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Abstract
Cordyceps is a parasitic edible fungus with a variety of metabolically active ingredients. The main active ingredient, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), shows favourable application prospects in prevention and treatment of certain diseases. EPS extracted from different parts of various Cordyceps species can be used in health foods or medicinal preparations because of the structural diversity and multiple bioactivities. In terms of the complexity of composition and structure, researchers have speculated on the anabolic pathways of EPSs and the genes involved in the synthesis process. Studies to increase the yield of polysaccharides are limited because the synthesis pathways and anabolic regulation mechanisms of Cordyceps exopolysaccharide remain unknown. This review summarises the current researches in the yield of Cordyceps polysaccharides. A mechanism for the biosynthesis of Cordyceps polysaccharides was proposed by referring to the polysaccharide synthesis in other species. Furthermore, we also discuss the future perspective and ongoing challenges of EPS in uses of health foods and pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Zarschler K, Janesch B, Kainz B, Ristl R, Messner P, Schäffer C. Cell surface display of chimeric glycoproteins via the S-layer of Paenibacillus alvei. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1422-31. [PMID: 20513375 PMCID: PMC4401010 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051(T) possesses a two-dimensional crystalline protein surface layer (S-layer) with oblique lattice symmetry composed of a single type of O-glycoprotein species. Herein, we describe a strategy for nanopatterned in vivo cell surface co-display of peptide and glycan epitopes based on this S-layer glycoprotein self-assembly system. The open reading frame of the corresponding structural gene spaA codes for a protein of 983 amino acids, including a signal peptide of 24 amino acids. The mature S-layer protein has a theoretical molecular mass of 105.95kDa and a calculated pI of 5.83. It contains three S-layer homology domains at the N-terminus that are involved in anchoring of the glycoprotein via a non-classical, pyruvylated secondary cell wall polymer to the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. For this polymer, several putative biosynthesis enzymes were identified upstream of the spaA gene. For in vivo cell surface display, the hexahistidine tag and the enhanced green fluorescent protein, respectively, were translationally fused to the C-terminus of SpaA. Immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the fused epitopes were efficiently expressed and successfully displayed via the S-layer glycoprotein matrix on the surface of P. alvei CCM 2051(T) cells. In contrast, exclusively non-glycosylated chimeric SpaA proteins were displayed, when the S-layer of the glycosylation-deficient wsfP mutant was used as a display matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina Janesch
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Kainz
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robin Ristl
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Construction of a gene knockout system for application in Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051T, exemplified by the S-layer glycan biosynthesis initiation enzyme WsfP. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3077-85. [PMID: 19304819 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00087-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051T is covered by an oblique surface layer (S-layer) composed of glycoprotein subunits. The S-layer O-glycan is a polymer of [-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1[alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->6)]-->4)-beta-D-ManpNAc-(1-->] repeating units that is linked by an adaptor of -[GroA-2-->OPO2-->4-beta-D-ManpNAc-(1-->4)]-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1--> to specific tyrosine residues of the S-layer protein. For elucidation of the mechanism governing S-layer glycan biosynthesis, a gene knockout system using bacterial mobile group II intron-mediated gene disruption was developed. The system is further based on the sgsE S-layer gene promoter of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a and on the Geobacillus-Bacillus-Escherichia coli shuttle vector pNW33N. As a target gene, wsfP, encoding a putative UDP-Gal:phosphoryl-polyprenol Gal-1-phosphate transferase, representing the predicted initiation enzyme of S-layer glycan biosynthesis, was disrupted. S-layer protein glycosylation was completely abolished in the insertional P. alvei CCM 2051T wsfP mutant, according to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis evidence and carbohydrate analysis. Glycosylation was fully restored by plasmid-based expression of wsfP in the glycan-deficient P. alvei mutant, confirming that WsfP initiates S-layer protein glycosylation. This is the first report on the successful genetic manipulation of bacterial S-layer protein glycosylation in vivo, including transformation of and heterologous gene expression and gene disruption in the model organism P. alvei CCM 2051T.
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4
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Heinrich M, Schäffer C, Messner P, Allmaier G. Negative ion ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and post source decay of glycosyl esters of nucleoside pyrophosphates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2008; 14:401-9. [PMID: 19136728 PMCID: PMC4395872 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Six different glycosyl esters of nucleoside pyrophosphates (monosaccharide nucleotides) were analyzed by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/RToF MS) in the negative ion mode. Several matrices were evaluated and 3-hydroxypicolinic acid as well as alpha-cyano-4- hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) turned out to be the matrices of choice applying the thin layer technique to obtain maximum sensitivity for deprotonated molecular ion detection and maximal fragmentation particular with CHCA. The determination of the molecular mass with a mass accuracy below 0.1% was feasible with sample amounts in the lower femtomole range applying a MALDI desk-top mass spectrometer. A further important refinement of this technique was the use of post source decay (PSD) fragment ion analysis with a curved field reflector (which means no stepping of the reflector voltage). Detailed structural information of the six selected monosaccharide nucleotides could be obtained with PSD and differences in the fragmentation pattern were used to distinguish them. This method (based on molecular mass and PSD fragment ion analysis) has been applied to verify the presence of a glycosyl ester of nucleoside pyrophosphate in samples from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Heinrich
- Institute of chemical technologies and Analytics, Vienna university of technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- center for NanoBiotechnology, university of Natural resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- center for NanoBiotechnology, university of Natural resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of chemical technologies and Analytics, Vienna university of technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Steiner K, Novotny R, Patel K, Vinogradov E, Whitfield C, Valvano MA, Messner P, Schäffer C. Functional characterization of the initiation enzyme of S-layer glycoprotein glycan biosynthesis in Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:2590-8. [PMID: 17237178 PMCID: PMC1855796 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01592-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycan chain of the S-layer glycoprotein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a is composed of repeating units [-->2)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1-->3)-beta-l-Rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1-->], with a 2-O-methyl modification of the terminal trisaccharide at the nonreducing end of the glycan chain, a core saccharide composed of two or three alpha-l-rhamnose residues, and a beta-d-galactose residue as a linker to the S-layer protein. In this study, we report the biochemical characterization of WsaP of the S-layer glycosylation gene cluster as a UDP-Gal:phosphoryl-polyprenol Gal-1-phosphate transferase that primes the S-layer glycoprotein glycan biosynthesis of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a. Our results demonstrate that the enzyme transfers in vitro a galactose-1-phosphate from UDP-galactose to endogenous phosphoryl-polyprenol and that the C-terminal half of WsaP carries the galactosyltransferase function, as already observed for the UDP-Gal:phosphoryl-polyprenol Gal-1-phosphate transferase WbaP from Salmonella enterica. To confirm the function of the enzyme, we show that WsaP is capable of reconstituting polysaccharide biosynthesis in WbaP-deficient strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Steiner
- Zentrum für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Wien, Austria
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6
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Nieder V, Kutzer M, Kren V, Gallego RG, Kamerling JP, Elling L. Screening and characterization of β-N-acetylhexosaminidases for the synthesis of nucleotide-activated disaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Pfoestl A, Hofinger A, Kosma P, Messner P. Biosynthesis of dTDP-3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose in Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus L420-91T. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:26410-7. [PMID: 12740380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300858200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycan chain of the S-layer protein of Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus L420-91T (DSM 10154) consists of d-rhamnose and 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose (d-Fucp3NAc). Thymidine diphosphate-activated d-Fucp3NAc serves as precursor for the assembly of structural polysaccharides in Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The biosynthesis of dTDP-3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-d-galactose (dTDP-d-Fucp3NAc) involves five enzymes. The first two steps of the reaction are catalyzed by enzymes that are part of the well studied dTDP-l-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway, namely d-glucose-1-phosphate thymidyltransferase (RmlA) and dTDP-d-glucose-4,6-dehydratase (RmlB). The enzymes catalyzing the last three synthesis reactions have not been characterized biochemically so far. These steps include an isomerase, a transaminase, and a transacetylase. We identified all five genes involved by chromosome walking in the Gram-positive organism A. thermoaerophilus L420-91T and overexpressed the three new enzymes heterologously in Escherichia coli. The activities of these enzymes were monitored by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, and the intermediate products formed were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis. Alignment of the newly identified proteins with known sequences revealed that the elucidated pathway in this Gram-positive organism may also be valid in the biosynthesis of the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative organisms. The key enzyme in the biosynthesis of dTDP-d-Fucp3NAc has been identified as an isomerase, which converts the 4-keto educt into the 3-keto product, with concomitant epimerization at C-4 to produce a 6-deoxy-d-xylo configuration. This is the first report of the functional characterization of the biosynthesis of dTDP-d-Fucp3NAc and description of a novel type of isomerase capable of synthesizing dTDP-6-deoxy-d-xylohex-3-ulose from dTDP-6-deoxy-d-xylohex-4-ulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pfoestl
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Wien, Austria
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8
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Grass S, Buscher AZ, Swords WE, Apicella MA, Barenkamp SJ, Ozchlewski N, St Geme JW. The Haemophilus influenzae HMW1 adhesin is glycosylated in a process that requires HMW1C and phosphoglucomutase, an enzyme involved in lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 2003; 48:737-51. [PMID: 12694618 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae is a common respiratory pathogen and an important cause of morbidity in humans. The non-typeable H. influenzae HMW1 and HMW2 adhesins are related proteins that mediate attachment to human epithelial cells, an essential step in the pathogenesis of disease. Secretion of these adhesins requires accessory proteins called HMW1B/HMW2B and HMW1C/HMW2C. In the present study, we investigated the specific function of HMW1C. Examination of mutant constructs demonstrated that HMW1C influences both the size and the secretion of HMW1. Co-immunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that HMW1C interacts with HMW1 and forms a complex in the cytoplasm. Additional experiments and homology analysis established that HMW1C is required for glycosylation of HMW1 and may have glycotransferase activity. The glycan structure contains galactose, glucose and mannose and appears to be generated in part by phosphoglucomutase, an enzyme important for lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis. In the absence of glycosylation, HMW1 is partially degraded and is efficiently released from the surface of the organism, resulting in reduced adherence. Based on these results, we conclude that glycosylation is a prerequisite for HMW1 stability. In addition, glycosylation appears to be essential for optimal HMW1 tethering to the bacterial surface, which in turn is required for HMW1-mediated adherence, thus revealing a novel mechanism by which glycosylation influences cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Grass
- The Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8208, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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9
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Messner P, Schäffer C. Prokaryotic glycoproteins. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 85:51-124. [PMID: 12602037 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6051-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Messner
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Austria
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10
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Synthesis of nucleotide-activated disaccharides with β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans and α-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Graninger M, Kneidinger B, Bruno K, Scheberl A, Messner P. Homologs of the Rml enzymes from Salmonella enterica are responsible for dTDP-beta-L-rhamnose biosynthesis in the gram-positive thermophile Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus DSM 10155. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3708-15. [PMID: 12147463 PMCID: PMC124034 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.8.3708-3715.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycan chains of the surface layer (S-layer) glycoprotein from the gram-positive, thermophilic bacterium Aneurinibacillus (formerly Bacillus) thermoaerophilus strain DSM 10155 are composed of L-rhamnose- and D-glycero-D-manno-heptose-containing disaccharide repeating units which are linked to the S-layer polypeptide via core structures that have variable lengths and novel O-glycosidic linkages. In this work we investigated the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of thymidine diphospho-L-rhamnose (dTDP-L-rhamnose) and their specific properties. Comparable to lipopolysaccharide O-antigen biosynthesis in gram-negative bacteria, dTDP-L-rhamnose is synthesized in a four-step reaction sequence from dTTP and glucose 1-phosphate by the enzymes glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase (RmlA), dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB), dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose 3,5-epimerase (RmlC), and dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase (RmlD). The rhamnose biosynthesis operon from A. thermoaerophilus DSM 10155 was sequenced, and the genes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Compared to purified enterobacterial Rml enzymes, the enzymes from the gram-positive strain show remarkably increased thermostability, a property which is particularly interesting for high-throughput screening and enzymatic synthesis. The closely related strain A. thermoaerophilus L420-91(T) produces D-rhamnose- and 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose-containing S-layer glycan chains. Comparison of the enzyme activity patterns in A. thermoaerophilus strains DSM 10155 and L420-91(T) for L-rhamnose and D-rhamnose biosynthesis indicated that the enzymes are differentially expressed during S-layer glycan biosynthesis and that A. thermoaerophilus L420-91(T) is not able to synthesize dTDP-L-rhamnose. These findings confirm that in each strain the enzymes act specifically on S-layer glycoprotein glycan formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Graninger
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Schäffer C, Wugeditsch T, Kählig H, Scheberl A, Zayni S, Messner P. The surface layer (S-layer) glycoprotein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a. Analysis of its glycosylation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:6230-9. [PMID: 11741945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a possesses an oblique surface layer (S-layer) composed of glycoprotein subunits as the outermost component of its cell wall. In addition to the elucidation of the complete S-layer glycan primary structure and the determination of the glycosylation sites, the structural gene sgsE encoding the S-layer protein was isolated by polymerase chain reaction-based techniques. The open reading frame codes for a protein of 903 amino acids, including a leader sequence of 30 amino acids. The mature S-layer protein has a calculated molecular mass of 93,684 Da and an isoelectric point of 6.1. Glycosylation of SgsE was investigated by means of chemical analyses, 600-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Glycopeptides obtained after Pronase digestion revealed the glycan structure [-->2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-beta-L-Rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->](n = 13-18), with a 2-O-methyl group capping the terminal trisaccharide repeating unit at the non-reducing end of the glycan chains. The glycan chains are bound via the disaccharide core -->3)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(L--> and the linkage glycose beta-D-Galp in O-glycosidic linkages to the S-layer protein SgsE at positions threonine 620 and serine 794. This S-layer glycoprotein contains novel linkage regions and is the first one among eubacteria whose glycosylation sites have been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schäffer
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Wien, Austria.
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13
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Kahler CM, Martin LE, Tzeng YL, Miller YK, Sharkey K, Stephens DS, Davies JK. Polymorphisms in Pilin Glycosylation Locus of
Neisseria meningitidis
Expressing Class II Pili. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3597-604. [PMID: 11349019 PMCID: PMC98345 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.6.3597-3604.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We have located a locus,
pgl
, in
Neisseria meningitidis
strain NMB required for the glycosylation of class II pili. Between five and eight open reading frames (ORFs) (
pglF, pglB, pglC, pglB2, orf2, orf3, orf8
, and
avtA
) were present in the
pgl
clusters of different meningococcal isolates. The Class I pilus-expressing strains
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
MS11 and
N. meningitidis
MC58 each contain a
pgl
cluster in which
orf2
and
orf3
have been deleted. Strain NMB and other meningococcal isolates which express class II type IV pili contained
pgl
clusters in which
pglB
had been replaced by
pglB2
and an additional novel ORF,
orf8
, had been inserted between
pglB2
and
pglC
. Insertional inactivation of the eight ORFs of the
pgl
cluster of strain NMB showed that
pglF, pglB2, pglC
, and
pglD,
but not
orf2, orf3, orf8
, and
avtA
, were necessary for pilin glycosylation. Pilin glycosylation was not essential for resistance to normal human serum, as
pglF
and
pglD
mutants retained wild-type levels of serum resistance. Although
pglB2
and
pglC
mutants were significantly sensitive to normal human serum under the experimental conditions used, subsequent examination of the encapsulation phenotypes revealed that
pglB2
and
pglC
mutants expressed almost 50% less capsule than wild-type NMB. A mutation in
orf3
, which did not affect pilin glycosylation, also resulted in a 10% reduction in capsule expression and a moderately serum sensitive phenotype. On the basis of these results we suggest that pilin glycosylation may proceed via a lipid-linked oligosaccharide intermediate and that blockages in this pathway may interfere with capsular transport or assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kahler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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14
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Zervosen A, Nieder V, Gallego RG, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF, Elling L. Synthesis of nucleotide-activated oligosaccharides by beta-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. Biol Chem 2001; 382:299-311. [PMID: 11308028 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic access to nucleotide-activated oligosaccharides by a glycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation reaction was explored. The nucleotide sugars UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-Glc were tested as acceptor substrates for beta-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans using lactose as donor substrate. The UDP-disaccharides Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(alpha1-UDP) (UDP-LacNAc) and Gal(beta1-4)Glc(alpha1-UDP) (UDP-Lac) and the UDP-trisaccharides Gal(beta1-4)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(alpha1-UDP and Gal(beta1-4)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(alpha1-UDP) were formed stereo- and regioselectively. Their chemical structures were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The synthesis in frozen solution at -5 degrees C instead of 30 degrees C gave significantly higher product yields with respect to the acceptor substrates. This was due to a remarkably higher product stability in the small liquid phase of the frozen reaction mixture. Under optimized conditions, at -5 degrees C and pH 4.5 with 500 mM lactose and 100 mM UDP-GlcNAc, an overall yield of 8.2% (81.8 micromol, 62.8 mg with 100% purity) for Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(alpha1-UDP) and 3.6% (36.1 micromol, 35 mg with 96% purity) for Gal(beta1-4)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(alpha1-UDP) was obtained. UDP-Glc as acceptor gave an overall yield of 5.0% (41.3 micromol, 32.3 mg with 93% purity) for Gal(beta1-4)Glc(alpha1-UDP) and 1.6% (13.0 micromol, 12.2 mg with 95% purity) for Gal(beta1-4)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(alpha1-UDP). The analysis of other nucleotide sugars revealed UDP-Gal, UDP-GalNAc, UDP-Xyl and dTDP-, CDP-, ADP- and GDP-Glc as further acceptor substrates for beta-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zervosen
- Institute of Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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15
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Schäffer C, Wugeditsch T, Neuninger C, Messner P. Are S-layer glycoproteins and lipopolysaccharides related? Microb Drug Resist 2000; 2:17-23. [PMID: 9158718 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1996.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several glycan structures of S-layer glycoproteins of gram-positive eubacteria were compared with the principal structural organization of O-antigens of lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative eubacteria. Further, activated intermediates of the biosynthetic pathway of S-layer glycans were compared with activated intermediates of the route of assembly of lipopolysaccharide O-antigens. As a result, at least structural similarities between both types of molecules have been clearly observed. More detailed studies of the assembly of S-layer glycans are required to unambiguously demonstrate the extent to which the biosynthetic pathways of both molecules are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schäffer
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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16
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Elling L, Zervosen A, Gallego RG, Nieder V, Malissard M, Berger EG, Vliegenthart JF, Kamerling JP. UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine as acceptor substrate of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase. Enzymatic synthesis of UDP-N-acetyllactosamine. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:327-36. [PMID: 10619705 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007039825505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as an in vitro acceptor substrate for beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT1, EC 2.4.1.38) from human and bovine milk and for recombinant human beta4GalT1, expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was evaluated. It turned out that each of the enzymes is capable to transfer Gal from UDP-alpha-D-galactose (UDP-Gal) to UDP-GlcNAc, affording Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(alpha1-UDP (UDP-LacNAc). Using beta4GalT1 from human milk, a preparative enzymatic synthesis of UDP-LacNAc was carried out, and the product was characterized by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Studies with all three beta4GalTs in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin showed that the UDP-LacNAc synthesis is inhibited and that UDP-alpha-D-glucose is not an acceptor substrate. This is the first reported synthesis of a nucleotide-activated disaccharide, employing a Leloir glycosyltransferase with a nucleotide-activated monosaccharide as acceptor substrate. Interestingly, in these studies beta4GalT1 accepts an alpha-glycosidated GlcNAc derivative. The results imply that beta4GalT1 may be responsible for the biosynthesis of UDP-LacNAc, previously isolated from human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elling
- Institute of Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Research Center Jülich, Germany.
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17
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Sleytr UB, Messner P, Pum D, Sára M. Kristalline Zelloberflächen-Schichten prokaryotischer Organismen (S-Schichten): von der supramolekularen Zellstruktur zur Biomimetik und Nanotechnologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990419)111:8<1098::aid-ange1098>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Wolucka BA, de Hoffmann E. Isolation and characterization of the major form of polyprenyl-phospho-mannose from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Glycobiology 1998; 8:955-62. [PMID: 9719676 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.10.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated from the endogenous polyprenyl-phospho-sugar pool of Mycobacterium smegmatis two mannose-containing compounds, i.e., a partially saturated C35-octahydroheptaprenyl-P-mannose and a fully unsaturated C50-decaprenyl-P-mannose. The relative amount of C35-polyprenyl-P-mannose in mycobacterial cells was comparable to that of decaprenyl- P-pentoses and, at least, an order of magnitude higher than that of C50-decaprenyl-P-mannose. The major form of mycobacterial polyprenyl-P-mannose was structurally characterized by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry and proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as beta-d-mannopyranosyl-monophospho-(C35)octahydroheptapren ol of which all three isoprene units have Z ( cis ) configuration. The differences in the structure and cellular concentrations of the mycobacterial mannosyl-P-polyprenols reflect distinct biochemical pathways of the two compounds and suggest the existence of specific GDP-Man:polyprenyl-P mannosyltransferases (synthetases) able to distinguish between C35-octahydroheptaprenyl- and C50-decaprenyl- phosphates of mycobacteria. Since the 6'-O-mycoloylated form of C35-octahydroheptaprenyl-P-mannose isolated from M. smegmatis is apparently involved in mycolate rather than mannosyl transfer reactions, we speculate that a catabolic pathway responsible for degradation of C35-P-mannose and recycling C35-octahydroheptaprenyl phosphate might exist in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wolucka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioindustries and Department of Chemistry, University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium
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19
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Messner P, Allmaier G, Schäffer C, Wugeditsch T, Lortal S, König H, Niemetz R, Dorner M. Biochemistry of S-layers. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1997; 20:25-46. [PMID: 9276927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution prokaryotes have developed different envelope structures exterior to the cell wall proper. Among these surface components are regularly arranged S-layers and capsules. The structural characterization and the detailed chemical analysis of these surface molecules is a prerequisite to understand their biosynthesis and functional role(s) at the molecular level. Of particular interest are the glycosylated S-layer proteins which belong to the first prokaryotic glycoproteins ever described. Their characterization was performed on strains belonging to the thermophilic Bacillaceae and included structural studies and experiments to learn about the pathways for the glycan biosynthesis of S-layer glycoproteins. As an example for non-glycosylated S-layer proteins those of Lactobacillus helveticus strains are described in detail. Recently, a novel type of bacterial glycoconjugate was observed in the cell envelope of the extremely halophilic archaeon Natronococcus occultus which consists of a glycosylated polyglutamyl polymer. Beside the conventional biochemical techniques for the analysis new sophisticated instrumental methods such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry have been introduced for the analysis of the protein and glycan portions of these cell surface macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Messner
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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20
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Sidhu MS, Olsen I. S-layers of Bacillus species. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 4):1039-1052. [PMID: 9141671 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-4-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maan Singh Sidhu
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, POB 1052, Blindern 0316, Oslo Norway
| | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, POB 1052, Blindern 0316, Oslo Norway
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21
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Elling L. Glycobiotechnology: enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 58:89-144. [PMID: 9103912 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates, as constituting part of glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, hormones, antibiotics and other secondary metabolites, play an active role in inter- and intracellular communication. The aim of "glycobiotechnology" as an upcoming interdisciplinary research field is to develop highly efficient synthesis strategies, including in vivo and in vitro approaches, in order to bring such complex molecules into analytical and therapeutic studies. The enzymatic synthesis of glycosidic bonds by Leloir-glycosyltransferases is an efficient strategy for obtaining saccharides with absolute stereo- and regioselectivity in high yields and under mild conditions. There are, however, two obstacles hindering the realization of this process on a biotechnological scale, namely the production of recombinant Leloir-glycosyltransferases and the availability of enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars (the glycosyltransferase donor substrates). The present review surveys some synthetic targets which have attracted the interest of glycobiologists as well as recombinant expression systems which give Leloir-glycosyltransferase activities in the mU and U range. The main part summarizes publications concerned with the complex pathways of primary and secondary nucleotide sugars and the availability and use of these enzymes for synthesis applications. In this context, a survey of our work will demonstrate how enzymes from different sources and pathways can be combined for the synthesis of nucleotide deoxysugars and oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elling
- Institut für Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Glycoproteins are a diverse group of complex macromolecules that are present in virtually all forms of life. Their presence in prokaryotes, however, has been demonstrated, and accepted, only recently. Bacterial glycoproteins have been identified in many archaeobacteria and in eubacteria. They comprise a wide range of different cell envelope components such as membrane-associated glycoproteins, surface-associated glycoproteins and crystalline surface layers (S-layers), as well as secreted glycoproteins and exoenzymes. Even their occurrence in the cytoplasm cannot yet be ruled out. This minireview tries to cover the whole subject as completely as possible and refers to available information on presence, structure, biosynthesis, and molecular biology of bacterial glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Messner
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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23
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Wolucka BA, Rozenberg R, de Hoffmann E, Chojnacki T. Desorption chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry of polyprenyl and dolichyl phosphates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1996; 7:958-964. [PMID: 24203610 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(96)80514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1995] [Revised: 04/03/1996] [Accepted: 04/03/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Negative-ion desorption chemical ionization (DCI) tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the analysis of nanomole quantities of semisynthetic polyisoprenyl phosphates, the chain length of which ranged from 7 to 20 isoprene units. The DCI spectrum of all the compounds tested show the presence of independently generated ions [M-HPO3-H](-), [M-H3PO2-H](-) and [M-H3PO4-H](-) resulting from the loss of a part of or the entire phosphate group of a polyisoprenyl-P. In tandem mass spectrometry, the [M-H3PO4-H](-) fragment produces series of ions 68 mass units apart, indicative of the polyisoprenoid nature of a compound. Studies with deuterated and α-saturated polyisoprenyl phosphates demonstrated that fragmentations of the [M-H3PO4-H](-) ion proceed from both ends (α and ω) of a polyisoprenoid chain and may occur at either allylic (A) or vinylic (V) sites. Fragments of masses equal to [n×68 - 1] and [n×68 - 13] (where n is the number of isoprene units and 3≤n is less than the total number of isoprene residues within a polyisoprenoid chain) comprise the αA and ωV series, respectively, and represent the most abundant ions in tandem mass spectra of the [M-H3PO4-H](-) fragment of polyprenyl phosphates, α-Saturated dolichyl phosphates can be distinguished easily from corresponding polyprenyl phosphates not only on the basis of a 2-u shift of the [M-H3PO4-H](-) ion and the α series of fragments, but also because of the presence of an additional (A+14) series of ions 14 u heavier than fragments resulting from the allylic cleavages of an α-saturated polyisoprenoid chain. Possible mechanisms of the collision-induced dissociation reactions of polyprenyl phosphates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wolucka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1/1B, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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24
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Chapter 6 Bacterial glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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25
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Bock K, Schuster-Kolbe J, Altman E, Allmaier G, Stahl B, Christian R, Sleytr U, Messner P. Primary structure of the O-glycosidically linked glycan chain of the crystalline surface layer glycoprotein of Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus L111-69. Galactosyl tyrosine as a novel linkage unit. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Crystalline arrays of proteinaceous subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are one of the most commonly observed prokaryotic cell envelope structures. They are ubiquitous amongst Gram-positive and Gram-negative archeaobacteria and eubacteria and, if present, account for the major protein species produced by the cells. S-layers can provide organisms with a selection advantage by providing various functions including protective coats, molecular sieves, ion traps and structures involved in cell surface interactions. S-layers were identified as contributing to virulence when present as a structural component of pathogens. In Gram-negative archaeobacteria they are involved in determining cell shape and cell division. The crystalline arrays reveal a broad-application potential in biotechnology, vaccine development and molecular nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- U B Sleytr
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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König H, Hartmann E, Kärcher U. Pathways and Principles of the Biosynthesis of Methanobacterial Cell Wall Polymers. Syst Appl Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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