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Ruan W, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK. Circadian rhythm as a therapeutic target. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:287-307. [PMID: 33589815 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock evolved in diverse organisms to integrate external environmental changes and internal physiology. The clock endows the host with temporal precision and robust adaptation to the surrounding environment. When circadian rhythms are perturbed or misaligned, as a result of jet lag, shiftwork or other lifestyle factors, adverse health consequences arise, and the risks of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases or metabolic disorders increase. Although the negative impact of circadian rhythm disruption is now well established, it remains underappreciated how to take advantage of biological timing, or correct it, for health benefits. In this Review, we provide an updated account of the circadian system and highlight several key disease areas with altered circadian signalling. We discuss environmental and lifestyle modifications of circadian rhythm and clock-based therapeutic strategies, including chronotherapy, in which dosing time is deliberately optimized for maximum therapeutic index, and pharmacological agents that target core clock components and proximal regulators. Promising progress in research, disease models and clinical applications should encourage a concerted effort towards a new era of circadian medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Jones CA, Kelly DP. Growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron in chemostat culture: Influence of product and substrate inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.280330407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Martínez JP, Garay E, Alcaide E, Hernández E. The genus thiobacillus: Physiology and industrial applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Biological oxidation of ferrous sulphate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: a review on the kinetic aspects. Biochem Eng J 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(98)00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kai T, Suenaga YI, Matsuda K, Takahashi T. Enhancement of specific growth rate of iron-oxidizing bacteria by glucose. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00143460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Patterns of Substrate Utilization and Metal Solubilization from Sulfide Ore Material by Mixed Cultures of Microorganisms Enriched from Mine Waters. Syst Appl Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sugio T, Kudo S, Tano T, Imai K. Glucose transport system in a facultative iron-oxidizing bacterium, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacteriol 1982; 150:1109-14. [PMID: 6804437 PMCID: PMC216330 DOI: 10.1128/jb.150.3.1109-1114.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Properties of a heat-labile glucose transport system in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain AP-44 were investigated with iron-grown cells. [14C]glucose was incorporated into cell fractions, and the cells metabolized [14C]glucose to 14CO2. Amytal, rotenone, cyanide, azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide strongly inhibited [14C]glucose uptake activity, suggesting the presence of an energy-dependent glucose transport system in T. ferrooxidans. Heavy metals, such as mercury, silver, uranium, and molybdate, markedly inhibited the transport activity at 1 mM. When grown on mixotrophic medium, the bacteria preferentially utilized ferrous iron as an energy source. When iron was exhausted, the cells used glucose if the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the medium was higher than 3% (wt/vol). However, when ferrous sulfate was lower than 1%, both of the energy sources were consumed simultaneously.
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Abstract
Amino acid transport in amino acid auxotrophs of Thiobacillus thioparus was enhanced during growth on rate-limiting amino acid concentration. A pleiotropic mutation enhanced general amino acid transport as manifested by higher values of Vmax of amino acid transport. Affinity constants remained unaltered. Mutants with enhanced transport properties did not show changes in oxidation of thiosulfate, did not oxidize various organic compounds, and did not increase the heterotrophic potential of T. thioparus. The mutations for enhanced transport caused increased synthesis of amino acid transport system components. A method for genetic transformation of T. thioparus is described.
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Differentiation of acidophilic thiobacilli by cell density in renografin gradients. Curr Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Harrison AP, Jarvis BW, Johnson JL. Heterotrophic bacteria from cultures of autotrophic Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: relationships as studied by means of deoxyribonucleic acid homology. J Bacteriol 1980; 143:448-54. [PMID: 7400100 PMCID: PMC294268 DOI: 10.1128/jb.143.1.448-454.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
From several presumably pure cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, we isolated a pair of stable phenotypes. One was a strict autotroph utilizing sulfur or ferrous iron as the energy source and unable to utilize glucose; the other phenotype was an acidophilic obligate heterotroph capable of utilizing glucose but not sulfur or ferrous iron. The acidophilic obligate heterotroph not only was encountered in cultures of T. ferrooxidans, but also was isolated with glucose-mineral salts medium, pH 2.0, directly from coal refuse. By means of deoxyribonucleic acid homology, we have demonstrated that the acidophilic heterotrophs are of a different genotype from T. ferrooxidans, not closely related to this species; we have shown also that the acidophilic obligate heterotrophs, regardless of their source of isolation, are related to each other. Therefore, cultures of T. ferrooxidans reported capable of utilizing organic compounds should be carefully examined for contamination. The acidophilic heterotrophs isolated by us are different from T. acidophilis, which is also associated with T. ferrooxidans but is facultative, utilizing both glucose and elemental sulfur as energy sources. Since they are so common and tenacious in T. ferrooxidans cultures, the heterotrophs must be associated with T. ferrooxidans in the natural habitat.
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Mao MW, Dugan PR, Martin PA, Touvinen OH. Plasmid DNA in chemoorganotrophicThiobacillus ferrooxidansandT. acidophilus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1980.tb05063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Sormunen PÃM, Tuovinen OH. Adenylate energy charge in chemoorganotrophicThiobacillus ferrooxidansKG-4. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1979.tb04274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Tuovinen OH, Panda FA, Tsuchiya HM. Nitrogen Requirement of Iron-Oxidizing Thiobacilli for Acidic Ferric Sulfate Regeneration. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:954-8. [PMID: 16345391 PMCID: PMC243331 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.5.954-958.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium was shown to be a limiting nutrient for iron oxidation in cultures of
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
In addition, one strain was also able to assimilate nitrate, but not nitrite, for growth and coupled iron oxidation. Some amino acids (0.5 mM) were tested as a source of nitrogen; none clearly stimulated bacterial activity and inhibition was commonly encountered. Complex nitrogenous compounds were inhibitory at high concentrations (0.1 to 0.5%, wt/vol) and, at low concentrations, some clearly stimulated the bacterial iron oxidation in ammonium-limited cultures. Enhancement of iron oxidation by these compounds was also observed in ammonium-unlimited cultures, suggesting their possible role in providing trace nutrients and possibly carbon for the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Tuovinen
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Chapter 4 Biogeochemistry of Iron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1116(08)71060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Wood AP, Kelly D. Comparative radiorespirometric studies of glucose oxidation in three facultatively heterotrophic thiobacilli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wood AP, Kelly DP, Thurston CF. Simultaneous operation of three catabolic pathways in the metabolism of glucose by Thiobacillus A2. Arch Microbiol 1977; 113:265-74. [PMID: 879964 DOI: 10.1007/bf00492034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes essential to the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway, the Entner-Duodoroff pathway and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway were present in Thiobacillus A2 grown on glucose and other sugars. Radiorespirometry under various conditions with Thiobacillus A2 oxidising glucose specifically labelled with 14C in carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, 3 + 4, 6 or universally labelled demonstrated the simultaneous operation of the Embden-Meyerhof (48%), Entner-Doudoroff (28%), and pentose phosphate (24%) pathways in release of carbon dioxide from glucose. Growth on succinate, or autotrophically on formate or thiosulphate resulted in repression of most enzymes of the pathways, but high aldolase levels were retained indicating its role in gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle. Different fructose diphosphatase activities were found in succinate- and thiosulphate-grown organisms. The results indicate that all three major catabolic pathways for glucose function in Thiobacillus A2 grown on sugars. Thiobacillus acidophilus showed a different radiorespirometric pattern and apparently used the Entner-Duodoroff (64.5%) and pentose phosphate (35.5%) pathways, but showed unusually high release of carbon atom 6, as was also found for T. ferrooxidans.
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Wood AP, Kelly DP. Heterotrophic growth of Thiobacillus A2 on sugars and organic acids. Arch Microbiol 1977; 113:257-64. [PMID: 879963 DOI: 10.1007/bf00492033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thiobacillus A2 grew on a number of organic acids, pentoses, hexoses and alpha-linked disaccharides, but not on beta-linked disaccharides or galactosides. Growth was slow on glucose, although fast-growing strains were selectively isolated. Additive growth rates occured on glucose and galactose; growth on glucose with fructose, pyruvate or gluconate was biphasic rather than diauxic; fructose was used preferentially over glucose; slow growth on glucose was accelerated by some disaccharides; growth on acetate, fumarate or succinate with glucose gave diauxic growth with preferential use of the acid and repression of glucose incorporation. Acetate and succinate tended to be used preferentially even with cultures grown on them in mixture with fructose or sucrose.
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Smith AJ, Hoare DS. Specialist phototrophs, lithotrophs, and methylotrophs: a unity among a diversity of procaryotes? BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1977; 41:419-48. [PMID: 329833 PMCID: PMC414007 DOI: 10.1128/br.41.2.419-448.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Tuttle JH, Dugan PR, Apel WA. Leakage of cellular material from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the presence of organic acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977; 33:459-69. [PMID: 848961 PMCID: PMC170703 DOI: 10.1128/aem.33.2.459-469.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiobacillus ferroodixans cells released varying amounts of iron, phosphate, sugar, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and substances that absorbed light at both 260 and 280 nm, when exposed to 10(-2) to 10(-1) M concentrations of these organic acids: propionic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic, and oxalacetic. These acids also retarded iron oxidation by the cells. Electron microscope observation of cells after exposure to the organic acids showed varying degrees of cell envelope disruption, suggesting that the mode of inhibition of autotrophic iron oxidation in the cell involves interference with the function of the cell envelope, possibly the cell membrane.
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Transition of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans KG-4 from heterotrophic growth on glucose to autotrophic growth on ferrous-iron. Arch Microbiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00410784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bock E. Growth of nitrobacter in the presence of organic matter. II. Chemoorganotrophic growth of Nitrobacter agilis. Arch Microbiol 1976; 108:305-12. [PMID: 942282 DOI: 10.1007/bf00454857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. After a resting period of up to 6 months cells of Nitrobacter agilis grow with acetate, formate, and pyruvate as carbon and energy source. Yeast extract and peptone were added to supply the organism with nitrogen and to meet possible vitamin requirements. 2. The length of the growth period depends on the substrate; it increases according to the following sequence: pyruvate, formate, acetate. The highest growth yield is observed with pyruvate, the lowest with formate. 3. O2 consumption is increased in the presence of substrates as compared to endogenous respiration. With pyruvate and acetate twice as much O2 is consumed, with formate 7 times, with yeast extractpeptone 10 times as much. 4. The ability of nitrite oxidation is largely preserved, except in cells grown with acetate or pyruvate in the presence of 0.015% yeast extract and peptone. Such cells have nearly no cytochrome a1. Accordingly. the cytochrome spectra of nitrite oxidizers grown under chemoorganotrophic and lithoautotrophic conditions coincide qualitatively. 5. The nitrite oxidizing system is inducible. It is induced by nitrite but also by substances present in yeast extract and peptone. Cells grown on acetate and yeast extract and peptone (0.015%) require 3--4 weeks before they regain the ability to grow with nitrite. Cells grown chemoorganotrophically with the same substrates and yeast extract and peptone (0.15%) start growing and nitrite as energy source without a lag. 6. Cell size and form, distribution of storage materials, order and fine structure of double membranes are correlated with growth conditions.
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Hirt WE, Vestal JR. Physical and chemical studies of Thiobacillus ferroxidans lipopolysaccharides. J Bacteriol 1975; 123:642-50. [PMID: 238956 PMCID: PMC235771 DOI: 10.1128/jb.123.2.642-650.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the obligate acidophile Thiobacillus ferroxidans grown on iron, sulfur, and glucose as energy sources were examined for various physical and chemical properties. Both qualitative and quantitative variation were found among the three preparations. The LPS extracted from iron-grown cells (Fe-LPS) contained less than 3% protein compared to 18 to 25% in LPS extracted from either sulfur-grown cells (S-LPS) or glucose-grown cells (G-LPS). S-LPS showed two distinct sedimentable species, 61S and 9.3S, which could be fractionated on a column of Sepharose 4B. The relative densities of both S-LPS and G-LPS were found to be significantly greater than that of Fe-LPS. Spectral differences were noted when each LPS was reacted with a carbocyanine dye. Fe-LPS showed a single absorbance maximum at 472 nm, S-LPS displayed its maximum at 650 nm, and G-LPS showed two maxima, the first at 468 nm and the other at 655 nm. Analysis of the methyl ester derivatives of the LPS fatty aicds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a very stable species, tentatively identified as a methoxy methyl ester with a formula of CH3-3-C10H10-COOCH3, as the major component from each LPS. beta-Hydroxymyristic acid was found only in Fe-LPS.
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