1
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Schultes FPJ, Welter L, Hufnagel D, Heghmanns M, Kasanmascheff M, Mügge C. An Active and Versatile Electron Transport System for Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases from the Alkane Degrading Organism Acinetobacter sp. OC4. Chembiochem 2024:e202400098. [PMID: 38787654 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are valuable biocatalysts for the oxyfunctionalization of non-activated carbon-hydrogen bonds. Most CYPs rely on electron transport proteins as redox partners. In this study, the ferredoxin reductase (FdR) and ferredoxin (FD) for a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp. OC4 are investigated. Upon heterologous production of both proteins independently in Escherichia coli, spectral analysis showed their reduction capability towards reporter electron acceptors, e. g., cytochrome c. The individual proteins' specific activity towards cytochrome c reduction was 25 U mg-1. Furthermore, the possibility to enhance electron transfer by artificial fusion of the units was elucidated. FdR and FD were linked by helical linkers [EAAAK]n, flexible glycine linkers [GGGGS]n or rigid proline linkers [EPPPP]n of n=1-4 sequence repetitions. The system with a glycine linker (n=4) reached an appreciable specific activity of 19 U mg-1 towards cytochrome c. Moreover, their ability to drive different members of the CYP153A subfamily is demonstrated. By creating artificial self-sufficient P450s with FdR, FD, and a panel of four CYP153A representatives, effective hydroxylation of n-hexane in a whole-cell system was achieved. The results indicate this protein combination to constitute a functional and versatile surrogate electron transport system for this subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Peter Josef Schultes
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Leon Welter
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doreen Hufnagel
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie Heghmanns
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Müge Kasanmascheff
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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2
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He R, Sun J, Bai X, Lin Q, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Dai K, Xu Z. A novel alginate-embedded magnetic biochar-anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria composite microspheres for multipollutant removal: Mechanisms of photo-bioelectrochemical enhancement and excellent reusability performance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118158. [PMID: 38224936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Existing wastewater treatment technologies face the key challenge of simultaneously removing emerging contaminants and nutrients from wastewater efficiently, with a simplified technological process and minimized operational costs. In this study, a novel alginate-embedded magnetic biochar-anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria composite microspheres (CA-MBC-PSB microspheres) was prepared for efficient, cost-effective and one-step removal of antibiotics and NH4+-N from wastewater. Our results demonstrated that the CA-MBC-PSB microspheres removed 97.23% of sulfadiazine (SDZ) within 7 h and 91% of NH4+-N within 12 h, which were 21.23% and 38% higher than those achieved by pure calcium alginate-Rhodopseudomonas palustris microspheres (53% and 45.7%), respectively. The enhanced SDZ and NH4+-N removal were attributed to the enhanced photoheterotrophic metabolism and excretion of extracellular photosensitive active substances from R. Palustris through the photo-bioelectrochemical interaction between R. Palustris and magnetic biochar. The long-term pollutants removal performance of the CA-MBC-PSB microspheres was not deteriorated but continuously improved with increasing ruse cycles with a simultaneous removal efficiency of 99% for SDZ and 92% for NH4+-N after three cycles. The excellent stability and reusability were due to the fact that calcium alginate acts as an encapsulating agent preventing the loss and contamination of R. palustris biomass. The CA-MBC-PSB microspheres also exhibited excellent performance for simultaneous removal of SDZ (89% in 7 h) and NH4+-N (90.7% in 12 h) from the secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plant, indicating the stable and efficient performance of CA-MBC-PSB microspheres in practical wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui He
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Bai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qintie Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kang Dai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Lu J, Liu Y, Zhang R, Hu Z, Xue K, Dong B. Biochar inoculated with Pseudomonas putida alleviates its inhibitory effect on biodegradation pathways in phenanthrene-contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132550. [PMID: 37729712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Controversial results are reported whereby biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be promoted or inhibited by biochar amendment of soil. Metabolomics was applied to analyze the metabolic profiles of amendment with biochar (BB) and biochar inoculated with functional bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) (BP) involved in phenanthrene (PHE) degradation. Additionally, metagenomic analysis was utilized to assess the impact of different treatments on PHE degradation by soil microorganisms. Results indicated that BB treatment decreased the PHE biodegradation of the soil indigenous bacterial consortium, but BP treatment alleviated this inhibitory effect. Metabolomics revealed the differential metabolite 9-phenanthrol was absent in the BB treatment, but was found in the control group (CK), and in the treatment inoculated with the Pseudomonas putida (Ps) and the BP treatment. Metagenomic analysis showed that biochar decreased the abundance of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP116), which was detected in the Pseudomonas putida, thus alleviating the inhibitory effect of biochar on PHE degradation. Moreover, a noticeable delayed increase of functional gene abundance and enzymes abundance in the BB treatment was observed in the PHE degradation pathway. Our findings elucidate the mechanism of inhibition with biochar amendment and the alleviating effect of biochar inoculated with degrading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuexian Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ruili Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhengyi Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kai Xue
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Biya Dong
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Adhikari A, Shakya S, Shrestha S, Aryal D, Timalsina KP, Dhakal D, Khatri Y, Parajuli N. Biocatalytic role of cytochrome P450s to produce antibiotics: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3465-3492. [PMID: 37691185 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s belong to a family of heme-binding monooxygenases, which catalyze regio- and stereospecific functionalisation of C-H, C-C, and C-N bonds, including heteroatom oxidation, oxidative C-C bond cleavages, and nitrene transfer. P450s are considered useful biocatalysts for the production of pharmaceutical products, fine chemicals, and bioremediating agents. Despite having tremendous biotechnological potential, being heme-monooxygenases, P450s require either autologous or heterologous redox partner(s) to perform chemical transformations. Randomly distributed P450s throughout a bacterial genome and devoid of particular redox partners in natural products biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) showed an extra challenge to reveal their pharmaceutical potential. However, continuous efforts have been made to understand their involvement in antibiotic biosynthesis and their modification, and this review focused on such BGCs. Here, particularly, we have discussed the role of P450s involved in the production of macrolides and aminocoumarin antibiotics, nonribosomal peptide (NRPSs) antibiotics, ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPPs) antibiotics, and others. Several reactions catalyzed by P450s, as well as the role of their redox partners involved in the BGCs of various antibiotics and their derivatives, have been primarily addressed in this review, which would be useful in further exploration of P450s for the biosynthesis of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sajan Shakya
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shreesti Shrestha
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Dipa Aryal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kavi Prasad Timalsina
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dipesh Dhakal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Niranjan Parajuli
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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5
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Stout CN, Renata H. Self-sufficient P450-reductase chimeras for biocatalysis. Methods Enzymol 2023; 693:51-71. [PMID: 37977738 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cytochromes P450 have emerged as powerful, versatile biocatalysts for the site-selective functionalization of small molecules. Catalyzing an impressive range of chemical transformations, these enzymes have been widely used to effect C-H oxidation, biaryl coupling, and carbon-heteroatom bond formation, among many other reactions. However, the majority of P450s are multi-protein systems that employ secondary redox partners in key steps of the catalytic cycle, which limits their broader applicability. In response, the discovery of self-sufficient P450s, such as P450BM3 and P450RhF, has provided a template for the construction of artificial, self-sufficient P450-reductase fusions. In this chapter, we describe a procedure for the design, assembly, and application of two engineered, self-sufficient P450s of Streptomyces origin via fusion with an exogenous reductase domain. In particular, we generated artificial chimeras of P450s PtmO5 and TleB by linking them covalently with the reductase domain of P450RhF. Upon verification of their activities, both enzymes were employed in preparative-scale biocatalytic reactions. This approach can feasibly be applied to any P450 of interest, thereby laying the groundwork for the production of self-sufficient P450s for diverse chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter N Stout
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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6
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Permana D, Kitaoka T, Ichinose H. Conversion and synthesis of chemicals catalyzed by fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 37139574 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (also called CYPs or P450s) are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. They are distributed in all biological kingdoms. Most fungi have at least two P450-encoding genes, CYP51 and CYP61, which are housekeeping genes that play important roles in the synthesis of sterols. However, the kingdom fungi is an interesting source of numerous P450s. Here, we review reports on fungal P450s and their applications in the bioconversion and biosynthesis of chemicals. We highlight their history, availability, and versatility. We describe their involvement in hydroxylation, dealkylation, oxygenation, C═C epoxidation, C-C cleavage, C-C ring formation and expansion, C-C ring contraction, and uncommon reactions in bioconversion and/or biosynthesis pathways. The ability of P450s to catalyze these reactions makes them promising enzymes for many applications. Thus, we also discuss future prospects in this field. We hope that this review will stimulate further study and exploitation of fungal P450s for specific reactions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)), Bandung Advanced Science and Creative Engineering Space (BASICS), Kawasan Sains dan Teknologi (KST) Prof. Dr. Samaun Samadikun, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Abstract
The P450 superfamily comprises some of the most powerful and versatile enzymes for the site-selective oxidation of small molecules. One of the main drawbacks for the applications of the P450s in biotechnology is that the majority of these enzymes is multicomponent in nature and requires the presence of suitable redox partners to support their functions. Nevertheless, the discovery of several self-sufficient P450s, namely those from Classes VII and VIII, has served as an inspiration for fusion approaches to generate chimeric P450 systems that are self-sufficient. In this Perspective, we highlight the domain organizations of the Class VII and Class VIII P450 systems, summarize recent case studies in the engineering of catalytically self-sufficient P450s based on these systems, and outline outstanding challenges in the field, along with several emerging technologies as potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005
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8
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EPR characterization of the heme domain of a self-sufficient cytochrome P450 (CYP116B5). J Inorg Biochem 2022; 231:111785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Chen CC, Dai M, Zhang L, Zhao J, Zeng W, Shi M, Huang JW, Liu W, Guo RT, Li A. Molecular Basis for a Toluene Monooxygenase to Govern Substrate Selectivity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Meng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Aitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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10
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Nowrouzi B, Rios-Solis L. Redox metabolism for improving whole-cell P450-catalysed terpenoid biosynthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1213-1237. [PMID: 34749553 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1990210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The growing preference for producing cytochrome P450-mediated natural products in microbial systems stems from the challenging nature of the organic chemistry approaches. The P450 enzymes are redox-dependent proteins, through which they source electrons from reducing cofactors to drive their activities. Widely researched in biochemistry, most of the previous studies have extensively utilised expensive cell-free assays to reveal mechanistic insights into P450 functionalities in presence of commercial redox partners. However, in the context of microbial bioproduction, the synergic activity of P450- reductase proteins in microbial systems have not been largely investigated. This is mainly due to limited knowledge about their mutual interactions in the context of complex systems. Hence, manipulating the redox potential for natural product synthesis in microbial chassis has been limited. As the potential of redox state as crucial regulator of P450 biocatalysis has been greatly underestimated by the scientific community, in this review, we re-emphasize their pivotal role in modulating the in vivo P450 activity through affecting the product profile and yield. Particularly, we discuss the applications of widely used in vivo redox engineering methodologies for natural product synthesis to provide further suggestions for patterning on P450-based terpenoids production in microbial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Hazaimeh MD, Ahmed ES. Bioremediation perspectives and progress in petroleum pollution in the marine environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54238-54259. [PMID: 34387817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment is often affected by petroleum hydrocarbon pollution due to industrial activities and petroleum accidents. This pollution has recalcitrant and persistent compounds that pose a high risk to the ecological system and human health. For this reason, the world claims to seek to clean up these pollutants. Bioremediation is an attractive approach for removing petroleum pollution. It is considered a low-cost and highly effective approach with fewer side effects compared to chemical and physical techniques. This depends on the metabolic capability of microorganisms involved in the degradation of hydrocarbons through enzymatic reactions. Bioremediation activities mostly depend on environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, and nutrition availability. Understanding the effects of environmental conditions on microbial hydrocarbon degraders and microbial interactions with hydrocarbon compounds could be assessed for the successful degradation of petroleum pollution. The current review provides a critical view of petroleum pollution in seawater, the bioavailability of petroleum compounds, the contribution of microorganisms in petroleum degradation, and the mechanisms of degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We consider different biodegradation approaches such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Daher Hazaimeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah-11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Enas S Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah-11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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12
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Saroay R, Roiban G, Alkhalaf LM, Challis GL. Expanding the Substrate Scope of Nitrating Cytochrome P450 TxtE by Active Site Engineering of a Reductase Fusion. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2262-2265. [PMID: 33851500 PMCID: PMC8359946 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic nitration reactions are a cornerstone of organic chemistry, but are challenging to scale due to corrosive reagents and elevated temperatures. The cytochrome P450 TxtE nitrates the indole 4-position of l-tryptophan at room temperature using NO, O2 and NADPH, and has potential to be developed into a useful aromatic nitration biocatalyst. However, its narrow substrate scope (requiring both the α-amino acid and indole functionalities) have hindered this. Screening of an R59 mutant library of a TxtE-reductase fusion protein identified a variant (R59C) that nitrates tryptamine, which is not accepted by native TxtE. This variant exhibits a broader substrate scope than the wild type enzyme and is able to nitrate a range of tryptamine analogues, with significant alterations to the aromatic and aminoethyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Saroay
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Gheorghe‐Doru Roiban
- Synthetic BiochemistryMedicinal Science & TechnologyGlaxoSmithKlineMedicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | | | - Gregory L. Challis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology CentreUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVIC 3800Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein ScienceMonash UniversityClaytonVIC 3800Australia
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13
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Donoso RA, Ruiz D, Gárate-Castro C, Villegas P, González-Pastor JE, de Lorenzo V, González B, Pérez-Pantoja D. Identification of a self-sufficient cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 involved in 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid catabolism, via homogentisate pathway. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1944-1960. [PMID: 34156761 PMCID: PMC8449657 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-sufficient cytochrome P450 RhF and its homologues belonging to the CYP116B subfamily have attracted considerable attention due to the potential for biotechnological applications based in their ability to catalyse an array of challenging oxidative reactions without requiring additional protein partners. In this work, we showed for the first time that a CYP116B self-sufficient cytochrome P450 encoded by the ohpA gene harboured by Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134, a β-proteobacterium model for biodegradative pathways, catalyses the conversion of 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (2-HPA) into homogentisate. Mutational analysis and HPLC metabolite detection in strain JMP134 showed that 2-HPA is degraded through the well-known homogentisate pathway requiring a 2-HPA 5-hydroxylase activity provided by OhpA, which was additionally supported by heterologous expression and enzyme assays. The ohpA gene belongs to an operon including also ohpT, coding for a substrate-binding subunit of a putative transporter, whose expression is driven by an inducible promoter responsive to 2-HPA in presence of a predicted OhpR transcriptional regulator. OhpA homologues can be found in several genera belonging to Actinobacteria and α-, β- and γ-proteobacteria lineages indicating a widespread distribution of 2-HPA catabolism via homogentisate route. These results provide first time evidence for the natural function of members of the CYP116B self-sufficient oxygenases and represent a significant input to support novel kinetic and structural studies to develop cytochrome P450-based biocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Donoso
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Ruiz
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Gárate-Castro
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Villegas
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Eduardo González-Pastor
- Laboratory of Molecular Adaptation, Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor de Lorenzo
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo González
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danilo Pérez-Pantoja
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Correddu D, Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Self-Sufficient Class VII Cytochromes P450: From Full-Length Structure to Synthetic Biology Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1184-1207. [PMID: 33610332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of class VII cytochromes P450 are catalytically self-sufficient enzymes containing a phthalate dioxygenase reductase-like domain fused to the P450 catalytic domain. Among these, CYP116B46 is the first enzyme for which the 3D structure of the whole polypeptide chain has been solved, shedding light on the interaction between its domains, which is crucial for catalysis. Most of these enzymes have been isolated from extremophiles or detoxifying bacteria that can carry out regio- and enantioselective oxidation of compounds of biotechnological interest. Protein engineering has generated mutants that can perform challenging organic reactions such as the anti-Markovnikov alkene oxidation. This potential, combined with the detailed 3D structure, forms the basis for further directed evolution studies aimed at widening their biotechnological exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Correddu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
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15
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16
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Wang Z, Shaik S, Wang B. Conformational Motion of Ferredoxin Enables Efficient Electron Transfer to Heme in the Full-Length P450 TT. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1005-1016. [PMID: 33426875 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are versatile biocatalysts used in natural products biosynthesis, xenobiotic metabolisms, and biotechnologies. In P450s, the electrons required for O2 activation are supplied by NAD(P)H through stepwise electron transfers (ETs) mediated by redox partners. While much is known about the machinery of the catalytic cycle of P450s, the mechanisms of long-range ET are largely unknown. Very recently, the first crystal structure of full-length P450TT was solved. This enables us to decipher the interdomain ET mechanism between the [2Fe-2S]-containing ferredoxin and the heme, by use of molecular dynamics simulations. In contrast to the "distal" conformation characterized in the crystal structure where the [2Fe-2S] cluster is ∼28 Å away from heme-Fe, our simulations demonstrated a "proximal" conformation of [2Fe-2S] that is ∼17 Å [and 13.7 Å edge-to-edge] away from heme-Fe, which may enable the interdomain ET. Key residues involved in ET pathways and interdomain complexation were identified, some of which have already been verified by recent mutation studies. The conformational transit of ferredoxin between "distal" and "proximal" was found to be controlled mostly by the long-range electrostatic interactions between the ferredoxin domain and the other two domains. Furthermore, our simulations show that the full-length P450TT utilizes a flexible ET pathway that resembles either P450Scc or P450cam. Thus, this study provides a uniform picture of the ET process between reductase domains and heme domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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17
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Chen CC, Min J, Zhang L, Yang Y, Yu X, Guo RT. Advanced Understanding of the Electron Transfer Pathway of Cytochrome P450s. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1317-1328. [PMID: 33232569 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are heme-thiolate enzymes that participate in carbon source assimilation, natural compound biosynthesis and xenobiotic metabolism in all kingdoms of life. P450s can catalyze various reactions by using a wide range of organic compounds, thus exhibiting great potential in biotechnological applications. The catalytic reactions of P450s are driven by electron equivalents that are sourced from pyridine nucleotides and delivered by cognate or matching redox partners (RPs). The electron transfer (ET) route from RPs to P450s involves one or more redox center-containing domains. As the rate of ET is one of the main determinants of P450 efficacy, an in-depth understanding of the P450 ET pathway should increase our knowledge of these important enzymes and benefit their further applications. Here, the various P450 RP systems along with current understanding of their ET routes will be reviewed. Notably, state-of-the-art structural studies of the two main types of self-sufficient P450 will also be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
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18
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Li Y, Zhang R, Xu Y. Structure-based mechanisms: On the way to apply alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases to organic-aqueous systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:412-427. [PMID: 33316337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases catalyze enantioselective syntheses of versatile chiral compounds relying on direct hydride transfer from cofactor to substrates, or to an intermediate and then to substrates. Since most of the substrates catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases are insoluble in aqueous solutions, increasing interest has been turning to organic-aqueous systems. However, alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases are normally instable in organic solvents, leading to the unsatisfied enantioselective synthesis efficiency. The behaviors of these enzymes in organic solvents at an atomic level are unclear, thus it is of great importance to understand its structure-based mechanisms in organic-aqueous systems to improve their relative stability. Here, we summarized the accessible structures of alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases in Protein Data Bank crystallized in organic-aqueous systems, and compared the structures of alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases which have different tolerance towards organic solvents. By understanding the catalytic behaviors and mechanisms of these enzymes in organic-aqueous systems, the efficient enantioselective syntheses mediated by alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases and further challenges are also discussed through solvent engineering and enzyme-immobilization in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Department of Biological Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, United States
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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Finnigan JD, Young C, Cook DJ, Charnock SJ, Black GW. Cytochromes P450 (P450s): A review of the class system with a focus on prokaryotic P450s. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 122:289-320. [PMID: 32951814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a large superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. P450s are found in all Kingdoms of life and exhibit incredible diversity, both at sequence level and also on a biochemical basis. In the majority of cases, P450s can be assigned into one of ten classes based on their associated redox partners, domain architecture and cellular localization. Prokaryotic P450s now represent a large diverse collection of annotated/known enzymes, of which many have great potential biocatalytic potential. The self-sufficient P450 classes (Class VII/VIII) have been explored significantly over the past decade, with many annotated and biochemically characterized members. It is clear that the prokaryotic P450 world is expanding rapidly, as the number of published genomes and metagenome studies increases, and more P450 families are identified and annotated (CYP families).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl Young
- Prozomix Limited, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Cook
- Prozomix Limited, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gary W Black
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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20
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Structural insight into the electron transfer pathway of a self-sufficient P450 monooxygenase. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2676. [PMID: 32472090 PMCID: PMC7260179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are versatile heme-thiolate enzymes that catalyze a wide range of reactions. Self-sufficient cytochrome P450 enzymes contain the redox partners in a single polypeptide chain. Here, we present the crystal structure of full-length CYP116B46, a self-sufficient P450. The continuous polypeptide chain comprises three functional domains, which align well with the direction of electrons traveling from FMN to the heme through the [2Fe-2S] cluster. FMN and the [2Fe-2S] cluster are positioned closely, which facilitates efficient electron shuttling. The edge-to-edge straight-line distance between the [2Fe-2S] cluster and heme is approx. 25.3 Å. The role of several residues located between the [2Fe-2S] cluster and heme in the catalytic reaction is probed in mutagenesis experiments. These findings not only provide insights into the intramolecular electron transfer of self-sufficient P450s, but are also of interest for biotechnological applications of self-sufficient P450s. Self-sufficient cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, which contain all redox partners in a single polypeptide chain, are of interest for biotechnological applications. Here, the authors present the crystal structure of full-length Thermobispora bispora CYP116B46 and discuss the potential electron transfer pathway.
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21
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Minerdi D, Sadeghi SJ, Pautasso L, Morra S, Aigotti R, Medana C, Gilardi G, Gullino ML, Gilardi G. Expression and role of CYP505A1 in pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140268. [PMID: 31491588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are monooxygenases present in every domain of life. In fungi CYPs are involved in virulence. Fusarium wilt of lettuce, caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, is the most serious disease of lettuce. F. oxysporum f.sp. lactucae MSA35 is an antagonistic fungus. Pathogenic formae specialis of F. oxysporum possess a CYP belonging to the new family CYP505. This enzyme hydroxylates saturated fatty acids that play a role in plant defence. METHODS Molecular tools were adopted to search for cyp505 gene in MSA35 genome. cyp505 gene expression analysis in pathogenic and antagonistic Fusarium was performed. The enzyme was expressed in its recombinant form and used for catalytic reactions with fatty acids, the products of which were characterized by mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS A novel MSA35 self-sufficient CYP505 is differentially expressed in antagonistic and pathogenic F. oxysporum. Its expression is induced by the host plant lettuce in both pathogenesis and antagonism during the early phase of the interaction, while it is silenced during the late phase only in antagonistic Fusarium. Mass-spectrometry investigations proved that CYP505A1 mono-hydroxylates lauric, palmitic and stearic acids. CONCLUSIONS The ability of CYP505A1 to oxidize fatty acids present in the cortical cell membranes together with its differential expression in its Fusarium antagonistic form point out to the possibility that this enzyme is associated with Fusarium pathogenicity in lettuce. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The CYP505 clan is present in pathogenic fungal phyla, making CYP505A1 enzyme a putative candidate as a new target for the development of novel antifungal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Minerdi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lara Pautasso
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Morra
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Riccardo Aigotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Hydroxylation of Steroids by a Microbial Substrate-Promiscuous P450 Cytochrome (CYP105D7): Key Arginine Residues for Rational Design. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01530-19. [PMID: 31540985 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01530-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that CYP105D7, a substrate-promiscuous P450, catalyzes the hydroxylation of 1-deoxypentalenic acid, diclofenac, naringenin, and compactin. In this study, 14 steroid compounds were screened using recombinant Escherichia coli cells harboring genes encoding CYP105D7 and redox partners (Pdx/Pdr, RhFRED, and FdxH/FprD), and the screening identified steroid A-ring 2β- and D-ring 16β-hydroxylation activity. Wild-type CYP105D7 was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of five steroids (testosterone, progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, adrenosterone, and cortisone) with low (<10%) conversion rates. Structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis of arginine residues around the substrate entrance and active site showed that the R70A and R190A single mutants and an R70A/R190A double mutant exhibited greatly enhanced conversion rates for steroid hydroxylation. For the conversion of testosterone in particular, the R70A/R190A mutant's k cat/Km values increased 1.35-fold and the in vivo conversion rates increased significantly by almost 9-fold with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Molecular docking analysis revealed that when Arg70 and Arg190 were replaced with alanine, the volume of the substrate access and binding pocket increased 1.08-fold, which might facilitate improvement of the hydroxylation efficiency of steroids.IMPORTANCE Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are able to introduce oxygen atoms into nonreactive hydrocarbon compounds under mild conditions, thereby offering significant advantages compared to chemical catalysts. Promiscuous P450s with broad substrate specificity and reaction diversity have significant potential for applications in various fields, including synthetic biology. The study of the function, molecular mechanisms, and rational engineering of substrate-promiscuous P450s from microbial sources is important to fulfill this potential. Here, we present a microbial substrate-promiscuous P450, CYP105D7, which can catalyze hydroxylation of steroids. The loss of the bulky side chains of Arg70 and Arg190 in the active site and substrate entrance resulted in an up to 9-fold increase in the substrate conversion rate. These findings will support future rational and semirational engineering of P450s for applications as biocatalysts.
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Busch H, Hagedoorn PL, Hanefeld U. Rhodococcus as A Versatile Biocatalyst in Organic Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4787. [PMID: 31561555 PMCID: PMC6801914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of purified enzymes as well as whole-cell biocatalysts in synthetic organic chemistry is becoming more and more popular, and both academia and industry are keen on finding and developing novel enzymes capable of performing otherwise impossible or challenging reactions. The diverse genus Rhodococcus offers a multitude of promising enzymes, which therefore makes it one of the key bacterial hosts in many areas of research. This review focused on the broad utilization potential of the genus Rhodococcus in organic chemistry, thereby particularly highlighting the specific enzyme classes exploited and the reactions they catalyze. Additionally, close attention was paid to the substrate scope that each enzyme class covers. Overall, a comprehensive overview of the applicability of the genus Rhodococcus is provided, which puts this versatile microorganism in the spotlight of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Busch
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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24
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Xu LH, Du YL. Rational and semi-rational engineering of cytochrome P450s for biotechnological applications. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:283-290. [PMID: 30533540 PMCID: PMC6263019 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes are ubiquitous heme-thiolate proteins performing regioselective and stereoselective oxygenation reactions in cellular metabolism. Due to their broad substrate scope and catalytic versatility, P450 enzymes are also attractive candidates for many industrial and biopharmaceutical applications. For particular uses, enzyme properties of P450s can be further optimized through directed evolution, rational, and semi-rational engineering approaches, all of which introduce mutations within the P450 structures. In this review, we describe the recent applications of these P450 engineering approaches and highlight the key regions and residues that have been identified using such approaches. These “hotspots” lie within critical functional areas of the P450 structure, including the active site, the substrate access channel, and the redox partner interaction interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hua Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author.
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Zhang W, Du L, Li F, Zhang X, Qu Z, Han L, Li Z, Sun J, Qi F, Yao Q, Sun Y, Geng C, Li S. Mechanistic Insights into Interactions between Bacterial Class I P450 Enzymes and Redox Partners. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Lei Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Fengwei Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Zepeng Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingran Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Fengxia Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Qiuping Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Ce Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Tavanti M, Porter JL, Levy CW, Gómez Castellanos JR, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ. The crystal structure of P450-TT heme-domain provides the first structural insights into the versatile class VII P450s. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:846-850. [PMID: 29738765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first crystal structure of a class VII P450, CYP116B46 from Tepidiphilus thermophilus, has been solved at 1.9 Å resolution. The structure reveals overall conservation of the P450-fold and a water conduit around the I-helix. Active site residues have been identified and sequence comparisons have been made with other class VII enzymes. A structure similarity search demonstrated that the P450-TT structure is similar to enzymes capable of oxy-functionalization of fatty acids, terpenes, macrolides, steroids and statins. The insight gained from solving this structure will provide a guideline for future engineering and modelling studies on this catalytically promiscuous class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tavanti
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L Porter
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Levy
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J Rubén Gómez Castellanos
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Li RJ, Xu JH, Chen Q, Zhao J, Li AT, Yu HL. Enhancing the Catalytic Performance of a CYP116B Monooxygenase by Transdomain Combination Mutagenesis. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Ai-Tao Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for, Green Transformation of Bio-resources; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Hubei University; Wuhan 430062 P.R. China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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Talmann L, Wiesner J, Vilcinskas A. Strategies for the construction of insect P450 fusion enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:405-415. [PMID: 28866653 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are ubiquitous enzymes with a broad substrate spectrum. Insect P450s are known to catalyze reactions such as the detoxification of insecticides and the synthesis of hydrocarbons, which makes them useful for many industrial processes. Unfortunately, it is difficult to utilize P450s effectively because they must be paired with cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) to facilitate electron transfer from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Furthermore, eukaryotic P450s and CPRs are membrane-anchored proteins, which means they are insoluble and therefore difficult to purify when expressed in their native state. Both challenges can be addressed by creating fusion proteins that combine the P450 and CPR functions while eliminating membrane anchors, allowing the production and purification of soluble multifunctional polypeptides suitable for industrial applications. Here we discuss several strategies for the construction of fusion enzymes combining insect P450 with CPRs.
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Porter JL, Sabatini S, Manning J, Tavanti M, Galman JL, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Cloning, expression and characterisation of P450-Hal1 (CYP116B62) from Halomonas sp. NCIMB 172: A self-sufficient P450 with high expression and diverse substrate scope. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 113:1-8. [PMID: 29602381 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are able to catalyse a range of synthetically challenging reactions ranging from hydroxylation and demethylation to sulfoxidation and epoxidation. As such they have great potential for biocatalytic applications but are underutilised due to often-poor expression, stability and solubility in recombinant bacterial hosts. The use of self-sufficient P450 s with fused haem and reductase domains has already contributed heavily to improving catalytic efficiency and simplifying an otherwise more complex multi-component system of P450 and redox partners. Herein, we present a new addition to the class VII family with the cloning, sequencing and characterisation of the self-sufficient CYP116B62 Hal1 from Halomonas sp. NCIMB 172, the genome of which has not yet been sequenced. Hal1 exhibits high levels of expression in a recombinant E. coli host and can be utilised from cell lysate or used in purified form. Hal1 favours NADPH as electron donor and displays a diverse range of activities including hydroxylation, demethylation and sulfoxidation. These properties make Hal1 suitable for future biocatalytic applications or as a template for optimisation through engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Porter
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Selina Sabatini
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jack Manning
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michele Tavanti
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - James L Galman
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.
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Tavanti M, Porter JL, Sabatini S, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Panel of New Thermostable CYP116B Self-Sufficient Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases that Catalyze C−H Activation with a Diverse Substrate Scope. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tavanti
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Joanne L. Porter
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Selina Sabatini
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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31
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Rudolf JD, Chang CY, Ma M, Shen B. Cytochromes P450 for natural product biosynthesis in Streptomyces: sequence, structure, and function. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1141-1172. [PMID: 28758170 PMCID: PMC5585785 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to January 2017Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are some of the most exquisite and versatile biocatalysts found in nature. In addition to their well-known roles in steroid biosynthesis and drug metabolism in humans, P450s are key players in natural product biosynthetic pathways. Natural products, the most chemically and structurally diverse small molecules known, require an extensive collection of P450s to accept and functionalize their unique scaffolds. In this review, we survey the current catalytic landscape of P450s within the Streptomyces genus, one of the most prolific producers of natural products, and comprehensively summarize the functionally characterized P450s from Streptomyces. A sequence similarity network of >8500 P450s revealed insights into the sequence-function relationships of these oxygen-dependent metalloenzymes. Although only ∼2.4% and <0.4% of streptomycete P450s have been functionally and structurally characterized, respectively, the study of streptomycete P450s involved in the biosynthesis of natural products has revealed their diverse roles in nature, expanded their catalytic repertoire, created structural and mechanistic paradigms, and exposed their potential for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Continued study of these remarkable enzymes will undoubtedly expose their true complement of chemical and biological capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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32
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Harris KL, Thomson RES, Strohmaier SJ, Gumulya Y, Gillam EMJ. Determinants of thermostability in the cytochrome P450 fold. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:97-115. [PMID: 28822812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are found throughout the biosphere in a wide range of environments, serving a multitude of physiological functions. The ubiquity of the P450 fold suggests that it has been co-opted by evolution many times, and likely presents a useful compromise between structural stability and conformational flexibility. The diversity of substrates metabolized and reactions catalyzed by P450s makes them attractive starting materials for use as biocatalysts of commercially useful reactions. However, process conditions impose different requirements on enzymes to those in which they have evolved naturally. Most natural environments are relatively mild, and therefore most P450s have not been selected in Nature for the ability to withstand temperatures above ~40°C, yet industrial processes frequently require extended incubations at much higher temperatures. Thus, there has been considerable interest and effort invested in finding or engineering thermostable P450 systems. Numerous P450s have now been identified in thermophilic organisms and analysis of their structures provides information as to mechanisms by which the P450 fold can be stabilized. In addition, protein engineering, particularly by directed or artificial evolution, has revealed mutations that serve to stabilize particular mesophilic enzymes of interest. Here we review the current understanding of thermostability as it applies to the P450 fold, gleaned from the analysis of P450s characterized from thermophilic organisms and the parallel engineering of mesophilic forms for greater thermostability. We then present a perspective on how this information might be used to design stable P450 enzymes for industrial application. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt L Harris
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Silja J Strohmaier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Yosephine Gumulya
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
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33
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Hall EA, Sarkar MR, Bell SG. The selective oxidation of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and the observation of uncoupling via redox cycling during naphthalene oxidation by the CYP101B1 system. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00088j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by P450s can be lowered by redox cycling but CYP101B1 regioselectively hydroxylated substituted naphthalenes and biphenyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hall
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Adelaide
- Australia
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34
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Hall EA, Sarkar MR, Lee JHZ, Munday SD, Bell SG. Improving the Monooxygenase Activity and the Regio- and Stereoselectivity of Terpenoid Hydroxylation Using Ester Directing Groups. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Md. Raihan Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Joel H. Z. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Samuel D. Munday
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen G. Bell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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35
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Hoffmann SM, Weissenborn MJ, Gricman Ł, Notonier S, Pleiss J, Hauer B. The Impact of Linker Length on P450 Fusion Constructs: Activity, Stability and Coupling. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Hoffmann
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Łukasz Gricman
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sandra Notonier
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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36
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Cook D, Finnigan J, Cook K, Black G, Charnock S. Cytochromes P450. INSIGHTS INTO ENZYME MECHANISMS AND FUNCTIONS FROM EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS 2016; 105:105-26. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Li RJ, Xu JH, Yin YC, Wirth N, Ren JM, Zeng BB, Yu HL. Rapid probing of the reactivity of P450 monooxygenases from the CYP116B subfamily using a substrate-based method. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00809g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four types of O-methylated substrates were designed as probes for the detection of fingerprints of Type IV P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Li
- State Key of Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key of Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yue-Cai Yin
- State Key of Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Nicolas Wirth
- State Key of Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Meng Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Bu-Bing Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key of Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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38
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A P450 fusion library of heme domains from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and its evaluation for the biotransformation of drug molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5603-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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39
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Zhu Y, Zhang W, Chen Y, Yuan C, Zhang H, Zhang G, Ma L, Zhang Q, Tian X, Zhang S, Zhang C. Characterization of Heronamide Biosynthesis Reveals a Tailoring Hydroxylase and Indicates Migrated Double Bonds. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2086-93. [PMID: 26194087 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Yaolong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Chengshan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Qingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Xinpeng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 164 West Xingang Road Guangzhou 510301 China
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Reconstitution of the In Vitro Activity of the Cyclosporine-Specific P450 Hydroxylase from Sebekia benihana and Development of a Heterologous Whole-Cell Biotransformation System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6268-75. [PMID: 26150455 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01353-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP-sb21 from Sebekia benihana is capable of catalyzing the site-specific hydroxylation of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine (CsA), leading to the single product γ-hydroxy-N-methyl-l-Leu4-CsA (CsA-4-OH). Unlike authentic CsA, this hydroxylated CsA shows significantly reduced immunosuppressive activity while it retains a side effect of CsA, the hair growth stimulation effect. Although CYP-sb21 was previously identified to be responsible for CsA-specific hydroxylation in vivo, the in vitro activity of CYP-sb21 has yet to be established for a deeper understanding of this P450 enzyme and further reaction optimization. In this study, we reconstituted the in vitro activity of CYP-sb21 by using surrogate redox partner proteins of bacterial and cyanobacterial origins. The highest CsA site-specific hydroxylation activity by CYP-sb21 was observed when it was partnered with the cyanobacterial redox system composed of seFdx and seFdR from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The best bioconversion yields were obtained in the presence of 10% methanol as a cosolvent and an NADPH regeneration system. A heterologous whole-cell biocatalyst using Escherichia coli was also constructed, and the permeability problem was solved by using N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This work provides a useful example for reconstituting a hybrid P450 system and developing it into a promising biocatalyst for industrial application.
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41
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42
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Hlavica P. Mechanistic basis of electron transfer to cytochromes p450 by natural redox partners and artificial donor constructs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 851:247-97. [PMID: 26002739 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are hemoproteins catalyzing oxidative biotransformation of a vast array of natural and xenobiotic compounds. Reducing equivalents required for dioxygen cleavage and substrate hydroxylation originate from different redox partners including diflavin reductases, flavodoxins, ferredoxins and phthalate dioxygenase reductase (PDR)-type proteins. Accordingly, circumstantial analysis of structural and physicochemical features governing donor-acceptor recognition and electron transfer poses an intriguing challenge. Thus, conformational flexibility reflected by togging between closed and open states of solvent exposed patches on the redox components was shown to be instrumental to steered electron transmission. Here, the membrane-interactive tails of the P450 enzymes and donor proteins were recognized to be crucial to proper orientation toward each other of surface sites on the redox modules steering functional coupling. Also, mobile electron shuttling may come into play. While charge-pairing mechanisms are of primary importance in attraction and complexation of the redox partners, hydrophobic and van der Waals cohesion forces play a minor role in docking events. Due to catalytic plasticity of P450 enzymes, there is considerable promise in biotechnological applications. Here, deeper insight into the mechanistic basis of the redox machinery will permit optimization of redox processes via directed evolution and DNA shuffling. Thus, creation of hybrid systems by fusion of the modified heme domain of P450s with proteinaceous electron carriers helps obviate the tedious reconstitution procedure and induces novel activities. Also, P450-based amperometric biosensors may open new vistas in pharmaceutical and clinical implementation and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hlavica
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der LMU, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, München, Germany,
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43
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Minerdi D, Sadeghi SJ, Di Nardo G, Rua F, Castrignanò S, Allegra P, Gilardi G. CYP116B5: a new class VII catalytically self-sufficient cytochrome P450 from Acinetobacter radioresistens that enables growth on alkanes. Mol Microbiol 2014; 95:539-54. [PMID: 25425282 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A gene coding for a class VII cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP116B5) was identified from Acinetobacter radioresistens S13 growing on media with medium (C14, C16) and long (C24, C36) chain alkanes as the sole energy source. Phylogenetic analysis of its N- and C-terminal domains suggests an evolutionary model involving a plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer from the donor Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 to the receiving A. radioresistens S13. This event was followed by fusion and integration of the new gene in A. radioresistens chromosome. Heterologous expression of CYP116B5 in Escherichia coli BL21, together with the A. radioresistens Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, allowed the recombinant bacteria to grow on long- and medium-chain alkanes, showing that CYP116B5 is involved in the first step of terminal oxidation of medium-chain alkanes overlapping AlkB and in the first step of sub-terminal oxidation of long-chain alkanes. It was also demonstrated that CYP116B5 is a self-sufficient cytochrome P450 consisting of a heme domain (aa 1-392) involved in the oxidation step of n-alkanes degradation, and its reductase domain (aa 444-758) comprising the NADPH-, FMN- and [2Fe2S]-binding sites. To our knowledge, CYP116B5 is the first member of this class to have its natural substrate and function identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Minerdi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, 10123, Italy
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44
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Roh C. Characterization of a biocatalyst catalyzing biotransformation of highly branched fatty acids. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Yin YC, Yu HL, Luan ZJ, Li RJ, Ouyang PF, Liu J, Xu JH. Unusually Broad Substrate Profile of Self-Sufficient Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase CYP116B4 fromLabrenzia aggregata. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2443-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Bernhardt R, Urlacher VB. Cytochromes P450 as promising catalysts for biotechnological application: chances and limitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6185-203. [PMID: 24848420 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) belong to the superfamily of heme b containing monooxygenases with currently more than 21,000 members. These enzymes accept a vast range of organic molecules and catalyze diverse reactions. These extraordinary capabilities of CYP systems that are unmet by other enzymes make them attractive for biotechnology. However, the complexity of these systems due to the need of electron transfer from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) via redox partner proteins for the initial hydroxylation step limits a broader technical implementation of CYP enzymes. There have been several reviews during the past years tackling the potential CYPs for synthetic application. The aim of this review is to give a critical overview about possibilities and chances for application of these interesting catalysts as well as to discuss drawbacks and problems related to their use. Solutions to overcome these limitations will be demonstrated, and several selected examples of successful CYP applications under industrial conditions will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany,
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Zhang T, Zhang A, Bell SG, Wong LL, Zhou W. The structure of a novel electron-transfer ferredoxin from Rhodopseudomonas palustris HaA2 which contains a histidine residue in its iron-sulfur cluster-binding motif. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:1453-64. [PMID: 24816113 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471400474x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopseudomonas palustris HaA2 contains a gene, RPB3630, encoding a ferredoxin, HaPuxC, with an atypical CXXHXXC(X)nCP iron-sulfur cluster-binding motif. The ferredoxin gene is associated with a cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase-encoding gene, CYP194A3, an arrangement which is conserved in several strains of bacteria. Similar ferredoxin genes are found in other bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, where they are also associated with CYP genes. The crystal structure of HaPuxC has been solved at 2.3 Å resolution. The overall fold of this [3Fe-4S] cluster-containing ferredoxin is similar to other [3Fe-4S] and [4Fe-4S] species, with the loop around the iron-sulfur cluster more closely resembling those of [3Fe-4S] ferredoxins. The side chain of His17 from the cluster-binding motif in HaPuxC points away from the vacant site of the cluster and interacts with Glu61 and one of the sulfide ions of the cluster. This is the first cytochrome P450 electron-transfer partner of this type to be structurally characterized and will provide a better understanding of the electron-transfer processes between these ferredoxins and their CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Aili Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen G Bell
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Luet-Lok Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, England
| | - Weihong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Yan J, Cao S, Bai F, Yang Y, Huang S, Yao L, Anzai Y, Kato F, Podust LM, Sherman DH, Li S. New reactions and products resulting from alternative interactions between the P450 enzyme and redox partners. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3640-6. [PMID: 24521145 PMCID: PMC3985502 DOI: 10.1021/ja4130302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
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Cytochrome
P450 enzymes are capable of catalyzing a great variety
of synthetically useful reactions such as selective C–H functionalization.
Surrogate redox partners are widely used for reconstitution of P450
activity based on the assumption that the choice of these auxiliary
proteins or their mode of action does not affect the type and selectivity
of reactions catalyzed by P450s. Herein, we present an exceptional
example to challenge this postulate. MycG, a multifunctional biosynthetic
P450 monooxygenase responsible for hydroxylation and epoxidation of
16-membered ring macrolide mycinamicins, is shown to catalyze the
unnatural N-demethylation(s) of a range of mycinamicin
substrates when partnered with the free Rhodococcus reductase domain RhFRED or the engineered Rhodococcus-spinach hybrid reductase RhFRED-Fdx. By contrast, MycG fused with
the RhFRED or RhFRED-Fdx reductase domain mediates only physiological
oxidations. This finding highlights the larger potential role of variant
redox partner protein–protein interactions in modulating the
catalytic activity of P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
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Liu Y, Wang C, Yan J, Zhang W, Guan W, Lu X, Li S. Hydrogen peroxide-independent production of α-alkenes by OleTJE P450 fatty acid decarboxylase. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:28. [PMID: 24565055 PMCID: PMC3937522 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 OleTJE from Jeotgalicoccus sp. ATCC 8456, a new member of the CYP152 peroxygenase family, was recently found to catalyze the unusual decarboxylation of long-chain fatty acids to form α-alkenes using H2O2 as the sole electron and oxygen donor. Because aliphatic α-alkenes are important chemicals that can be used as biofuels to replace fossil fuels, or for making lubricants, polymers and detergents, studies on OleTJE fatty acid decarboxylase are significant and may lead to commercial production of biogenic α-alkenes in the future, which are renewable and more environmentally friendly than petroleum-derived equivalents. RESULTS We report the H2O2-independent activity of OleTJE for the first time. In the presence of NADPH and O2, this P450 enzyme efficiently decarboxylates long-chain fatty acids (C12 to C20) in vitro when partnering with either the fused P450 reductase domain RhFRED from Rhodococcus sp. or the separate flavodoxin/flavodoxin reductase from Escherichia coli. In vivo, expression of OleTJE or OleTJE-RhFRED in different E. coli strains overproducing free fatty acids resulted in production of variant levels of multiple α-alkenes, with a highest total hydrocarbon titer of 97.6 mg·l-1. CONCLUSIONS The discovery of the H2O2-independent activity of OleTJE not only raises a number of fundamental questions on the monooxygenase-like mechanism of this peroxygenase, but also will direct the future metabolic engineering work toward improvement of O2/redox partner(s)/NADPH for overproduction of α-alkenes by OleTJE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Jinyong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Wenna Guan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Shengying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
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50
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Enhanced oxidative activities of cytochrome P450Rhf from Rhodococcus sp. expressed using the hyper-inducible expression system. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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