1
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Zhao S, Makarova KS, Zheng W, Zhan L, Wan Q, Liu Y, Gong H, Krupovic M, Lutkenhaus J, Chen X, Koonin EV, Du S. Widespread photosynthesis reaction centre barrel proteins are necessary for haloarchaeal cell division. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:712-726. [PMID: 38443574 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Cell division is fundamental to all cellular life. Most archaea depend on either the prokaryotic tubulin homologue FtsZ or the endosomal sorting complex required for transport for division but neither system has been robustly characterized. Here, we show that three of the four photosynthesis reaction centre barrel domain proteins of Haloferax volcanii (renamed cell division proteins B1/2/3 (CdpB1/2/3)) play important roles in cell division. CdpB1 interacts directly with the FtsZ membrane anchor SepF and is essential for cell division, whereas deletion of cdpB2 and cdpB3 causes a major and a minor division defect, respectively. Orthologues of CdpB proteins are also involved in cell division in other haloarchaea, indicating a conserved function of these proteins. Phylogenetic analysis shows that photosynthetic reaction centre barrel proteins are widely distributed among archaea and appear to be central to cell division in most if not all archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenchao Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Joe Lutkenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Shishen Du
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Shinde Y, Pathan A, Chinnam S, Rathod G, Patil B, Dhangar M, Mathew B, Kim H, Mundada A, Kukreti N, Ahmad I, Patel H. Mycobacterial FtsZ and inhibitors: a promising target for the anti-tubercular drug development. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10759-8. [PMID: 38010605 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains has rendered many anti-TB drugs ineffective. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify new drug targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Filament Forming Temperature Sensitive Gene Z (FtsZ), a member of the cytoskeletal protein family, plays a vital role in cell division by forming a cytokinetic ring at the cell's center and coordinating the division machinery. When FtsZ is depleted, cells are unable to divide and instead elongate into filamentous structures that eventually undergo lysis. Since the inactivation of FtsZ or alterations in its assembly impede the formation of the Z-ring and septum, FtsZ shows promise as a target for the development of anti-mycobacterial drugs. This review not only discusses the potential role of FtsZ as a promising pharmacological target for anti-tuberculosis therapies but also explores the structural and functional aspects of the mycobacterial protein FtsZ in cell division. Additionally, it reviews various inhibitors of Mtb FtsZ. By understanding the importance of FtsZ in cell division, researchers can explore strategies to disrupt its function, impeding the growth and proliferation of Mtb. Furthermore, the investigation of different inhibitors that target Mtb FtsZ expands the potential for developing effective treatments against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodeep Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Asama Pathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India
| | - Gajanan Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Bhatu Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Mayur Dhangar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 690525, India
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Mundada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University-Dehradun, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India.
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3
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Zhao S, Makarova KS, Zheng W, Liu Y, Zhan L, Wan Q, Gong H, Krupovic M, Lutkenhaus J, Chen X, Koonin EV, Du S. Widespread PRC barrel proteins play critical roles in archaeal cell division. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.28.534520. [PMID: 37090588 PMCID: PMC10120694 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is fundamental to all cellular life. Most of the archaea employ one of two alternative division machineries, one centered around the prokaryotic tubulin homolog FtsZ and the other around the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). However, neither of these mechanisms has been thoroughly characterized in archaea. Here, we show that three of the four PRC (Photosynthetic Reaction Center) barrel domain proteins of Haloferax volcanii (renamed Cell division proteins B1/2/3 (CdpB1/2/3)), play important roles in division. CdpB1 interacts directly with the FtsZ membrane anchor SepF and is essential for division, whereas deletion of cdpB2 and cdpB3 causes a major and a minor division defect, respectively. Orthologs of CdpB proteins are also involved in cell division in other haloarchaea. Phylogenetic analysis shows that PRC barrel proteins are widely distributed among archaea, including the highly conserved CdvA protein of the crenarchaeal ESCRT-based division system. Thus, diverse PRC barrel proteins appear to be central to cell division in most if not all archaea. Further study of these proteins is expected to elucidate the division mechanisms in archaea and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenchao Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Le Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Han Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Paris, France
| | - Joe Lutkenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shishen Du
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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4
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Song D, Zhang N, Ma Y, Zhang S, Chen W, Guo T, Ma S. Acridinium-conjugated aromatic heterocycles as highly potent FtsZ inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100400. [PMID: 35267210 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The epidemic of multidrug resistance (MDR) is a serious threat to public health, and new classes of antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are in critical need. We rationally designed and efficiently synthesized three series of new chemical entities with potential antibacterial activity targeting filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ). Evaluation of these compounds against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria including MDR and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus strains indicated that most compounds showed enhanced antibacterial efficacy, comparable or even superior to the reference drugs. The newly synthesized compounds proved to be substrates of the Escherichia coli efflux pump AcrB, thus affecting the activity. Their structure-activity relationships were summarized in detail. The most potent compound 10f quickly eliminated bacteria in a bactericidal mode, with low susceptibility to induce bacterial resistance. Further mechanistic studies with the BsFtsZ protein revealed that 10f functioned as an effective FtsZ inhibitor through altering the dynamics of FtsZ self-polymerization via a stimulatory mechanism, which leads to inhibition of cell division and cell death. Besides, 10f not only displayed no obvious cytotoxicity to mammalian cells but also had a high efficacy in a murine model of bacteremia in vivo. Regarded as a whole, our findings highlight 10f as a promising new FtsZ-targeting bactericidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yangchun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shenyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weijin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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5
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Ithurbide S, Gribaldo S, Albers SV, Pende N. Spotlight on FtsZ-based cell division in Archaea. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:665-678. [PMID: 35246355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Compared with the extensive knowledge on cell division in model eukaryotes and bacteria, little is known about how archaea divide. Interestingly, both endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-based and FtsZ-based cell division systems are found in members of the Archaea. In the past couple of years, several studies have started to shed light on FtsZ-based cell division processes in members of the Euryarchaeota. In this review we highlight recent findings in this emerging field of research. We present current knowledge of the cell division machinery of halophiles which relies on two FtsZ proteins, and we compare it with that of methanobacteria, which relies on only one FtsZ. Finally, we discuss how these differences relate to the distinct cell envelopes of these two archaeal model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Ithurbide
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simonetta Gribaldo
- Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Unit, CNRS UMR2001, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Nika Pende
- Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Unit, CNRS UMR2001, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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6
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The archaeal protein SepF is essential for cell division in Haloferax volcanii. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3469. [PMID: 34103513 PMCID: PMC8187382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In most bacteria, cell division depends on the tubulin homolog FtsZ and other proteins, such as SepF, that form a complex termed the divisome. Cell division also depends on FtsZ in many archaea, but other components of the divisome are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a SepF homolog plays important roles in cell division in Haloferax volcanii, a halophilic archaeon that is known to have two FtsZ homologs with slightly different functions (FtsZ1 and FtsZ2). SepF co-localizes with both FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 at midcell. Attempts to generate a sepF deletion mutant were unsuccessful, suggesting an essential role. Indeed, SepF depletion leads to severe cell division defects and formation of large cells. Overexpression of FtsZ1-GFP or FtsZ2-GFP in SepF-depleted cells results in formation of filamentous cells with a high number of FtsZ1 rings, while the number of FtsZ2 rings is not affected. Pull-down assays support that SepF interacts with FtsZ2 but not with FtsZ1, although SepF appears delocalized in the absence of FtsZ1. Archaeal SepF homologs lack a glycine residue known to be important for polymerization and function in bacteria, and purified H. volcanii SepF forms dimers, suggesting that polymerization might not be important for the function of archaeal SepF.
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7
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Cell division in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii relies on two FtsZ proteins with distinct functions in division ring assembly and constriction. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:594-605. [PMID: 33903747 PMCID: PMC7611241 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria, the tubulin homologue FtsZ assembles a cytokinetic ring, termed the Z ring, and plays a key role in the machinery that constricts to divide the cells. Many archaea encode two FtsZ proteins from distinct families, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2, with previously unclear functions. Here, we show that Haloferax volcanii cannot divide properly without either or both FtsZ proteins, but DNA replication continues and cells proliferate in alternative ways, such as blebbing and fragmentation, via remarkable envelope plasticity. FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 colocalize to form the dynamic division ring. However, FtsZ1 can assemble rings independent of FtsZ2, and stabilizes FtsZ2 in the ring, whereas FtsZ2 functions primarily in the constriction mechanism. FtsZ1 also influenced cell shape, suggesting it forms a hub-like platform at midcell for the assembly of shape-related systems too. Both FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 are widespread in archaea with a single S-layer envelope, but archaea with a pseudomurein wall and division septum only have FtsZ1. FtsZ1 is therefore likely to provide a fundamental recruitment role in diverse archaea, and FtsZ2 is required for constriction of a flexible S-layer envelope, where an internal constriction force might dominate the division mechanism, in contrast with the single-FtsZ bacteria and archaea that divide primarily by wall ingrowth.
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8
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Longo LM, Jabłońska J, Vyas P, Kanade M, Kolodny R, Ben-Tal N, Tawfik DS. On the emergence of P-Loop NTPase and Rossmann enzymes from a Beta-Alpha-Beta ancestral fragment. eLife 2020; 9:e64415. [PMID: 33295875 PMCID: PMC7758060 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is dedicated to the memory of Michael G. Rossmann. Dating back to the last universal common ancestor, P-loop NTPases and Rossmanns comprise the most ubiquitous and diverse enzyme lineages. Despite similarities in their overall architecture and phosphate binding motif, a lack of sequence identity and some fundamental structural differences currently designates them as independent emergences. We systematically searched for structure and sequence elements shared by both lineages. We detected homologous segments that span the first βαβ motif of both lineages, including the phosphate binding loop and a conserved aspartate at the tip of β2. The latter ligates the catalytic metal in P-loop NTPases, while in Rossmanns it binds the nucleotide's ribose moiety. Tubulin, a Rossmann GTPase, demonstrates the potential of the β2-Asp to take either one of these two roles. While convergence cannot be completely ruled out, we show that both lineages likely emerged from a common βαβ segment that comprises the core of these enzyme families to this very day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Longo
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular SciencesRehovotIsrael
| | - Jagoda Jabłońska
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular SciencesRehovotIsrael
| | - Pratik Vyas
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular SciencesRehovotIsrael
| | - Manil Kanade
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular SciencesRehovotIsrael
| | - Rachel Kolodny
- University of Haifa, Department of Computer ScienceHaifaIsrael
| | - Nir Ben-Tal
- Tel Aviv University, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTel AvivIsrael
| | - Dan S Tawfik
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular SciencesRehovotIsrael
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9
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Darnell CL, Zheng J, Wilson S, Bertoli RM, Bisson-Filho AW, Garner EC, Schmid AK. The Ribbon-Helix-Helix Domain Protein CdrS Regulates the Tubulin Homolog ftsZ2 To Control Cell Division in Archaea. mBio 2020; 11:e01007-20. [PMID: 32788376 PMCID: PMC7439475 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of the cell cycle is central to the physiology of all cells. In prior work we demonstrated that archaeal cells maintain a constant size; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the cell cycle remain unexplored in this domain of life. Here, we use genetics, functional genomics, and quantitative imaging to identify and characterize the novel CdrSL gene regulatory network in a model species of archaea. We demonstrate the central role of these ribbon-helix-helix family transcription factors in the regulation of cell division through specific transcriptional control of the gene encoding FtsZ2, a putative tubulin homolog. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in live cells cultivated in microfluidics devices, we further demonstrate that FtsZ2 is required for cell division but not elongation. The cdrS-ftsZ2 locus is highly conserved throughout the archaeal domain, and the central function of CdrS in regulating cell division is conserved across hypersaline adapted archaea. We propose that the CdrSL-FtsZ2 transcriptional network coordinates cell division timing with cell growth in archaea.IMPORTANCE Healthy cell growth and division are critical for individual organism survival and species long-term viability. However, it remains unknown how cells of the domain Archaea maintain a healthy cell cycle. Understanding the archaeal cell cycle is of paramount evolutionary importance given that an archaeal cell was the host of the endosymbiotic event that gave rise to eukaryotes. Here, we identify and characterize novel molecular players needed for regulating cell division in archaea. These molecules dictate the timing of cell septation but are dispensable for growth between divisions. Timing is accomplished through transcriptional control of the cell division ring. Our results shed light on mechanisms underlying the archaeal cell cycle, which has thus far remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan M Bertoli
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandre W Bisson-Filho
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K Schmid
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Ramm B, Heermann T, Schwille P. The E. coli MinCDE system in the regulation of protein patterns and gradients. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4245-4273. [PMID: 31317204 PMCID: PMC6803595 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular self-organziation, also regarded as pattern formation, is crucial for the correct distribution of cellular content. The processes leading to spatiotemporal patterns often involve a multitude of molecules interacting in complex networks, so that only very few cellular pattern-forming systems can be regarded as well understood. Due to its compositional simplicity, the Escherichia coli MinCDE system has, thus, become a paradigm for protein pattern formation. This biological reaction diffusion system spatiotemporally positions the division machinery in E. coli and is closely related to ParA-type ATPases involved in most aspects of spatiotemporal organization in bacteria. The ATPase MinD and the ATPase-activating protein MinE self-organize on the membrane as a reaction matrix. In vivo, these two proteins typically oscillate from pole-to-pole, while in vitro they can form a variety of distinct patterns. MinC is a passenger protein supposedly operating as a downstream cue of the system, coupling it to the division machinery. The MinCDE system has helped to extract not only the principles underlying intracellular patterns, but also how they are shaped by cellular boundaries. Moreover, it serves as a model to investigate how patterns can confer information through specific and non-specific interactions with other molecules. Here, we review how the three Min proteins self-organize to form patterns, their response to geometric boundaries, and how these patterns can in turn induce patterns of other molecules, focusing primarily on experimental approaches and developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ramm
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamara Heermann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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11
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Archaeal cell biology: diverse functions of tubulin-like cytoskeletal proteins at the cell envelope. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:547-559. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tubulin superfamily of cytoskeletal proteins is widespread in all three domains of life — Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Tubulins build the microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, whereas members of the homologous FtsZ family construct the division ring in prokaryotes and some eukaryotic organelles. Their functions are relatively poorly understood in archaea, yet these microbes contain a remarkable diversity of tubulin superfamily proteins, including FtsZ for division, a newly described major family called CetZ that is involved in archaeal cell shape control, and several other divergent families of unclear function that are implicated in a variety of cell envelope-remodelling contexts. Archaeal model organisms, particularly halophilic archaea such as Haloferax volcanii, have sufficiently developed genetic tools and we show why their large, flattened cells that are capable of controlled differentiation are also well suited to cell biological investigations by live-cell high-resolution light and electron microscopy. As most archaea only have a glycoprotein lattice S-layer, rather than a peptidoglycan cell wall like bacteria, the activity of the tubulin-like cytoskeletal proteins at the cell envelope is expected to vary significantly, and may involve direct membrane remodelling or directed synthesis or insertion of the S-layer protein subunits. Further studies of archaeal cell biology will provide fresh insight into the evolution of cells and the principles in common to their fundamental activities across the full spectrum of cellular life.
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12
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Khadkikar P, Goud NS, Mohammed A, Ramamoorthy G, Ananthathatmula R, Doble M, Rizvi A, Banerjee S, Ravi A, Alvala M. An efficient and facile green synthesis of bisindole methanes as potential Mtb
FtsZ inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1933-1939. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Khadkikar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad India
| | - N. Sridhar Goud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad India
| | - Arifuddin Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad India
| | - Gayathri Ramamoorthy
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab; Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai India
| | - Ragamanvitha Ananthathatmula
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab; Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab; Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai India
| | - Arshad Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Hyderabad; Hyderabad India
| | | | - Alvala Ravi
- G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy; Hyderabad India
| | - Mallika Alvala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad India
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13
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Caspi Y, Dekker C. Dividing the Archaeal Way: The Ancient Cdv Cell-Division Machinery. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:174. [PMID: 29551994 PMCID: PMC5840170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division in most prokaryotes is mediated by the well-studied fts genes, with FtsZ as the principal player. In many archaeal species, however, division is orchestrated differently. The Crenarchaeota phylum of archaea features the action of the three proteins, CdvABC. This Cdv system is a unique and less-well-studied division mechanism that merits closer inspection. In vivo, the three Cdv proteins form a composite band that contracts concomitantly with the septum formation. Of the three Cdv proteins, CdvA is the first to be recruited to the division site, while CdvB and CdvC are thought to participate in the active part of the Cdv division machinery. Interestingly, CdvB shares homology with a family of proteins from the eukaryotic ESCRT-III complex, and CdvC is a homolog of the eukaryotic Vps4 complex. These two eukaryotic complexes are key factors in the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway, which is responsible for various budding processes in eukaryotic cells and which participates in the final stages of division in Metazoa. There, ESCRT-III forms a contractile machinery that actively cuts the membrane, whereas Vps4, which is an ATPase, is necessary for the turnover of the ESCRT membrane-abscission polymers. In contrast to CdvB and CdvC, CdvA is unique to the archaeal Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota phyla. The Crenarchaeota division mechanism has often been suggested to represent a simplified version of the ESCRT division machinery thus providing a model system to study the evolution and mechanism of cell division in higher organisms. However, there are still many open questions regarding this parallelism and the division mechanism of Crenarchaeota. Here, we review the existing data on the role of the Cdv proteins in the division process of Crenarchaeota as well as concisely review the ESCRT system in eukaryotes. We survey the similarities and differences between the division and abscission mechanisms in the two cases. We suggest that the Cdv system functions differently in archaea than ESCRT does in eukaryotes, and that, unlike the eukaryotic case, the Cdv system's main function may be related to surplus membrane invagination and cell-wall synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Caspi
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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14
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Abstract
FtsZ, a homolog of tubulin, is found in almost all bacteria and archaea where it has a primary role in cytokinesis. Evidence for structural homology between FtsZ and tubulin came from their crystal structures and identification of the GTP box. Tubulin and FtsZ constitute a distinct family of GTPases and show striking similarities in many of their polymerization properties. The differences between them, more so, the complexities of microtubule dynamic behavior in comparison to that of FtsZ, indicate that the evolution to tubulin is attributable to the incorporation of the complex functionalities in higher organisms. FtsZ and microtubules function as polymers in cell division but their roles differ in the division process. The structural and partial functional homology has made the study of their dynamic properties more interesting. In this review, we focus on the application of the information derived from studies on FtsZ dynamics to study microtubule dynamics and vice versa. The structural and functional aspects that led to the establishment of the homology between the two proteins are explained to emphasize the network of FtsZ and microtubule studies and how they are connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Rao Battaje
- Department of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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15
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Abstract
In comparison with bacteria and eukaryotes, the large and diverse group of microorganisms known as archaea possess a great diversity of cytoskeletal proteins, including members of the tubulin superfamily. Many species contain FtsZ, CetZ and even possible tubulins; however, some major taxonomic groups do not contain any member of the tubulin superfamily. Studies using the model archaeon, Halferax volcanii have recently been instrumental in defining the fundamental roles of FtsZ and CetZ in archaeal cell division and cell shape regulation. Structural studies of archaeal tubulin superfamily proteins provide a definitive contribution to the cytoskeletal field, showing which protein-types must have developed prior to the divergence of archaea and eukaryotes. Several regions of the globular core domain - the "signature" motifs - combine in the 3D structure of the common molecular fold to form the GTP-binding site. They are the most conserved sequence elements and provide the primary basis for identification of new superfamily members through homology searches. The currently well-characterised proteins also all share a common mechanism of GTP-dependent polymerisation, in which GTP molecules are sandwiched between successive subunits that are arranged in a head-to-tail manner. However, some poorly-characterised archaeal protein families retain only some of the signature motifs and are unlikely to be capable of dynamic polymerisation, since the promotion of depolymerisation by hydrolysis to GDP depends on contributions from both subunits that sandwich the nucleotide in the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H S Aylett
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Iain G Duggin
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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16
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Samson RY, Dobro MJ, Jensen GJ, Bell SD. The Structure, Function and Roles of the Archaeal ESCRT Apparatus. Subcell Biochem 2017; 84:357-377. [PMID: 28500532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53047-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although morphologically resembling bacteria, archaea constitute a distinct domain of life with a closer affiliation to eukaryotes than to bacteria. This similarity is seen in the machineries for a number of essential cellular processes, including DNA replication and gene transcription. Perhaps surprisingly, given their prokaryotic morphology, some archaea also possess a core cell division apparatus that is related to that involved in the final stages of membrane abscission in vertebrate cells, the ESCRT machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Y Samson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Simon Hall MSB, 212 S Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Megan J Dobro
- School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Stephen D Bell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Simon Hall MSB, 212 S Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Simon Hall MSB, 212 S Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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17
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Abstract
FtsZ assembles in vitro into protofilaments (pfs) that are one subunit thick and ~50 subunits long. In vivo these pfs assemble further into the Z ring, which, along with accessory division proteins, constricts to divide the cell. We have reconstituted Z rings in liposomes in vitro, using pure FtsZ that was modified with a membrane targeting sequence to directly bind the membrane. This FtsZ-mts assembled Z rings and constricted the liposomes without any accessory proteins. We proposed that the force for constriction was generated by a conformational change from straight to curved pfs. Evidence supporting this mechanism came from switching the membrane tether to the opposite side of the pf. These switched-tether pfs assembled "inside-out" Z rings, and squeezed the liposomes from the outside, as expected for the bending model. We propose three steps for the full process of cytokinesis: (a) pf bending generates a constriction force on the inner membrane, but the rigid peptidoglycan wall initially prevents any invagination; (b) downstream proteins associate to the Z ring and remodel the peptidoglycan, permitting it to follow the constricting FtsZ to a diameter of ~250 nm; the final steps of closure of the septum and membrane fusion are achieved by excess membrane synthesis and membrane fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold P Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Masaki Osawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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18
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Haranahalli K, Tong S, Ojima I. Recent advances in the discovery and development of antibacterial agents targeting the cell-division protein FtsZ. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6354-6369. [PMID: 27189886 PMCID: PMC5157688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, there is a dire need for new drug targets for antibacterial drug discovery and development. Filamentous temperature sensitive protein Z (FtsZ), is a GTP-dependent prokaryotic cell division protein, sharing less than 10% sequence identity with the eukaryotic cell division protein, tubulin. FtsZ forms a dynamic Z-ring in the middle of the cell, leading to septation and subsequent cell division. Inhibition of the Z-ring blocks cell division, thus making FtsZ a highly attractive target. Various groups have been working on natural products and synthetic small molecules as inhibitors of FtsZ. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of FtsZ inhibitors, focusing on those in the last 5years, but also includes significant findings in previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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19
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Housman M, Milam SL, Moore DA, Osawa M, Erickson HP. FtsZ Protofilament Curvature Is the Opposite of Tubulin Rings. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4085-91. [PMID: 27368355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
FtsZ protofilaments (pfs) form the bacterial cytokinetic Z ring. Previous work suggested that a conformational change from straight to curved pfs generated the constriction force. In the simplest model, the C-terminal membrane tether is on the outside of the curved pf, facing the membrane. Tubulin, a homologue of FtsZ, also forms pfs with a curved conformation. However, it is well-established that tubulin rings have the C terminus on the inside of the ring. Could FtsZ and tubulin rings have the opposite curvature? In this study, we explored the FtsZ curvature direction by fusing large protein tags to the FtsZ termini. Thin section electron microscopy showed that the C-terminal tag was on the outside, consistent with the bending pf model. This has interesting implications for the evolution of tubulin. Tubulin likely began with the curvature of FtsZ, but evolution managed to reverse direction to produce outward-curving rings, which are useful for pulling chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Housman
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Sara L Milam
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Desmond A Moore
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Masaki Osawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Harold P Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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20
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Hurley KA, Santos TMA, Nepomuceno GM, Huynh V, Shaw JT, Weibel DB. Targeting the Bacterial Division Protein FtsZ. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6975-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Hurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Thiago M. A. Santos
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gabriella M. Nepomuceno
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Valerie Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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21
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Duggin IG, Aylett CHS, Walsh JC, Michie KA, Wang Q, Turnbull L, Dawson EM, Harry EJ, Whitchurch CB, Amos LA, Löwe J. CetZ tubulin-like proteins control archaeal cell shape. Nature 2014; 519:362-5. [PMID: 25533961 DOI: 10.1038/nature13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, controlling cell shape, structure and dynamics, whereas its bacterial homologue FtsZ establishes the cytokinetic ring that constricts during cell division. How such different roles of tubulin and FtsZ evolved is unknown. Studying Archaea may provide clues as these organisms share characteristics with Eukarya and Bacteria. Here we report the structure and function of proteins from a distinct family related to tubulin and FtsZ, named CetZ, which co-exists with FtsZ in many archaea. CetZ X-ray crystal structures showed the FtsZ/tubulin superfamily fold, and one crystal form contained sheets of protofilaments, suggesting a structural role. However, inactivation of CetZ proteins in Haloferax volcanii did not affect cell division. Instead, CetZ1 was required for differentiation of the irregular plate-shaped cells into a rod-shaped cell type that was essential for normal swimming motility. CetZ1 formed dynamic cytoskeletal structures in vivo, relating to its capacity to remodel the cell envelope and direct rod formation. CetZ2 was also implicated in H. volcanii cell shape control. Our findings expand the known roles of the FtsZ/tubulin superfamily to include archaeal cell shape dynamics, suggesting that a cytoskeletal role might predate eukaryotic cell evolution, and they support the premise that a major function of the microbial rod shape is to facilitate swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain G Duggin
- 1] Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK [2] The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Christopher H S Aylett
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James C Walsh
- 1] The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia [2] School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Katharine A Michie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Qing Wang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Emma M Dawson
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Harry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Cynthia B Whitchurch
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Linda A Amos
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jan Löwe
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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22
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Chatterjee A, Chakrabarti G. Dimethyl sulphoxide and Ca2+ stimulate assembly of Vibrio cholerae FtsZ. Biochimie 2014; 105:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Growth and proliferation of all cell types require intricate regulation and coordination of chromosome replication, genome segregation, cell division and the systems that determine cell shape. Recent findings have provided insight into the cell cycle of archaea, including the multiple-origin mode of DNA replication, the initial characterization of a genome segregation machinery and the discovery of a novel cell division system. The first archaeal cytoskeletal protein, crenactin, was also recently described and shown to function in cell shape determination. Here, we outline the current understanding of the archaeal cell cycle and cytoskeleton, with an emphasis on species in the genus Sulfolobus, and consider the major outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Lindås
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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The Nitrosopumilus maritimus CdvB, but not FtsZ, assembles into polymers. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2013; 2013:104147. [PMID: 23818813 PMCID: PMC3684127 DOI: 10.1155/2013/104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota are two major phyla of archaea which use distinct molecular apparatuses for cell division. Euryarchaea make use of the tubulin-related protein FtsZ, while Crenarchaea, which appear to lack functional FtsZ, employ the Cdv (cell division) components to divide. Ammonia oxidizing archaeon (AOA) Nitrosopumilus maritimus belongs to another archaeal phylum, the Thaumarchaeota, which has both FtsZ and Cdv genes in the genome. Here, we used a heterologous expression system to characterize FtsZ and Cdv proteins from N. maritimus by investigating the ability of these proteins to form polymers. We show that one of the Cdv proteins in N. maritimus, the CdvB (Nmar_0816), is capable of forming stable polymers when expressed in fission yeast. The N. maritimus CdvB is also capable of assembling into filaments in mammalian cells. However, N. maritimus FtsZ does not assemble into polymers in our system. The ability of CdvB, but not FtsZ, to polymerize is consistent with a recent finding showing that several Cdv proteins, but not FtsZ, localize to the mid-cell site in the dividing N. maritimus. Thus, we propose that it is Cdv proteins, rather than FtsZ, that function as the cell division apparatus in N. maritimus.
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25
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Ludueña RF. A Hypothesis on the Origin and Evolution of Tubulin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 302:41-185. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407699-0.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Microtubules polymerize from identical tubulin heterodimers, which form a helical lattice pattern that is the microtubule. This pattern always has left-handed chirality, but it is not known why. But as tubulin, similar to other proteins, evolved for a purpose, the question of the title of this artcile appears to be meaningful. In a computer simulation that explores the 'counterfactual biology' of microtubules without helicity, we demonstrate that these have the same mechanical properties as Nature's microtubules with helicity. Thus only a dynamical reason for helicity is left as potential explanation. We find that helicity solves 'the problem of the blind mason', i.e. how to correctly build a structure, guided only by the shape of the bricks. This answer in turn raises some new questions for researchers to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Hunyadi
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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27
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Moriscot C, Gribaldo S, Jault JM, Krupovic M, Arnaud J, Jamin M, Schoehn G, Forterre P, Weissenhorn W, Renesto P. Crenarchaeal CdvA forms double-helical filaments containing DNA and interacts with ESCRT-III-like CdvB. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21921. [PMID: 21760923 PMCID: PMC3132758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phylum Crenarchaeota lacks the FtsZ cell division hallmark of bacteria and employs instead Cdv proteins. While CdvB and CdvC are homologues of the eukaryotic ESCRT-III and Vps4 proteins, implicated in membrane fission processes during multivesicular body biogenesis, cytokinesis and budding of some enveloped viruses, little is known about the structure and function of CdvA. Here, we report the biochemical and biophysical characterization of the three Cdv proteins from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Metallospherae sedula. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and negative staining electron microscopy, we evidenced for the first time that CdvA forms polymers in association with DNA, similar to known bacterial DNA partitioning proteins. We also observed that, in contrast to full-lengh CdvB that was purified as a monodisperse protein, the C-terminally deleted CdvB construct forms filamentous polymers, a phenomenon previously observed with eukaryotic ESCRT-III proteins. Based on size exclusion chromatography data combined with detection by multi-angle laser light scattering analysis, we demonstrated that CdvC assembles, in a nucleotide-independent way, as homopolymers resembling dodecamers and endowed with ATPase activity in vitro. The interactions between these putative cell division partners were further explored. Thus, besides confirming the previous observations that CdvB interacts with both CdvA and CdvC, our data demonstrate that CdvA/CdvB and CdvC/CdvB interactions are not mutually exclusive. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data reinforce the concept that Cdv proteins are closely related to the eukaryotic ESCRT-III counterparts and suggest that the organization of the ESCRT-III machinery at the Crenarchaeal cell division septum is organized by CdvA an ancient cytoskeleton protein that might help to coordinate genome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Moriscot
- CNRS-EMBL-UJF, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI)-UMI 3265, Grenoble, France
- CEA-CNRS-UJF, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Simonetta Gribaldo
- Biologie Moléculaire du gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- CEA-CNRS-UJF, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Biologie Moléculaire du gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julie Arnaud
- CNRS-EMBL-UJF, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI)-UMI 3265, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Jamin
- CNRS-EMBL-UJF, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI)-UMI 3265, Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- CNRS-EMBL-UJF, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI)-UMI 3265, Grenoble, France
- CEA-CNRS-UJF, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR 5075, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Forterre
- Biologie Moléculaire du gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Orsay, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- CNRS-EMBL-UJF, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI)-UMI 3265, Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Renesto
- CNRS-EMBL-UJF, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI)-UMI 3265, Grenoble, France
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28
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Molecular signatures for the Crenarchaeota and the Thaumarchaeota. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 99:133-57. [PMID: 20711675 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Crenarchaeotes found in mesophilic marine environments were recently placed into a new phylum of Archaea called the Thaumarchaeota. However, very few molecular characteristics of this new phylum are currently known which can be used to distinguish them from the Crenarchaeota. In addition, their relationships to deep-branching archaeal lineages are unclear. We report here detailed analyses of protein sequences from Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota that have identified many conserved signature indels (CSIs) and signature proteins (SPs) (i.e., proteins for which all significant blast hits are from these groups) that are specific for these archaeal groups. Of the identified signatures 6 CSIs and 13 SPs are specific for the Crenarchaeota phylum; 6 CSIs and >250 SPs are uniquely found in various Thaumarchaeota (viz. Cenarchaeum symbiosum, Nitrosopumilus maritimus and a number of uncultured marine crenarchaeotes) and 3 CSIs and ~10 SPs are found in both Thaumarchaeota and Crenarchaeota species. Some of the molecular signatures are also present in Korarchaeum cryptofilum, which forms the independent phylum Korarchaeota. Although some of these molecular signatures suggest a distant shared ancestry between Thaumarchaeota and Crenarchaeota, our identification of large numbers of Thaumarchaeota-specific proteins and their deep branching between the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota phyla in phylogenetic trees shows that they are distinct from both Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota in both genetic and phylogenetic terms. These observations support the placement of marine mesophilic archaea into the separate phylum Thaumarchaeota. Additionally, many CSIs and SPs have been found that are specific for different orders within Crenarchaeota (viz. Sulfolobales-3 CSIs and 169 SPs, Thermoproteales-5 CSIs and 25 SPs, Desulfurococcales-4 SPs, and Sulfolobales and Desulfurococcales-2 CSIs and 18 SPs). The signatures described here provide novel means for distinguishing the Crenarchaeota and the Thaumarchaeota and for the classification of related and novel species in different environments. Functional studies on these signature proteins could lead to discovery of novel biochemical properties that are unique to these groups of archaea.
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Promoting assembly and bundling of FtsZ as a strategy to inhibit bacterial cell division: a new approach for developing novel antibacterial drugs. Biochem J 2009; 423:61-9. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20090817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
FtsZ plays an essential role in bacterial cell division. We have used the assembly of FtsZ as a screen to find antibacterial agents with a novel mechanism of action. The effects of 81 compounds of 29 different structural scaffolds on FtsZ assembly in vitro were examined using a sedimentation assay. Out of these 81 compounds, OTBA (3-{5-[4-oxo-2-thioxo-3-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-thiazolidin-5-ylidenemethyl]-furan-2-yl}-benzoic acid) was found to promote FtsZ assembly in vitro. OTBA increased the assembly of FtsZ, caused bundling of FtsZ protofilaments, prevented dilution-induced disassembly of FtsZ protofilaments and decreased the GTPase activity in vitro. It bound to FtsZ with an apparent dissociation constant of 15±1.5 μM. Furthermore, OTBA inhibited the proliferation of Bacillus subtilis 168 cells with an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 2 μM, whereas it exerted minimal effects on mammalian cell proliferation, indicating that it might have a potential use as an antibacterial drug. In the effective proliferation inhibitory concentration range, OTBA induced filamentation in bacteria and also perturbed the formation of the cytokinetic Z-rings in bacteria. However, the agent neither perturbed the membrane structures nor affected the nucleoid segregation in B. subtilis cells. The results suggested that the OTBA inhibited bacterial cytokinesis by perturbing the formation and functioning of the Z-ring via altering FtsZ assembly dynamics. The antibacterial mechanism of action of OTBA is similar to that of the widely used anticancer drug paclitaxel, which inhibits cancer cell proliferation by promoting the assembly of tubulin, a eukaryotic homologue of FtsZ.
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30
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Kuchibhatla A, Abdul Rasheed AS, Narayanan J, Bellare J, Panda D. An analysis of FtsZ assembly using small angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3775-3785. [PMID: 19708152 DOI: 10.1021/la8036605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used for the first time to study the self-assembly of the bacterial cell division protein, FtsZ, with three different additives: calcium chloride, monosodium glutamate and DEAE-dextran hydrochloride in solution. The SAXS data were analyzed assuming a model form factor and also by a model-independent analysis using the pair distance distribution function. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for direct observation of the FtsZ filaments. By sectioning and negative staining with glow discharged grids, very high bundling as well as low bundling polymers were observed under different assembly conditions. FtsZ polymers formed different structures in the presence of different additives and these additives were found to increase the bundling of FtsZ protofilaments by different mechanisms. The combined use of SAXS and TEM provided us a significant insight of the assembly of FtsZ and microstructures of the assembled FtsZ polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kuchibhatla
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India 400 076
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31
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Mesophilic Crenarchaeota: proposal for a third archaeal phylum, the Thaumarchaeota. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:245-52. [PMID: 18274537 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The archaeal domain is currently divided into two major phyla, the Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. During the past few years, diverse groups of uncultivated mesophilic archaea have been discovered and affiliated with the Crenarchaeota. It was recently recognized that these archaea have a major role in geochemical cycles. Based on the first genome sequence of a crenarchaeote, Cenarchaeum symbiosum, we show that these mesophilic archaea are different from hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota and branch deeper than was previously assumed. Our results indicate that C. symbiosum and its relatives are not Crenarchaeota, but should be considered as a third archaeal phylum, which we propose to name Thaumarchaeota (from the Greek 'thaumas', meaning wonder).
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32
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Inoue I, Ino R, Nishimura A. New model for assembly dynamics of bacterial tubulin in relation to the stages of DNA replication. Genes Cells 2008; 14:435-44. [PMID: 19210726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2009.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How living cells receive their genome through cell division has been one of the important questions of biology. In prokaryotes, cell division starts with formation of a ring-shaped microtubule-like structure, FtsZ-ring, at the potential division site. All the previous models suggested that FtsZ-ring is formed coupling to termination or far after initiation of DNA replication. In contrast, we demonstrated that a close communication with DNA replication is maintained throughout the cell cycle. FtsZ starts to assemble to the cell center coupling to initiation of DNA replication, and stabilizes as FtsZ-ring at its termination, but does not constrict before separation of nucleoids. This combination of a positive and a negative control would guarantee that a successful replication event would inevitably induce one cell division such that each of the daughter cells would receive one and only one daughter nucleoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Inoue
- National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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33
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Abstract
Bacterial cells contain a variety of structural filamentous proteins necessary for the spatial regulation of cell shape, cell division, and chromosome segregation, analogous to the eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins. The molecular mechanisms by which these proteins function are beginning to be revealed, and these proteins show numerous three-dimensional structural features and biochemical properties similar to those of eukaryotic actin and tubulin, revealing their evolutionary relationship. Recent technological advances have illuminated links between cell division and chromosome segregation, suggesting a higher complexity and organization of the bacterial cell than was previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Michie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.
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Barth C, Le P, Fisher PR. Mitochondrial biology and disease in Dictyostelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 263:207-52. [PMID: 17725968 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)63005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum has become an increasingly useful model for the study of mitochondrial biology and disease. Dictyostelium is an amoebazoan, a sister clade to the animal and fungal lineages. The mitochondrial biology of Dictyostelium exhibits some features which are unique, others which are common to all eukaryotes, and still others that are otherwise found only in the plant or the animal lineages. The AT-rich mitochondrial genome of Dictyostelium is larger than its mammalian counterpart and contains 56kb (compared to 17kb in mammals) encoding tRNAs, rRNAs, and 33 polypeptides (compared to 13 in mammals). It produces a single primary transcript that is cotranscriptionally processed into multiple monocistronic, dicistronic, and tricistronic mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. The mitochondrial fission mechanism employed by Dictyostelium involves both the extramitochondrial dynamin-based system used by plant, animal, and fungal mitochondria and the ancient FtsZ-based intramitochondrial fission process inherited from the bacterial ancestor. The mitochondrial protein-import apparatus is homologous to that of other eukaryote, and mitochondria in Dictyostelium play an important role in the programmed cell death pathways. Mitochondrial disease in Dictyostelium has been created both by targeted gene disruptions and by antisense RNA and RNAi inhibition of expression of essential nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins. This has revealed a regular pattern of aberrant mitochondrial disease phenotypes caused not by ATP insufficiency per se, but by chronic activation of the universal eukaryotic energy-sensing protein kinase AMPK. This novel insight into the cytopathological mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction suggests new possibilities for therapeutic intervention in mitochondrial and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barth
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne VIC 3086, Australia
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35
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Nagahisa K, Nakamura T, Fujiwara S, Imanaka T, Takagi M. Characterization of FtsZ homolog from hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 89:181-7. [PMID: 16232723 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(00)88734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/1999] [Accepted: 11/25/1999] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene of bacterial type ftsZ homolog in hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 (Pk-ftsZ), was identified. The gene product of the Pk-ftsZ gene is composed of 380 amino acids with a molecular mass of 41,354 Da. In the deduced amino acid sequence of the Pk-ftsZ gene, a glycine-rich sequence (Gly-Gly-Gly-Thr-Gly-Ala-Gly) implicated in GTP binding was well conserved. The Pk-ftsZ gene was overexpressed using Escherichia coli as a host and the recombinant protein was purified. The purified Pk-FtsZ protein exhibited GTPase activity with optimum temperatures higher than 80 degrees C. However, the protein showed little GTPase activity at 40 degrees C, indicating that a high reaction temperature is required for the GTPase activity in accordance with the thermophilic nature of P. kodakaraensis KOD1. The GTP-binding ability of Pk-FtsZ protein could also be detected by UV-induced cross-linking of a protein to [alpha-32P] GTP. The Pk-ftsZ gene was expressed in E. coli cells with a temperature-sensitive ftsZ mutation, E. coli ftsZ84 (ts), but its mutant phenotype of elongated cell form at a nonpermissive temperature (42 degrees C) could not be compensated, possibly because of the thermophilic nature of the Pk-FtsZ. Pk-FtsZ could form protofilaments in a GTP-dependent manner at 90 degrees C. Results of phylogenetic analysis suggest that there might be additional factors required for formation of the Z ring in P. kodakaraensis KOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagahisa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ramos A, Letek M, Campelo AB, Vaquera J, Mateos LM, Gil JA. Altered morphology produced by ftsZ expression in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13869. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:2563-2572. [PMID: 16079335 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is a Gram-positive bacterium that lacks the cell division FtsA protein and actin-like MreB proteins responsible for determining cylindrical cell shape. When the cell division ftsZ gene from C. glutamicum (ftsZCg
) was cloned in different multicopy plasmids, the resulting constructions could not be introduced into C. glutamicum; it was assumed that elevated levels of FtsZ
Cg
result in lethality. The presence of a truncated ftsZCg
and a complete ftsZCg
under the control of Plac led to a fourfold reduction in the intracellular levels of FtsZ, generating aberrant cells displaying buds, branches and knots, but no filaments. A 20-fold reduction of the FtsZ level by transformation with a plasmid carrying the Escherichia coli lacI gene dramatically reduced the growth rate of C. glutamicum, and the cells were larger and club-shaped. Immunofluorescence microscopy of FtsZ
Cg
or visualization of FtsZ
Cg
–GFP in C. glutamicum revealed that most cells showed one fluorescent band, most likely a ring, at the mid-cell, and some cells showed two fluorescent bands (septa of future daughter cells). When FtsZ
Cg
–GFP was expressed from Plac, FtsZ rings at mid-cell, or spirals, were also clearly visible in the aberrant cells; however, this morphology was not entirely due to GFP but also to the reduced levels of FtsZ expressed from Plac. Localization of FtsZ at the septum is not negatively regulated by the nucleoid, and therefore the well-known occlusion mechanism seems not to operate in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Ramos
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Microbiología, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Michal Letek
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Microbiología, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Campelo
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Microbiología, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - José Vaquera
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Luis M Mateos
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Microbiología, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - José A Gil
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Microbiología, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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Ozawa K, Harashina T, Yatsunami R, Nakamura S. Gene cloning, expression and partial characterization of cell division protein FtsZ1 from extremely halophilic archaeon Haloarcula japonica strain TR-1. Extremophiles 2005; 9:281-8. [PMID: 15844012 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-005-0443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a cell division protein FtsZ1 was cloned from an extremely halophilic archaeon, Haloarcula japonica strain TR-1. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of the ftsZ1 gene revealed that the structural gene consisted of an open reading frame of 1,158 nucleotides encoding 386 amino acids. Transcription of the ftsZ1 gene in Ha. japonica was confirmed by RT-PCR. A modified ftsZ1 gene was inserted into the shuttle vector pWL102 and used to transform Ha. japonica. The recombinant FtsZ1 was produced as a fusion with hexahistidine-tag in Ha. japonica host cells and purified. Purified recombinant FtsZ1 exhibited GTP-dependent polymerization activity and GTP-hydrolyzing activity in the presence of high concentrations of KCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Ozawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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38
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Motta MCM, Picchi GFA, Palmié-Peixoto IV, Rocha MR, de Carvalho TMU, Morgado-Diaz J, de Souza W, Goldenberg S, Fragoso SP. The Microtubule Analog Protein, FtsZ, in the Endosymbiont of Trypanosomatid Protozoa. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2004; 51:394-401. [PMID: 15352321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia deanei are trypanosomatids that harbor an endosymbiotic bacterium in their cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, numerous proteins are essential for cell division, such as FtsZ, which is encoded by filament-forming temperature-sensitive (fts) genes. FtsZ is the prokaryotic homolog of eukaryotic tubulin and is present in bacteria and archaea, and has also been identified in mitochondria and chloroplasts. FtsZ plays a key role in the initiation of cytokinesis. It self-assembles into the Z ring, which establishes the division plane during septation. In this study, immunoblotting analysis using a FtsZ polyclonal antibody, revealed a 40-kDa band characteristic of FtsZ in endosymbiont fractions and in whole trypanosomatid homogenates, but not in whole cell extracts of aposymbiotic strains. Confocal microscopy and ultrastructural analysis revealed a specific and dispersed labeling over the endosymbiont. Bars and ring-like structures, which are suggestive of the presence of Z-rings, were never observed, even during the division of the symbiont. This peculiar distribution of FtsZ may represent an arrangement of cytoskeleton protein intermediate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The endosymbiont ftsz gene was completely sequenced after amplification of DNA from symbiont-bearing trypanosomatids or from pure endosymbiont fractions, using PCR and specific primers. The sequences obtained from the endosymbionts from C. deanei and B. culicis were very similar, and were most closely related to bacteria from the genus Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina M Motta
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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39
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Vaughan S, Wickstead B, Gull K, Addinall SG. Molecular evolution of FtsZ protein sequences encoded within the genomes of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryota. J Mol Evol 2004; 58:19-29. [PMID: 14743312 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-003-2523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2003] [Accepted: 07/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The FtsZ protein is a polymer-forming GTPase which drives bacterial cell division and is structurally and functionally related to eukaryotic tubulins. We have searched for FtsZ-related sequences in all freely accessible databases, then used strict criteria based on the tertiary structure of FtsZ and its well-characterized in vitro and in vivo properties to determine which sequences represent genuine homologues of FtsZ. We have identified 225 full-length FtsZ homologues, which we have used to document, phylum by phylum, the primary sequence characteristics of FtsZ homologues from the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. We provide evidence for at least five independent ftsZ gene-duplication events in the bacterial kingdom and suggest the existence of three ancestoral euryarchaeal FtsZ paralogues. In addition, we identify "FtsZ-like" sequences from Bacteria and Archaea that, while showing significant sequence similarity to FtsZs, are unlikely to bind and hydrolyze GTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Vaughan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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40
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Ferguson PL, Shaw GS. Human S100B protein interacts with the Escherichia coli division protein FtsZ in a calcium-sensitive manner. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18806-13. [PMID: 14967825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313948200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
S100B is a small, dimeric EF-hand calcium-binding protein abundant in vertebrates. Upon calcium binding, S100B undergoes a conformational change allowing it to interact with a variety of target proteins, including the cytoskeletal proteins tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In both cases, S100B promotes the in vitro disassembly of these proteins in a calcium-sensitive manner. Despite this, there is little in vivo evidence for the interaction of proteins such as tubulin with S100B. To probe these interactions, we studied the expression of human S100B in Escherichia coli and its interaction with the prokaryotic ancestor of tubulin, FtsZ, the major protein involved in bacterial division. Expression of S100B protein in E. coli results in little change in FtsZ protein levels, causes a filamenting bacterial phenotype characteristic of FtsZ inhibition, and leads to missed rounds of cell division. Further, S100B localizes to positions similar to those of FtsZ in bacterial filaments: the small foci at the poles, the mid-cell positions, and between the nucleoids at regular intervals. Calcium-dependent physical interaction between S100B and FtsZ was demonstrated in vitro by affinity chromatography, and this interaction was severely inhibited by the competitor peptide TRTK-12. Together these results indicate that S100B interacts with the tubulin homologue FtsZ in vivo, modulating its activity in bacterial cell division. This approach will present an important step for the study of S100 protein interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Ferguson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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41
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Gilson PR, Yu XC, Hereld D, Barth C, Savage A, Kiefel BR, Lay S, Fisher PR, Margolin W, Beech PL. Two Dictyostelium orthologs of the prokaryotic cell division protein FtsZ localize to mitochondria and are required for the maintenance of normal mitochondrial morphology. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2003; 2:1315-26. [PMID: 14665465 PMCID: PMC326642 DOI: 10.1128/ec.2.6.1315-1326.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In bacteria, the protein FtsZ is the principal component of a ring that constricts the cell at division. Though all mitochondria probably arose through a single, ancient bacterial endosymbiosis, the mitochondria of only certain protists appear to have retained FtsZ, and the protein is absent from the mitochondria of fungi, animals, and higher plants. We have investigated the role that FtsZ plays in mitochondrial division in the genetically tractable protist Dictyostelium discoideum, which has two nuclearly encoded FtsZs, FszA and FszB, that are targeted to the inside of mitochondria. In most wild-type amoebae, the mitochondria are spherical or rod-shaped, but in fsz-null mutants they become elongated into tubules, indicating that a decrease in mitochondrial division has occurred. In support of this role in organelle division, antibodies to FszA and FszA-green fluorescent protein (GFP) show belts and puncta at multiple places along the mitochondria, which may define future or recent sites of division. FszB-GFP, in contrast, locates to an electron-dense, submitochondrial body usually located at one end of the organelle, but how it functions during division is unclear. This is the first demonstration of two differentially localized FtsZs within the one organelle, and it points to a divergence in the roles of these two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Gilson
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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42
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Campanati L, Troester H, Monteiro-Leal LH, Spring H, Trendelenburg MF, de Souza W. Tubulin diversity in trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. Histochem Cell Biol 2003; 119:323-31. [PMID: 12687378 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-003-0517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a diplomonad that parasitizes the small intestine of vertebrates. The trophozoite is multiflagellar and its cytoskeleton presents a complex organization of microtubular structures. One of these, the adhesive disk, consists of a microtubular spiral. The median body, whose function is not yet determined, is also composed by microtubules. The cell has eight flagella and two microtubule sheets, known as the funis. In this study we used several antibodies and immunofluorescence microscopy to help in the characterization of these structures. We observed that Giardia tubulin reacts with antibodies raised against very distinct immunogens. The antibodies used were against: (1) alpha-tubulin from chicken embryo brain, Trypanosoma brucei, sea urchin sperm, Paramecium, acetylated alpha-tubulin from Paramecium, and tyrosinated alpha-tubulin, (2) beta-tubulin from chicken embryo brain and Physarum polycephalum, and (3) an antibody with specificity to beta-tubulin having as immunogen the FtsZ bacterial protein. Each cytoskeletal structure of Giardia presented a distinct pattern of labeling by the several antibodies used. These data indicate that even being considered one of the most ancient of organisms, Giardia shares similarities (at least in relation to tubulin) with other organisms. They also open some questions about the organization and composition of its microtubular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine Campanati
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21940-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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43
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Beuria TK, Krishnakumar SS, Sahar S, Singh N, Gupta K, Meshram M, Panda D. Glutamate-induced assembly of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3735-41. [PMID: 12446699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205760200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of FtsZ is a finely regulated process that plays an essential role in the bacterial cell division process. However, only a few modulators of FtsZ polymerization are known. We identified monosodium glutamate as a potent inducer of FtsZ polymerization. In the presence of GTP, glutamate enhanced the rate and extent of polymerization of FtsZ in a concentration-dependent manner; approximately 90% of the protein was sedimented as polymer in the presence of 1 m glutamate. Electron micrographs of glutamate-induced polymers showed large filamentous structures with extensive bundling. Furthermore, glutamate strongly stabilized the polymers against dilution-induced disassembly, and it decreased the GTPase activity of FtsZ. Calcium induced FtsZ polymerization and bundling of FtsZ polymers; interestingly, although 1 m glutamate produced a larger light-scattering signal than produced by 10 mm calcium, the amount of polymer sedimented in the presence of 1 m glutamate and 10 mm calcium was similar. Thus, the increased light scattering in the presence of glutamate must be due to its ability to induce more extensive bundling of FtsZ polymers than calcium. The data suggest that calcium and glutamate might induce FtsZ polymerization by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Beuria
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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44
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Herrmann U, Soppa J. Cell cycle-dependent expression of an essential SMC-like protein and dynamic chromosome localization in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. Mol Microbiol 2002; 46:395-409. [PMID: 12406217 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Halobacterium salinarum encodes four proteins of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein superfamily. Two proteins form a novel subfamily and are named 'SMC-like proteins of H. salinarum' (Sph1 and Sph2). Northern blot analyses revealed that sph1 and hp24, the adjacent gene, are solely transcribed in exponentially growing, but not in stationary phase, cells. A synchronization procedure was developed, which makes use of the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin and leads to highly synchronous cultures. It allowed us for the first time to study cell cycle-dependent transcription in an archaeon. The sph1 transcript was found to be highly cell cycle regulated, with its maximal accumulation around the time of septum formation. The Sph1 protein level was also elevated at that time, but a basal protein level was found throughout the cell cycle. The hp24 transcript was sharply upregulated about 1 h before sph1 and had already declined at the time of sph1 induction. These and additional transcript patterns revealed that precisely controlled transcriptional regulation is involved in haloarchaeal cell cycle progression. A DNA staining protocol was developed, which opened the possibility of following the dynamic intracellular localization of haloarchaeal nucleoids using synchronized cultures. After an initial dispersed localization, the nucleoid is condensed at mid-cell. Subsequently, DNA is rapidly transported to the 1/4 and 3/4 positions. All staining patterns were also observed in untreated exponentially growing cells, excluding synchronization artifacts. The Sph1 concentration is elevated when segregation of the new chromosomes is nearly complete; therefore, it is proposed to play a role in a late step of replication, e.g. DNA repair, similar to eukaryotic Rad18 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Herrmann
- J W Goethe-Universität, Biozentrum Niederusel, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Frankfurt, Germany
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Davis BK. Molecular evolution before the origin of species. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 79:77-133. [PMID: 12225777 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(02)00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids at conserved sites in the residue sequence of 10 ancient proteins, from 844 phylogenetically diverse sources, were used to specify their time of origin in the interval before species divergence from the last common ancestor (LCA). The order of amino acid addition to the genetic code, based on biosynthesis path length and other molecular evidence, provided a reference for evaluating the 'code age' of each residue profile examined. Significantly earlier estimates were obtained for conserved amino acid residues in these proteins than non-conserved residues. Evidence from the primary structure of 'fossil' proteins thus corroborated the biosynthetic order of amino acid addition to the code.Low potential ferredoxin (Fdxn) had the earliest residue profile among the proteins in this study. A phylogenetic tree for 82 prokaryote Fdxn sequences was rooted midway between bacteria and archaea branches. LCA Fdxn had a 23-residue antecedent whose residue profile matched mid-expansion phase codon assignments and included an amide residue. It contained a highly acidic N-terminal region and a non-charged C-terminal region, with all four cysteine residues. This small protein apparently anchored a [4Fe-4S] cluster, ligated by C-terminal cysteines, to a positively charged mineral surface, consistent with mediating e(-) transfer in a primordial surface system before cells appeared. Its negatively charged N-terminal 'attachment site' was highly mutable during evolution of ancestral Fdxn for Bacteria and Archaea, consistent with a loss of function after cell formation. An initial glutamate to lysine substitution may link 'attachment site' removal to early post-expansion phase entry of basic amino acids to the code. As proteins evidently anchored non-charged amide residues initially, surface attachment of cofactors and other functional groups emerges as a general function of pre-cell proteins.A phylogenetic tree of 107 proteolipid (PL) helix-1 sequences from H(+)-ATPase of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes had its root between prokaryote branches. LCA PL h1 residue profile optimally fit a late expansion phase codon array. Sequence repeats in transmembrane PL helices h1 and h2 indicated formation of the archetypal PL hairpin structure involved successive tandem duplications, initiated within the gene for an 11-residue (or 4-residue) hydrophobic peptide. Ancestral PL h1 lacked acidic residues, in a fundamental departure from the prototype pre-cell protein. By this stage, proteins with a hydrophobic domain had evolved. Its non-polar, late expansion phase residue profile point to ancestral PL being a component of an early permeable cell membrane. Other indicators of cell formation about this stage of code evolution include phospholipid biosynthesis path length, FtsZ residue profile, and late entry of basic amino acids into the genetic code. Estimates based on conserved residues in prokaryote cell septation protein, FtsZ, and proteins involved with synthesis, transcription and replication of DNA revealed FtsZ, ribonucleotide reductase, RNA polymerase core subunits and 5'-->3' flap exonuclease, FEN-1, originated soon after cells putatively evolved. While reverse transcriptase and topoisomerase I, Topo I, appeared late in the pre-divergence era, when the genetic code was essentially complete. The transition from RNA genes to a DNA genome seemingly proceeded via formation of a DNA-RNA heteroduplex. These results suggest formation of DNA awaited evolution of a catalyst with a hydrophobic domain, capable of sequestering radical bearing intermediates in its synthesis from ribonucleotide precursors. Late formation of topology altering protein, Topo I, further suggests consolidation of genes into chromosomes followed synthesis of comparatively thermostable DNA strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Davis
- Research Foundation of Southern California, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Uehara T, Matsuzawa H, Nishimura A. HscA is involved in the dynamics of FtsZ-ring formation in Escherichia coli K12. Genes Cells 2001; 6:803-14. [PMID: 11554926 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2001.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FtsZ, a homologue of eukaryotic tubulin, localizes throughout the cytoplasm in non-dividing Escherichia coli. However, it assembles in cytokinetic rings at the early stages of septation. Factors controlling the dynamics of FtsZ ring formation are unknown, and the molecular mechanism governing these dynamics is yet to be determined. RESULTS At 42 degrees C, JE10715 mutant bacteria formed multinucleated filaments with a highly reduced number of FtsZ-rings at potential division sites. The JE10715 phenotype resulted from a mis-sense mutation in the hscA gene which encodes a heat shock Hsp70 family protein, with a single alanine-to-valine substitution at position 192 within the ATPase domain. Both JE10715 and the hscA knockout strain of JE10715 were completely complemented by a plasmid-born, wild-type hscA gene, but not by a mutant-type hscA715 gene. An hscA conditional knockout of the wild-type strain under non-permissive conditions exhibited longer rod cells with an abnormal localization of FtsZ. The over-expression of dnaK partially complemented the JE10715 mutation. In vitro, the ATPase activity of the mutant protein HscA715 was reduced to 63% of wild-type HscA activity. HscA co-sedimented with FtsZ-polymers in the presence of GTP. CONCLUSION HscA is involved in FtsZ-ring formation, through a chaperon-like interaction with FtsZ. Defects in hscA, however, can partially be compensated for by redundant genes, including the wild-type dnaK.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uehara
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken 411-8540, Japan
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Kwak J, Dharmatilake AJ, Jiang H, Kendrick KE. Differential regulation of ftsZ transcription during septation of Streptomyces griseus. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:5092-101. [PMID: 11489862 PMCID: PMC95385 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.17.5092-5101.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces has been known to form two types of septa. The data in this research demonstrated that Streptomyces griseus forms another type of septum near the base of sporogenic hyphae (basal septum). To understand the regulation of the septation machinery in S. griseus, we investigated the expression of the ftsZ gene. S1 nuclease protection assays revealed that four ftsZ transcripts were differentially expressed during morphological differentiation. The vegetative transcript (emanating from P(veg)) is present at a moderate level during vegetative growth, but is switched off within the first 2 h of sporulation. Two sporulation-specific transcripts predominantly accumulated, and the levels increased by approximately fivefold together shortly before sporulation septa begin to form. Consistently, the sporulation-specific transcripts were expressed much earlier and more abundantly in a group of nonsporulating mutants that form their sporulation septa prematurely. Promoter-probe studies with two different reporter systems confirmed the activities of the putative promoters identified from the 5' end point of the transcripts. The levels and expression timing of promoter activities were consistent with the results of nuclease protection assays. The aseptate phenotype of the P(spo) mutant indicated that the increased transcription from P(spo) is required for sporulation septation, but not for vegetative or basal septum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kwak
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Gilson PR, Beech PL. Cell division protein FtsZ: running rings around bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Res Microbiol 2001; 152:3-10. [PMID: 11281323 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(00)01162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Of all the proteins involved in prokaryotic cell division FtsZ is one of the earliest acting and most widely distributed, being found in all but a few species. We discuss several recent discoveries of FtsZ in eukaryotic cells and the protein's role in the division of chloroplasts and mitochondria, organelles that are of bacterial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Gilson
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, VIC, Australia.
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Abstract
Perhaps the biggest single task facing a bacterial cell is to divide into daughter cells that contain the normal complement of chromosomes. Recent technical and conceptual breakthroughs in bacterial cell biology, combined with the flood of genome sequence information and the excellent genetic tools in several model systems, have shed new light on the mechanism of prokaryotic cell division. There is good evidence that in most species, a molecular machine, organized by the tubulin-like FtsZ protein, assembles at the site of division and orchestrates the splitting of the cell. The determinants that target the machine to the right place at the right time are beginning to be understood in the model systems, but it is still a mystery how the machine actually generates the constrictive force necessary for cytokinesis. Moreover, although some cell division determinants such as FtsZ are present in a broad spectrum of prokaryotic species, the lack of FtsZ in some species and different profiles of cell division proteins in different families suggests that there are diverse mechanisms for regulating cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Hoppert M, Mayer F. Principles of macromolecular organization and cell function in bacteria and archaea. Cell Biochem Biophys 2000; 31:247-84. [PMID: 10736750 DOI: 10.1007/bf02738242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Structural organization of the cytoplasm by compartmentation is a well established fact for the eukaryotic cell. In prokaryotes, compartmentation is less obvious. Most prokaryotes do not need intracytoplasmic membranes to maintain their vital functions. This review, especially dealing with prokaryotes, will point out that compartmentation in prokaryotes is present, but not only achieved by membranes. Besides membranes, the nucleoid, multienzyme complexes and metabolons, storage granules, and cytoskeletal elements are involved in compartmentation. In this respect, the organization of the cytoplasm of prokaryotes is similar to that in the eukaryotic cell. Compartmentation influences properties of water in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoppert
- Abteilung Strukfurelle Mikrobiologie, Georg-August-Universitat, Göttingen, Germany.
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