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Liu Y, Li H, Dai D, He J, Liang Z. Gene Regulatory Mechanism of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis during Dormancy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5825-5844. [PMID: 38921019 PMCID: PMC11203133 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex, is a zoonotic disease that remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Latent tuberculosis infection reactivation is a challenging obstacle to eradicating TB globally. Understanding the gene regulatory network of Mtb during dormancy is important. This review discusses up-to-date information about TB gene regulatory networks during dormancy, focusing on the regulation of lipid and energy metabolism, dormancy survival regulator (DosR), White B-like (Wbl) family, Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems, sigma factors, and MprAB. We outline the progress in vaccine and drug development associated with Mtb dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Dejia Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Jiakang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Zhengmin Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
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Cioetto-Mazzabò L, Sorze D, Babic F, Boldrin F, Segafreddo G, Provvedi R, Manganelli R. Structure of the SigE regulatory network in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1407500. [PMID: 38873166 PMCID: PMC11173970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1407500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
SigE is one of the main regulators of mycobacterial stress response and is characterized by a complex regulatory network based on two pathways, which have been partially characterized in conditions of surface stress. The first pathway is based on the induction of sigE transcription by the two-component system MprAB, while the second is based on the degradation of SigE anti-sigma factor RseA by ClpC1P2, a protease whose structural genes are induced by ClgR. We characterized the dynamics of the SigE network activation in conditions of surface stress and low pH in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using a series of mutants in which the main regulatory nodes of the network have been inactivated, we could explore their hierarchy, and we determined that MprAB had a key role in the network activation in both stress conditions through the induction of sigE. However, while in conditions of surface stress the absence of MprAB totally abrogated sigE induction, under low pH conditions it only resulted in a small delay of the induction of sigE. In this case, sigE induction was due to SigH, which acted as a MprAB backup system. The ClgR pathway, leading to the degradation of the SigE anti-sigma factor RseA, was shown to be essential for the activation of the SigE network only following surface stress, where it showed an equal hierarchy with the MprAB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Sorze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fedora Babic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Boldrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Greta Segafreddo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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Jankowski G, Sawicki R, Truszkiewicz W, Wolan N, Ziomek M, Hryć B, Sieniawska E. Molecular insight into thymoquinone mechanism of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1353875. [PMID: 38414774 PMCID: PMC10896893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1353875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products are promising antimicrobials, usually having multiple and different cellular targets than synthetic antibiotics. Their influence on bacteria at various metabolic and functional levels contributes to higher efficacy even against drug-resistant strains. One such compound is a naturally occurring p-benzoquinone - thymoquinone. It is effective against different bacteria, including multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its antibacterial mechanism of action was studied in several bacterial species except mycobacteria. To get an insight into the antimycobacterial activity of thymoquinone at the molecular level, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyzes of bacteria exposed to this compound. The expression of genes coding stress-responsive sigma factors revealed that thymoquinone rapidly induces the production of sigE transcripts. At the same time, prolonged influence results in the overexpression of all sigma factor genes and significantly upregulates sigF. The metabolomic analysis confirmed that the antimycobacterial activity of thymoquinone was related to the depletion of NAD and ATP pools and the downregulation of plasma membrane lipids. This state was observed after 24 h and was persistent the next day, suggesting that bacteria could not activate catabolic mechanisms and produce energy. Additionally, the presence of a thymoquinone nitrogen derivative in the bacterial broth and the culture was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Jankowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Sawicki
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Truszkiewicz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Natalia Wolan
- Student Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Ziomek
- Student Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Benita Hryć
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Oh Y, Lee HN, Ko EM, Jeong JA, Park SW, Oh JI. Mycobacterial Regulatory Systems Involved in the Regulation of Gene Expression Under Respiration-Inhibitory Conditions. J Microbiol 2023; 61:297-315. [PMID: 36847970 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis can survive in a dormant state within the granuloma, avoiding the host-mounting immune attack. M. tuberculosis bacilli in this state show increased tolerance to antibiotics and stress conditions, and thus the transition of M. tuberculosis to the nonreplicating dormant state acts as an obstacle to tuberculosis treatment. M. tuberculosis in the granuloma encounters hostile environments such as hypoxia, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, low pH, and nutrient deprivation, etc., which are expected to inhibit respiration of M. tuberculosis. To adapt to and survive in respiration-inhibitory conditions, it is required for M. tuberculosis to reprogram its metabolism and physiology. In order to get clues to the mechanism underlying the entry of M. tuberculosis to the dormant state, it is important to understand the mycobacterial regulatory systems that are involved in the regulation of gene expression in response to respiration inhibition. In this review, we briefly summarize the information regarding the regulatory systems implicated in upregulation of gene expression in mycobacteria exposed to respiration-inhibitory conditions. The regulatory systems covered in this review encompass the DosSR (DevSR) two-component system, SigF partner switching system, MprBA-SigE-SigB signaling pathway, cAMP receptor protein, and stringent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Oh
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Eon-Min Ko
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Osong, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-A Jeong
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Osong, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Woong Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jeong-Il Oh
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea. .,Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Manganelli R, Cioetto-Mazzabò L, Segafreddo G, Boldrin F, Sorze D, Conflitti M, Serafini A, Provvedi R. SigE: A master regulator of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1075143. [PMID: 36960291 PMCID: PMC10027907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1075143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Extracellular function (ECF) sigma factor SigE is one of the best characterized out of the 13 sigma factors encoded in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis chromosome. SigE is required for blocking phagosome maturation and full virulence in both mice and guinea pigs. Moreover, it is involved in the response to several environmental stresses as surface stress, oxidative stress, acidic pH, and phosphate starvation. Underscoring its importance in M. tuberculosis physiology, SigE is subjected to a very complex regulatory system: depending on the environmental conditions, its expression is regulated by three different sigma factors (SigA, SigE, and SigH) and a two-component system (MprAB). SigE is also regulated at the post-translational level by an anti-sigma factor (RseA) which is regulated by the intracellular redox potential and by proteolysis following phosphorylation from PknB upon surface stress. The set of genes under its direct control includes other regulators, as SigB, ClgR, and MprAB, and genes involved in surface remodeling and stabilization. Recently SigE has been shown to interact with PhoP to activate a subset of genes in conditions of acidic pH. The complex structure of its regulatory network has been suggested to result in a bistable switch leading to the development of heterogeneous bacterial populations. This hypothesis has been recently reinforced by the finding of its involvement in the development of persister cells able to survive to the killing activity of several drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Riccardo Manganelli,
| | | | - Greta Segafreddo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Boldrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Sorze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Conflitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Agnese Serafini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Chen X, Li Y, Wang B, Lu Y. Identification of Mutations Associated With Macozinone-Resistant in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:205. [PMID: 35616769 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel anti-tuberculosis drug macozinone (MCZ) is identified as a drug candidate and is currently under clinical development for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, the mutations conferring resistance to MCZ remain inadequately characterized. In this study we investigated resistant mutations to the MCZ through de novo resistance selection in vitro. This was accomplished by passing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv on solid agar plates, which were infused with the antibiotic. Through whole genome sequencing and targeted PCR genomic resistance conferring SNPs were catalogued, and the resistant phenotype was analyzed by MABA test. Of MCZ-resistant clones obtained in vitro the mutation of C387S in dprE1 is only observed in high-level resistant clones (MIC90 > 500 ng/mL) indicating that C387S mutation is directly related to high-level MCZ-resistance. In addition, high-level resistance to MCZ can occur in clone grew on agar plates infused with low concentration MCZ, which means low concentration MCZ induction can produce high-level drug-resistance and it is easy to produce high-level MCZ-resistance. We also found two new mutations (G61A and G248A) in dprE1 for the first time. The MIC90 of other clones except the clones carrying the C387S mutation was at the same level (20 ng/mL > MIC90 > 2 ng/mL). Of low-level resistant clones other gene mutations involved in drug efflux or membrane permeability were found (pepQ, Rv0678, arsC, etc.), with highest mutation frequency in Rv0678 (50/64, 78.12%). It suggests that there may be new mechanisms independent of dprE1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, and Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, and Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, and Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, and Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Vilchèze C, Yan B, Casey R, Hingley-Wilson S, Ettwiller L, Jacobs WR. Commonalities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transcriptomes in Response to Defined Persisting Macrophage Stresses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909904. [PMID: 35844560 PMCID: PMC9283954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the goal of a bacterium is to become bacteria, evolution has imposed continued selections for gene expression. The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has adopted a fine-tuned response to survive its host's methods to aggressively eradicate invaders. The development of microarrays and later RNA sequencing has led to a better understanding of biological processes controlling the relationship between host and pathogens. In this study, RNA-seq was performed to detail the transcriptomes of M. tuberculosis grown in various conditions related to stresses endured by M. tuberculosis during host infection and to delineate a general stress response incurring during persisting macrophage stresses. M. tuberculosis was subjected to long-term growth, nutrient starvation, hypoxic and acidic environments. The commonalities between these stresses point to M. tuberculosis maneuvering to exploit propionate metabolism for lipid synthesis or to withstand propionate toxicity whilst in the intracellular environment. While nearly all stresses led to a general shutdown of most biological processes, up-regulation of pathways involved in the synthesis of amino acids, cofactors, and lipids were observed only in hypoxic M. tuberculosis. This data reveals genes and gene cohorts that are specifically or exclusively induced during all of these persisting stresses. Such knowledge could be used to design novel drug targets or to define possible M. tuberculosis vulnerabilities for vaccine development. Furthermore, the disruption of specific functions from this gene set will enhance our understanding of the evolutionary forces that have caused the tubercle bacillus to be a highly successful pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Vilchèze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Bo Yan
- Research Department, Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, MA, United States
| | - Rosalyn Casey
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Suzie Hingley-Wilson
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Ettwiller
- Research Department, Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich, MA, United States
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: William R. Jacobs Jr,
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Sieniawska E, Sawicki R, Marchev AS, Truszkiewicz W, Georgiev MI. Tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis via disruption of the cell envelope surface and oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112405. [PMID: 34273428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The unique structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope provides impermeable barrier against environmental stimuli. In the situation that this barrier is disturbed Mycobacteria react at the transcriptional and translational level to redirect metabolic processes and to maintain integrity of the cell. In this work we aimed to explore the early metabolic response of M. tuberculosis to tanshinones, which are active antimycobacterial compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge root. The investigation of the expression of sigma factors revealed the significant shifts in the general bacterial regulatory network, whereas LC-MS metabolomics evidenced the changes in the composition of bacterial cell envelope and indicated altered metabolic pathways. Tanshinones acted via the disruption of the cell envelope surface and generation of reactive oxygen species. Bacteria responded with overproduction of inner region of outer membrane, fluctuations in the production of glycerophosphoinositolglycans, as well as changes in the levels of mycobactins, accompanied by enrichment of metabolic pathways related to redox balance and repair of damages caused by tanshinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Sieniawska
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Rafal Sawicki
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrey S Marchev
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Wieslaw Truszkiewicz
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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Genome-Wide Essentiality Analysis of Mycobacterium abscessus by Saturated Transposon Mutagenesis and Deep Sequencing. mBio 2021; 12:e0104921. [PMID: 34126767 PMCID: PMC8262987 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01049-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging opportunistic human pathogen that naturally resists most major classes of antibiotics, making infections difficult to treat. Thus far, little is known about M. abscessus physiology, pathogenesis, and drug resistance. Genome-wide analyses have comprehensively catalogued genes with essential functions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (here, M. avium) but not in M. abscessus. By optimizing transduction conditions, we achieved full saturation of TA insertion sites with Himar1 transposon mutagenesis in the M. abscessus ATCC 19977T genome, as confirmed by deep sequencing prior to essentiality analyses of annotated genes and other genomic features. The overall densities of inserted TA sites (85.7%), unoccupied TA sites (14.3%), and nonpermissive TA sites (8.1%) were similar to results in M. tuberculosis and M. avium. Of the 4,920 annotated genes, 326 were identified as essential, 269 (83%) of which have mutual homology with essential M. tuberculosis genes, while 39 (12%) are homologous to genes that are not essential in M. tuberculosis and M. avium, and 11 (3.4%) only have homologs in M. avium. Interestingly, 7 (2.1%) essential M. abscessus genes have no homologs in either M. tuberculosis or M. avium, two of which were found in phage-like elements. Most essential genes are involved in DNA replication, RNA transcription and translation, and posttranslational events to synthesize important macromolecules. Some essential genes may be involved in M. abscessus pathogenesis and antibiotics response, including certain essential tRNAs and new short open reading frames. Our findings will help to pave the way for better understanding of M. abscessus and benefit development of novel bactericidal drugs against M. abscessus. IMPORTANCE Limited knowledge regarding Mycobacterium abscessus pathogenesis and intrinsic resistance to most classes of antibiotics is a major obstacle to developing more effective strategies to prevent and mitigate disease. Using optimized procedures for Himar1 transposon mutagenesis and deep sequencing, we performed a comprehensive analysis to identify M. abscessus genetic elements essential for in vitro growth and compare them to similar data sets for M. tuberculosis and M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Most essential M. abscessus genes have mutual homology with essential M. tuberculosis genes, providing a foundation for leveraging available knowledge from M. tuberculosis to develop more effective drugs and other interventions against M. abscessus. A small number of essential genes unique to M. abscessus deserve further attention to gain insights into what makes M. abscessus different from other mycobacteria. The essential genes and other genomic features such as short open reading frames and noncoding RNA identified here will provide useful information for future study of M. abscessus pathogenicity and new drug development.
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Chaperone-Mediated Stress Sensing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Enables Fast Activation and Sustained Response. mSystems 2021; 6:6/1/e00979-20. [PMID: 33594002 PMCID: PMC8561658 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00979-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamical properties of gene regulatory networks are tuned to ensure bacterial survival. In mycobacteria, the MprAB-σE network responds to the presence of stressors, such as surfactants that cause surface stress. Positive feedback loops in this network were previously predicted to cause hysteresis, i.e., different responses to identical stressor levels for prestressed and unstressed cells. Here, we show that hysteresis does not occur in nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis but does occur in Mycobacterium tuberculosis However, the observed rapid temporal response in M. tuberculosis is inconsistent with the model predictions. To reconcile these observations, we implement a recently proposed mechanism for stress sensing, namely, the release of MprB from the inhibitory complex with the chaperone DnaK upon the stress exposure. Using modeling and parameter fitting, we demonstrate that this mechanism can accurately describe the experimental observations. Furthermore, we predict perturbations in DnaK expression that can strongly affect dynamical properties. Experiments with these perturbations agree with model predictions, confirming the role of DnaK in fast and sustained response.IMPORTANCE Gene regulatory networks controlling stress response in mycobacterial species have been linked to persistence switches that enable bacterial dormancy within a host. However, the mechanistic basis of switching and stress sensing is not fully understood. In this paper, combining quantitative experiments and mathematical modeling, we uncover how interactions between two master regulators of stress response-the MprAB two-component system (TCS) and the alternative sigma factor σE-shape the dynamical properties of the surface stress network. The result show hysteresis (history dependence) in the response of the pathogenic bacterium M. tuberculosis to surface stress and lack of hysteresis in nonpathogenic M. smegmatis Furthermore, to resolve the apparent contradiction between the existence of hysteresis and fast activation of the response, we utilize a recently proposed role of chaperone DnaK in stress sensing. These result leads to a novel system-level understanding of bacterial stress response dynamics.
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11
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Evidence of Robustness in a Two-Component System Using a Synthetic Circuit. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00672-19. [PMID: 31792012 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00672-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in the concentration of biological components is inescapable for any cell. Robustness in any biological circuit acts as a cushion against such variation and enables the cells to produce homogeneous output despite the fluctuation. The two-component system (TCS) with a bifunctional sensor kinase (that possesses both kinase and phosphatase activities) is proposed to be a robust circuit. Few theoretical models explain the robustness of a TCS, although the criteria and extent of robustness by these models differ. Here, we provide experimental evidence to validate the extent of the robustness of a TCS signaling pathway. We have designed a synthetic circuit in Escherichia coli using a representative TCS of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MprAB, and monitored the in vivo output signal by systematically varying the concentration of either of the components or both. We observed that the output of the TCS is robust if the concentration of MprA is above a threshold value. This observation is further substantiated by two in vitro assays, in which we estimated the phosphorylated MprA pool or MprA-dependent transcription yield by varying either of the components of the TCS. This synthetic circuit could be used as a model system to analyze the relationship among different components of gene regulatory networks.IMPORTANCE Robustness in essential biological circuits is an important feature of the living organism. A few pieces of evidence support the existence of robustness in vivo in the two-component system (TCS) with a bifunctional sensor kinase (SK). The assays were done under physiological conditions in which the SK was much lower than the response regulator (RR). Here, using a synthetic circuit, we varied the concentrations of the SK and RR of a representative TCS to monitor output robustness in vivo. In vitro assays were also performed under conditions where the concentration of the SK was greater than that of the RR. Our results demonstrate the extent of output robustness in the TCS signaling pathway with respect to the concentrations of the two components.
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12
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Gutti G, Arya K, Singh SK. Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) and Its Potential Targets: An Investigation into Dormant Phase Pathogens. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1627-1642. [PMID: 31241015 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190625165512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One-third of the world's population harbours the latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with a lifetime risk of reactivation. Although, the treatment of LTBI relies significantly on the first-line therapy, identification of novel drug targets and therapies are the emerging focus for researchers across the globe. The current review provides an insight into the infection, diagnostic methods and epigrammatic explanations of potential molecular targets of dormant phase bacilli. This study also includes current preclinical and clinical aspects of tubercular infections and new approaches in antitubercular drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopichand Gutti
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Karan Arya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
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13
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Li X, Lv X, Lin Y, Zhen J, Ruan C, Duan W, Li Y, Xie J. Role of two-component regulatory systems in intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12197-12207. [PMID: 31026098 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The typical two-component regulatory systems (TCSs), consisting of response regulator and histidine kinase, play a central role in survival of pathogenic bacteria under stress conditions such as nutrient starvation, hypoxia, and nitrosative stress. A total of 11 complete paired two-component regulatory systems have been found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including a few isolated kinase and regulatory genes. Increasing evidence has shown that TCSs are closely associated with multiple physiological process like intracellular persistence, pathogenicity, and metabolism. This review gives the two-component signal transduction systems in M. tuberculosis and their signal transduction roles in adaption to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Lv
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanping Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng Zhen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cao Ruan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Duan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Shur KV, Bekker OB, Zaichikova MV, Maslov DA, Akimova NI, Zakharevich NV, Chekalina MS, Danilenko VN. Genetic Aspects of Drug Resistance and Virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418120141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Sawicki R, Golus J, Przekora A, Ludwiczuk A, Sieniawska E, Ginalska G. Antimycobacterial Activity of Cinnamaldehyde in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis(H37Ra) Model. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092381. [PMID: 30231479 PMCID: PMC6225461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity and the possible action mode of cinnamon bark essential oil and its main constituent-cinnamaldehyde-against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25177 strain. Cinnamaldehyde was proved to be the main bioactive compound responsible for mycobacterial growth inhibition and bactericidal effects. The antimycobacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde was found to be comparable with that of ethambutol, one of the first-line anti-TB antibiotics. The selectivity index determined using cell culture studies in vitro showed a high biological potential of cinnamaldehyde. In M. tuberculosis cells exposed to cinnamaldehyde the cell membrane stress sensing and envelope preserving system are activated. Overexpression of clgR gene indicates a threat to the stability of the cell membrane and suggests a possible mechanism of action. No synergism was detected with the basic set of antibiotics used in tuberculosis treatment: ethambutol, isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampicin, and ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Sawicki
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Joanna Golus
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agata Przekora
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Ludwiczuk
- Medical Plant Unit, Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Medical Plant Unit, Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grazyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland.
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16
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Kundu M. The role of two-component systems in the physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:710-717. [PMID: 29885211 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global health problem, with a third of the world's population infected with the bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The problem is exacerbated by the emergence of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant strains. The search for new drug targets is therefore a priority for researchers in the field. The two-component systems (TCSs) are central to the ability of the bacterium to sense and to respond appropriately to its environment. Here we summarize current knowledge on the paired TCSs of M. tuberculosis. We discuss what is currently understood regarding the signals to which each of the sensor kinases responds, and the regulons of each of the cognate response regulators. We also discuss what is known regarding attempts to inhibit the TCSs by small molecules and project their potential as pharmacological targets for the development of novel antimycobacterial agents. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(8):710-717, 2018.
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17
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Puffal J, García-Heredia A, Rahlwes KC, Siegrist MS, Morita YS. Spatial control of cell envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4953754. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Puffal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alam García-Heredia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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18
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Sawicki R, Sieniawska E, Swatko-Ossor M, Golus J, Ginalska G. The frequently occurring components of essential oils beta elemene and R-limonene alter expression of dprE1 and clgR genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:145-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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19
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Zondervan NA, van Dam JCJ, Schaap PJ, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Suarez-Diez M. Regulation of Three Virulence Strategies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Success Story. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E347. [PMID: 29364195 PMCID: PMC5855569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the deadliest diseases. Emergence of drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains makes treating tuberculosis increasingly challenging. In order to develop novel intervention strategies, detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the success of this pathogen is required. Here, we review recent literature to provide a systems level overview of the molecular and cellular components involved in divalent metal homeostasis and their role in regulating the three main virulence strategies of M. tuberculosis: immune modulation, dormancy and phagosomal rupture. We provide a visual and modular overview of these components and their regulation. Our analysis identified a single regulatory cascade for these three virulence strategies that respond to limited availability of divalent metals in the phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels A Zondervan
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jesse C J van Dam
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstrasse 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Cardona ST, Choy M, Hogan AM. Essential Two-Component Systems Regulating Cell Envelope Functions: Opportunities for Novel Antibiotic Therapies. J Membr Biol 2017; 251:75-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Mishra S, Shukla P, Bhaskar A, Anand K, Baloni P, Jha RK, Mohan A, Rajmani RS, Nagaraja V, Chandra N, Singh A. Efficacy of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination is linked to WhiB4-mediated changes in redox physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2017; 6:e25624. [PMID: 28548640 PMCID: PMC5473688 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) expresses a broad-spectrum β-lactamase (BlaC) that mediates resistance to one of the highly effective antibacterials, β-lactams. Nonetheless, β-lactams showed mycobactericidal activity in combination with β-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanate (Clav). However, the mechanistic aspects of how Mtb responds to β-lactams such as Amoxicillin in combination with Clav (referred as Augmentin [AG]) are not clear. Here, we identified cytoplasmic redox potential and intracellular redox sensor, WhiB4, as key determinants of mycobacterial resistance against AG. Using computer-based, biochemical, redox-biosensor, and genetic strategies, we uncovered a functional linkage between specific determinants of β-lactam resistance (e.g. β-lactamase) and redox potential in Mtb. We also describe the role of WhiB4 in coordinating the activity of β-lactamase in a redox-dependent manner to tolerate AG. Disruption of WhiB4 enhances AG tolerance, whereas overexpression potentiates AG activity against drug-resistant Mtb. Our findings suggest that AG can be exploited to diminish drug-resistance in Mtb through redox-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Prashant Shukla
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kushi Anand
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Baloni
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Jha
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhilash Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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22
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Rv2744c Is a PspA Ortholog That Regulates Lipid Droplet Homeostasis and Nonreplicating Persistence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1645-1661. [PMID: 27002134 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01001-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the availability of a live attenuated vaccine and anti-TB antibiotics. The vast majority of individuals infected with M. tuberculosis develop an asymptomatic latent infection in which the bacterium survives within host-generated granulomatous lesions in a physiologically altered metabolic state of nonreplicating persistence. The granuloma represents an adverse environment, as M. tuberculosis is exposed to various stressors capable of disrupting the essential constituents of the bacterium. In Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, resistance to cell envelope stressors that perturb the plasma membrane is mediated in part by proteins comprising the phage shock protein (Psp) system. PspA is an important component of the Psp system; in the presence of envelope stress, PspA localizes to the inner face of the plasma membrane, homo-oligomerizes to form a large scaffold-like complex, and helps maintain plasma membrane integrity to prevent a loss of proton motive force. M. tuberculosis and other members of the Mycobacterium genus are thought to encode a minimal functional unit of the Psp system, including an ortholog of PspA. Here, we show that Rv2744c possesses structural and physical characteristics that are consistent with its designation as a PspA family member. However, although Rv2744c is upregulated under conditions of cell envelope stress, loss of Rv2744c does not alter resistance to cell envelope stressors. Furthermore, Rv2744c localizes to the surface of lipid droplets in Mycobacterium spp. and regulates lipid droplet number, size, and M. tuberculosis persistence during anaerobically induced dormancy. Collectively, our results indicate that Rv2744c is a bona fide ortholog of PspA that may function in a novel role to regulate lipid droplet homeostasis and nonreplicating persistence (NRP) in M. tuberculosis IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. M. tuberculosis is capable of establishing lifelong asymptomatic infections in susceptible individuals and reactivating during periods of immune suppression to cause active disease. The determinants that are important for persistent infection of M. tuberculosis or for reactivation of this organism from latency are poorly understood. In this study, we describe our initial characterizations of Rv2744c, an ortholog of phage shock protein A (PspA) that regulates the homeostasis of lipid bodies and nonreplicating persistence in M. tuberculosis This function of PspA in M. tuberculosis is novel and suggests that PspA may represent a unique bacterial target upon which to base therapeutic interventions against this organism.
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23
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Datta P, Ravi J, Guerrini V, Chauhan R, Neiditch MB, Shell SS, Fortune SM, Hancioglu B, Igoshin O, Gennaro ML. The Psp system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis integrates envelope stress-sensing and envelope-preserving functions. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:408-22. [PMID: 25899163 PMCID: PMC4642893 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial envelope integrates essential stress-sensing and adaptive functions; thus, envelope-preserving functions are important for survival. In Gram-negative bacteria, envelope integrity during stress is maintained by the multi-gene Psp response. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was thought to lack the Psp system since it encodes only pspA and no other psp ortholog. Intriguingly, pspA maps downstream from clgR, which encodes a transcription factor regulated by the MprAB-σ(E) envelope-stress-signaling system. clgR inactivation lowered ATP concentration during stress and protonophore treatment-induced clgR-pspA expression, suggesting that these genes express Psp-like functions. We identified a four-gene set - clgR, pspA (rv2744c), rv2743c, rv2742c - that is regulated by clgR and in turn regulates ClgR activity. Regulatory and protein-protein interactions within the set and a requirement of the four genes for functions associated with envelope integrity and surface-stress tolerance indicate that a Psp-like system has evolved in mycobacteria. Among Actinobacteria, the four-gene module occurred only in tuberculous mycobacteria and was required for intramacrophage growth, suggesting links between its function and mycobacterial virulence. Additionally, the four-gene module was required for MprAB-σ(E) stress-signaling activity. The positive feedback between envelope-stress-sensing and envelope-preserving functions allows sustained responses to multiple, envelope-perturbing signals during chronic infection, making the system uniquely suited to tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Datta
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Janani Ravi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Valentina Guerrini
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Rinki Chauhan
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Matthew B. Neiditch
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Scarlet S. Shell
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 021142
| | - Baris Hancioglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Oleg Igoshin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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24
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Hu X, Li X, Huang L, Chan J, Chen Y, Deng H, Mi K. Quantitative proteomics reveals novel insights into isoniazid susceptibility in mycobacteria mediated by a universal stress protein. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1445-54. [PMID: 25664397 DOI: 10.1021/pr5011058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the ancient pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and is one of the most serious infectious diseases in the world. Isoniazid (INH) is an important first-line drug for the treatment of active and latent TB. INH resistance is an increasing problem in the treatment of TB. Phenotypic resistance to INH, however, is poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a strain of Mycobacterium bovis BCG that overexpresses the latency-related universal stress protein (USP), BCG_2013, and designated this strain BCG-2013. BCG_2013 overexpression increased susceptibility to INH compared with that of the wild-type strain, BCG-pMV261. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that BCG_2013 overexpression resulted in the upregulation of 50 proteins and the downregulation of 26 proteins among the 1500 proteins identified. Upregulation of catalase-peroxidase KatG expression in BCG-2013 was observed and confirmed by qPCR, whereas expression of other INH resistance-related proteins did not change. In addition, differential expression of the mycobacterial persistence regulator MprA and its regulatory proteins was observed. BCG_2013 and katG mRNA levels increased in a Wayne dormancy model, whereas MprA mRNA levels decreased. Taken together, our results suggest that the increase in KatG levels induced by increased BCG_2013 levels underlies the phenotypic susceptibility of mycobacteria to INH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, CAS , Beijing 100101, China
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