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In vivo cascade catalysis of aromatic amino acids to the respective mandelic acids using recombinant E. coli cells expressing hydroxymandelate synthase (HMS) from Amycolatopsis mediterranei. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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2
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Kim B, Binkley R, Kim HU, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering ofEscherichia colifor the enhanced production ofl‐tyrosine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2554-2564. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjin Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program)Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Binkley
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program)Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program)Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross‐Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
- BioInformatics Research Center, KAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program)Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross‐Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
- BioInformatics Research Center, KAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAISTDaejeon Republic of Korea
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3
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Fecal Amino Acid Analysis Can Discriminate De Novo Treatment-Naïve Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease From Controls. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66:773-778. [PMID: 29112087 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endoscopy remains mandatory in the diagnostic work-up of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but is a costly and invasive procedure. Identification of novel, noninvasive, diagnostic biomarkers remains a priority. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential of fecal amino acid composition as diagnostic biomarker for pediatric IBD. METHODS In this case-control study, treatment-naïve, de novo pediatric patients with IBD from two tertiary centers were included. Endoscopic severity of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) was based on physician global assessment scores, substantiated by levels of fecal calprotectin and C-reactive protein at study inclusion. Patients were instructed to collect a fecal sample prior to bowel cleansing. Healthy controls (HCs) were recruited from primary schools in the same region. Dedicated amino acid analysis was performed on all samples. RESULTS Significant differences between 30 IBD patients (15 UC, 15 CD) and 15 age and sex-matched HCs were found in six amino acids (histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, and valine; all area under the curve >0.75 and P < 0.005), displaying higher levels in IBD. When distributing the patients according to type of IBD, a similar spectrum of amino acids differed between UC and HC (histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, and serine), whereas three amino acids were different between CD and HC (histidine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine). CONCLUSIONS Significantly increased levels of six different fecal amino acids were found in patients with IBD compared to controls. Whether these differences reflect decreased absorption or increased loss by inflamed intestines needs to be elucidated.
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Mahr R, von Boeselager RF, Wiechert J, Frunzke J. Screening of an Escherichia coli promoter library for a phenylalanine biosensor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6739-6753. [PMID: 27170323 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of transcription factor-based biosensors for the engineering of microbial production strains opened up new opportunities for industrial biotechnology. However, the design of synthetic regulatory circuits depends on the selection of suitable transcription factor-promoter pairs to convert the concentration of effector molecules into a measureable output. Here, we present an efficient strategy to screen promoter libraries for appropriate parts for biosensor design. To this end, we pooled the strains of the Alon library containing about 2000 different Escherichia coli promoter-gfpmut2 fusions, and enriched galactose- and L-phenylalanine-responsive promoters by toggled rounds of positive and negative selection using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). For both effectors, responsive promoters were isolated and verified by cultivation in microtiter plates. The promoter of mtr, encoding an L-tryptophan-specific transporter, was identified as suitable part for the construction of an L-phenylalanine biosensor. In the following, we performed a comparative analysis of different biosensor constructs based on the mtr promoter. The obtained data revealed a strong influence of the biosensor architecture on the performance characteristics. For proof-of-principle, the mtr sensor was applied in a FACS high-throughput screening of an E. coli MG1655 mutant library for the isolation of L-phenylalanine producers. These results emphasize the developed screening approach as a convenient strategy for the identification of effector-responsive promoters for the design of novel biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Mahr
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Whole-cell biocatalytic production of variously substituted β-aryl- and β-heteroaryl-β-amino acids. J Biotechnol 2016; 217:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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6
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Kim SC, Min BE, Hwang HG, Seo SW, Jung GY. Pathway optimization by re-design of untranslated regions for L-tyrosine production in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13853. [PMID: 26346938 PMCID: PMC4561953 DOI: 10.1038/srep13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
L-tyrosine is a commercially important compound in the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and cosmetic industries. Although several attempts have been made to improve L-tyrosine production, translation-level expression control and carbon flux rebalancing around phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) node still remain to be achieved for optimizing the pathway. Here, we demonstrate pathway optimization by altering gene expression levels for L-tyrosine production in Escherichia coli. To optimize the L-tyrosine biosynthetic pathway, a synthetic constitutive promoter and a synthetic 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) were introduced for each gene of interest to allow for control at both transcription and translation levels. Carbon flux rebalancing was achieved by controlling the expression level of PEP synthetase using UTR Designer. The L-tyrosine productivity of the engineered E. coli strain was increased through pathway optimization resulting in 3.0 g/L of L-tyrosine titer, 0.0354 g L-tyrosine/h/g DCW of productivity, and 0.102 g L-tyrosine/g glucose yield. Thus, this work demonstrates that pathway optimization by 5′-UTR redesign is an effective strategy for the development of efficient L-tyrosine-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Cheol Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Byung Eun Min
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Hwang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
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7
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Scott M, Klumpp S, Mateescu EM, Hwa T. Emergence of robust growth laws from optimal regulation of ribosome synthesis. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:747. [PMID: 25149558 PMCID: PMC4299513 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria must constantly adapt their growth to changes in nutrient availability; yet despite
large-scale changes in protein expression associated with sensing, adaptation, and processing
different environmental nutrients, simple growth laws connect the ribosome abundance and the growth
rate. Here, we investigate the origin of these growth laws by analyzing the features of ribosomal
regulation that coordinate proteome-wide expression changes with cell growth in a variety of
nutrient conditions in the model organism Escherichia coli. We identify
supply-driven feedforward activation of ribosomal protein synthesis as the key regulatory motif
maximizing amino acid flux, and autonomously guiding a cell to achieve optimal growth in different
environments. The growth laws emerge naturally from the robust regulatory strategy underlying growth
rate control, irrespective of the details of the molecular implementation. The study highlights the
interplay between phenomenological modeling and molecular mechanisms in uncovering fundamental
operating constraints, with implications for endogenous and synthetic design of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Scott
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eduard M Mateescu
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Terence Hwa
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Theoretical Studies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang J, Cheng LK, Wang J, Liu Q, Shen T, Chen N. Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli to enhance production of L-tryptophan. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7587-96. [PMID: 23775271 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the accumulation of acetate in Escherichia coli cultures can decrease carbon efflux as by-products and reduce acetate toxicity, and therefore enable high cell density cultivation. The concentration of intracellular amino acids can be decreased by genetic modifications of the corresponding amino acid transport systems. This can increase the levels of amino acids in the fermentation broth by decreasing the feedback inhibition on the corresponding biosynthetic pathways. Here, the effects of genetic manipulation of phosphate acetyltransferase (pta), high affinity tryptophan transporter (mtr) and aromatic amino acid exporter (yddG) on L-tryptophan production were investigated. The pta mutants accumulated less acetate and showed higher capacity for producing L-tryptophan as compared with the parental strain. The strains lacking mtr, or overexpressed yddG, or with the both mtr knockout and yddG overexpression, accumulated lower concentrations of intracellular tryptophan but higher production of extracellular L-tryptophan. In the L-tryptohan fed-batch fermentation of an E. coli derived from TRTH0709/pMEL03 having deletion of pta-mtr and overexpression of yddG in a 30-L fermentor, the maximum concentration of L-tryptophan (48.68 g/L) was obtained, which represented a 15.96 % increase as compared with the parental strain. Acetate accumulated to a concentration of 0.95 g/L. The intracellular concentration of L-tryptophan was low, and the glucose conversion rate reached a high level of 21.87 %, which was increased by 15.53 % as compared with the parent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China.
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Knocking out analysis of tryptophan permeases in Escherichia coli for improving L-tryptophan production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6677-83. [PMID: 23695779 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three permeases, Mtr, TnaB, and AroP, are involved in the uptake of L-tryptophan in Escherichia coli. These permeases possess individual function for cell transportation and metabolism, and affect extracellular L-tryptophan accumulation. In this study, by knocking out three tryptophan permeases separately and simultaneously in L-tryptophan-producing strain E. coli GPT1002, we analyzed the effect of permease knock out on L-tryptophan uptake, cell growth, and L-tryptophan production. We found that TnaB is the main transporter that is responsible for the uptake of L-tryptophan. Inactivation of tnaB improved the L-tryptophan production significantly, and inactivation of aroP has an additive effect on tnaB mutant. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that knocking out permeases affects gene transcription and cell metabolism in many metabolic pathways. The tryptophan permease-deficient GPT1017 mutant exhibited the highest L-tryptophan production at 2.79 g l(-1), which is 51.6 % higher than that produced by the control strain. In 5-l bioreactor fermentation, the L-tryptophan production in GPT1017 reached 16.3 g l(-1).
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Chávez-Béjar MI, Báez-Viveros JL, Martínez A, Bolívar F, Gosset G. Biotechnological production of l-tyrosine and derived compounds. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Abstract
This chapter describes in detail the genes and proteins of Escherichia coli involved in the biosynthesis and transport of the three aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. It provides a historical perspective on the elaboration of the various reactions of the common pathway converting erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate to chorismate and those of the three terminal pathways converting chorismate to phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The regulation of key reactions by feedback inhibition, attenuation, repression, and activation are also discussed. Two regulatory proteins, TrpR (108 amino acids) and TyrR (513 amino acids), play a major role in transcriptional regulation. The TrpR protein functions only as a dimer which, in the presence of tryptophan, represses the expression of trp operon plus four other genes (the TrpR regulon). The TyrR protein, which can function both as a dimer and as a hexamer, regulates the expression of nine genes constituting the TyrR regulon. TyrR can bind each of the three aromatic amino acids and ATP and under their influence can act as a repressor or activator of gene expression. The various domains of this protein involved in binding the aromatic amino acids and ATP, recognizing DNA binding sites, interacting with the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase, and changing from a monomer to a dimer or a hexamer are all described. There is also an analysis of the various strategies which allow TyrR in conjunction with particular amino acids to differentially affect the expression of individual genes of the TyrR regulon.
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Abstract
We present a method to predict cis-acting elements for a given gene by detecting over-represented motifs in promoters of a set of ortholo gous genes in prokaryotes (single-gene, multiple-genomes approach). The method has been used successfully to detect regulatory elements at various taxonomical levels in prokaryotes. A web interface is available at the Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools site (http://rsat.scmbb.ulb.ac.be/rsat/).
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Lagunas-Muñoz VH, Cabrera-Valladares N, Bolívar F, Gosset G, Martínez A. Optimum melanin production using recombinant Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 101:1002-8. [PMID: 17040223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A parametric study was conducted to define optimum conditions to achieve high yields in the conversion of tyrosine to eumelanin (EuMel) using recombinant Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS Escherichia coli W3110 (pTrcMutmelA) expressing the tyrosinase coding gene from Rhizobium etli and glucose-mineral media were used to transform tyrosine into EuMel. Batch aerobic fermentor cultures were performed to study the effect of temperature, pH and inducer concentration (isopropyl-D-thio-galactopyranoside) on melanin production. Under optimum conditions, 0.1 mmol l(-1) of isopropyl-D-thio-galactopyranoside, temperature of 30 degrees C, and changing pH from 7.0 to 7.5 during the production phase, a 100% conversion of tyrosine into EuMel is obtained. Furthermore, tyrosine feeding allowed us to obtain the highest level (6 g l(-1)) of EuMel produced by recombinant E. coli reported until now. CONCLUSIONS The most important factors affecting melanin formation and hence influencing the rate and efficiency in the conversion of tyrosine into EuMel in this system, are the temperature and pH. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Maximum theoretical yield was obtained using a simple culture process and mineral media to convert tyrosine (a medium value compound) into melanin, a high value compound. The process reported here avoids the use of purified tyrosinase, expensive chemical methods or the cumbersome extraction of this polymer from animal or plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Lagunas-Muñoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Verger D, Carr PD, Kwok T, Ollis DL. Crystal Structure of the N-terminal Domain of the TyrR Transcription Factor Responsible for Gene Regulation of Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis and Transport in Escherichia coli K12. J Mol Biol 2007; 367:102-12. [PMID: 17222426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray structure of the N-terminal domain of TyrR has been solved to a resolution of 2.3 A. It reveals a modular protein containing an ACT domain, a connecting helix, a PAS domain and a C-terminal helix. Two dimers are present in the asymmetric unit with one monomer of each pair exhibiting a large rigid-body movement that results in a hinging around residue 74 of approximately 50 degrees . The structure of the dimer is discussed with reference to other transcription regulator proteins. Putative binding sites are identified for the aromatic amino acid cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Verger
- School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
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16
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Abstract
The TyrR protein of Escherichia coli can act both as a repressor and as an activator of transcription. It can interact with each of the three aromatic amino acids, with ATP and, under certain circumstances, with the C-terminal region of the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase. TyrR protein is a dimer in solution but in the presence of tyrosine and ATP it self-associates to form a hexamer. Whereas TyrR dimers can, in the absence of any aromatic amino acids, bind to certain recognition sequences referred to as 'strong TyrR boxes', hexamers can bind to extended sequences including lower-affinity sites called 'weak TyrR boxes', some of which overlap the promoter. There is no single mechanism for repression, which in some cases involves exclusion of RNA polymerase from the promoter and in others, interference with the ability of bound RNA polymerase to form open complexes or to exit the promoter. When bound to a site upstream of certain promoters, TyrR protein in the presence of phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan can interact with the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase to activate transcription. In one unusual case, activation of a non-productive promoter is used to repress transcription from a promoter on the opposite strand. Regulation of individual transcription units within the regulon reflects their physiological function and is determined by the position and nature of the recognition sites (TyrR boxes) associated with each of the promoters. The intracellular levels of the various forms of the TyrR protein are also postulated to be of critical importance in determining regulatory outcomes. TyrR protein remains a paradigm for a regulator that is able to interact with multiple cofactors and exert a range of regulatory effects by forming different oligomers on DNA and making contact with other proteins. A recent analysis identifying putative TyrR boxes in the E. coli genome raises the possibility that the TyrR regulon may extend beyond the well-characterized transcription units described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pittard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Cosgriff AJ, Brasier G, Pi J, Dogovski C, Sarsero JP, Pittard AJ. A study of AroP-PheP chimeric proteins and identification of a residue involved in tryptophan transport. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:2207-17. [PMID: 10735864 PMCID: PMC111270 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.8.2207-2217.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo recombination has been used to make a series of AroP-PheP chimeric proteins. Analysis of their respective substrate profiles and activities has identified a small region within span III of AroP which can confer on a predominantly PheP protein the ability to transport tryptophan. Site-directed mutagenesis of the AroP-PheP chimera, PheP, and AroP has established that a key residue involved in tryptophan transport is tyrosine at position 103 in AroP. Phenylalanine is the residue at the corresponding position in PheP. The use of PheP-specific antisera has shown that the inability of certain chimeras to transport any of the aromatic amino acids is not a result of instability or a failure to be inserted into the membrane. Site-directed mutagenesis has identified two significant AroP-specific residues, alanine 107 and valine 114, which are the direct cause of loss of transport activity in chimeras such as A152P. These residues replace a glycine and an alanine in PheP and flank a highly conserved glutamate at position 110. Some suggestions are made as to the possible functions of these residues in the tertiary structure of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cosgriff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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Bai Q, Somerville RL. Integration host factor and cyclic AMP receptor protein are required for TyrR-mediated activation of tpl in Citrobacter freundii. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:6173-86. [PMID: 9829925 PMCID: PMC107701 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.23.6173-6186.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/1998] [Accepted: 09/24/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tpl gene of Citrobacter freundii encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to phenol, pyruvate, and ammonia. This gene is known to be positively regulated by TyrR. The amplitude of regulation attributable to this transcription factor is at least 20-fold. Three TyrR binding sites, designated boxes A, B, and C, centered at coordinates -272.5, -158.5, and -49.5, respectively, were identified in the upstream region of the tpl promoter. The results of mutational experiments suggest that TyrR binds in cooperative fashion to these sites. The nonavailability of any TyrR site impairs transcription. Full TyrR-mediated activation of tpl required integration host factor (IHF) and the cAMP receptor protein (CRP). By DNase I footprinting, it was shown that the IHF binding site is centered at coordinate -85 and that there are CRP binding sites centered at coordinates -220 and -250. Mutational alteration of the IHF binding site reduced the efficiency of the tpl promoter by at least eightfold. The proposed roles of CRP and IHF are to introduce bends into tpl promoter DNA between boxes A and B or B and C. Multimeric TyrR dimers were demonstrated by a chemical cross-linking method. The formation of hexameric TyrR increased when tpl DNA was present. The participation of both IHF and CRP in the activation of the tpl promoter suggests that molecular mechanisms quite different from those that affect other TyrR-activated promoters apply to this system. A model wherein TyrR, IHF, and CRP collaborate to regulate the expression of the tpl promoter is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Wang P, Yang J, Ishihama A, Pittard AJ. Demonstration that the TyrR protein and RNA polymerase complex formed at the divergent P3 promoter inhibits binding of RNA polymerase to the major promoter, P1, of the aroP gene of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:5466-72. [PMID: 9765583 PMCID: PMC107600 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.20.5466-5472.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we have identified three promoters (P1, P2, and P3) in the regulatory region of the Escherichia coli aroP gene (P. Wang, J. Yang, and A. J. Pittard, J. Bacteriol. 179:4206-4212, 1997). Both P1 and P2 can direct mRNA synthesis for aroP expression, whereas P3 is a divergent promoter which overlaps with P1. The repression of transcription from the major promoter, P1, has been postulated to involve the activation of the divergent promoter, P3, by the TyrR protein (P. Wang, J. Yang, B. Lawley, and A. J. Pittard, J. Bacteriol. 179:4213-4218, 1997). In the present study, we confirmed the proposed mechanism of P3-mediated repression of P1 transcription by studying the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoters P1 and P3 in vitro in the presence and absence of TyrR protein and its cofactors. Our results show that (i) only one RNA polymerase molecule can bind to the DNA fragment carrying the aroP regulatory region, (ii) RNA polymerase has a higher affinity for P1 than for either P2 or P3 and binds to P1 in the absence of TyrR protein, (iii) in the presence of TyrR protein and its cofactor, phenylalanine or tyrosine, RNA polymerase preferentially binds to P3, and (iv) RNA polymerase does not respond to the activation-defective mutant TyrR protein TyrR-RQ10 and remains bound to P1 in the presence of TyrR-RQ10 and either of the cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Whipp MJ, Camakaris H, Pittard AJ. Cloning and analysis of the shiA gene, which encodes the shikimate transport system of escherichia coli K-12. Gene X 1998; 209:185-92. [PMID: 9524262 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli K-12, the shiA gene is involved in the uptake of shikimate. This gene has been cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. The gene is predicted to encode a protein of 438 amino acids and lies adjacent to the amn gene. The hydropathy profile and the amino acid sequence indicate that the ShiA protein is a polytopic membrane protein that shows a homology with members of the major facilitator superfamily of transport proteins. Recombining an inactive form of the cloned gene into the chromosome creates mutants unable to transport shikimate. Introducing a wild-type gene on a multicopy plasmid into a shiA mutant restores the ability to transport shikimate. When this multicopy shiA plasmid is introduced into an aroE strain, this strain is now able to grow with shikimate as the aromatic supplement, consistent with the notion that dehydroshikimate (DHS) accumulated in an aroE strain prevents uptake of shikimate by competition. Expression of the shiA gene does not appear to be regulated by the TyrR protein, a repressor/activator that controls the expression of other genes involved with the biosynthesis or transport of the aromatic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Whipp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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21
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Hwang JS, Yang J, Pittard AJ. Critical base pairs and amino acid residues for protein-DNA interaction between the TyrR protein and tyrP operator of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:1051-8. [PMID: 9023183 PMCID: PMC178797 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.4.1051-1058.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli K-12, the repression of tyrP requires the binding of the TyrR protein to the operator in the presence of coeffectors, tyrosine and ATP. This operator contains two 22-bp palindromic sequences which are termed TyrR boxes. Methylation, uracil, and ethylation interference experiments were used to identify the important sites in the TyrR boxes that make contacts with the TyrR protein. Methylation interference studies demonstrated that guanines at positions +8, -5, and -8 of the strong TyrR box and positions +8, -4, and -8 of the weak box are close to the TyrR protein. Uracil interference revealed that strong van der Waals contacts are made by the thymines at position -7 and +5 of the top strands of both strong and weak boxes and that weaker contacts are made by the thymines at positions +7 (strong box) and -5 and +7 (weak box) of the bottom strand. In addition, ethylation interference suggested that the phosphate backbone contacts are located at the end and central regions of the palindrome. These findings are supported by our results derived from studies of symmetrical mutations of the tyrP strong box. Overall, the results confirm the critical importance of the invariant (G x C)(C x G)8 base pairs for TyrR recognition and also indicate that interactions with (T x A)(A x T)7 are of major importance. In contrast, mutations in other positions result in weaker effects on the binding affinity of TyrR protein, indicating that these positions play a lesser role in TyrR protein recognition. Alanine scanning of both helices of the putative helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif of TyrR protein has identified those amino acids whose side chains play an essential role in protein structure and DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Pittard J. The various strategies within the TyrR regulation of Escherichia coli to modulate gene expression. Genes Cells 1996; 1:717-25. [PMID: 9077441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.1996.tb00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The TyrR Regulon of Escherichia coli comprises eight transcription units whose expression is modulated by the TyrR protein. This protein, which is normally a homodimer in solution, can self-associate to form a hexamer, bind with high affinity to specific DNA sequences (TyrR boxes) and interact with the alpha subunit of the RNA polymerase. These various reactions are influenced by the abundance of one or more of the aromatic amino acids, tyrosine, phenylalanine or tryptophan and by the specific location and sequence of the TyrR boxes associated with each transcription unit. This review describes how these activities can be combined in different ways to produce a variety of responses to varying levels of the three aromatic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pittard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Yang J, Camakaris H, Pittard AJ. Further genetic analysis of the activation function of the TyrR regulatory protein of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:1120-5. [PMID: 8576047 PMCID: PMC177774 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.4.1120-1125.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports (J. Cui and R. L. Somerville, J. Bacteriol. 175:1777-1784, 1993; J. Yang, H. Camakaris, and A. J. Pittard, J. Bacteriol. 175:6372-6375, 1993) have identified a number of amino acids in the N-terminal domain of the TyrR protein which are critical for activation of gene expression but which play no role in TyrR-mediated repression. These amino acids were clustered in a single region involving positions 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 16. Using random and site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified an additional eight key amino acids whose substitution results in significant or total loss of activator function. All of these are located in the N-terminal domain of TyrR. Alanine scanning at these eight new positions and at five of the previously identified positions for which alanine substitutions had not been obtained has identified three amino acids whose side chains are critical for activation, namely, D-9, R-10, and D-103. Glycine at position 37 is also of critical importance. Alanine substitutions at four other positions (C-7, E-16, D-19, and V-93) caused partial but significant loss of activation, indicating that the side chains of these amino acids also play a contributing role in the activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Li JN, Björk GR. 1-Methylguanosine deficiency of tRNA influences cognate codon interaction and metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:6593-600. [PMID: 7592438 PMCID: PMC177513 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.22.6593-6600.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Methylguanosine (m1G) is present next to the 3' end of the anticodon (position 37) in tRNA(1,2,3,Leu), tRNA(1,2,3,Pro), and tRNA(3Arg). A mutant of Salmonella typhimurium lacks m1G in these seven tRNAs when grown at or above 37 degrees C, as a result of a mutation (trmD3) in the structural gene (trmD) for the tRNA(m1G37)methyltransferase. The m1G deficiency induced 24 and 26% reductions in the growth rate and polypeptide chain elongation rate, respectively, in morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS)-glucose minimal medium at 37 degrees C. The expression of the leuABCD operon is controlled by the rate with which tRNA(2Leu) and tRNA(3Leu) read four leucine codons in the leu-leader mRNA. Lack of m1G in these tRNAs did not influence the expression of this operon, suggesting that m1G did not influence the efficiency of tRNA(2,3Leu). Since the average step time of the m1G-deficient tRNAs was increased 3.3-fold, the results suggest that the impact of m1G in decoding cognate codons may be tRNA dependent. The trmD3 mutation rendered the cell more resistant or sensitive to several amino acid analogs. 3-Nitro-L-tyrosine (NT), to which the trmD3 mutant is sensitive, was shown to be transported by the tryptophan-specific permease, and mutations in this gene (mtr) render the cell resistant to NT. Since the trmD3 mutation did not affect the activity of the permease, some internal metabolic step(s), but not the uptake of the analog per se, is affected. We suggest that the trmD3-mediated NT sensitivity is by an abnormal translation of some mRNA(s) whose product(s) is involved in the metabolic reactions affected by the analog. Our results also suggest that tRNA modification may be a regulatory device for gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Li
- Department of Microbiology, Umeå University, Sweden
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25
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Lawley B, Fujita N, Ishihama A, Pittard AJ. The TyrR protein of Escherichia coli is a class I transcription activator. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:238-41. [PMID: 7798138 PMCID: PMC176579 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.1.238-241.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purified TyrR protein and phenylalanine were sufficient to activate in vitro transcription from the tyrP promoter by wild-type RNA polymerase. Such TyrR-mediated activation did not occur when the mutant alpha 235 RNA polymerase was used, indicating that TyrR is a class I transcription activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lawley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Argaet V, Wilson T, Davidson B. Purification of the Escherichia coli regulatory protein TyrR and analysis of its interactions with ATP, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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27
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Yang J, Camakaris H, Pittard AJ. Mutations in the tyrR gene of Escherichia coli which affect TyrR-mediated activation but not TyrR-mediated repression. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:6372-5. [PMID: 8407813 PMCID: PMC206739 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.19.6372-6375.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to further characterize amino acid residues necessary for the activation of gene expression by the TyrR protein. Amino acid substitutions have been made at positions 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 16. TyrR mutants with amino acid substitutions V-5-->P (VP5), VF5, CS7, CR7, DR9, RI10, RS10, and ER16 show no or very little activation of expression of either mtr or tyrP. In each case, however, the ability to repress aroF is unaltered. Amino acid substitutions at positions 4, 6, and 8 have no effect on activation. Small internal deletions of residues 10 to 19, 20 to 29, or 30 to 39 also destroy phenylalanine- or tyrosine-mediated activation of mtr and tyrP. In these mutants repression of aroF is also unaltered. In activation-defective tyrR mutants, expression of mtr is repressed in the presence of tyrosine. This tyrosine-mediated repression is trpR dependent and implies an interaction between TrpR and TyrR proteins in the presence of tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
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28
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Foor F, Morin N, Bostian KA. Production of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine in Escherichia coli with the tyrosine phenol-lyase gene cloned from Erwinia herbicola. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:3070-5. [PMID: 8215376 PMCID: PMC182408 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.9.3070-3075.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene (tutA) encoding tyrosine phenol-lyase from Erwinia herbicola was cloned into Escherichia coli, and fusions to the lac and tac promoters were constructed. The enzyme was expressed at high levels in E. coli in the presence of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside or lactose as an inducer. L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine was synthesized in high yield from catechol, pyruvate, and ammonia by induced cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Foor
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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29
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Cui J, Ni L, Somerville R. ATPase activity of TyrR, a transcriptional regulatory protein for sigma 70 RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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30
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Cui J, Somerville RL. A mutational analysis of the structural basis for transcriptional activation and monomer-monomer interaction in the TyrR system of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:1777-84. [PMID: 8449884 PMCID: PMC203972 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.6.1777-1784.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the binding of tyrosine or phenylalanine, the TyrR protein (513 amino acids) activates certain promoters and represses others. In a previous study (J. Cui and R. L. Somerville, J. Bacteriol. 175:303-306, 1993), it was shown that promoter activation was selectively abolished in mutant proteins lacking amino acid residues 2 to 9. An additional series of constructs that encoded mutant TyrR proteins having deletions or point mutations near the N terminus were analyzed. Residues Arg-2 and Leu-3 were shown to be critical for the activation of the mtr promoter. In confirmation of previous findings, none of the activation-defective mutant TyrR proteins had lost significant repression function. The TyrR protein was shown by chemical cross-linking to be dimeric. The polypeptide segments critical for dimer formation in vivo were identified by evaluating the negative dominance phenotypes of a series of mutant proteins, all defective in DNA binding, lacking progressively greater numbers of amino acid residues from either the N terminus or the C terminus. Amino acid residues 194 to 438 were found to contain all of the essential dimerization determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cui
- 1153 Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1153
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31
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Yang J, Ganesan S, Sarsero J, Pittard AJ. A genetic analysis of various functions of the TyrR protein of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:1767-76. [PMID: 8449883 PMCID: PMC203971 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.6.1767-1776.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The TyrR protein is involved in both repression and activation of the genes of the TyrR regulon. Correction of an error in a previously published sequence has revealed a Cro-like helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain near the carboxyl terminus. Site-directed mutagenesis in this region has generated a number of mutants that can no longer repress or activate. Deletions of amino acid residues 5 to 42 produced a protein that could repress but not activate. The central domain of TyrR contains an ATP-binding site and is homologous with the NtrC family of activator proteins. A mutation to site A of the ATP-binding site and other mutations in this region affect tyrosine-mediated repression but do not prevent activation or phenylalanine-mediated repression of aroG.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Cui J, Somerville R. The TyrR protein of Escherichia coli, analysis by limited proteolysis of domain structure and ligand-mediated conformational changes. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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33
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Cui J, Somerville RL. Mutational uncoupling of the transcriptional activation function of the TyrR protein of Escherichia coli K-12 from the repression function. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:303-6. [PMID: 8416907 PMCID: PMC196128 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.1.303-306.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine repressor (TyrR) protein of Escherichia coli can function either as a transcriptional enhancer or as a repressor. The structural basis for these opposite effects was analyzed in specific tyrR deletion mutants constructed in vitro. The functional behavior of the mutant TyrR proteins was evaluated in vivo by using single-copy lacZ reporter systems based on the mtr promoter (10-fold activation by wild-type TyrR protein, mediated by phenylalanine or tyrosine) or the aroF promoter (over 20-fold repression by wild-type TyrR protein, mediated by tyrosine). A mutant TyrR protein lacking amino acids 2 to 9 was completely devoid of transcriptional activation function. Five additional mutant TyrR proteins lacking progressively greater numbers of N-terminal amino acids were likewise activation defective. The mutant TyrR proteins lacking amino acid residues 2 to 9 or 2 to 19 were essentially identical to the wild-type TyrR protein in their ability to repress the aroF promoter. Three other TyrR mutant proteins, lacking up to 143 amino acid residues from the N-terminal end of the protein, retained the ability to repress the aroF promoter, to different extents, in a tyrosine-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1153
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Haney
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109
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35
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Sarsero JP, Pittard AJ. Molecular analysis of the TyrR protein-mediated activation of mtr gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:7701-4. [PMID: 1938967 PMCID: PMC212541 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.23.7701-7704.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the mtr gene, which encodes a tryptophan-specific transport system in Escherichia coli K-12, is activated by the TyrR protein. Two TyrR protein binding sites (TYR R boxes) are positioned upstream of the -35 promoter region. Mutational and DNase protection studies indicate that TyrR protein binds preferentially to the TYR R box closest to the promoter, and this is essential for activation of gene expression. In the presence of tyrosine and ATP, a second TyrR molecule is able to cooperatively bind to the second box and cause a further increase in the level of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Sarsero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Yanofsky C, Horn V, Gollnick P. Physiological studies of tryptophan transport and tryptophanase operon induction in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:6009-17. [PMID: 1917834 PMCID: PMC208345 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.19.6009-6017.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli forms three permeases that can transport the amino acid tryptophan: Mtr, AroP, and TnaB. The structural genes for these permeases reside in separate operons that are subject to different mechanisms of regulation. We have exploited the fact that the tryptophanase (tna) operon is induced by tryptophan to infer how tryptophan transport is influenced by the growth medium and by mutations that inactivate each of the permease proteins. In an acid-hydrolyzed casein medium, high levels of tryptophan are ordinarily required to obtain maximum tna operon induction. High levels are necessary because much of the added tryptophan is degraded by tryptophanase. An alternate inducer that is poorly cleaved by tryptophanase, 1-methyltryptophan, induces efficiently at low concentrations in both tna+ strains and tna mutants. In an acid-hydrolyzed casein medium, the TnaB permease is most critical for tryptophan uptake; i.e., only mutations in tnaB reduce tryptophanase induction. However, when 1-methyltryptophan replaces tryptophan as the inducer in this medium, mutations in both mtr and tnaB are required to prevent maximum induction. In this medium, AroP does not contribute to tryptophan uptake. However, in a medium lacking phenylalanine and tyrosine the AroP permease is active in tryptophan transport; under these conditions it is necessary to inactivate the three permeases to eliminate tna operon induction. The Mtr permease is principally responsible for transporting indole, the degradation product of tryptophan produced by tryptophanase action. The TnaB permease is essential for growth on tryptophan as the sole carbon source. When cells with high levels of tryptophanase are transferred to tryptophan-free growth medium, the expression of the tryptophan (trp) operon is elevated. This observation suggests that the tryptophanase present in these cells degrades some of the synthesized tryptophan, thereby creating a mild tryptophan deficiency. Our studies assign roles to the three permeases in tryptophan transport under different physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yanofsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California 94305-5020
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37
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Andrews AE, Lawley B, Pittard AJ. Mutational analysis of repression and activation of the tyrP gene in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:5068-78. [PMID: 1860819 PMCID: PMC208197 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.16.5068-5078.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous report it had been suggested that the tyrP gene of Escherichia coli may be expressed from two separate promoters. We have endeavored to confirm this suggestion by primer extension studies and the separate subcloning of each of these promoters. In these studies, we found a single promoter whose expression was repressed by TyrR protein in the presence of tyrosine and activated by TyrR protein in the presence of phenylalanine. Two adjacent TYR R boxes, with the downstream one overlapping the tyrP promoter, are the likely targets for the action of TyrR protein. Mutational analysis showed that both TYR R boxes were required for tyrosine-mediated repression but that only the upstream box was required for phenylalanine-mediated activation. In vitro DNase protection studies established that whereas in the absence of tyrosine TyrR protein protected the region of DNA represented by the upstream box, at low TyrR protein concentrations both tyrosine and ATP were required to protect the region of DNA involving the downstream box and overlapping the RNA polymerase binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Andrews
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Sarsero JP, Wookey PJ, Pittard AJ. Regulation of expression of the Escherichia coli K-12 mtr gene by TyrR protein and Trp repressor. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:4133-43. [PMID: 2061290 PMCID: PMC208063 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.13.4133-4143.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli K-12 mtr gene, which encodes a tryptophan-specific permease, was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The precise location of the mtr gene at 69 min on the E. coli chromosome was determined. The mtr gene product was identified as a 414-amino-acid residue protein with a calculated molecular weight of 44,332. The protein is very hydrophobic, consistent with its presumed location spanning the cytoplasmic membrane. The initiation sites of transcription and translation were identified. Construction of an mtr-lacZ transcriptional fusion facilitated investigation of the molecular basis of mtr regulation. The TyrR protein in association with phenylalanine or tyrosine is responsible for the activation of mtr expression, whereas the Trp repressor in conjunction with tryptophan serves to repress expression of this gene. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that sequences in the mtr regulatory region homologous to TyrR protein and to Trp repressor-binding sites were involved in the activation and repression of mtr expression, respectively. Sequences homologous to sigma 70- and sigma 54-dependent promoters were identified upstream of the transcription start point of mtr. It was determined that transcription of mtr occurs only via a sigma 70-dependent promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Sarsero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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39
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Abstract
The TyrR protein regulates the expression of eight transcriptional units that comprise the TyrR regulon. In all but one case, regulation is by repression, while in two cases activation of expression can occur. Notwithstanding the fact that the TyrR protein contains an ATP-binding domain and a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain which are structurally homologous to domains of similar functions in proteins such as NifA, NtrC, DctD and XylR, it differs from them in a number of respects. It is not a part of a two-protein component system and it lacks the amino-terminal domain that is present on NtrC and DctD. It activates transcription from 'E sigma 70, promoters but not from 'E sigma 54, promoters. ATP binding seems to be essential for tyrosine-mediated repression but not for activation. In addition, the activity of the TyrR protein is modulated by the binding of one or more of the aromatic amino acids. The consensus sequence for TyrR-binding sites in DNA, referred to as TyrR boxes, is TGTAAAN6TTTACA. Tyrosine-mediated repression occurs at operators containing a pair of adjacent boxes. These have unequal affinities for the TyrR protein. The box that overlaps the RNA polymerase binding site is only bound by TyrR in the presence of both ATP and tyrosine, and binding appears to involve co-operativity between two TyrR protein dimers. In contrast, activation of expression by TyrR appears to require phenylalanine but not ATP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pittard
- Microbiology Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Muday GK, Johnson DI, Somerville RL, Herrmann KM. The tyrosine repressor negatively regulates aroH expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:3930-2. [PMID: 1675635 PMCID: PMC208031 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.12.3930-3932.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of the tryptophan-sensitive isoenzyme of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase of Escherichia coli, encoded by the aroH gene, were elevated in tyrR and/or trpR mutants. The effect of tyrR and trpR lesions on aroH expression was confirmed by using a lacZ reporter system. The mutational elimination of either repressor led to a threefold increase in beta-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Muday
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-6799
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41
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Heatwole VM, Somerville RL. The tryptophan-specific permease gene, mtr, is differentially regulated by the tryptophan and tyrosine repressors in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:3601-4. [PMID: 1904443 PMCID: PMC207980 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.11.3601-3604.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of transcription of the gene for the tryptophan-specific permease, mtr, was evaluated in several genetically marked Escherichia coli strains through the use of a single-copy lacZ reporter system. The expression of mtr was repressed 97-fold by tryptophan via the Trp repressor and induced 10-fold by phenylalanine or tyrosine via the Tyr repressor. By primer extension analysis two distinct mtr transcripts and their corresponding promoters were identified. One transcript was induced by the Tyr repressor. The tryptophan-dependent interaction of Trp repressor with an operator target within the mtr promoter was demonstrated by means of a restriction endonuclease protection assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Heatwole
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Pi J, Wookey PJ, Pittard AJ. Cloning and sequencing of the pheP gene, which encodes the phenylalanine-specific transport system of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:3622-9. [PMID: 1711024 PMCID: PMC207988 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.12.3622-3629.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenylalanine-specific permease gene (pheP) of Escherichia coli has been cloned and sequenced. The gene was isolated on a 6-kb Sau3AI fragment from a chromosomal library, and its presence was verified by complementation of a mutant lacking the functional phenylalanine-specific permease. Subcloning from this fragment localized the pheP gene on a 2.7-kb HindIII-HindII fragment. The nucleotide sequence of this 2.7-kb region was determined. An open reading frame was identified which extends from a putative start point of translation (GTG at position 636) to a termination signal (TAA at position 2010). The assignment of the GTG as the initiation codon was verified by site-directed mutagenesis of the initiation codon and by introducing a chain termination mutation into the pheP-lacZ fusion construct. A single initiation site of transcription 30 bp upstream of the start point of translation was identified by the primer extension analysis. The pheP structural gene consists of 1,374 nucleotides specifying a protein of 458 amino acid residues. The PheP protein is very hydrophobic (71% nonpolar residues). A topological model predicted from the sequence analysis defines 12 transmembrane segments. This protein is highly homologous with the AroP (general aromatic transport) system of E. coli (59.6% identity) and to a lesser extent with the yeast permeases CAN1 (arginine), PUT4 (proline), and HIP1 (histidine) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Shu J, Shuler ML. Prediction of effects of amino acid supplementation on growth ofE. coli B/r. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 37:708-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260370804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and characterization of mtr, the structural gene for a tryptophan-specific permease of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:108-15. [PMID: 1987112 PMCID: PMC207163 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.1.108-115.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mtr gene of Escherichia coli K-12 encodes an L-tryptophan-specific permease. This gene was originally identified through the isolation of mutations in the 69-min region of the chromosome, closely linked to argG. Cells with lesions in mtr display a phenotype of 5-methyltryptophan resistance. The mtr gene was cloned by using the mini-Mu system. The amino acid sequence of Mtr (414 codons), deduced by DNA sequence analysis, was found to be 33% identical to that of another single-component transport protein, the tyrosine-specific permease, TyrP. The hydropathy plots of the two permeases were similar. Possible operator sites for the tyrosine and tryptophan repressors are situated within the region of DNA that is likely to be the mtr promoter.
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Wookey PJ, Pittard AJ. DNA sequence of the gene (tyrP) encoding the tyrosine-specific transport system of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:4946-9. [PMID: 3049553 PMCID: PMC211543 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.10.4946-4949.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of 1,947 bases of DNA containing the tyrP structural gene was determined, and an open reading frame of 1,260 nucleotides was identified. The putative structural gene encodes an extremely hydrophobic protein which comprises 404 amino acids, 70% of which are nonpolar, and which has a molecular weight of 43,261.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wookey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Chye ML, Pittard J. Transcription control of the aroP gene in Escherichia coli K-12: analysis of operator mutants. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:386-93. [PMID: 3025182 PMCID: PMC211779 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.1.386-393.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the region containing the promoter-operator for the aroP gene was determined. The start site of aroP transcription was identified by using S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension techniques. Examination of the nucleotide sequence revealed the presence of two "TYR R" boxes which are similar to those identified in the regulatory regions of other genes in the tyrR regulon. Bisulfite-induced aroP operator-constitutive mutants were analyzed, and the base-pair changes responsible for alterations in aroP regulation were located within these boxes.
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Kasian PA, Davidson BE, Pittard J. Molecular analysis of the promoter operator region of the Escherichia coli K-12 tyrP gene. J Bacteriol 1986; 167:556-61. [PMID: 3525516 PMCID: PMC212925 DOI: 10.1128/jb.167.2.556-561.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the tyrP promoter region from Escherichia coli has been determined. Two TYR R boxes have been identified, and one of these was shown to overlap the -35 region of a major tyrP promoter (p1). S1 nuclease mapping of in vivo transcripts revealed that transcription from p1 is stimulated by phenylalanine and to a lesser extent by leucine. The demonstration that mutants in which TyrR-tyrosine-mediated repression of tyrP has been abolished have single base changes in the TYR R box which overlaps p1 suggests that TyrR-tyrosine-mediated repression of tyrP also involves p1. TyrR-independent stimulation of tyrP expression by Casamino Acids involves a second promoter 140 bases upstream of p1. There are no TYR R boxes in this region. The sequences of 10 TYR R boxes preceding the genes tyrP, tyrR, and aroG and the operons aroF tyrA and aroL aroM are compared and discussed.
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Chye ML, Guest JR, Pittard J. Cloning of the aroP gene and identification of its product in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1986; 167:749-53. [PMID: 3015892 PMCID: PMC212958 DOI: 10.1128/jb.167.2.749-753.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aroP gene of Escherichia coli K-12 was located in a ca. 1.2-kilobase region of DNA. The aroP gene product was identified as a membrane-bound protein with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 37,000.
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Sargentini NJ, Smith KC. Mutagenesis by normal metabolites in Escherichia coli: phenylalanine mutagenesis is dependent on error-prone DNA repair. Mutat Res 1986; 161:113-8. [PMID: 3523223 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(86)90002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In search of a model for the production of 'spontaneous' mutations induced by DNA damage produced during normal metabolism, 19 amino acids were tested for mutagenicity in Escherichia coli K-12 uvrB. Cystine, and, to a lesser extent, arginine and threonine were found to be antimutagenic; only phenylalanine was found to be mutagenic. At 2 mM, phenylalanine induced mutants at 1.5-2-fold above background [lacZ53(amber)----Lac+, rifampicin resistance (missense), and bacteriophage T6 resistance]. Tyrosine and, to a lesser extent, tryptophan (each at 2 mM) inhibited the mutagenicity of phenylalanine. Phenylalanine mutagenesis was detected in the uvrB strain, but not in the wild-type, uvrB umuC or uvrB lexA strains. Thus, phenylalanine seems to cause the production of excisable lesions ('UV-like'?) in DNA, which, if not excised, can induce mutations via error-prone DNA repair.
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