhat AH, Maity S, Giri K, Ambatipudi K. Protein glycosylation: Sweet or bitter for bacterial pathogens? Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:82-102. [PMID: 30632429 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1547681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation systems in many bacteria are often associated with crucial biological processes like pathogenicity, immune evasion and host-pathogen interactions, implying the significance of protein-glycan linkage. Similarly, host protein glycosylation has been implicated in antimicrobial activity as well as in promoting growth of beneficial strains. In fact, few pathogens notably modulate host glycosylation machineries to facilitate their survival. To date, diverse chemical and biological strategies have been developed for conjugate vaccine production for disease control. Bioconjugate vaccines, largely being produced by glycoengineering using PglB (the N-oligosaccharyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni) in suitable bacterial hosts, have been highly promising with respect to their effectiveness in providing protective immunity and ease of production. Recently, a novel method of glycoconjugate vaccine production involving an O-oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL from Neisseria meningitidis, has been optimized. Nevertheless, many questions on defining antigenic determinants, glycosylation markers, species-specific differences in glycosylation machineries, etc. still remain unanswered, necessitating further exploration of the glycosylation systems of important pathogens. Hence, in this review, we will discuss the impact of bacterial protein glycosylation on its pathogenesis and the interaction of pathogens with host protein glycosylation, followed by a discussion on strategies used for bioconjugate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Hussain Bhat
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Sudipa Maity
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Kuldeep Giri
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
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5
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Cao H, Wang M, Wang Q, Xu T, Du Y, Li H, Qian C, Yin Z, Wang L, Wei Y, Wu P, Guo X, Yang B, Liu B. Identifying genetic diversity of O antigens in Aeromonas hydrophila for molecular serotype detection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203445. [PMID: 30183757 PMCID: PMC6124807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a globally occurring, potentially virulent, gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that is known to cause water and food-borne diseases around the world. In this study, we use whole genome sequencing and in silico analyses to identify 14 putative O antigen gene clusters (OGCs) located downstream of the housekeeping genes acrB and/or oprM. We have also identified 7 novel OGCs by analyzing 15 publicly available genomes of different A. hydrophila strains. From the 14 OGCs identified initially, we have deduced that O antigen processing genes involved in the wzx/wzy pathway and the ABC transporter (wzm/wzt) pathway exhibit high molecular diversity among different A. hydrophila strains. Using these genes, we have developed a multiplexed Luminex-based array system that can identify up to 14 A. hydrophila strains. By combining our other results and including the sequences of processing genes from 13 other OGCs (7 OGCs identified from publicly available genome sequences and 6 OGCs that were previously published), we also have the data to create an array system that can identify 25 different A. hydrophila serotypes. Although clinical detection, epidemiological surveillance, and tracing of pathogenic bacteria are typically done using serotyping methods that rely on identifying bacterial surface O antigens through agglutination reactions with antisera, molecular methods such as the one we have developed may be quicker and more cost effective. Our assay shows high specificity, reproducibility, and sensitivity, being able to classify A. hydrophila strains using just 0.1 ng of genomic DNA. In conclusion, our findings indicate that a molecular serotyping system for A. hydrophila could be developed based on specific genes, providing an important molecular tool for the identification of A. hydrophila serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengchun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhui Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengqian Qian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (BY); (BL)
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (BY); (BL)
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6
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Guo X, Wang M, Wang L, Wang Y, Chen T, Wu P, Chen M, Liu B, Feng L. Establishment of a Molecular Serotyping Scheme and a Multiplexed Luminex-Based Array for Enterobacter aerogenes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:501. [PMID: 29616012 PMCID: PMC5867348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotyping based on surface polysaccharide antigens is important for the clinical detection and epidemiological surveillance of pathogens. Polysaccharide gene clusters (PSgcs) are typically responsible for the diversity of bacterial surface polysaccharides. Through whole-genome sequencing and analysis, eight putative PSgc types were identified in 23 Enterobacter aerogenes strains from several geographic areas, allowing us to present the first molecular serotyping system for E. aerogenes. A conventional antigenic scheme was also established and correlated well with the molecular serotyping system that was based on PSgc genetic variation, indicating that PSgc-based molecular typing and immunological serology provide equally valid results. Further, a multiplex Luminex-based array was developed, and a double-blind test was conducted with 97 clinical specimens from Shanghai, China, to validate our array. The results of these analyses indicated that strains containing PSgc4 and PSgc7 comprised the predominant groups. We then examined 86 publicly available E. aerogenes strain genomes and identified an additional seven novel PSgc types, with PSgc10 being the most abundant type. In total, our study identified 15 PSgc types in E. aerogenes, providing the basis for a molecular serotyping scheme. From these results, differing epidemic patterns were identified between strains that were predominant in different regions. Our study highlights the feasibility and reliability of a serotyping system based on PSgc diversity, and for the first time, presents a molecular serotyping system, as well as an antigenic scheme for E. aerogenes, providing the basis for molecular diagnostics and epidemiological surveillance of this important emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Wu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University-Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, China
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7
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Kenyon JJ, Kasimova AA, Shashkov AS, Hall RM, Knirel YA. Acinetobacter baumannii isolate BAL_212 from Vietnam produces the K57 capsular polysaccharide containing a rarely occurring amino sugar N-acetylviosamine. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:217-220. [PMID: 29300154 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The structures of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) produced by different Acinetobacter baumannii strains have proven to be invaluable in confirming the role of specific genes in the synthesis of rare sugars through the correlation of genetic content at the CPS biosynthesis locus with sugars found in corresponding CPS structures. A module of four genes (rmlA, rmlB, vioA and vioB) was identified in the KL57 capsule biosynthesis gene cluster of A. baumannii isolate BAL_212 from Vietnam. These genes were predicted to direct the synthesis of 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (N-acetylviosamine, d-Qui4NAc) and the K57 CPS was found to contain this monosaccharide. The K57 structure was determined and, in addition to d-Qui4NAc, included three N-acetylgalactosamine residues in the main chain, with a single glucose side branch. The KL57 gene cluster has not been found in any other A. baumannii genomes, but the rmlA-rmlB-vioA-vioB module is present in the KL119 gene cluster that would likely produce a d-Qui4NAc-containing CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Kenyon
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anastasiya A Kasimova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Li ZZ, Riegert AS, Goneau MF, Cunningham AM, Vinogradov E, Li J, Schoenhofen IC, Thoden JB, Holden HM, Gilbert M. Characterization of the dTDP-Fuc3N and dTDP-Qui3N biosynthetic pathways in Campylobacter jejuni 81116. Glycobiology 2018; 27:358-369. [PMID: 28096310 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni 81116 (Penner serotype HS:6) has a class E lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis locus containing 19 genes, which encode for 11 putative glycosyltransferases, 1 lipid A acyltransferase and 7 enzymes thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of dideoxyhexosamine (ddHexN) moieties. Although the LOS outer core structure of C. jejuni 81116 is still unknown, recent mass spectrometry analyses suggest that it contains acetylated forms of two ddHexN residues. For this investigation, five of the genes encoding enzymes reportedly involved in the biosyntheses of these sugar residues were examined, rmlA, rmlB, wlaRA, wlaRB and wlaRG. Specifically, these genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the corresponding enzymes were purified and tested for biochemical activity. Here we present data demonstrating that RmlA functions as a glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase and that RmlB is a thymidine diphosphate (dTDP)-glucose 4,6-dehydratase. We also show, through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analyses, that WlaRG, when utilized in coupled assays with either WlaRA or WlaRB and dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose, results in the production of either dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose (dTDP-Fuc3N) or dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (dTDP-Qui3N), respectively. In addition, the X-ray crystallographic structures of the 3,4-ketoisomerases, WlaRA and WlaRB, were determined to 2.14 and 2.0 Å resolutions, respectively. Taken together, the data reported herein demonstrate that C. jejuni 81116 utilizes five enzymes to synthesize dTDP-Fuc3N or dTDP-Qui3N and that WlaRG, an aminotransferase, can function on sugars with differing stereochemistry about their C-4' carbons. Importantly, the data reveal that C. jejuni 81116 has the ability to synthesize two isomeric ddHexN forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zack Z Li
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander S Riegert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marie-France Goneau
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna M Cunningham
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ian C Schoenhofen
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michel Gilbert
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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9
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Piacente F, De Castro C, Jeudy S, Gaglianone M, Laugieri ME, Notaro A, Salis A, Damonte G, Abergel C, Tonetti MG. The rare sugar N-acetylated viosamine is a major component of Mimivirus fibers. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7385-7394. [PMID: 28314774 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant virus Mimivirus encodes an autonomous glycosylation system that is thought to be responsible for the formation of complex and unusual glycans composing the fibers surrounding its icosahedral capsid, including the dideoxyhexose viosamine. Previous studies have identified a gene cluster in the virus genome, encoding enzymes involved in nucleotide-sugar production and glycan formation, but the functional characterization of these enzymes and the full identification of the glycans found in viral fibers remain incomplete. Because viosamine is typically found in acylated forms, we suspected that one of the genes might encode an acyltransferase, providing directions to our functional annotations. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that the L142 protein contains an N-terminal acyltransferase domain and a predicted C-terminal glycosyltransferase. Sequence analysis of the structural model of the L142 N-terminal domain indicated significant homology with some characterized sugar acetyltransferases that modify the C-4 amino group in the bacillosamine or perosamine biosynthetic pathways. Using mass spectrometry and NMR analyses, we confirmed that the L142 N-terminal domain is a sugar acetyltransferase, catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl moiety from acetyl-CoA to the C-4 amino group of UDP-d-viosamine. The presence of acetylated viosamine in vivo has also been confirmed on the glycosylated viral fibers, using GC-MS and NMR. This study represents the first report of a virally encoded sugar acetyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piacente
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Jeudy
- the Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique et Structurale, UMR 7256, IMM FR3479, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Matteo Gaglianone
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Laugieri
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Notaro
- the Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique et Structurale, UMR 7256, IMM FR3479, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.,Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy, and
| | - Annalisa Salis
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Chantal Abergel
- the Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique et Structurale, UMR 7256, IMM FR3479, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Michela G Tonetti
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy,
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10
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Senchenkova SN, Guo X, Naumenko OI, Shashkov AS, Perepelov AV, Liu B, Knirel YA. Structure and genetics of the O-antigens of Escherichia coli O182-O187. Carbohydr Res 2016; 435:58-67. [PMID: 27710814 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
O-polysaccharides (OPSs) were obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli O182-O187, and their structures were established by sugar analysis, Smith degradation, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. In addition to the monosaccharides that occur often in E. coli OPSs (d-Glc, d-Gal, d-Man, d-GlcNAc, d-GalNAc, d-GlcA, l-Fuc, d-Rib), a number of less common components were identified as the OPS constituents, including 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-l-quinovose and 4-deoxy-4-[(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-l-alanyl]-d-quinovose (O186), 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-d-fucose (O187), 3-deoxy-3-[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl]-d-fucose (O184), and 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-l-rhamnose (O182). The OPS structures of E. coli O183 and O182 are identical to those of the OPS of Shigella boydii type 10 and the capsular polysaccharide of E. coli K48, respectively. The OPSs of E. coli O186 and O123 are closely related differing in the presence of a Glc residue in the former in place of a GlcNAc residue in the latter. The O-antigen gene clusters of the bacteria studied were analyzed and their contents were found to be consistent with the OPS structures. Predicted glycosyltransferases encoded in the gene clusters were tentatively assigned to glycosidic linkages based on similarities to sequences of other E. coli O-serogroups available from GenBank and taking into account the OPS structures established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sof'ya N Senchenkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Xi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, 300457, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Olesya I Naumenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, 300457, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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11
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Merino S, Gonzalez V, Tomás JM. The first sugar of the repeat units is essential for the Wzy polymerase activity and elongation of the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:903-18. [PMID: 27357519 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2015-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Wzx/Wzy-dependent assembled pathway, the assembled O-antigen repeat units are translocated from the cytosolic to the periplasmic face of the inner membrane by a Wzx translocase and then polymerized by the integral membrane protein Wzy to form a glycan chain. We demonstrate that the activity of the Escherichia coli O-antigen polymerase (Wzy) is dependent on the first sugar of the O-antigen repeat unit to produce the O-antigen polymerization and therefore, there is a need for a concerted action with the enzyme transferring the initial HexNAc to undecaprenyl phosphate (UDP-HexNAc: polyprenol-P HexNAc-1-P transferase). Furthermore, in the case of Aeromonas hydrophila Wzy-O34 polymerization activity, the enzyme is permissive with the sugar at the nonreducing end of the O-antigen repeat unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Merino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Gonzalez
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Juan M Tomás
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Combinatorial strategies for improving multiple-stress resistance in industrially relevant Escherichia coli strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6223-42. [PMID: 25085490 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01542-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-cell-density fermentation for industrial production of chemicals can impose numerous stresses on cells due to high substrate, product, and by-product concentrations; high osmolarity; reactive oxygen species; and elevated temperatures. There is a need to develop platform strains of industrial microorganisms that are more tolerant toward these typical processing conditions. In this study, the growth of six industrially relevant strains of Escherichia coli was characterized under eight stress conditions representative of fed-batch fermentation, and strains W and BL21(DE3) were selected as platforms for transposon (Tn) mutagenesis due to favorable resistance characteristics. Selection experiments, followed by either targeted or genome-wide next-generation-sequencing-based Tn insertion site determination, were performed to identify mutants with improved growth properties under a subset of three stress conditions and two combinations of individual stresses. A subset of the identified loss-of-function mutants were selected for a combinatorial approach, where strains with combinations of two and three gene deletions were systematically constructed and tested for single and multistress resistance. These approaches allowed identification of (i) strain-background-specific stress resistance phenotypes, (ii) novel gene deletion mutants in E. coli that confer single and multistress resistance in a strain-background-dependent manner, and (iii) synergistic effects of multiple gene deletions that confer improved resistance over single deletions. The results of this study underscore the suboptimality and strain-specific variability of the genetic network regulating growth under stressful conditions and suggest that further exploration of the combinatorial gene deletion space in multiple strain backgrounds is needed for optimizing strains for microbial bioprocessing applications.
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13
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Hanuszkiewicz A, Pittock P, Humphries F, Moll H, Rosales AR, Molinaro A, Moynagh PN, Lajoie GA, Valvano MA. Identification of the flagellin glycosylation system in Burkholderia cenocepacia and the contribution of glycosylated flagellin to evasion of human innate immune responses. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19231-44. [PMID: 24841205 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.562603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen threatening patients with cystic fibrosis. Flagella are required for biofilm formation, as well as adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells. Recognition of flagellin via the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) contributes to exacerbate B. cenocepacia-induced lung epithelial inflammatory responses. In this study, we report that B. cenocepacia flagellin is glycosylated on at least 10 different sites with a single sugar, 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-hydroxybutanoylamino)-D-glucose. We have identified key genes that are required for flagellin glycosylation, including a predicted glycosyltransferase gene that is linked to the flagellin biosynthesis cluster and a putative acetyltransferase gene located within the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide cluster. Another O-antigen cluster gene, rmlB, which is required for flagellin glycan and O-antigen biosynthesis, was essential for bacterial viability, uncovering a novel target against Burkholderia infections. Using glycosylated and nonglycosylated purified flagellin and a cell reporter system to assess TLR5-mediated responses, we also show that the presence of glycan in flagellin significantly impairs the inflammatory response of epithelial cells. We therefore suggest that flagellin glycosylation reduces recognition of flagellin by host TLR5, providing an evasive strategy to infecting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hanuszkiewicz
- From the Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7AE, Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Pittock
- the Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Fiachra Humphries
- the Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland at Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Hermann Moll
- the Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Centre Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Amanda Roa Rosales
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada, and
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- the Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli, Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- From the Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7AE, Ireland, United Kingdom, the Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland at Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gilles A Lajoie
- the Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- From the Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7AE, Ireland, United Kingdom, the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada, and
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14
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Structure elucidation and gene cluster annotation of the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O39; application of anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid for selective cleavage of glycosidic linkages. Carbohydr Res 2014; 388:30-6. [PMID: 24607538 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
O-Polysaccharide (O-antigen) accompanied by a minor mannan was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O39 and studied by component analyses, methylation, Smith degradation, mass spectrometry, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. In addition, a new approach, solvolysis with anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid, was applied to cleave selectively the rhamnosidic linkage. The following structure of the O-polysaccharide was established: α--D-Galpl-->3-->3)-β-D-Quip4N(R3Hb)-(1-->2)-α-D-Manp-(l-->4)-α-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1--> where D-Qui4N(R3Hb) indicates 4,6-dideoxy-4-[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoylamino]-d-glucose. The O-antigen gene cluster of E. coli O39 has been sequenced. The gene functions were tentatively assigned by a comparison with sequences in the available databases and found to be in agreement with the O-polysaccharide structure.
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15
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Lee DH, Lim JA, Lee J, Roh E, Jung K, Choi M, Oh C, Ryu S, Yun J, Heu S. Characterization of genes required for the pathogenicity of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Pcc21 in Chinese cabbage. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:1487-1496. [PMID: 23676432 PMCID: PMC3749726 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.067280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a well-known plant pathogen that causes severe soft rot disease in various crops, resulting in considerable economic loss. To identify pathogenicity-related factors, Chinese cabbage was inoculated with 5314 transposon mutants of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Pcc21 derived using Tn5 transposon mutagenesis. A total of 35 reduced-virulence or avirulent mutants were isolated, and 14 loci were identified. The 14 loci could be functionally grouped into nutrient utilization (pyrD, purH, purD, leuA and serB), production of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) (expI, expR and PCC21_023220), motility (flgA, fliA and flhB), biofilm formation (expI, expR and qseC), susceptibility to antibacterial plant chemicals (tolC) and unknown function (ECA2640). Among the 14 genes identified, qseC, tolC and PCC21_023220 are novel pathogenicity factors of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum involved in biofilm formation, phytochemical resistance and PCWDE production, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Lee
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Juneok Lee
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Roh
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusuk Jung
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseon Choi
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science & Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 441-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science & Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 441-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchul Yun
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggi Heu
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
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16
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Li DG, Liu B, Zhou DW. Structural characterization of enzymatic products in the dTDP-d-Qui4NFo biosynthetic pathway using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:681-690. [PMID: 23418147 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Structural characterization of biosynthetic precursors is very important in assigning enzymatic function to proteins that have been identified as functional homologs on the basis of sequence homology alone. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) as a powerful technique for the characterization of enzymatic products in the biosynthetic pathway of deoxythymidine 5'-diphosphate-4-formamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (dTDP-D-Qui4NFo) in Providencia alcalifaciens O30. METHODS The glucose-1-phosphate thymidyltransferase (RmlA), dTDP-d-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB), dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose aminotransferase (VioA), and formyltransferase (VioF) catalyzed reactions were directly monitored by ESI-MS, followed by a detailed structural characterization of the final enzymatic products using ESI-MS/MS in the negative-ion mode after minimal cleanup. RESULTS The biosynthetic pathway of dTDP-D-Qui4NFo, beginning from α-D-glucose-1-phosphate in four reaction steps catalyzed by RmlA, RmlB, VioA and VioF, was characterized solely by ESI-MS/MS. The results obtained were in good agreement with that of traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) monitoring and preparation, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ESI-MS structural characterization. CONCLUSIONS MS provides efficient and simple characterization of important unusual dTDP-sugar biosynthetic pathways in the O-chains of bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Ge Li
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
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17
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Liu B, Chen M, Perepelov AV, Liu J, Ovchinnikova OG, Zhou D, Feng L, Rozalski A, Knirel YA, Wang L. Genetic analysis of the O-antigen of Providencia alcalifaciens O30 and biochemical characterization of a formyltransferase involved in the synthesis of a Qui4N derivative. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1236-44. [PMID: 22661447 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Antigen is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and one of the most variable cell surface constituents, giving rise to major antigenic variability. The diversity of O-antigen is almost entirely attributed to genetic variations in O-antigen gene clusters. Bacteria of the genus Providencia are facultative pathogens, which can cause urinary tract infections, wound infections and enteric diseases. Recently, the O-antigen gene cluster of Providencia was localized between the cpxA and yibK genes in the genome. However, few genes involved in the synthesis of Providencia O-antigens have been functionally identified. In this study, the putative O-antigen gene cluster of Providencia alcalifaciens O30 was sequenced and analyzed. Almost all putative genes for the O-antigen synthesis were found, including a novel formyltransferase gene vioF that was proposed to be responsible for the conversion of dTDP-4-amino-4,6- dideoxy-D-glucose (dTDP-D-Qui4N) to dTDP-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-D-glucose (dTDP-D-Qui4NFo). vioF was cloned, and the enzyme product was expressed as a His-tagged fusion protein, purified and assayed for its activity. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to monitor the enzyme-substrate reaction, and the structure of the product dTDP-D-Qui4NFo was established by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Kinetic parameters of VioF were determined, and effects of temperature and cations on its activity were also examined. Together, the functional analyses support the identification of the O-antigen gene cluster of P. alcalifaciens O30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin, PR China
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18
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Biochemical characterization of the CDP-D-arabinitol biosynthetic pathway in Streptococcus pneumoniae 17F. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:1868-74. [PMID: 22328666 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06487-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen associated with many diseases worldwide. Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are the major virulence factor. The biosynthetic pathway of D-arabinitol, which is present in the CPSs of several S. pneumoniae serotypes, has never been identified. In this study, the genes abpA (previously known as abp1) and abpB (previously known as abp2), which have previously been reported to be responsible for nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)-D-arabinitol (the nucleotide-activated form of D-arabinitol) synthesis, were cloned. The enzyme products were overexpressed, purified, and analyzed for their respective activities. Novel products produced by AbpA- and AbpB-catalyzing reactions were detected by capillary electrophoresis, and the structures of the products were elucidated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. As a result, abpA was identified to be a D-xylulose-5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase-encoding gene, responsible for the transfer of CTP to D-xylulose-5-phosphate (D-Xlu-5-P) to form CDP-D-xylulose, and abpB was characterized to be a CDP-D-xylulose reductase-encoding gene, responsible for the conversion of CDP-D-xylulose to CDP-D-arabinitol as the final product. The kinetic parameters of AbpA for the substrates D-Xlu-5-P and CTP and those of AbpB for the substrate CDP-D-xylulose and the cofactors NADH or NADPH were measured, and the effects of temperature, pH, and cations on the two enzymes were analyzed. This study confirmed the involvement of the genes abpA and abpB and their products in the biosynthetic pathway of CDP-D-arabinitol.
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19
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Piacente F, Marin M, Molinaro A, De Castro C, Seltzer V, Salis A, Damonte G, Bernardi C, Claverie JM, Abergel C, Tonetti M. Giant DNA virus mimivirus encodes pathway for biosynthesis of unusual sugar 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (Viosamine). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:3009-18. [PMID: 22157758 PMCID: PMC3270958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.314559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimivirus is one the largest DNA virus identified so far, infecting several Acanthamoeba species. Analysis of its genome revealed the presence of a nine-gene cluster containing genes potentially involved in glycan formation. All of these genes are co-expressed at late stages of infection, suggesting their role in the formation of the long fibers covering the viral surface. Among them, we identified the L136 gene as a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent sugar aminotransferase. This enzyme was shown to catalyze the formation of UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (UDP-viosamine) from UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose, a key compound involved also in the biosynthesis of L-rhamnose. This finding further supports the hypothesis that Mimivirus encodes a glycosylation system that is completely independent of the amoebal host. Viosamine, together with rhamnose, (N-acetyl)glucosamine, and glucose, was found as a major component of the viral glycans. Most of the sugars were associated with the fibers, confirming a capsular-like nature of the viral surface. Phylogenetic analysis clearly indicated that L136 was not a recent acquisition from bacteria through horizontal gene transfer, but it was acquired very early during evolution. Implications for the origin of the glycosylation machinery in giant DNA virus are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piacente
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
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20
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Sha S, Zhou Y, Xin Y, Ma Y. Development of a colorimetric assay and kinetic analysis for Mycobacterium tuberculosis D-glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:252-7. [PMID: 21940712 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111421373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
dTDP-L-rhamnose as a sugar donor provides L-rhamnosyl residue in the synthesis of disaccharide linker (D-N-acetylglucosamine-L-rhamnose), the key structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall. Four enzymes are involved in the formation of dTDP-L-rhamnose and D-glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase (RmlA) catalyzes the first step of D-glucose-1-phosphate and dTTP to dTDP-D-glucose and PPi. The previous studies on RmlA essentiality proved RmlA as a potential target for antituberculosis drugs. However, there has not been a suitable assay for RmlA to screen inhibitors currently. In this study, the authors reported a microtiter plate-based colorimetric assay for RmlA enzyme activity. Using this assay, the kinetic properties of M. tuberculosis RmlA including initial velocity, optimal temperature, optimal pH, the effect of Mg(2+), and kinetic parameters were determined. The establishment of the accurate and rapid colorimetric assay and kinetic analysis of M. tuberculosis RmlA will facilitate high-throughput screening of RmlA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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21
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A UDP-HexNAc:polyprenol-P GalNAc-1-P transferase (WecP) representing a new subgroup of the enzyme family. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1943-52. [PMID: 21335454 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01441-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aeromonas hydrophila AH-3 WecP represents a new class of UDP-HexNAc:polyprenol-P HexNAc-1-P transferases. These enzymes use a membrane-associated polyprenol phosphate acceptor (undecaprenyl phosphate [Und-P]) and a cytoplasmic UDP-d-N-acetylhexosamine sugar nucleotide as the donor substrate. Until now, all the WecA enzymes tested were able to transfer UDP-GlcNAc to the Und-P. In this study, we present in vitro and in vivo proofs that A. hydrophila AH-3 WecP transfers GalNAc to Und-P and is unable to transfer GlcNAc to the same enzyme substrate. The molecular topology of WecP is more similar to that of WbaP (UDP-Gal polyprenol-P transferase) than to that of WecA (UDP-GlcNAc polyprenol-P transferase). WecP is the first UDP-HexNAc:polyprenol-P GalNAc-1-P transferase described.
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22
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Perepelov AV, Liu B, Shevelev SD, Senchenkova SN, Hu B, Shashkov AS, Feng L, Knirel YA, Wang L. Structural and genetic characterization of the O-antigen of Salmonella enterica O56 containing a novel derivative of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1891-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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TDP-L-megosamine biosynthesis pathway elucidation and megalomicin a production in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3869-77. [PMID: 20418422 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03083-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo reconstitution of the TDP-l-megosamine pathway from the megalomicin gene cluster of Micromonospora megalomicea was accomplished by the heterologous expression of its biosynthetic genes in Escherichia coli. Mass spectrometric analysis of the TDP-sugar intermediates produced from operons containing different sets of genes showed that the production of TDP-l-megosamine from TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose requires only five biosynthetic steps, catalyzed by MegBVI, MegDII, MegDIII, MegDIV, and MegDV. Bioconversion studies demonstrated that the sugar transferase MegDI, along with the helper protein MegDVI, catalyzes the transfer of l-megosamine to either erythromycin C or erythromycin D, suggesting two possible routes for the production of megalomicin A. Analysis in vivo of the hydroxylation step by MegK indicated that erythromycin C is the intermediate of megalomicin A biosynthesis.
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Nguyen LC, Yamamoto M, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Andi S, Taguchi F, Iwaki M, Yoshida M, Ishii T, Konishi T, Tsunemi K, Ichinose Y. Genetic analysis of genes involved in synthesis of modified 4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose in flagellin of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Mol Genet Genomics 2009; 282:595-605. [PMID: 19787374 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-009-0489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of flagellin contributes to swimming and swarming motilities, adhesion ability, and consequently virulence in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605. Glycans attached to six serine residues are located in the central region of the flagellin polypeptide. The glycan structure at position Ser 201 was recently revealed to consist of two L-rhamnoses and one modified 4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose (viosamine). To clarify the mechanisms for glycosylation of modified viosamine, genes encoding dTDP-viosamine aminotransferase (vioA), dTDP-viosamine acetyltransferase (vioB), and viosamine-derivative transferase (vioT) were isolated and defective mutants were generated. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of a lysyl endopeptidase-digested peptide including all six glycosylation sites from each flagellin indicated that the molecular masses of the three flagellin mutants were reduced with highly heterogeneous patterns at regular intervals of 146 Da in the mass range from m/z 13,819 to 15,732. The data indicated that the glycopeptides obtained from mutants had glycans consisting only of deoxyhexose instead of the flagellin glycans including the viosamine derivatives determined previously. The motility and virulence on host tobacco leaves were strongly impaired in the Delta vioA mutant and were weakly reduced in the Delta vioB and Delta vioT mutant strains. These results suggest that the genes vioA, vioB, and vioT are essential for glycosylation of flagellin, and accordingly are required for bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Chi Nguyen
- The Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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25
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Westman EL, McNally DJ, Charchoglyan A, Brewer D, Field RA, Lam JS. Characterization of WbpB, WbpE, and WbpD and reconstitution of a pathway for the biosynthesis of UDP-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-mannuronic acid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11854-62. [PMID: 19282284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808583200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 contains an unusual sugar, 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-mannuronic acid (d-ManNAc3NAcA). wbpB, wbpE, and wbpD are thought to encode oxidase, transaminase, and N-acetyltransferase enzymes. To characterize their functions, recombinant proteins were overexpressed and purified from heterologous hosts. Activities of His(6)-WbpB and His(6)-WbpE were detected only when both proteins were combined in the same reaction. Using a direct MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry approach, we identified ions that corresponded to the predicted products of WbpB (UDP-3-keto-d-GlcNAcA) and WbpE (UDP-d-GlcNAc3NA) in the coupled enzyme-substrate reaction. Additionally, in reactions involving WbpB, WbpE, and WbpD, an ion consistent with the expected product of WbpD (UDP-d-GlcNAc3NAcA) was identified. Preparative quantities of UDP-d-GlcNAc3NA and UDP-d-GlcNAc3NAcA were enzymatically synthesized. These compounds were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. This is the first report of the functional characterization of these proteins, and the enzymatic synthesis of UDP-d-GlcNAc3NA and UDP-d-GlcNAc3NAcA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Westman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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26
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Wang Q, Ding P, Perepelov AV, Xu Y, Wang Y, Knirel YA, Wang L, Feng L. Characterization of the dTDP-D-fucofuranose biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli O52. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:1358-67. [PMID: 19019146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
D-fucofuranose (D-Fucf) is a component of Escherichia coli O52 O antigen. This uncommon sugar is also the sugar moiety of the anticancer drug--gilvocarcin V produced by many streptomycetes. In E. coli O52, rmlA, rmlB, fcf1 and fcf2 were proposed in a previous study by our group to encode the enzymes of the dTDP-D-Fucf (the nucleotide-activated form of D-Fucf) biosynthetic pathway. In this study, Fcf1 and Fcf2 from E. coli O52 were expressed, purified and assayed for their respective activities. Novel product peaks from enzyme-substrate reactions were detected by capillary electrophoresis and the structures of the product compounds were elucidated by electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fcf1 was confirmed to be a dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-hex-4-ulopyranose reductase for the conversion of dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-hex-4-ulopyranose to dTDP-D-fucopyranose (dTDP-D-Fucp), and Fcf2 a dTDP-D-Fucp mutase for the conversion of dTDP-D-Fucp to dTDP-D-Fucf. The K(m) of Fcf1 for dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-hex-4-ulopyranose was determined to be 0.38 mM, and of Fcf2 for dTDP-D-Fucp to be 3.43 mM. The functional role of fcf1 and fcf2 in the biosynthesis of E. coli O52 O antigen were confirmed by mutation and complementation tests. This is the first time that the biosynthetic pathway of dTDP-D-Fucf has been fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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27
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Peirú S, Rodríguez E, Menzella HG, Carney JR, Gramajo H. Metabolically engineered Escherichia coli for efficient production of glycosylated natural products. Microb Biotechnol 2008; 1:476-86. [PMID: 21261868 PMCID: PMC3815289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant achievements in polyketide gene expression have made Escherichia coli one of the most promising hosts for the heterologous production of pharmacologically important polyketides. However, attempts to produce glycosylated polyketides, by the expression of heterologous sugar pathways, have been hampered until now by the low levels of glycosylated compounds produced by the recombinant hosts. By carrying out metabolic engineering of three endogenous pathways that lead to the synthesis of TDP sugars in E. coli, we have greatly improved the intracellular levels of the common deoxysugar intermediate TDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose resulting in increased production of the heterologous sugars TDP‐L‐mycarose and TDP‐d‐desosamine, both components of medically important polyketides. Bioconversion experiments carried out by feeding 6‐deoxyerythronolide B (6‐dEB) or 3‐α‐mycarosylerythronolide B (MEB) demonstrated that the genetically modified E. coli B strain was able to produce 60‐ and 25‐fold more erythromycin D (EryD) than the original strain K207‐3, respectively. Moreover, the additional knockout of the multidrug efflux pump AcrAB further improved the ability of the engineered strain to produce these glycosylated compounds. These results open the possibility of using E. coli as a generic host for the industrial scale production of glycosylated polyketides, and to combine the polyketide and deoxysugar combinatorial approaches with suitable glycosyltransferases to yield massive libraries of novel compounds with variations in both the aglycone and the tailoring sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Peirú
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Liu B, Knirel YA, Feng L, Perepelov AV, Senchenkova SN, Wang Q, Reeves PR, Wang L. Structure and genetics ofShigellaO antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:627-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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