1
|
Ogunleye SC, Islam S, Chowdhury QMMK, Ozdemir O, Lawrence ML, Abdelhamed H. Catabolite control protein C contributes to virulence and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress responses in Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1403694. [PMID: 38881664 PMCID: PMC11176438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, an infectious and potentially fatal disease of animals and humans. A diverse network of transcriptional regulators, including LysR-type catabolite control protein C (CcpC), is critical for the survival of L. monocytogenes and its ability to transition into the host environment. In this study, we explored the physiological and genetic consequences of deleting ccpC and the effects of such deletion on the ability of L. monocytogenes to cause disease. We found that ccpC deletion did not impact hemolytic activity, whereas it resulted in significant reductions in phospholipase activities. Western blotting revealed that the ΔccpC strain produced significantly reduced levels of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin LLO relative to the wildtype F2365 strain. However, the ΔccpC mutant displayed no significant intracellular growth defect in macrophages. Furthermore, ΔccpC strain exhibited reduction in plaque numbers in fibroblasts compared to F2365, but plaque size was not significantly affected by ccpC deletion. In a murine model system, the ΔccpC strain exhibited a significantly reduced bacterial burden in the liver and spleen compared to the wildtype F2365 strain. Interestingly, the deletion of this gene also enhanced the survival of L. monocytogenes under conditions of H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Transcriptomic analyses performed under H2O2-induced oxidative stress conditions revealed that DNA repair, cellular responses to DNA damage and stress, metalloregulatory proteins, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids were significantly induced in the ccpC deletion strain relative to F2365. In contrast, genes encoding internalin, 1-phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, and genes associated with sugar-specific phosphotransferase system components, porphyrin, branched-chain amino acids, and pentose phosphate pathway were significantly downregulated in the ccpC deletion strain relative to F2365. This finding highlights CcpC as a key factor that regulates L. monocytogenes physiology and responses to oxidative stress by controlling the expression of important metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seto C Ogunleye
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, United States
| | - Shamima Islam
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, United States
| | - Q M Monzur Kader Chowdhury
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, United States
| | - Ozan Ozdemir
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, United States
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, United States
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dienemann JN, Chen SY, Hitzenberger M, Sievert ML, Hacker SM, Prigge ST, Zacharias M, Groll M, Sieber SA. A Chemical Proteomic Strategy Reveals Inhibitors of Lipoate Salvage in Bacteria and Parasites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304533. [PMID: 37249408 PMCID: PMC10896624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel anti-infectives requires unprecedented strategies targeting pathways which are solely present in pathogens but absent in humans. Following this principle, we developed inhibitors of lipoic acid (LA) salvage, a crucial pathway for the survival of LA auxotrophic bacteria and parasites but non-essential in human cells. An LA-based probe was selectively transferred onto substrate proteins via lipoate protein ligase (LPL) in intact cells, and their binding sites were determined by mass spectrometry. Probe labeling served as a proxy of LPL activity, enabling in situ screenings for cell-permeable LPL inhibitors. Profiling a focused compound library revealed two substrate analogs (LAMe and C3) as inhibitors, which were further validated by binding studies and co-crystallography. Importantly, LAMe exhibited low toxicity in human cells and achieved killing of Plasmodium falciparum in erythrocytes with an EC50 value of 15 μM, making it the most effective LPL inhibitor reported to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Dienemann
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shu-Yu Chen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Manuel Hitzenberger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Montana L Sievert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, E5132, MD 21205, Baltimore, USA
| | - Stephan M Hacker
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sean T Prigge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, E5132, MD 21205, Baltimore, USA
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vaval Taylor DM, Xayarath B, Freitag NE. Two Permeases Associated with the Multifunctional CtaP Cysteine Transport System in Listeria monocytogenes Play Distinct Roles in Pathogenesis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0331722. [PMID: 37199604 PMCID: PMC10269559 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03317-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The soil-dwelling bacterium Listeria monocytogenes survives a multitude of conditions when residing in the outside environment and as a pathogen within host cells. Key to survival within the infected mammalian host is the expression of bacterial gene products necessary for nutrient acquisition. Similar to many bacteria, L. monocytogenes uses peptide import to acquire amino acids. Peptide transport systems play an important role in nutrient uptake as well as in additional functions that include bacterial quorum sensing and signal transduction, recycling of peptidoglycan fragments, adherence to eukaryotic cells, and alterations in antibiotic susceptibility. It has been previously described that CtaP, encoded by lmo0135, is a multifunctional protein associated with activities that include cysteine transport, resistance to acid, membrane integrity, and bacterial adherence to host cells. ctaP is located next to two genes predicted to encode membrane-bound permeases lmo0136 and lmo0137, termed CtpP1 and CtpP2, respectively. Here, we show that CtpP1 and CtpP2 are required for bacterial growth in the presence of low concentrations of cysteine and for virulence in mouse infection models. Taken together, the data identify distinct nonoverlapping roles for two related permeases that are important for the growth and survival of L. monocytogenes within host cells. IMPORTANCE Bacterial peptide transport systems are important for nutrient uptake and may additionally function in a variety of other roles, including bacterial communication, signal transduction, and bacterial adherence to eukaryotic cells. Peptide transport systems often consist of a substrate-binding protein associated with a membrane-spanning permease. The environmental bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes uses the substrate-binding protein CtaP not only for cysteine transport but also for resistance to acid, maintenance of membrane integrity, and bacterial adherence to host cells. In this study, we demonstrate complementary yet distinct functional roles for two membrane permeases, CtpP1 and CtpP2, that are encoded by genes linked to ctaP and that contribute to bacterial growth, invasion, and pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diandra M. Vaval Taylor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bobbi Xayarath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nancy E. Freitag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Listeria monocytogenes TcyKLMN Cystine/Cysteine Transporter Facilitates Glutathione Synthesis and Virulence Gene Expression. mBio 2022; 13:e0044822. [PMID: 35435705 PMCID: PMC9239247 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00448-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens sense the repertoire of metabolites in the mammalian niche and use this information to shift into the pathogenic state to accomplish a successful infection. Glutathione is a virulence-activating signal that is synthesized by
L. monocytogenes
during infection of mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bouvenot T, Dewitte A, Bennaceur N, Pradel E, Pierre F, Bontemps-Gallo S, Sebbane F. Interplay between Yersinia pestis and its flea vector in lipoate metabolism. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1136-1149. [PMID: 33479491 PMCID: PMC8182812 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To thrive, vector-borne pathogens must survive in the vector's gut. How these pathogens successfully exploit this environment in time and space has not been extensively characterized. Using Yersinia pestis (the plague bacillus) and its flea vector, we developed a bioluminescence-based approach and employed it to investigate the mechanisms of pathogenesis at an unprecedented level of detail. Remarkably, lipoylation of metabolic enzymes, via the biosynthesis and salvage of lipoate, increases the Y. pestis transmission rate by fleas. Interestingly, the salvage pathway's lipoate/octanoate ligase LplA enhances the first step in lipoate biosynthesis during foregut colonization but not during midgut colonization. Lastly, Y. pestis primarily uses lipoate provided by digestive proteolysis (presumably as lipoyl peptides) rather than free lipoate in blood, which is quickly depleted by the vector. Thus, spatial and temporal factors dictate the bacterium's lipoylation strategies during an infection, and replenishment of lipoate by digestive proteolysis in the vector might constitute an Achilles' heel that is exploited by pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Typhanie Bouvenot
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 – CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amélie Dewitte
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 – CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadia Bennaceur
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 – CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Elizabeth Pradel
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 – CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Pierre
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 – CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Bontemps-Gallo
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 – CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florent Sebbane
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 – CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Bacterial metabolism represents the biochemical space that bacteria can manipulate to produce energy, reducing equivalents and building blocks for replication. Gram-positive pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, show remarkable flexibility, which allows for exploitation of diverse biological niches from the soil to the intracytosolic space. Although the human host represents a potentially rich source for nutrient acquisition, competition for nutrients with the host and hostile host defenses can constrain bacterial metabolism by various mechanisms, including nutrient sequestration. Here, we review metabolism in the model Gram-positive bacterium, L. monocytogenes, and highlight pathways that enable the replication, survival, and virulence of this bacterial pathogen.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hardison RL, Heimlich DR, Harrison A, Beatty WL, Rains S, Moseley MA, Thompson JW, Justice SS, Mason KM. Transient Nutrient Deprivation Promotes Macropinocytosis-Dependent Intracellular Bacterial Community Development. mSphere 2018; 3:3/5/e00286-18. [PMID: 30209128 PMCID: PMC6135960 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00286-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient limitation restricts bacterial growth in privileged sites such as the middle ear. Transient heme-iron restriction of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI), the major causative agent of chronic and recurrent otitis media (OM), promotes new and diverse phenotypes that can influence planktonic, biofilm, and intracellular lifestyles of NTHI. However, the bacterial responses to nutrient restriction that impact intracellular fate and survival of NTHI are unknown. In this work, we provide evidence for the role of transient heme-iron restriction in promoting the formation of intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) of NTHI both in vitro and in vivo in a preclinical model of OM. We show that transient heme-iron restriction of NTHI results in significantly increased invasion and intracellular populations that escape or evade the endolysosomal pathway for increased intracellular survival. In contrast, NTHI continuously exposed to heme-iron traffics through the endolysosomal pathway for degradation. The use of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that prior heme-iron status does not appear to influence NTHI internalization through endocytic pathways. However, inhibition of macropinocytosis altered the intracellular fate of transiently restricted NTHI for degradation in the endolysosomal pathway. Furthermore, prevention of macropinocytosis significantly reduced the number of IBCs in cultured middle ear epithelial cells, providing evidence for the feasibility of this approach to reduce OM persistence. These results reveal that microenvironmental cues can influence the intracellular fate of NTHI, leading to new mechanisms for survival during disease progression.IMPORTANCE Otitis media is the most common bacterial infection in childhood. Current therapies are limited in the prevention of chronic or recurrent otitis media which leads to increased antibiotic exposure and represents a significant socioeconomic burden. In this study, we delineate the effect of nutritional limitation on the intracellular trafficking pathways used by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI). Moreover, transient limitation of heme-iron led to the development of intracellular bacterial communities that are known to contribute to persistence and recurrence in other diseases. New approaches for therapeutic interventions that reduce the production of intracellular bacterial communities and promote trafficking through the endolysosomal pathway were revealed through the use of pharmacological inhibition of macropinocytosis. This work demonstrates the importance of an intracellular niche for NTHI and provides new approaches for intervention for acute, chronic, and recurring episodes of otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Hardison
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Derek R Heimlich
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alistair Harrison
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wandy L Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Rains
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Will Thompson
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheryl S Justice
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin M Mason
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mashruwala AA, Roberts CA, Bhatt S, May KL, Carroll RK, Shaw LN, Boyd JM. Staphylococcus aureus SufT: an essential iron-sulphur cluster assembly factor in cells experiencing a high-demand for lipoic acid. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:1099-1119. [PMID: 27671355 PMCID: PMC5161685 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus SufT is composed solely of the domain of unknown function 59 (DUF59) and has a role in the maturation of iron-sulphur (Fe-S) proteins. We report that SufT is essential for S. aureus when growth is heavily reliant upon lipoamide-utilizing enzymes, but dispensable when this reliance is decreased. LipA requires Fe-S clusters for lipoic acid (LA) synthesis and a ΔsufT strain had phenotypes suggestive of decreased LA production and decreased activities of lipoamide-requiring enzymes. Fermentative growth, a null clpC allele, or decreased flux through the TCA cycle diminished the demand for LA and rendered SufT non-essential. Abundance of the Fe-S cluster carrier Nfu was increased in a ΔclpC strain and a null clpC allele was unable to suppress the LA requirement of a ΔsufT Δnfu strain. Over-expression of nfu suppressed the LA requirement of the ΔsufT strain. We propose a model wherein SufT, and by extension the DUF59, is essential for the maturation of holo-LipA in S. aureus cells experiencing a high demand for lipoamide-dependent enzymes. The findings presented suggest that the demand for products of Fe-S enzymes is a factor governing the usage of one Fe-S cluster assembly factor over another in the maturation of apo-proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameya A. Mashruwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Christina A. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Shiven Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Kerrie L. May
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Ronan K. Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FA 33620
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FA 33620
| | - Jeffrey M. Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jarvis NA, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC, Johnson MG, Crandall PG. A review of minimal and defined media for growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Xayarath B, Freitag NE. Optimizing the balance between host and environmental survival skills: lessons learned from Listeria monocytogenes. Future Microbiol 2014; 7:839-52. [PMID: 22827306 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pathogens - organisms that survive in the outside environment but maintain the capacity to cause disease in mammals - navigate the challenges of life in habitats that range from water and soil to the cytosol of host cells. The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes has served for decades as a model organism for studies of host-pathogen interactions and for fundamental paradigms of cell biology. This ubiquitous saprophyte has recently become a model for understanding how an environmental bacterium switches to life within human cells. This review describes how L. monocytogenes balances life in disparate environments with the help of a critical virulence regulator known as PrfA. Understanding L. monocytogenes survival strategies is important for gaining insight into how environmental microbes become pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi Xayarath
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Liu X, Wu L, Deng G, Chen G, Li N, Chu X, Li D. Comparative studies of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases for monomethyl branched chain substrates in amino acid metabolism. Bioorg Chem 2013; 47:1-8. [PMID: 23474214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SBCAD), isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD), and isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IBD) are involved in metabolism of isoleucine, leucine, and valine, respectively. These three enzymes all belong to acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACD) family, and catalyze the dehydrogenation of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid (mmBCFA) thioester derivatives. In the present work, the catalytic properties of rat SBCAD, IVD, and IBD, including their substrate specificity, isomerase activity, and enzyme inhibition, were comparatively studied. Our results indicated that SBCAD has its catalytic properties relatively similar to those of straight-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in terms of their isomerase activity and enzyme inhibition, while IVD and IBD are different. IVD has relatively broader substrate specificity than those of the other two enzymes in accommodating various substrate analogs. The present study increased our understanding for the metabolism of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which should also be useful for selective control of a particular reaction through the design of specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun Y, Wilkinson BJ, Standiford TJ, Akinbi HT, O'Riordan MXD. Fatty acids regulate stress resistance and virulence factor production for Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5274-84. [PMID: 22843841 PMCID: PMC3457240 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00045-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are the major structural component of cellular membranes, which provide a physical and chemical barrier that insulates intracellular reactions from environmental fluctuations. The native composition of membrane FAs establishes the topological and chemical parameters for membrane-associated functions and is therefore modulated diligently by microorganisms especially in response to environmental stresses. However, the consequences of altered FA composition during host-pathogen interactions are poorly understood. The food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes contains mostly saturated branched-chain FAs (BCFAs), which support growth at low pH and low temperature. In this study, we show that anteiso-BCFAs enhance bacterial resistance against phagosomal killing in macrophages. Specifically, BCFAs protect against antimicrobial peptides and peptidoglycan hydrolases, two classes of phagosome antimicrobial defense mechanisms. In addition, the production of the critical virulence factor, listeriolysin O, was compromised by FA modulation, suggesting that FAs play a key role in virulence regulation. In summary, our results emphasize the significance of FA metabolism, not only in bacterial virulence regulation but also in membrane barrier function by providing resistance against host antimicrobial stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sun
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Christensen QH, Hagar JA, O'Riordan MXD, Cronan JE. A complex lipoate utilization pathway in Listeria monocytogenes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31447-56. [PMID: 21768091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a complete pathway of lipoic acid metabolism has been established in Escherichia coli, lipoic acid metabolism in other bacteria is more complex and incompletely understood. Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to utilize two lipoate-protein ligases for lipoic acid scavenging, whereas only one of the ligases can function in utilization of host-derived lipoic acid-modified peptides. We report that lipoic acid scavenging requires not only ligation of lipoic acid but also a lipoyl relay pathway in which an amidotransferase transfers lipoyl groups to the enzyme complexes that require the cofactor for activity. In addition, we provide evidence for a new lipoamidase activity that could allow utilization of lipoyl peptides by lipoate-protein ligase. These data support a model of an expanded, three-enzyme pathway for lipoic acid scavenging that seems widespread in the Firmicutes phylum of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quin H Christensen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Lipoic acid [(R)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid] is an enzyme cofactor required for intermediate metabolism in free-living cells. Lipoic acid was discovered nearly 60 years ago and was shown to be covalently attached to proteins in several multicomponent dehydrogenases. Cells can acquire lipoate (the deprotonated charge form of lipoic acid that dominates at physiological pH) through either scavenging or de novo synthesis. Microbial pathogens implement these basic lipoylation strategies with a surprising variety of adaptations which can affect pathogenesis and virulence. Similarly, lipoylated proteins are responsible for effects beyond their classical roles in catalysis. These include roles in oxidative defense, bacterial sporulation, and gene expression. This review surveys the role of lipoate metabolism in bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens and how these organisms have employed this metabolism to adapt to niche environments.
Collapse
|
16
|
Branched-chain fatty acids promote Listeria monocytogenes intracellular infection and virulence. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4667-73. [PMID: 20823206 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00546-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anteiso-branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) represent the dominant group of membrane fatty acids and have been established as crucial determinants in resistance against environmental stresses in Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular pathogen. Here, we investigate the role of anteiso-BCFA in L. monocytogenes virulence by using mutants deficient in branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BKD), an enzyme complex involved in the synthesis of BCFA. In tissue culture models of infection, anteiso-BCFA contributed to intracellular growth and survival in macrophages and significantly enhanced plaque formation upon prolonged infection in L2 fibroblasts. The intracellular defects observed could be attributed partially to insufficient listeriolysin O (LLO) production, indicating a requirement for anteiso-BCFA in regulating virulence factor production. In a murine model of infection, the BKD-deficient mutant was highly attenuated, further emphasizing the importance of BKD-mediated metabolism in L. monocytogenes virulence. This study demonstrates an underappreciated role for BCFA in bacterial pathogenesis, which may provide insight into the development and application of antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
|
17
|
Eisenreich W, Dandekar T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Carbon metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens and possible links to virulence. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:401-12. [PMID: 20453875 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
New technologies such as high-throughput methods and 13C-isotopologue-profiling analysis are beginning to provide us with insight into the in vivo metabolism of microorganisms, especially in the host cell compartments that are colonized by intracellular bacterial pathogens. In this Review, we discuss the recent progress made in determining the major carbon sources and metabolic pathways used by model intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate either in the cytosol or in vacuoles of infected host cells. Furthermore, we highlight the possible links between intracellular carbon metabolism and the expression of virulence genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
A lipA (yutB) mutant, encoding lipoic acid synthase, provides insight into the interplay between branched-chain and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:7447-55. [PMID: 19820084 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01160-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid is an essential cofactor required for the function of key metabolic pathways in most organisms. We report the characterization of a Bacillus subtilis mutant obtained by disruption of the lipA (yutB) gene, which encodes lipoyl synthase (LipA), the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the de novo biosynthesis of this cofactor. The function of lipA was inferred from the results of genetic and physiological experiments, and this study investigated its role in B. subtilis fatty acid metabolism. Interrupting lipoate-dependent reactions strongly inhibits growth in minimal medium, impairing the generation of branched-chain fatty acids and leading to accumulation of copious amounts of straight-chain saturated fatty acids in B. subtilis membranes. Although depletion of LipA induces the expression of the Delta5 desaturase, controlled by a two-component system that senses changes in membrane properties, the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids is insufficient to support growth in the absence of precursors for branched-chain fatty acids. However, unsaturated fatty acids generated by deregulated overexpression of the Delta5 desaturase functionally replaces lipoic acid-dependent synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, we show that the cold-sensitive phenotype of a B. subtilis strain deficient in Delta5 desaturase is suppressed by isoleucine only if LipA is present.
Collapse
|
19
|
Xayarath B, Marquis H, Port GC, Freitag NE. Listeria monocytogenes CtaP is a multifunctional cysteine transport-associated protein required for bacterial pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:956-73. [PMID: 19818015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes survives under a myriad of conditions in the outside environment and within the human host where infections can result in severe disease. Bacterial life within the host requires the expression of genes with roles in nutrient acquisition as well as the biosynthesis of bacterial products required to support intracellular growth. A gene product identified as the substrate-binding component of a novel oligopeptide transport system (encoded by lmo0135) was recently shown to be required for L. monocytogenes virulence. Here we demonstrate that lmo0135 encodes a multifunctional protein that is associated with cysteine transport, acid resistance, bacterial membrane integrity and adherence to host cells. The lmo0135 gene product (designated CtaP, for cysteine transport associated protein) was required for bacterial growth in the presence of low concentrations of cysteine in vitro, but was not required for bacterial replication within the host cytosol. Loss of CtaP increased membrane permeability and acid sensitivity, and reduced bacterial adherence to host cells. ctaP deletion mutants were severely attenuated following intragastric and intravenous inoculation of mice. Taken together, the data presented indicate that CtaP contributes to multiple facets of L. monocytogenes physiology, growth and survival both inside and outside of animal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi Xayarath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|