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Tothero GK, Hoover RL, Farag IF, Kaplan DI, Weisenhorn P, Emerson D, Chan CS. Leptothrix ochracea genomes reveal potential for mixotrophic growth on Fe(II) and organic carbon. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0059924. [PMID: 39133000 PMCID: PMC11412304 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00599-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptothrix ochracea creates distinctive iron-mineralized mats that carpet streams and wetlands. Easily recognized by its iron-mineralized sheaths, L. ochracea was one of the first microorganisms described in the 1800s. Yet it has never been isolated and does not have a complete genome sequence available, so key questions about its physiology remain unresolved. It is debated whether iron oxidation can be used for energy or growth and if L. ochracea is an autotroph, heterotroph, or mixotroph. To address these issues, we sampled L. ochracea-rich mats from three of its typical environments (a stream, wetlands, and a drainage channel) and reconstructed nine high-quality genomes of L. ochracea from metagenomes. These genomes contain iron oxidase genes cyc2 and mtoA, showing that L. ochracea has the potential to conserve energy from iron oxidation. Sox genes confer potential to oxidize sulfur for energy. There are genes for both carbon fixation (RuBisCO) and utilization of sugars and organic acids (acetate, lactate, and formate). In silico stoichiometric metabolic models further demonstrated the potential for growth using sugars and organic acids. Metatranscriptomes showed a high expression of genes for iron oxidation; aerobic respiration; and utilization of lactate, acetate, and sugars, as well as RuBisCO, supporting mixotrophic growth in the environment. In summary, our results suggest that L. ochracea has substantial metabolic flexibility. It is adapted to iron-rich, organic carbon-containing wetland niches, where it can thrive as a mixotrophic iron oxidizer by utilizing both iron oxidation and organics for energy generation and both inorganic and organic carbon for cell and sheath production. IMPORTANCE Winogradsky's observations of L. ochracea led him to propose autotrophic iron oxidation as a new microbial metabolism, following his work on autotrophic sulfur-oxidizers. While much culture-based research has ensued, isolation proved elusive, so most work on L. ochracea has been based in the environment and in microcosms. Meanwhile, the autotrophic Gallionella became the model for freshwater microbial iron oxidation, while heterotrophic and mixotrophic iron oxidation is not well-studied. Ecological studies have shown that Leptothrix overtakes Gallionella when dissolved organic carbon content increases, demonstrating distinct niches. This study presents the first near-complete genomes of L. ochracea, which share some features with autotrophic iron oxidizers, while also incorporating heterotrophic metabolisms. These genome, metabolic modeling, and transcriptome results give us a detailed metabolic picture of how the organism may combine lithoautotrophy with organoheterotrophy to promote Fe oxidation and C cycling and drive many biogeochemical processes resulting from microbial growth and iron oxyhydroxide formation in wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracee K. Tothero
- Microbiology Graduate
Program, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology
Institute, Newark,
Delaware, USA
- Department of Earth
Sciences, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Rene L. Hoover
- Microbiology Graduate
Program, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology
Institute, Newark,
Delaware, USA
- Department of Earth
Sciences, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ibrahim F. Farag
- School of Marine
Science and Policy, University of
Delaware, Newark,
Delaware, USA
| | - Daniel I. Kaplan
- Savannah River Ecology
Laboratory, University of Georgia,
Aiken, South Carolina,
USA
| | | | - David Emerson
- Bigelow Laboratory for
Ocean Sciences, East
Boothbay, Maine, USA
| | - Clara S. Chan
- Microbiology Graduate
Program, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology
Institute, Newark,
Delaware, USA
- Department of Earth
Sciences, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware, USA
- School of Marine
Science and Policy, University of
Delaware, Newark,
Delaware, USA
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2
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de Paula RS, E Souza CC, Gonçalves CAX, de Holanda Moura MV, Guañabens ACP, Andrade GR, Nascimento AMA, Cardoso AV, de Paula Reis M, Jorge EC. Diversity and distribution of iron-oxidising bacteria belonging to Gallionellaceae in different sites of a hydroelectric power plant. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:639-646. [PMID: 38214875 PMCID: PMC10920547 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is the fourth most abundant element on the planet, and iron-oxidising bacteria (FeOB) play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of this metal in nature. FeOB stands out as Fe oxidisers in microaerophilic environments, and new members of this group have been increasingly discussed in the literature, even though their isolation can still be challenging. Among these bacteria is the Gallionellaceae family, mainly composed of neutrophilic FeOB, highlighting Gallionella ferruginea, and nitrite-oxidiser genera. In the previous metagenomic study of the biofilm and sediments of the cooling system from the Irapé hydroelectric power plant (HPP-Irapé), 5% of the total bacteria sequences were related to Gallionellaceae, being 99% unclassified at genus level. Thus, in the present study, a phylogenetic tree based on this family was constructed, in order to search for shared and unique Gallionellaceae signatures in a deep phylogenetic level affiliation and correlated them with geomorphologic characteristics. The results revealed that Gallionella and Ferrigenium were ubiquitous reflecting their ability to adapt to various locations in the power plant. The cave was considered a hotspot for neutrophilic FeOB since it harboured most of the Gallionellaceae diversity. Microscopic biosignatures were detected only in the CS1 sample, which presented abundance of the stalk-forming Ferriphaselus and of the sheath-forming Crenothrix. Further studies are required to provide more detailed insights on Gallionellaceae distribution and diversity patterns in hydroelectric power plants, particularly its biotechnological potential in this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Silva de Paula
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2100 - Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31035-536, Brazil
| | - Clara Carvalho E Souza
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2100 - Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31035-536, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Xavier Gonçalves
- Coordenação de Biotecnologia, Instituto SENAI de Inovação Em Biossintéticos E Fibras, Centro de Tecnologia da Indústria Química E Têxtil (SENAI CETIQT), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Victor de Holanda Moura
- Coordenação de Biotecnologia, Instituto SENAI de Inovação Em Biossintéticos E Fibras, Centro de Tecnologia da Indústria Química E Têxtil (SENAI CETIQT), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Paganini Guañabens
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Rabelo Andrade
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2100 - Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31035-536, Brazil
| | - Andréa Maria Amaral Nascimento
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia E Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Valadão Cardoso
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2100 - Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31035-536, Brazil
- Escola de Design, Universidade Do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Paula Reis
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2100 - Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31035-536, Brazil.
| | - Erika Cristina Jorge
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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3
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Wu R, Yao F, Li X, Shi C, Zang X, Shu X, Liu H, Zhang W. Manganese Pollution and Its Remediation: A Review of Biological Removal and Promising Combination Strategies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2411. [PMID: 36557664 PMCID: PMC9781601 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn), as a cofactor of multiple enzymes, exhibits great significance to the human body, plants and animals. It is also a critical raw material and alloying element. However, extensive employment for industrial purposes leads to its excessive emission into the environment and turns into a significant threat to the ecosystem and public health. This review firstly introduces the essentiality, toxicity and regulation of Mn. Several traditional physicochemical methods and their problems are briefly discussed as well. Biological remediation, especially microorganism-mediated strategies, is a potential alternative for remediating Mn-polluted environments in a cost-efficient and eco-friendly manner. Among them, microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), biosorption, bioaccumulation, bio-oxidation are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms, pivotal influencing factors along with strengths and limitations. In order to promote bioremediation efficiency, the combination of different techniques is preferable, and their research progress is also summarized. Finally, we propose the future directions of Mn bioremediation by microbes. Conclusively, this review provides a scientific basis for the microbial remediation performance for Mn pollution and guides the development of a comprehensive competent strategy towards practical Mn remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hengwei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
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Kunoh T, Yamamoto T, Sugimoto S, Ono E, Nomura N, Utada AS. Leptothrix cholodnii Response to Nutrient Limitation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691563. [PMID: 34248917 PMCID: PMC8264430 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are widely utilized for the treatment of wastewater in activated sludge systems. However, the uncontrolled growth of filamentous bacteria leads to bulking and adversely affects wastewater treatment efficiency. To clarify the nutrient requirements for filament formation, we track the growth of a filamentous bacterium, Leptothrix cholodnii SP-6 in different nutrient-limited conditions using a high aspect-ratio microfluidic chamber to follow cell-chain elongation and sheath formation. We find that limitations in Na+, K+, and Fe2+ yield no observable changes in the elongation of cell chains and sheath formation, whereas limitations of C, N, P, or vitamins lead to more pronounced changes in filament morphology; here we observe the appearance of partially empty filaments with wide intercellular gaps. We observe more dramatic differences when SP-6 cells are transferred to media lacking Mg2+ and Ca2+. Loss of Mg2+ results in cell autolysis, while removal of Ca2+ results in the catastrophic disintegration of the filaments. By simultaneously limiting both carbon and Ca2+ sources, we are able to stimulate planktonic cell generation. These findings paint a detailed picture of the ecophysiology of Leptothrix, which may lead to improved control over the unchecked growth of deleterious filamentous bacteria in water purification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Kunoh
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamamoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Jikei Center for Biofilm Research and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Erika Ono
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Andrew S Utada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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5
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Kashiwabara D, Kondo K, Usami R, Kan D, Kawamura I, Kawasaki Y, Sato M, Nittami T, Suzuki I, Katahira M, Takeda M. Structural determination of the sheath-forming polysaccharide of Sphaerotilus montanus using thiopeptidoglycan lyase which recognizes the 1,4 linkage between α-d-GalN and β-d-GlcA. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:992-1001. [PMID: 33964269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphaerotilus natans is a filamentous sheath-forming bacterium commonly found in activated sludge. Its sheath is assembled from a thiolic glycoconjugate called thiopeptidoglycan. S. montanus ATCC-BAA-2725 is a sheath-forming member of stream biofilms, and its sheath is morphologically similar to that of S. natans. However, it exhibits heat susceptibility, which distinguishes it from the S. natans sheath. In this study, chemical composition and solid-state NMR analyses suggest that the S. montanus sheath is free of cysteine, indicating that disulfide linkage is not mandatory for sheath formation. The S. montanus sheath was successfully solubilized by N-acetylation, allowing solution-state NMR analysis to determine the sugar sequence. The sheath was susceptible to thiopeptidoglycan lyase prepared from the thiopeptidoglycan-assimilating bacterium, Paenibacillus koleovorans. The reducing ends of the enzymatic digests were labeled with 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester, followed by HPLC. Two derivatives were detected, and their structures were determined. We found that the sheath has no peptides and is assembled as follows: [→4)-β-d-GlcA-(1→4)-β-d-Glc-(1→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-d-GalN-(1→]n (β-d-Glc and α-d-GalNAc are stoichiometrically and substoichiometrically 3-O-acetylated, respectively). Thiopeptidoglycan lyase was thus confirmed to cleave the 1,4 linkage between α-d-GalN and β-d-GlcA, regardless of the peptide moiety. Furthermore, vital fluorescent staining of the sheath demonstrated that elongation takes place at the tips, as with the S. natans sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kashiwabara
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Keiko Kondo
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryoji Usami
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kan
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Izuru Kawamura
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Kawasaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nittami
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ichiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Katahira
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Minoru Takeda
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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6
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Grabovich MY, Smolyakov DD, Beletsky AV, Mardanov AV, Gureeva MV, Markov ND, Rudenko TS, Ravin NV. Reclassification of Sphaerotilus natans subsp. sulfidivorans Gridneva et al. 2011 as Sphaerotilus sulfidivorans sp. nov. and comparative genome analysis of the genus Sphaerotilus. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1595-1599. [PMID: 33399897 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous iron oxides accumulating bacteria Sphaerotilus natans subsp. natans and S. natans subsp. sulfidivorans were described as subspecies based on 99.7% identity of their 16S rRNA sequences, in spite of important physiological difference. The ANI between their genomes was 94.7%, which indicate their assignment to different species. S. natans subsp. sulfidivorans and S. montanus possess genes for a complete SOX system, while S. natans subsp. natans encode only SoxYZ. There are genes for the Calvin cycle in the genomes of S. hippei DSM 566T, S. natans subsp. sulfidivorans D-501T, and S. montanus HST. Lithoautotrophy on reduced sulfur compounds is probably possible for S. natans subsp. sulfidivorans and S. montanus, but not for S. natans subsp. natans. Considering significant differences in the genome characteristics and metabolic potential of S. natans subsp. sulfidivorans and S. natans subsp. natans, we propose their classification as different species, S. natans and S. sulfidivorans sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Y Grabovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya pl, Voronezh, 394018, Russia.
| | - Dmitry D Smolyakov
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya pl, Voronezh, 394018, Russia
| | - Alexey V Beletsky
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Gureeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya pl, Voronezh, 394018, Russia
| | - Nikita D Markov
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya pl, Voronezh, 394018, Russia
| | - Tatyana S Rudenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya pl, Voronezh, 394018, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
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Tamura K, Kunoh T, Nakanishi M, Kusano Y, Takada J. Preparation and Characterization of Additional Metallic Element-Containing Tubular Iron Oxides of Bacterial Origin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27287-27294. [PMID: 33134691 PMCID: PMC7594126 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic microtubular iron oxides (BIOXs) derived from Leptothrix spp. are known as promising multifunctional materials for industrial applications such as ceramic pigments and catalyst carriers. Here, we report unprecedented BIOX products with additive depositions of various metallic elements prepared by a newly devised "two-step" method using an artificial culture system of Leptothrix cholodnii strain OUMS1; the method comprises a biotic formation of immature organic sheaths and subsequent abiotic deposition of Fe and intended elements on the sheaths. Chemical composition ratios of the additional elements Al, Zr, and Ti in the respective BIOXs were arbitrarily controllable depending on initial concentrations of metallic salts added to reaction solutions. Raman spectroscopy exemplified an existence of Fe-O-Al linkage in the Al-containing BIOX matrices. Time-course analyses revealed the underlying physiological mechanism for the BIOX formation. These results indicate that our advanced method can contribute greatly to creations of innovative bioderived materials with improved functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tamura
- Graduate
School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Bengala
Techno-Lab, 1-19-5-1006
Miyamae, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 216-0007, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kunoh
- Graduate
School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Graduate
School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kusano
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Jun Takada
- Graduate
School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Kunoh T, Morinaga K, Sugimoto S, Miyazaki S, Toyofuku M, Iwasaki K, Nomura N, Utada AS. Polyfunctional Nanofibril Appendages Mediate Attachment, Filamentation, and Filament Adaptability in Leptothrix cholodnii. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5288-5297. [PMID: 31804801 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leptothrix is a species of Fe/Mn-oxidizing bacteria known to form long filaments composed of chains of cells that eventually produce a rigid tube surrounding the filament. Prior to the formation of this brittle microtube, Leptothrix cells secrete hair-like structures from the cell surface, called nanofibrils, which develop into a soft sheath that surrounds the filament. To clarify the role of nanofibrils in filament formation in L. cholodnii SP-6, we analyze the behavior of individual cells and multicellular filaments in high-aspect ratio microfluidic chambers using time-lapse and intermittent in situ fluorescent staining of nanofibrils, complemented with atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. We show that in SP-6 nanofibrils are important for attachment and their distribution on young filaments post-attachment is correlated to the directionality of filament elongation. Elongating filaments demonstrate a surprising ability to adapt to their physical environment by changing direction when they encounter obstacles: they bend or reverse direction depending on the angle of the collision. We show that the forces involved in the collision can be used to predict the behavior of filament. Finally, we show that as filaments grow in length, the older region becomes confined by the sheath, while the newly secreted nanofibrils at the leading edge of the filament form a loose, divergent, structure from which cells periodically escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology and Jikei Center for Biofilm Research and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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9
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Iron-oxidizing bacteria in marine environments: recent progresses and future directions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:110. [PMID: 29974320 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) refers to a group of bacteria with the ability to exchange and accumulate divalent iron dissolved in water as trivalent iron inside and outside the bacterial cell. Most FeOB belong the largest bacterial phylum, Proteobacteria. Within this phylum, FeOB with varying physiology with regards to their response to oxygen (obligate aerobes, facultative and obligate anaerobes) and pH optimum for proliferation (neutrophiles, moderate and extreme acidophiles) can be found. Although FeOB have been reported from a wide variety of environments, most of them have not been isolated and their biochemical characteristics remain largely unknown. This is especially true for those living in the marine realm, where the properties of FeOB was not known until the isolation of the Zetaproteobacteria Mariprofundus ferrooxydans, first reported in 2007. Since the proposal of Zetaproteobacteria by Emerson et al., the detection and isolation of those microorganisms from the marine environment has greatly escalated. Furthermore, FeOB have also recently been reported from works on ocean drilling and metal corrosion. This review aims to summarize the current state of phylogenetic and physiological diversity in marine FeOB, the significance of their roles in their environments (on both global and local scales), as well as their growing importance and applications in the industry.
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10
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Identification and characterization of the S-layer formed on the sheath of Thiothrix nivea. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:1257-1265. [PMID: 29934786 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiothrix nivea is a filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacterium common in activated sludge and its filament is covered with a polysaccharide layer called sheath. In this study, we found that T. nivea aggregates under acidic conditions. A hexagonal lattice pattern, a typical morphological feature of proteinaceous S-layers, was newly observed on the surface of the sheath by transmission electron microscopy. The pattern and the acid-dependent aggregation were not observed in T. fructosivorans, a relative sheath-forming bacterium of T. nivea. The putative S-layer of T. nivea was detached by washing with unbuffered tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane base (Tris) solution and a protein of 160 kDa was detected by electrophoresis. Based on partial amino acid sequences of the protein, its structural gene was identified. The gene encodes an acidic protein which has a putative secretion signal and a Ca2+-binding domain. The protein was solubilized with urea followed by dialysis in the presence of calcium. A hexagonal lattice pattern was observed in the aggregates formed during dialysis, revealing that the protein is responsible for S-layer formation. Biosorption ability of copper, zinc, and cadmium onto the T. nivea filament decreased upon pretreatment with Tris, demonstrating that the S-layer was involved in metal adsorption. Moreover, aggregation of Escherichia coli was promoted by acidification in the presence of the S-layer protein, suggesting that the protein is potentially applicable as an acid-driven flocculant for other bacteria.
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Kunoh T, Nakanishi M, Kusano Y, Itadani A, Ando K, Matsumoto S, Tamura K, Kunoh H, Takada J. Biosorption of metal elements by exopolymer nanofibrils excreted from Leptothrix cells. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 122:139-147. [PMID: 28599159 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Leptothrix species, aquatic Fe-oxidizing bacteria, excrete nano-scaled exopolymer fibrils. Once excreted, the fibrils weave together and coalesce to form extracellular, microtubular, immature sheaths encasing catenulate cells of Leptothrix. The immature sheaths, composed of aggregated nanofibrils with a homogeneous-looking matrix, attract and bind aqueous-phase inorganics, especially Fe, P, and Si, to form seemingly solid, mature sheaths of a hybrid organic-inorganic nature. To verify our assumption that the organic skeleton of the sheaths might sorb a broad range of other metallic and nonmetallic elements, we examined the sorption potential of chemically and enzymatically prepared protein-free organic sheath remnants for 47 available elements. The sheath remnants were found by XRF to sorb each of the 47 elements, although their sorption degree varied among the elements: >35% atomic percentages for Ti, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Ag, and Au. Electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, electron and x-ray diffractions, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of sheath remnants that had sorbed Ag, Cu, and Pt revealed that (i) the sheath remnants comprised a 5-10 nm thick aggregation of fibrils, (ii) the test elements were distributed almost homogeneously throughout the fibrillar aggregate, (iii) the nanofibril matrix sorbing the elements was nearly amorphous, and (iv) these elements plausibly were bound to the matrix by ionic binding, especially via OH. The present results show that the constitutive protein-free exopolymer nanofibrils of the sheaths can contribute to creating novel filtering materials for recovering and recycling useful and/or hazardous elements from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Kunoh
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kusano
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Atsushi Itadani
- Department of Human Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kota Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Syuji Matsumoto
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tamura
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kunoh
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Jun Takada
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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12
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Suga H, Kikuchi S, Takeichi Y, Miyamoto C, Miyahara M, Mitsunobu S, Ohigashi T, Mase K, Ono K, Takahashi Y. Spatially Resolved Distribution of Fe Species around Microbes at the Submicron Scale in Natural Bacteriogenic Iron Oxides. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:283-287. [PMID: 28781344 PMCID: PMC5606699 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural bacteriogenic iron oxides (BIOS) were investigated using local-analyzable synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) with a submicron-scale resolution. Cell, cell sheath interface (EPS), and sheath in the BIOS were clearly depicted using C-, N-, and O- near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) obtained through STXM measurements. Fe-NEXAFS obtained from different regions of BIOS indicated that the most dominant iron mineral species was ferrihydrite. Fe(II)- and/or Fe(III)-acidic polysaccharides accompanied ferrihydrite near the cell and EPS regions. Our STXM/NEXAFS analysis showed that Fe species change continuously between the cell, EPS, and sheath under several 10-nm scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Suga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science (DEPSS), Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526Japan
| | - Sakiko Kikuchi
- Project Team for Development of New-Generation Research Protocol for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237–0061Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeichi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–0801Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoBunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113–0033Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyahara
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science (DEPSS), Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitsunobu
- Department of Environmental Conservation, Graduate school of Agriculture, Ehime UniversityTarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790–8577Japan
| | - Takuji Ohigashi
- UVSOR facility, Institute for Molecular ScienceMyodaiji, Okazaki 444–8585Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mase
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–0801Japan
| | - Kanta Ono
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)1–1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–0801Japan
| | - Yoshio Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science (DEPSS), Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0801Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoBunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113–0033Japan
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13
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Kunoh T, Matsumoto S, Nagaoka N, Kanashima S, Hino K, Uchida T, Tamura K, Kunoh H, Takada J. Amino group in Leptothrix sheath skeleton is responsible for direct deposition of Fe(III) minerals onto the sheaths. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6498. [PMID: 28747653 PMCID: PMC5529543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptothrix species produce microtubular organic-inorganic materials that encase the bacterial cells. The skeleton of an immature sheath, consisting of organic exopolymer fibrils of bacterial origin, is formed first, then the sheath becomes encrusted with inorganic material. Functional carboxyl groups of polysaccharides in these fibrils are considered to attract and bind metal cations, including Fe(III) and Fe(III)-mineral phases onto the fibrils, but the detailed mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that NH2 of the amino-sugar-enriched exopolymer fibrils is involved in interactions with abiotically generated Fe(III) minerals. NH2-specific staining of L. cholodnii OUMS1 detected a terminal NH2 on its sheath skeleton. Masking NH2 with specific reagents abrogated deposition of Fe(III) minerals onto fibrils. Fe(III) minerals were adsorbed on chitosan and NH2-coated polystyrene beads but not on cellulose and beads coated with an acetamide group. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at the N1s edge revealed that the terminal NH2 of OUMS1 sheaths, chitosan and NH2-coated beads binds to Fe(III)-mineral phases, indicating interaction between the Fe(III) minerals and terminal NH2. Thus, the terminal NH2 in the exopolymer fibrils seems critical for Fe encrustation of Leptothrix sheaths. These insights should inform artificial synthesis of highly reactive NH2-rich polymers for use as absorbents, catalysts and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Kunoh
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Syuji Matsumoto
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | - Tetsuya Uchida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tamura
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kunoh
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Jun Takada
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan. .,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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14
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Kawasaki Y, Endo T, Fujiwara A, Kondo K, Katahira M, Nittami T, Sato M, Takeda M. Elongation pattern and fine structure of the sheaths formed by Thiothrix nivea and Thiothrix fructosivorans. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:1280-1288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Comparative Analysis of Microbial Communities in Iron-Dominated Flocculent Mats in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5741-55. [PMID: 27422841 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01151-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED It has been suggested that iron is one of the most important energy sources for photosynthesis-independent microbial ecosystems in the ocean crust. Iron-metabolizing chemolithoautotrophs play a key role as primary producers, but little is known about their distribution and diversity and their ecological role as submarine iron-metabolizing chemolithotrophs, particularly the iron oxidizers. In this study, we investigated the microbial communities in several iron-dominated flocculent mats found in deep-sea hydrothermal fields in the Mariana Volcanic Arc and Trough and the Okinawa Trough by culture-independent molecular techniques and X-ray mineralogical analyses. The abundance and composition of the 16S rRNA gene phylotypes demonstrated the ubiquity of zetaproteobacterial phylotypes in iron-dominated mat communities affected by hydrothermal fluid input. Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis revealed the chemical and mineralogical signatures of biogenic Fe-(oxy)hydroxide species and the potential contribution of Zetaproteobacteria to the in situ generation. These results suggest that putative iron-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs play a significant ecological role in producing iron-dominated flocculent mats and that they are important for iron and carbon cycles in deep-sea low-temperature hydrothermal environments. IMPORTANCE We report novel aspects of microbiology from iron-dominated flocculent mats in various deep-sea environments. In this study, we examined the relationship between Zetaproteobacteria and iron oxides across several hydrothermally influenced sites in the deep sea. We analyzed iron-dominated mats using culture-independent molecular techniques and X-ray mineralogical analyses. The scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy SEM-EDS analysis and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis revealed chemical and mineralogical signatures of biogenic Fe-(oxy)hydroxide species as well as the potential contribution of the zetaproteobacterial population to the in situ production. These key findings provide important information for understanding the mechanisms of both geomicrobiological iron cycling and the formation of iron-dominated mats in deep-sea hydrothermal fields.
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16
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Nedkov I, Slavov L, Angelova R, Blagoev B, Kovacheva D, Abrashev MV, Iliev M, Groudeva V. Biogenic nanosized iron oxides obtained from cultivation of iron bacteria from the genus Leptothrix. J Biol Phys 2016; 42:587-600. [PMID: 27572254 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-016-9426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed investigation of nanostructured iron oxides/(oxy)hydroxides gathered after cultivation of bacteria from the genus Leptothrix as iron (II) oxidizers is presented. A specific type of medium is selected for the cultivation of the bacteria. Results for sediment powder and bio-film on glass substrate samples from the same media are discussed. XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM images and PPMS measurements are used to prove the exact composition of the biogenic products and to interpret the oxidation process. Analysis of the data collected shows that around 80 % of the iron (II) from the growth medium has been transformed into iron (III) in the form of different (oxy)hydroxides, with the rest found to be in a mixed 2,5 valence in magnetite. Our investigation shows that the bio-film sample has a phase content different from that of the powdered biomass and that lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) is the predominant and the initial biogenic phase in both samples. Magnetite nanoparticles are a secondary product in the bio-film, part of which possesses a defective quasi-maghemite surface layer. In the powdered biomass, the oxidation steps are not fully completed. The initial products are non-stoichiometric and due to the mixed ferric and ferrous ions present, they develop into: (i) lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) as a basic sediment, (ii) magnetite (Fe3O4) and (iii) goethite (α-FeOOH) in small quantities. The average size of all iron-bearing particles is found to be below 30 nm. The magnetic measurements performed show a superparamagnetic behavior of the material at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nedkov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - L Slavov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R Angelova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria. .,Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohrdiski University of Sofia, 8, Dragan Tsankov Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - B Blagoev
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd, 1784, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - D Kovacheva
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 11 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M V Abrashev
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Iliev
- Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohrdiski University of Sofia, 8, Dragan Tsankov Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - V Groudeva
- Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohrdiski University of Sofia, 8, Dragan Tsankov Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
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17
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Kunoh T, Nagaoka N, McFarlane IR, Tamura K, El-Naggar MY, Kunoh H, Takada J. Dissociation and Re-Aggregation of Multicell-Ensheathed Fragments Responsible for Rapid Production of Massive Clumps of Leptothrix Sheaths. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5030032. [PMID: 27490579 PMCID: PMC5037351 DOI: 10.3390/biology5030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Species of the Fe/Mn-oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix produce tremendous amounts of microtubular, Fe/Mn-encrusted sheaths within a few days in outwells of groundwater that can rapidly clog water systems. To understand this mode of rapid sheath production and define the timescales involved, behaviors of sheath-forming Leptothrix sp. strain OUMS1 were examined using time-lapse video at the initial stage of sheath formation. OUMS1 formed clumps of tangled sheaths. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of a thin layer of bacterial exopolymer fibrils around catenulate cells (corresponding to the immature sheath). In time-lapse videos, numerous sheath filaments that extended from the periphery of sheath clumps repeatedly fragmented at the apex of the same fragment, the fragments then aggregated and again elongated, eventually forming a large sheath clump comprising tangled sheaths within two days. In this study, we found that fast microscopic fragmentation, dissociation, re-aggregation and re-elongation events are the basis of the rapid, massive production of Leptothrix sheaths typically observed at macroscopic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Kunoh
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Ian R McFarlane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Katsunori Tamura
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Mohamed Y El-Naggar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Hitoshi Kunoh
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Jun Takada
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
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Kunoh T, Hashimoto H, McFarlane IR, Hayashi N, Suzuki T, Taketa E, Tamura K, Takano M, El-Naggar MY, Kunoh H, Takada J. Abiotic Deposition of Fe Complexes onto Leptothrix Sheaths. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5020026. [PMID: 27271677 PMCID: PMC4929540 DOI: 10.3390/biology5020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria classified in species of the genus Leptothrix produce extracellular, microtubular, Fe-encrusted sheaths. The encrustation has been previously linked to bacterial Fe oxidases, which oxidize Fe(II) to Fe(III) and/or active groups of bacterial exopolymers within sheaths to attract and bind aqueous-phase inorganics. When L. cholodnii SP-6 cells were cultured in media amended with high Fe(II) concentrations, Fe(III) precipitates visibly formed immediately after addition of Fe(II) to the medium, suggesting prompt abiotic oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). Intriguingly, these precipitates were deposited onto the sheath surface of bacterial cells as the population was actively growing. When Fe(III) was added to the medium, similar precipitates formed in the medium first and were abiotically deposited onto the sheath surfaces. The precipitates in the Fe(II) medium were composed of assemblies of globular, amorphous particles (ca. 50 nm diameter), while those in the Fe(III) medium were composed of large, aggregated particles (≥3 µm diameter) with a similar amorphous structure. These precipitates also adhered to cell-free sheaths. We thus concluded that direct abiotic deposition of Fe complexes onto the sheath surface occurs independently of cellular activity in liquid media containing Fe salts, although it remains unclear how this deposition is associated with the previously proposed mechanisms (oxidation enzyme- and/or active group of organic components-involved) of Fe encrustation of the Leptothrix sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Kunoh
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan.
| | - Ian R McFarlane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Naoaki Hayashi
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Japan Woman's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Taketa
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Tamura
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Mikio Takano
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Mohamed Y El-Naggar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Hitoshi Kunoh
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
| | - Jun Takada
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan.
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19
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Direct Adherence of Fe(III) Particles onto Sheaths of Leptothrix sp. Strain OUMS1 in Culture. MINERALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/min6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Kawasaki Y, Kondo K, Narizuka R, Endo T, Katahira M, Kawamura I, Sato M, Takeda M. Presence of N-l-lactyl-d-perosamine residue in the sheath-forming polysaccharide of Thiothrix fructosivorans. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:772-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Use of Iron Powder to Obtain High Yields of Leptothrix Sheaths in Culture. MINERALS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/min5020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Emerson JB, Thomas BC, Alvarez W, Banfield JF. Metagenomic analysis of a high carbon dioxide subsurface microbial community populated by chemolithoautotrophs and bacteria and archaea from candidate phyla. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1686-703. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne B. Emerson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley CA 94720-4767 USA
| | - Brian C. Thomas
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley CA 94720-4767 USA
| | - Walter Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley CA 94720-4767 USA
| | - Jillian F. Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley CA 94720-4767 USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley CA 94720-4767 USA
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23
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Experimental diagenesis of organo-mineral structures formed by microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6277. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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24
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Silicon-Rich, Iron Oxide Microtubular Sheath Produced by an Iron-Oxidizing Bacterium, Leptothrix sp. Strain OUMS1, in Culture. MINERALS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/min4030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Makita H, Nakahara Y, Fukui H, Miyanoiri Y, Katahira M, Seki H, Takeda M, Koizumi JI. Identification of 2-(Cysteinyl)amido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic Acid Residue from the Sheath ofLeptothrix cholodnii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1265-8. [PMID: 16717434 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The sheath of Leptothrix cholodnii is a glycoconjugate composed of a polysaccharide and a peptide rich in cysteine. In this study, structural determination of the hydrazinolyzate of the sheath was carried out. Since the hydrazinolyzate is a polysaccharide incorporated with cysteine, it was S-derivatized with a thiol-specific fluorogenic reagent, 4-(aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (ABD-F). Fluorescent fragments were purified by HPLC, and their structures were analyzed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The sheath was found to contain 2-(cysteinyl)amido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Makita
- Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokonama National University, Japan.
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A Spatial Relationship between Sheath Elongation and Cell Proliferation inSphaerotilus natans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:2357-9. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wu W, Swanner ED, Hao L, Zeitvogel F, Obst M, Pan Y, Kappler A. Characterization of the physiology and cell-mineral interactions of the marine anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II) oxidizer Rhodovulum iodosum--implications for Precambrian Fe(II) oxidation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 88:503-15. [PMID: 24606418 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (photoferrotrophs) are suggested to have contributed to the deposition of banded iron formations (BIFs) from oxygen-poor seawater. However, most studies evaluating the contribution of photoferrotrophs to Precambrian Fe(II) oxidation have used freshwater and not marine strains. Therefore, we investigated the physiology and mineral products of Fe(II) oxidation by the marine photoferrotroph Rhodovulum iodosum. Poorly crystalline Fe(III) minerals formed initially and transformed to more crystalline goethite over time. During Fe(II) oxidation, cell surfaces were largely free of minerals. Instead, the minerals were co-localized with EPS suggesting that EPS plays a critical role in preventing cell encrustation, likely by binding Fe(III) and directing precipitation away from cell surfaces. Fe(II) oxidation rates increased with increasing initial Fe(II) concentration (0.43-4.07 mM) under a light intensity of 12 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1). Rates also increased as light intensity increased (from 3 to 20 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1)), while the addition of Si did not significantly change Fe(II) oxidation rates. These results elaborate on how the physical and chemical conditions present in the Precambrian ocean controlled the activity of marine photoferrotrophs and confirm the possibility that such microorganisms could have oxidized Fe(II), generating the primary Fe(III) minerals that were then deposited to some Precambrian BIFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Wu
- Department of Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Key Laboratory of the Earth's Deep Interior, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Autolysis of Bacterial Cells Leads to Formation of Empty Sheaths by Leptothrix spp. MINERALS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/min3020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kondo K, Umezu T, Shimura S, Narizuka R, Koizumi JI, Mashima T, Katahira M, Takeda M. Structure of perosamine-containing polysaccharide, a component of the sheath of Thiothrix fructosivorans. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59:59-66. [PMID: 23587998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sheath-forming and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, Thiothrix fructosivorans, was heterotrophically cultured. The sheath, which is an extracellular microtube, was prepared by selectively removing the cells using lysozyme, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sodium hydroxide. Solid-state (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum revealed that the sheath is assembled from a glycan possessing acetyl and methyl groups. When the sheath was deacetylated, the original microtube structure was lost and the sheath became soluble under acidic conditions, revealing the importance of acetyl groups in maintaining the sheath structure. Equimolar d-glucose, d-glucosamine, and l-fucose were detected in the acid hydrolysate of the sheath by gas liquid chromatography. In addition to these sugars, β-GlcN-(1→4)-Glc and unidentified sugar were detected by analyzing the hydrolysate using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy was used to identify a disaccharide composed of 4-deoxy-4-aminorhamnose (perosamine, Rha4N) and fucose. N-Acetyl-perosamine prepared from the disaccharide was polarimetric and exhibited a d-configuration. The previously unidentified disaccharide was found to be α-d-Rhap4N-(1→3)-d-Fuc. According to (1)H and (13)C NMR analyses, the deacetylated sheath-forming polysaccharide was found to h have a main chain of [→4)-β-d-GlcpN-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→]n, to which disaccharide side chains of α-d-Rhap4N-(1→3)-α-l-Fucp-(1→ were attached at position 3 of Glc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Initial Parallel Arrangement of Extracellular Fibrils Holds a Key for Sheath Frame Construction by Leptothrix sp. Strain OUMS1. MINERALS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/min3010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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A Novel Method for Culturing of Leptothrix sp. Strain OUMS1 in Natural Conditions. MINERALS 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/min2020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Patterns of sheath elongation, cell proliferation, and manganese(II) oxidation in Leptothrix cholodnii. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:667-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gleeson DF, Pappalardo RT, Anderson MS, Grasby SE, Mielke RE, Wright KE, Templeton AS. Biosignature detection at an Arctic analog to Europa. ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:135-150. [PMID: 22283368 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2010.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The compelling evidence for an ocean beneath the ice shell of Europa makes it a high priority for astrobiological investigations. Future missions to the icy surface of this moon will query the plausibly sulfur-rich materials for potential indications of the presence of life carried to the surface by mobile ice or partial melt. However, the potential for generation and preservation of biosignatures under cold, sulfur-rich conditions has not previously been investigated, as there have not been suitable environments on Earth to study. Here, we describe the characterization of a range of biosignatures within potentially analogous sulfur deposits from the surface of an Arctic glacier at Borup Fiord Pass to evaluate whether evidence for microbial activities is produced and preserved within these deposits. Optical and electron microscopy revealed microorganisms and extracellular materials. Elemental sulfur (S⁰), the dominant mineralogy within field samples, is present as rhombic and needle-shaped mineral grains and spherical mineral aggregates, commonly observed in association with extracellular polymeric substances. Orthorhombic α-sulfur represents the stable form of S⁰, whereas the monoclinic (needle-shaped) γ-sulfur form rosickyite is metastable and has previously been associated with sulfide-oxidizing microbial communities. Scanning transmission electron microscopy showed mineral deposition on cellular and extracellular materials in the form of submicron-sized, needle-shaped crystals. X-ray diffraction measurements supply supporting evidence for the presence of a minor component of rosickyite. Infrared spectroscopy revealed parts-per-million level organics in the Borup sulfur deposits and organic functional groups diagnostic of biomolecules such as proteins and fatty acids. Organic components are below the detection limit for Raman spectra, which were dominated by sulfur peaks. These combined investigations indicate that sulfur mineral deposits may contain identifiable biosignatures that can be stabilized and preserved under low-temperature conditions. Borup Fiord Pass represents a useful testing ground for instruments and techniques relevant to future astrobiological exploration at Europa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damhnait F Gleeson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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Initial Assemblage of Bacterial Saccharic Fibrils and Element Deposition to Form an Immature Sheath in Cultured Leptothrix sp. Strain OUMS1. MINERALS 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/min1010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Structural and spatial associations between Fe, O, and C in the network structure of the Leptothrix ochracea sheath surface. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7873-5. [PMID: 21926209 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06003-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and spatial associations of Fe with O and C in the outer coat fibers of the Leptothrix ochracea sheath were shown to be substantially similar to the stalk fibers of Gallionella ferruginea, i.e., a central C core, probably of bacterial origin, and aquatic Fe interacting with O at the surface of the core.
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Isolation of a Leptothrix strain, OUMS1, from ocherous deposits in groundwater. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:173-80. [PMID: 21643851 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptothrix species in aquatic environments produce uniquely shaped hollow microtubules composed of aquatic inorganic and bacterium-derived organic hybrids. Our group termed this biologically derived iron oxide as "biogenous iron oxide (BIOX)". The artificial synthesis of most industrial iron oxides requires massive energy and is costly while BIOX from natural environments is energy and cost effective. The BIOX microtubules could potentially be used as novel industrial functional resources for catalysts, adsorbents and pigments, among others if effective and efficient applications are developed. For these purposes, a reproducible system to regulate bacteria and their BIOX productivity must be established to supply a sufficient amount of BIOX upon industrial demand. However, the bacterial species and the mechanism of BIOX microtubule formation are currently poorly understood. In this study, a novel Leptothrix sp. strain designated OUMS1 was successfully isolated from ocherous deposits in groundwater by testing various culture media and conditions. Morphological and physiological characters and elemental composition were compared with those of the known strain L. cholodnii SP-6 and the differences between these two strains were shown. The successful isolation of OUMS1 led us to establish a basic system to accumulate biological knowledge of Leptothrix and to promote the understanding of the mechanism of microtubule formation. Additional geochemical studies of the OUMS1-related microstructures are expected provide an attractive approach to study the broad industrial application of bacteria-derived iron oxides.
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Kondo K, Takeda M, Ejima W, Kawasaki Y, Umezu T, Yamada M, Koizumi JI, Mashima T, Katahira M. Study of a novel glycoconjugate, thiopeptidoglycan, and a novel polysaccharide lyase, thiopeptidoglycan lyase. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 48:256-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Emerson D, Fleming EJ, McBeth JM. Iron-oxidizing bacteria: an environmental and genomic perspective. Annu Rev Microbiol 2010; 64:561-83. [PMID: 20565252 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the 1830s, iron bacteria were among the first groups of microbes to be recognized for carrying out a fundamental geological process, namely the oxidation of iron. Due to lingering questions about their metabolism, coupled with difficulties in culturing important community members, studies of Fe-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) have lagged behind those of other important microbial lithotrophic metabolisms. Recently, research on lithotrophic, oxygen-dependent FeOB that grow at circumneutral pH has accelerated. This work is driven by several factors including the recognition by both microbiologists and geoscientists of the role FeOB play in the biogeochemistry of iron and other elements. The isolation of new strains of obligate FeOB allowed a better understanding of their physiology and phylogeny and the realization that FeOB are abundant at certain deep-sea hydrothermal vents. These ancient microorganisms offer new opportunities to learn about fundamental biological processes that can be of practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Emerson
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USA.
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Takeda M, Kondo K, Yamada M, Koizumi JI, Mashima T, Matsugami A, Katahira M. Solubilization and structural determination of a glycoconjugate which is assembled into the sheath of Leptothrix cholodnii. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 46:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lepot K, Philippot P, Benzerara K, Wang GY. Garnet-filled trails associated with carbonaceous matter mimicking microbial filaments in Archean basalt. GEOBIOLOGY 2009; 7:393-402. [PMID: 19656217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The study of the earliest traces of life on Earth can be complicated by abiotically formed biomorphs. We report here the finding of clustered micrometer-sized filaments of iron- and calcium-rich garnets associated with carbonaceous matter in an agate amygdale from a 2.7-billion-year-old basalt of the Maddina Formation, Western Australia. The distribution of carbonaceous matter and the mineral phases composing the filaments were analyzed using a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy, laser-Raman micro-spectroscopy, focused ion beam sectioning and transmission electron microscopy. The results allow consideration of possible biogenic and abiotic processes that produced the filamentous structures. The filaments have a range of sizes, morphologies and distributions similar to those of certain modern iron-mineralized filamentous bacteria and some ancient filamentous structures interpreted as microfossils. They also share a high morphological similarity with tubular structures produced by microbial boring activity. However, the microstructures and the distribution of carbonaceous matter are more suggestive of an abiotic origin for the filaments. They are characteristic features of trails produced by the displacement of inclusions associated with local dissolution of their silica matrix. Organic compounds found in kerogen or bitumen inclusions may have contributed significantly to the dissolution of the quartz (or silica gel) matrix driving filamentous growth. Discriminating the products of such abiotic organic-mediated processes from filamentous microfossils or microbial borings is important to the interpretation of the scarce Precambrian fossil record and requires investigation down to the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lepot
- Département de Géologie, UR Paléobotanique, Paléopalynologie et Micropaléontologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Boonfueng T, Axe L, Yee N, Hahn D, Ndiba PK. Zn sorption mechanisms onto sheathed Leptothrix discophora and the impact of the nanoparticulate biogenic Mn oxide coating. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 333:439-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tuhela L, Carlson L, Tuovinen OH. Biogeochemical transformations of Fe and Mn in oxic groundwater and well water environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10934529709376551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Burger MS, Mercer SS, Shupe GD, Gagnon GA. Manganese removal during bench-scale biofiltration. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:4733-4742. [PMID: 18809196 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As biological manganese (Mn) removal becomes a more popular water treatment technology, there is still a large gap in understanding the key mechanisms and range of operational characteristics. This research aimed to expand on previous bench-scale experiments by directly comparing small filtration columns inoculated with indigenous biofilms from a Mn filtration plant and filtration columns inoculated with a liquid suspension of Leptothrix discophora SP-6. Batch tests found that in the absence of manganese oxidizing bacteria Mn was not removed by air alone, whereas a mixed population and Leptothrix strain achieved greater than 90% removal of Mn. The bench-scale biofiltration experiments found that biological filters can be inoculated with a pure culture of L. discophora SP-6 and achieve a similar removal of indigenous biofilm. While Mn oxidizing bacteria (MOB) seem to be necessary for the auto-catalytic nature of these biological filters, Mn removal is achieved with a combination of adsorption to Mn oxides and biological oxidation. Additionally, it was demonstrated that biological Mn removal is possible over a broader "field of activity" (e.g., Mn removal occurred at a pH level as low as 6.5) than has previously been reported. The ability of this treatment technology to work over a broader range of influent conditions allows for more communities to consider biological treatment as an option to remove Mn from their drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Burger
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 1Z1, Canada
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Emerson D, Rentz JA, Lilburn TG, Davis RE, Aldrich H, Chan C, Moyer CL. A novel lineage of proteobacteria involved in formation of marine Fe-oxidizing microbial mat communities. PLoS One 2007; 2:e667. [PMID: 17668050 PMCID: PMC1930151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For decades it has been recognized that neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) are associated with hydrothermal venting of Fe(II)-rich fluids associated with seamounts in the world's oceans. The evidence was based almost entirely on the mineralogical remains of the microbes, which themselves had neither been brought into culture or been assigned to a specific phylogenetic clade. We have used both cultivation and cultivation-independent techniques to study Fe-rich microbial mats associated with hydrothermal venting at Loihi Seamount, a submarine volcano. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Using gradient enrichment techniques, two iron-oxidizing bacteria, strains PV-1 and JV-1, were isolated. Chemolithotrophic growth was observed under microaerobic conditions; Fe(II) and Fe(0) were the only energy sources that supported growth. Both strains produced filamentous stalk-like structures composed of multiple nanometer sized fibrils of Fe-oxyhydroxide. These were consistent with mineralogical structures found in the iron mats. Phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene demonstrated that strains PV-1 and JV-1 were identical and formed a monophyletic group deeply rooted within the Proteobacteria. The most similar sequence (85.3% similarity) from a cultivated isolate came from Methylophaga marina. Phylogenetic analysis of the RecA and GyrB protein sequences confirmed that these strains are distantly related to other members of the Proteobacteria. A cultivation-independent analysis of the SSU rRNA gene by terminal-restriction fragment (T-RF) profiling showed that this phylotype was most common in a variety of microbial mats collected at different times and locations at Loihi. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of phylogenetic and physiological data, it is proposed that isolate PV-1(T) ( = ATCC BAA-1019: JCM 14766) represents the type strain of a novel species in a new genus, Mariprofundus ferrooxydans gen. nov., sp. nov. Furthermore, the strain is the first cultured representative of a new candidatus class of the Proteobacteria that is widely distributed in deep-sea environments, Candidatus zeta (zeta)-Proteobacteria cl. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Emerson
- American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America.
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Kumaraswamy R, Sjollema K, Kuenen G, van Loosdrecht M, Muyzer G. Nitrate-dependent [Fe(II)EDTA]2− oxidation by Paracoccus ferrooxidans sp. nov., isolated from a denitrifying bioreactor. Syst Appl Microbiol 2006; 29:276-86. [PMID: 16682296 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enrichments with [Fe(II)EDTA]2- as electron donor and nitrate or nitrite as electron acceptor were established using an inoculum from a bioreactor performing denitrification. A nitrate-reducing, [Fe(II)EDTA]2- oxidizing strain was isolated and named strain BDN-1. The G + C content of strain BDN-1 was 67%, and the organism was closely affiliated to Paracoccus denitrificans, P. pantotrophus and P. versutus by 16S rRNA sequence comparison. Results from DNA-DNA hybridization, rep-PCR, and whole cell protein analysis gave congruent results confirming the genotypic and phenotypic differences between strain BDN-1 and the other species of Paracoccus. From these results, we considered strain BDN-1 as a novel species for which we propose the name Paracoccus ferrooxidans. Apart from [Fe(II)EDTA]2-, BDN-1 could also use thiosulfate and thiocyanate as inorganic electron donors. Nitrate, nitrite, N2O, [Fe(II)EDTA.NO]2- and oxygen could be used by strain BDN-1 as electron acceptors. Repeated transfer on a culture medium with bicarbonate as the sole carbon source confirmed that strain BDN-1 was a facultative autotroph. [Fe(II)EDTA]2- oxidation dependent denitrification was also performed by other Paracoccus species, that were closely affiliated to P. ferrooxidans.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/analysis
- Base Composition
- Bicarbonates/metabolism
- Bioreactors/microbiology
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Edetic Acid/metabolism
- Ferrous Compounds/metabolism
- Genes, rRNA
- Industrial Microbiology
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nitrates/metabolism
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Nitrous Oxide/metabolism
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Paracoccus/classification
- Paracoccus/isolation & purification
- Paracoccus/metabolism
- Paracoccus/ultrastructure
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proteome/analysis
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Thiocyanates/metabolism
- Thiosulfates/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumari Kumaraswamy
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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Watanabe K, Imase M, Sasaki K, Ohmura N, Saiki H, Tanaka H. Composition of the sheath produced by the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 42:538-43. [PMID: 16620216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the chemical characterization of the mucilage sheath produced by Chlorella sorokiniana. METHODS AND RESULTS Algal mucilage sheath was hydrolysed with NaOH, containing EDTA. The purity of the hydrolysed sheath was determined by an ATP assay. The composition of polysaccharide in the sheath was investigated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Sucrose, galacturonic acid, xylitol, inositol, ribose, mannose, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and fructose were detected in the sheath as sugar components. Magnesium was detected in the sheath as a divalent cation using inductively coupled argon plasma. The sheath matrix also contained protein. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the sheath is composed of sugars and metals. Mucilage sheath contains many kinds of saccharides that are produced as photosynthetic metabolites and divalent cations that are contained in the culture medium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on chemical characterization of the sheath matrix produced by C. sorokiniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Takeda M, Makita H, Ohno K, Nakahara Y, Koizumi JI. Structural analysis of the sheath of a sheathed bacterium, Leptothrix cholodnii. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 37:92-8. [PMID: 16214212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptothrix cholodnii is an aerobic sheath-forming bacterium often found in oligotrophic and metal-rich aquatic environments. The sheath of this bacterium was isolated by selectively lysing the cells. Glycine and cysteine were the major amino acids of the sheath. The sheath was readily dissolved in hydrazine, and a polysaccharide substituted with cysteine was recovered from the solution. Galactosamine, glucosamine and galacturonic acid were detected in the hydrazinolysate by gas liquid chromatography analysis. FAB-MS analysis of the hydrazinolysate suggested a sugar sequence of HexN-GalA-HexN-HexN. Methylation linkage analysis revealed the presence of 4-linked GalA, 3-linked HexN and 4-linked HexN. The sulfhydryl groups of the sheath were used for labeling with the fluorogenic reagent, 4-(aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (ABD-F). The labeled sheath (ABD-sheath) was partially hydrolyzed and three fluorescent fragments were purified by HPLC. One of them was identified as ABD-cysteine. The second one was found to be the ABD-cysteine tetramer. Another fragment was indicated to be a pentasaccharide substituted with ABD-cysteine by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. It can be assumed that the polysaccharide and peptide moieties of the sheath are connected by a cysteine residue. NMR analysis of the hydrazinolysate revealed that the polysaccharide moiety of the sheath was constructed from a pentasaccharide repeating unit containing 2-amino-2-deoxygalacturonic acid (GalNA), as shown below. -->4)-alpha-GalNA-(1-->4)-alpha-D-GalN(p)-(1-->4)-alpha-D-GalA(p)-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcN(p)-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalN(p)-(1-->.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takeda
- Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-5, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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Caldwell DE, Caldwell SJ. The calculative nature of microbe-mineral interactions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2004; 47:252-265. [PMID: 15037961 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-1015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2003] [Accepted: 05/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms continually redefine themselves at many levels, including the molecule, cell, and community. Although it was initially assumed that this resulted from the genesis of information within DNA alone, it has since been shown that innovation originates at multiple levels. This occurs through calculative units, each unit consisting of two proliferating structures, one nested within the other and each undergoing changes in structural geometry that affect the proliferation rate of the other. For example, the recombination of genetic structures affects the proliferation of community structures, and the recombination of community structures affects the proliferation of genetic structures. The proliferation of a nested series of structures (e.g., genes proliferating within cells, cells proliferating within communities, communities proliferating within ecosystems) results in a logic circuit that calculates the form and function of each structural element in the series. In this situation each element functions as both a habitat and an inhabitant (environment and organism), and it is this dichotomy that determines the balance of nature. Nested geological structures, such as minerals and continents, also proliferate and redefine themselves in much the same way. Microbe-mineral interactions thus link nested biological calculations to an analogous set of nested geological calculations. Examples include the microorganisms involved in the nucleation (proliferation) of ferric hydroxides, carbonates, silicates, and ice crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Caldwell
- College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5A8 Canada.
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Takeda M, Nakamori T, Hatta M, Yamada H, Koizumi JI. Structure of the polysaccharide isolated from the sheath of Sphaerotilus natans. Int J Biol Macromol 2003; 33:245-50. [PMID: 14607370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A polysaccharide was isolated from the sheath of a sheathed bacterium, Sphaerotilus natans. The sheath polysaccharide (SPS) was composed of D-glucose and D-(N-acetyl)galactosamine in molar ratios of 1:4. Methylation linkage analysis revealed the presence of the residues of 4-linked glucose, 4-linked (N-acetyl)galactosamine, and 3-linked (N-acetyl)galactosamine in molar ratios of 1:3:1. The oligomer of SPS was prepared with an SPS-specific degrading enzyme from a sheath-degrading bacterium, Paenibacillus koleovorans. The oligomer was derivatized and subjected to fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry to investigate the monosaccharide sequence of SPS. The structure of SPS was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The resulting data showed that SPS is a straight-chained basic polysaccharide constructed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takeda
- Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-5, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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