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Beaussart A, Paiva TO, Geiger CJ, Baker AE, O'Toole GA, Dufrêne YF. Atomic force microscopy analysis of Pel polysaccharide- and type IV pili-mediated adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 to an abiotic surface. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38832761 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01415d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Type IV pili (TFP) contribute to the ability of microbes such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa to engage with and move across surfaces. We reported previously that P. aeruginosa TFP generate retractive forces of ∼30 pN and provided indirect evidence that TFP-mediated surface attachment was enhanced in the presence of the Pel polysaccharide. Here, we use different mutants defective in flagellar, Pel production or TFP production - alone or in combination - to decipher the relative contribution of these biofilm-promoting factors for P. aeruginosa adhesion. By means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show that mutating the flagellum (ΔflgK mutant) results in an increase in Pel polysaccharide production, but this increase in Pel does not result in an increase in surface adhesive properties compared to those previously described for the WT strain. By blocking Pel production in the ΔflgK mutant (ΔflgKΔpel), we directly show that TFP play a major role in the adhesion of the bacteria to hydrophobic AFM tips, but that the adhesion force is only slightly impaired by the absence of Pel. Inversely, performing single-cell force spectroscopy measurements with the mutant lacking TFP (ΔflgKΔpilA) reveals that the Pel can modulate the attachment of the bacteria to a hydrophobic substrate in a time-dependent manner. Finally, little adhesion was detected for the ΔflgKΔpilAΔpelA triple mutant, suggesting that both TFP and Pel polysaccharide make a substantial contribution to bacteria-substratum interaction events. Altogether, our data allow us to decipher the relative contribution of Pel and TFP in the early attachment by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beaussart
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Telmo O Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Christopher J Geiger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, USA.
| | - Amy E Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, USA.
| | - George A O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, USA.
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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2
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Pan S, Underhill SAM, Hamm CW, Stover MA, Butler DR, Shults CA, Manjarrez JR, Cabeen MT. Glycerol metabolism impacts biofilm phenotypes and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. mSphere 2024; 9:e0078623. [PMID: 38501832 PMCID: PMC11036800 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00786-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium and a notorious opportunistic pathogen that forms biofilm structures in response to many environmental cues. Biofilm formation includes attachment to surfaces and the production of the exopolysaccharide Pel, which is present in both the PAO1 and PA14 laboratory strains of P. aeruginosa. Biofilms help protect bacterial cells from host defenses and antibiotics and abet infection. The carbon source used by the cells also influences biofilm, but these effects have not been deeply studied. We show here that glycerol, which can be liberated from host surfactants during infection, encourages surface attachment and magnifies colony morphology differences. We find that glycerol kinase is important but not essential for glycerol utilization and relatively unimportant for biofilm behaviors. Among downstream enzymes predicted to take part in glycerol utilization, Edd stood out as being important for glycerol utilization and for enhanced biofilm phenotypes in the presence of glycerol. Thus, gluconeogenesis and catabolism of anabolically produced glucose appear to impact not only the utilization of glycerol but also glycerol-stimulated biofilm phenotypes. Finally, waxworm moth larvae and nematode infection models reveal that interruption of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, but not abrogation of glycerol phosphorylation, unexpectedly increases P. aeruginosa lethality in both acute and chronic infections, even while stimulating a stronger immune response by Caenorhabditis elegans.IMPORTANCEPseudomonas aeruginosa, the ubiquitous environmental bacterium and human pathogen, forms multicellular communities known as biofilms in response to various stimuli. We find that glycerol, a common carbon source that bacteria can use for energy and biosynthesis, encourages biofilm behaviors such as surface attachment and colony wrinkling by P. aeruginosa. Glycerol can be derived from surfactants that are present in the human lungs, a common infection site. Glycerol-stimulated biofilm phenotypes do not depend on phosphorylation of glycerol but are surprisingly impacted by a glucose breakdown pathway, suggesting that it is glycerol utilization, and not its mere presence or cellular import, that stimulates biofilm phenotypes. Moreover, the same mutations that block glycerol-stimulated biofilm phenotypes also impact P. aeruginosa virulence in both acute and chronic animal models. Notably, a glucose-breakdown mutant (Δedd) counteracts biofilm phenotypes but shows enhanced virulence and stimulates a stronger immune response in Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somalisa Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Christopher W. Hamm
- Department of Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mylissa A. Stover
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, OSU Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Daxton R. Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Crystal A. Shults
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, OSU Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jacob R. Manjarrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, OSU Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matthew T. Cabeen
- Department of Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Tan X, Hu M, Cheng X, Xiao J, Zhou J, Zhu G. Effects of elevated levels of intracellular nitric oxide on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in chronic skin wound and slow-killing infection models. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:349-359. [PMID: 37410300 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced through the denitrification pathway, regulates biofilm dynamics through the quorum sensing system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. NO stimulates P. aeruginosa biofilm dispersal by enhancing phosphodiesterase activity to decrease cyclic di-GMP levels. In a chronic skin wound model containing a mature biofilm, the gene expression of nirS, encoding nitrite reductase to produce NO, was low, leading to reduced intracellular NO levels. Although low-dose NO induces biofilm dispersion, it is unknown whether it influences the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilms in chronic skin wounds. In this study, a P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain with overexpressed nirS was established to investigate NO effects on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation in an ex vivo chronic skin wound model and unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms. Elevated intracellular NO levels altered the biofilm structure in the wound model by inhibiting the expression of quorum sensing-related genes, which was different from an in vitro model. In Caenorhabditis elegans as a slow-killing infection model, elevated intracellular NO levels increased worms' lifespan by 18%. Worms that fed on the nirS-overexpressed PAO1 strain for 4 h had complete tissue, whereas worms that fed on empty plasmid-containing PAO1 had biofilms on their body, causing severe damage to the head and tail. Thus, elevated intracellular NO levels can inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm growth in chronic skin wounds and reduce pathogenicity to the host. Targeting NO is a potential approach to control biofilm growth in chronic skin wounds wherein P. aeruginosa biofilms are a persistent problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Tan
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China.
| | - Mei Hu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Jingjing Xiao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Jinwei Zhou
- School of Food and Biology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China.
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4
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Vassallo BG, Scheidel N, Fischer SEJ, Kim DH. Bacteria Are a Major Determinant of Orsay Virus Transmission and Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.05.556377. [PMID: 37732241 PMCID: PMC10508782 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota is a key determinant of the physiology and immunity of animal hosts. The factors governing the transmissibility of viruses between susceptible hosts are incompletely understood. Bacteria serve as food for Caenorhabditis elegans and represent an integral part of the natural environment of C. elegans. We determined the effects of bacteria isolated with C. elegans from its natural environment on the transmission of Orsay virus in C. elegans using quantitative virus transmission and host susceptibility assays. We observed that Ochrobactrum species promoted Orsay virus transmission, whereas Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 attenuated virus transmission relative to the standard laboratory bacterial food Escherichia coli OP50. We found that pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PA01 and PA14 further attenuated virus transmission. We determined that the amount of Orsay virus required to infect 50% of a C. elegans population on P. lurida MYb11 compared with Ochrobactrum vermis MYb71 was dramatically increased, over three orders of magnitude. Host susceptibility was attenuated even further in presence of P. aeruginosa PA14. Genetic analysis of the determinants of P. aeruginosa required for attenuation of C. elegans susceptibility to Orsay virus infection revealed a role for regulators of quorum sensing. Our data suggest that distinct constituents of the C. elegans microbiota and potential pathogens can have widely divergent effects on Orsay virus transmission, such that associated bacteria can effectively determine host susceptibility versus resistance to viral infection. Our study provides quantitative evidence for a critical role for tripartite host-virus-bacteria interactions in determining the transmissibility of viruses among susceptible hosts.
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Wang X, Liu M, Yu C, Li J, Zhou X. Biofilm formation: mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:49. [PMID: 38097907 PMCID: PMC10721784 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex multicellular communities formed by bacteria, and their extracellular polymeric substances are observed as surface-attached or non-surface-attached aggregates. Many types of bacterial species found in living hosts or environments can form biofilms. These include pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, which can act as persistent infectious hosts and are responsible for a wide range of chronic diseases as well as the emergence of antibiotic resistance, thereby making them difficult to eliminate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has emerged as a model organism for studying biofilm formation. In addition, other Pseudomonas utilize biofilm formation in plant colonization and environmental persistence. Biofilms are effective in aiding bacterial colonization, enhancing bacterial resistance to antimicrobial substances and host immune responses, and facilitating cell‒cell signalling exchanges between community bacteria. The lack of antibiotics targeting biofilms in the drug discovery process indicates the need to design new biofilm inhibitors as antimicrobial drugs using various strategies and targeting different stages of biofilm formation. Growing strategies that have been developed to combat biofilm formation include targeting bacterial enzymes, as well as those involved in the quorum sensing and adhesion pathways. In this review, with Pseudomonas as the primary subject of study, we review and discuss the mechanisms of bacterial biofilm formation and current therapeutic approaches, emphasizing the clinical issues associated with biofilm infections and focusing on current and emerging antibiotic biofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanjiang Yu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xikun Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Tan X, Cheng X, Xiao J, Liu Q, Du D, Li M, Sun Y, Zhou J, Zhu G. Alkaline phosphatase LapA regulates quorum sensing-mediated virulence and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 under phosphate depletion stress. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0206023. [PMID: 37796007 PMCID: PMC10715133 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02060-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Our previous study demonstrated that the expression of lapA was induced under phosphate depletion conditions, but its roles in virulence and biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa remain largely unknown. This study presents a systematic investigation of the roles of lapA in virulence induction and biofilm formation by constructing a lapA-deficient strain with P. aeruginosa PAO1. The results showed that deletion of the lapA gene evidently reduced elastase activity, swimming motility, C4-HSL, and 3-oxo-C12-HSL production, and increased rhamnolipid production under phosphate depletion stress. Moreover, lapA gene deletion inhibited PAO1 biofilm formation in porcine skin explants by reducing the expression levels of las and rhl quorum sensing systems and extracellular polymeric substance synthesis. Finally, lapA gene deletion also reduced the virulence of PAO1 in Caenorhabditis elegans in fast-kill and slow-kill infection assays. This study provides insights into the roles of lapA in modulating P. aeruginosa virulence and biofilm formation under phosphate depletion stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Tan
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jingjing Xiao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Dongsheng Du
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jinwei Zhou
- School of Food and Biology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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7
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Ghosh D, Seth M, Mondal P, Mukhopadhyay SK. Biocontrol of biofilm forming Burkholderia cepacia using a quorum quenching crude lactonase enzyme extract from a marine Chromohalobacter sp. strain D23. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:374. [PMID: 37935892 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm plays advantageous role in Burkholderia cepacia by exerting multi-drug resistance. As quorum sensing (QS) system regulates biofilm formation and pathogenicity in B. cepacia strains, quorum quenching (QQ) may be a novel strategy to control persistent B. cepacia infections. In these regards, 120 halophilic bacteria were isolated from marine sample and tested using Chromobacterium violaceum and C. violaceum CV026-based bioassays initially, showing reduced violacein synthesis by QQ enzyme by 6 isolates. Among them, Chromohalobacter sp. D23 significantly degraded both C6-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) and C8-HSL due to potent lactonase activity, which was detected by C. violaceum CV026 biosensor. Further high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study confirmed degradation of N-acyl homoserine lactones (N-AHLs) particularly C6-HSL and C8-HSL by crude lactonase enzyme. Chromohalobacter sp. D23 reduced biofilm formation in terms of decreased total biomass and viability in biofilm-embedded cells in B. cepacia significantly which was also evidenced by fluorescence microscopic images. An increase in antibiotic susceptibility of B. cepacia biofilm was achieved when crude lactonase enzyme of Chromohalobacter sp. strain D23 was combined with chloramphenicol (1-5 × MIC). Chromohalobacter sp. D23 also showed prominent decrease in QS-mediated synthesis of virulence factors such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracellular protease, and hemolysin in B. cepacia. Again crude lactonase enzyme of Chromohalobacter sp. strain D23 inhibited B. cepacia biofilm formation inside nasal oxygen catheters in vitro. Finally, antibiotic susceptibility test and virulence tests revealed sensitivity of Chromohalobacter sp. strain D23 against a wide range of conventional antibiotics as well as absence of gelatinolytic, hemolytic, and serum coagulating activities. Therefore, the current study shows potential quorum quenching as well as anti-biofilm activity of Chromohalobacter sp. D23 against B. cepacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritishree Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Madhupa Seth
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Priyajit Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Subhra Kanti Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India.
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8
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de Sousa T, Silva C, Alves O, Costa E, Igrejas G, Poeta P, Hébraud M. Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance and the Impact of Imipenem + Cilastatin Synergy with Tetracycline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Sepsis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2687. [PMID: 38004699 PMCID: PMC10673103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the most ubiquitous bacteria in the natural world, exhibiting metabolic and physiological versatility, which makes it highly adaptable. Imipenem + cilastatin and tetracycline are antibiotic combinations commonly used to treat infections caused by P. aeruginosa, including serious infections such as sepsis. In the context of bacterial infections, biofilm, formed by bacterial cells surrounded by extracellular substances forming a matrix, plays a pivotal role in the resistance of P. aeruginosa to antibiotics. This study aimed to characterize a representative panel of P. aeruginosa isolates from septicemias, assessing their susceptibility to various antibiotics, specifically, imipenem + cilastatin and tetracycline, and the impact of these treatments on biofilm formation. Results from antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed sensitivity in most isolates to six antibiotics, with four showing near or equal to 100% sensitivity. However, resistance was observed in some antibiotics, albeit at minimal levels. Notably, tetracycline showed a 100% resistance phenotype, while imipenem + cilastatin predominantly displayed an intermediate phenotype (85.72%), with some resistance (38.1%). Microdilution susceptibility testing identified effective combinations against different isolates. Regarding biofilm formation, P. aeruginosa demonstrated the ability to produce biofilms. The staining of microtiter plates confirmed that specific concentrations of imipenem + cilastatin and tetracycline could inhibit biofilm production. A significant proportion of isolates exhibited resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics because of the presence of modifying genes (aac(3)-II and aac(3)-III), reducing their effectiveness. This study also explored various resistance genes, unveiling diverse resistance mechanisms among P. aeruginosa isolates. Several virulence genes were detected, including the las quorum-sensing system genes (lasI and lasR) in a significant proportion of isolates, contributing to virulence factor activation. However, genes related to the type IV pili (T4P) system (pilB and pilA) were found in limited isolates. In conclusion, this comprehensive study sheds light on the intricate dynamics of P. aeruginosa, a remarkably adaptable bacterium with a widespread presence in the natural world. Our findings provide valuable insights into the ongoing battle against P. aeruginosa infections, highlighting the need for tailored antibiotic therapies and innovative approaches to combat biofilm-related resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma de Sousa
- MicroART-Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.d.S.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- MicroART-Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.d.S.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Olimpia Alves
- Hospital Centre of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Clinical Pathology Department, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (O.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Eliana Costa
- Hospital Centre of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Clinical Pathology Department, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (O.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- MicroART-Antibiotic Resistance Team, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.d.S.); (C.S.); (P.P.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Microbiologie Environnement Digestif Santé (MEDiS), 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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9
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Gheorghita AA, Wozniak DJ, Parsek MR, Howell PL. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm exopolysaccharides: assembly, function, and degradation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad060. [PMID: 37884397 PMCID: PMC10644985 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The biofilm matrix is a fortress; sheltering bacteria in a protective and nourishing barrier that allows for growth and adaptation to various surroundings. A variety of different components are found within the matrix including water, lipids, proteins, extracellular DNA, RNA, membrane vesicles, phages, and exopolysaccharides. As part of its biofilm matrix, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is genetically capable of producing three chemically distinct exopolysaccharides - alginate, Pel, and Psl - each of which has a distinct role in biofilm formation and immune evasion during infection. The polymers are produced by highly conserved mechanisms of secretion, involving many proteins that span both the inner and outer bacterial membranes. Experimentally determined structures, predictive modelling of proteins whose structures are yet to be solved, and structural homology comparisons give us insight into the molecular mechanisms of these secretion systems, from polymer synthesis to modification and export. Here, we review recent advances that enhance our understanding of P. aeruginosa multiprotein exopolysaccharide biosynthetic complexes, and how the glycoside hydrolases/lyases within these systems have been commandeered for antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea A Gheorghita
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 776 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University College, Biological Sciences Bldg, 105, 484 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Matthew R Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Health Sciences Bldg, 1705 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, United States
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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10
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Liu W, Zu L, Wang S, Li J, Fei X, Geng M, Zhu C, Shi H. Tailored biomedical materials for wound healing. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad040. [PMID: 37899884 PMCID: PMC10605015 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a long-term, multi-stage biological process that mainly includes haemostatic, inflammatory, proliferative and tissue remodelling phases. Controlling infection and inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration can contribute well to wound healing. Smart biomaterials offer significant advantages in wound healing because of their ability to control wound healing in time and space. Understanding how biomaterials are designed for different stages of wound healing will facilitate future personalized material tailoring for different wounds, making them beneficial for wound therapy. This review summarizes the design approaches of biomaterials in the field of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and tissue regeneration, highlights the advanced precise control achieved by biomaterials in different stages of wound healing and outlines the clinical and practical applications of biomaterials in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- Clinical laboratory, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Zu
- Clinical laboratory, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Fei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Meng Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chunlei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Clinical laboratory, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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11
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Pan S, Erdmann M, Terrell J, Cabeen MT. A putative lipase affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix production. mSphere 2023; 8:e0037423. [PMID: 37754547 PMCID: PMC10597414 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00374-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is widely known for infecting patients with underlying conditions. This species often survives antibiotic therapy by forming biofilms, in which the cells produce a protective extracellular matrix. P. aeruginosa also produces virulence factors that enhance its ability to cause disease. One signaling pathway that influences virulence is the nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system (Nitro-PTS), which consists of an initial phosphotransferase, PtsP, a phosphocarrier, PtsO, and a terminal phosphate receptor, PtsN. The physiological role of the Nitro-PTS in P. aeruginosa is poorly understood. However, PtsN, when deprived of its upstream phosphotransfer proteins, has an antagonistic effect on biofilm formation. We thus conducted a transposon mutagenesis screen in an unphosphorylated-PtsN (i.e., ∆ptsP) background to identify downstream proteins with unacknowledged roles in PtsN-mediated biofilm suppression. We found an unstudied gene, PA14_04030, whose disruption restored biofilm production. This gene encodes a predicted phospholipase with signature alpha/beta hydrolase folds and a lipase signature motif with an active-site Ser residue. Hence, we renamed the gene bipL, for biofilm-impacting phospholipase. Deletion of bipL in a ∆ptsP background increased biofilm formation, supporting the idea that BipL is responsible for reducing biofilm formation in strains with unphosphorylated PtsN. Moreover, substituting the putative catalytic Ser for Ala phenocopied bipL deletion, indicating that this residue is important for the biofilm-suppressive activity of BipL in vivo. As our preliminary data suggest that BipL is a lipase, we performed lipidomics to detect changes in the lipid profile due to bipL deletion and found changes in some lipid species. IMPORTANCE Biofilm formation by bacteria occurs when cells secrete an extracellular matrix that holds them together and shields them from environmental insults. Biofilms of bacterial opportunistic human pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa pose a substantial challenge to clinical antimicrobial therapy. Hence, a more complete knowledge about the bacterial factors that influence and regulate production of the biofilm matrix is one key to formulate more effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, we screen for factors that are important for reducing biofilm matrix production in certain genetic backgrounds. We unexpectedly found a gene encoding a putative lipase enzyme and showed that its predicted catalytic site is important for its ability to reduce biofilm formation. Our findings suggest that lipase enzymes have previously uncharacterized functions in biofilm matrix regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somalisa Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mary Erdmann
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Julia Terrell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matthew T. Cabeen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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12
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Qun T, Zhou T, Hao J, Wang C, Zhang K, Xu J, Wang X, Zhou W. Antibacterial activities of anthraquinones: structure-activity relationships and action mechanisms. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1446-1471. [PMID: 37593578 PMCID: PMC10429894 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of untreatable infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the discovery of new drugs from natural products has become a hot research topic. The antibacterial activity of anthraquinones widely distributed in traditional Chinese medicine has attracted much attention. Herein, the structure and activity relationships (SARs) of anthraquinones as bacteriostatic agents are reviewed and elucidated. The substituents of anthraquinone and its derivatives are closely related to their antibacterial activities. The stronger the polarity of anthraquinone substituents is, the more potent the antibacterial effects appear. The presence of hydroxyl groups is not necessary for the antibacterial activity of hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives. Substitution of di-isopentenyl groups can improve the antibacterial activity of anthraquinone derivatives. The rigid plane structure of anthraquinone lowers its water solubility and results in the reduced activity. Meanwhile, the antibacterial mechanisms of anthraquinone and its analogs are explored, mainly including biofilm formation inhibition, destruction of the cell wall, endotoxin inhibition, inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and blockage of energy metabolism and other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Qun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University 440113 Guangzhou China
| | - Jiongkai Hao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Jing Xu
- Huanghua Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau Bohai New Area 061100 Hebei China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
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13
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Melaugh G, Martinez VA, Baker P, Hill PJ, Howell PL, Wozniak DJ, Allen RJ. Distinct types of multicellular aggregates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa liquid cultures. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:52. [PMID: 37507436 PMCID: PMC10382557 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms suspended multicellular aggregates when cultured in liquid media. These aggregates may be important in disease, and/or as a pathway to biofilm formation. The polysaccharide Psl and extracellular DNA (eDNA) have both been implicated in aggregation, but previous results depend strongly on the experimental conditions. Here we develop a quantitative microscopy-based method for assessing changes in the size distribution of suspended aggregates over time in growing cultures. For exponentially growing cultures of P. aeruginosa PAO1, we find that aggregation is mediated by cell-associated Psl, rather than by either eDNA or secreted Psl. These aggregates arise de novo within the culture via a growth process that involves both collisions and clonal growth, and Psl non-producing cells do not aggregate with producers. In contrast, we find that stationary phase (overnight) cultures contain a different type of multicellular aggregate, in which both eDNA and Psl mediate cohesion. Our findings suggest that the physical and biological properties of multicellular aggregates may be very different in early-stage vs late-stage bacterial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Melaugh
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK.
| | - Vincent A Martinez
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Perrin Baker
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, ON, Canada
| | - Preston J Hill
- Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rosalind J Allen
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Theoretical Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07745, Germany
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14
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Underhill SAM, Pan S, Erdmann M, Cabeen MT. PtsN in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Is Phosphorylated by Redundant Upstream Proteins and Impacts Virulence-Related Genes. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0045322. [PMID: 37074168 PMCID: PMC10210985 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00453-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial nitrogen-related phosphotransfer (PTSNtr; here, Nitro-PTS) system bears homology to well-known PTS systems that facilitate saccharide import and phosphorylation. The Nitro-PTS comprises an enzyme I (EI), PtsP; an intermediate phosphate carrier, PtsO; and a terminal acceptor, PtsN, which is thought to exert regulatory effects that depend on its phosphostate. For instance, biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be impacted by the Nitro-PTS, as deletion of either ptsP or ptsO suppresses Pel exopolysaccharide production and additional deletion of ptsN elevates Pel production. However, the phosphorylation state of PtsN in the presence and absence of its upstream phosphotransferases has not been directly assessed, and other targets of PtsN have not been well defined in P. aeruginosa. We show that PtsN phosphorylation via PtsP requires the GAF domain of PtsP and that PtsN is phosphorylated on histidine 68, as in Pseudomonas putida. We also find that FruB, the fructose EI, can substitute for PtsP in PtsN phosphorylation but only in the absence of PtsO, implicating PtsO as a specificity factor. Unphosphorylatable PtsN had a minimal effect on biofilm formation, suggesting that it is necessary but not sufficient for the reduction of Pel in a ptsP deletion. Finally, we use transcriptomics to show that the phosphostate and the presence of PtsN do not appear to alter the transcription of biofilm-related genes but do influence genes involved in type III secretion, potassium transport, and pyoverdine biosynthesis. Thus, the Nitro-PTS influences several P. aeruginosa behaviors, including the production of its signature virulence factors. IMPORTANCE The PtsN protein impacts the physiology of a number of bacterial species, and its control over downstream targets can be altered by its phosphorylation state. Neither its upstream phosphotransferases nor its downstream targets are well understood in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we examine PtsN phosphorylation and find that the immediate upstream phosphotransferase acts as a gatekeeper, allowing phosphorylation by only one of two potential upstream proteins. We use transcriptomics to discover that PtsN regulates the expression of gene families that are implicated in virulence. One emerging pattern is a repression hierarchy by different forms of PtsN: its phosphorylated state is more repressive than its unphosphorylated state, but the expression of its targets is even higher in its complete absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. M. Underhill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Somalisa Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mary Erdmann
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matthew T. Cabeen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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15
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Complement System: A Review of the Evasion Strategies. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030664. [PMID: 36985237 PMCID: PMC10056308 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of multidrug resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa causes major problems in hospitals worldwide. This concern is particularly significant in bloodstream infections that progress rapidly, with a high number of deaths within the first hours and without time to select the most appropriate treatment. In fact, despite improvements in antimicrobial therapy and hospital care, P. aeruginosa bacteremia remains fatal in about 30% of cases. The complement system is a main defensive mechanism in blood against this pathogen. This system can mark bacteria for phagocytosis or directly lyse it via the insertion of a membrane attack complex in the bacterial membrane. P. aeruginosa exploits different strategies to resist complement attack. In this review for the special issue on “bacterial pathogens associated with bacteriemia”, we present an overview of the interactions between P. aeruginosa and the complement components and strategies used by this pathogen to prevent recognition and killing by the complement system. A thorough understanding of these interactions will be critical in order to develop drugs to counteract bacterial evasion mechanisms.
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16
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Balducci E, Papi F, Capialbi DE, Del Bino L. Polysaccharides' Structures and Functions in Biofilm Architecture of Antimicrobial-Resistant (AMR) Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044030. [PMID: 36835442 PMCID: PMC9965654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi have developed resistance to the existing therapies such as antibiotics and antifungal drugs, and multiple mechanisms are mediating this resistance. Among these, the formation of an extracellular matrix embedding different bacterial cells, called biofilm, is an effective strategy through which bacterial and fungal cells are establishing a relationship in a unique environment. The biofilm provides them the possibility to transfer genes conferring resistance, to prevent them from desiccation and to impede the penetration of antibiotics or antifungal drugs. Biofilms are formed of several constituents including extracellular DNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Depending on the bacteria, different polysaccharides form the biofilm matrix in different microorganisms, some of them involved in the first stage of cells' attachment to surfaces and to each other, and some responsible for giving the biofilm structure resistance and stability. In this review, we describe the structure and the role of different polysaccharides in bacterial and fungal biofilms, we revise the analytical methods to characterize them quantitatively and qualitatively and finally we provide an overview of potential new antimicrobial therapies able to inhibit biofilm formation by targeting exopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Eloisa Capialbi
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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17
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Pepsin and Trypsin Treatment Combined with Carvacrol: An Efficient Strategy to Fight Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010143. [PMID: 36677435 PMCID: PMC9863883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms consist of microbial communities enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix which is mainly responsible of biofilm virulence. Targeting this matrix could be an effective strategy to control biofilms. In this work, we examined the efficacy of two proteolytic enzymes, pepsin and trypsin, to degrade P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms and their synergistic effect when combined with carvacrol. The minimum dispersive concentrations (MDCs) and the contact times of enzymes, as well as the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and contact times of carvacrol, were determined against biofilms grown on polystyrene surfaces. For biofilms grown on stainless steel surfaces, the combined pepsin or trypsin with carvacrol treatment showed more significant reduction of both biofilms compared with carvacrol treatment alone. This reduction was more substantial after sequential treatment of both enzymes, followed by carvacrol with the greatest reduction of 4.7 log CFU mL−1 (p < 0.05) for P. aeruginosa biofilm and 3.3 log CFU mL−1 (p < 0.05) for E. faecalis biofilm. Such improved efficiency was also obvious in the epifluorescence microscopy analysis. These findings demonstrate that the combined effect of the protease-dispersing activity and the carvacrol antimicrobial activity could be a prospective approach for controlling P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms.
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18
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Mechmechani S, Gharsallaoui A, El Omari K, Fadel A, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology based on the use of microencapsulated pepsin, trypsin and carvacrol to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:903-915. [PMID: 36451605 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2151361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm lifestyle plays a major role in the resistance and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. In this study, two microencapsulated proteases (pepsin ME-PEP and trypsin ME-TRYP) were evaluated for their biofilm dispersal activity and their synergistic effect with microencapsulated carvacrol (ME-CARV). Spray-drying was used to protect enzymes and essential oil and enhance their activities. Cell count analysis proved the synergistic activity of enzymes and carvacrol treatment as biofilms were further reduced after combined treatment in comparison to ME-CARV or enzymes alone. Furthermore, results showed that sequential treatment in the order ME-TRYP - ME-PEP - ME-CARV resulted in more efficient biofilm removal with a maximum reduction of 5 log CFU mL-1 for P. aeruginosa and 4 log CFU mL-1 for E. faecalis. This study proposes that the combination of microencapsulated proteases with ME-CARV could be useful for the effective control of P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Alexandre Fadel
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d'Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC -Institut Michel-Eugene Chevreul, Univ Lille, Lille, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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19
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Liang Z, Rybtke M, Kragh KN, Johnson O, Schicketanz M, Zhang YE, Andersen JB, Tolker-Nielsen T. Transcription of the Alginate Operon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Is Regulated by c-di-GMP. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0067522. [PMID: 35862969 PMCID: PMC9431422 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00675-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of the exopolysaccharide alginate contributes to the pathogenicity and antibiotic tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic infections. The second messenger, c-di-GMP, is a positive regulator of the production of various biofilm matrix components and is known to regulate alginate synthesis at the posttranslational level in P. aeruginosa. We provide evidence that c-di-GMP also regulates transcription of the alginate operon in P. aeruginosa. Previous work has shown that transcription of the alginate operon is regulated by nine different proteins, AmrZ, AlgP, IHFα, IHFβ, CysB, Vfr, AlgR, AlgB, and AlgQ, and we investigated if some of these proteins function as a c-di-GMP effector. We found that deletion of algP, algQ, IHFα, and IHFβ had only a marginal effect on the transcription of the alginate operon. Deletion of vfr and cysB led to decreased transcription of the alginate operon, and the dependence of the c-di-GMP level was less pronounced, indicating that Vfr and CysB could be partially required for c-di-GMP-mediated regulation of alginate operon transcription. Our experiments indicated that the AmrZ, AlgR, and AlgB proteins are absolutely required for transcription of the alginate operon. However, differential radial capillary action of ligand assay (DRaCALA) and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that c-di-GMP does not bind to any of the AmrZ, AlgR, and AlgB proteins. IMPORTANCE The proliferation of alginate-overproducing P. aeruginosa variants in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients often leads to chronic infection. The alginate functions as a biofilm matrix that protects the bacteria against host immune defenses and antibiotic treatment. Knowledge about the regulation of alginate synthesis is important in order to identify drug targets for the development of medicine against chronic P. aeruginosa infections. We provide evidence that c-di-GMP positively regulates transcription of the alginate operon in P. aeruginosa. Moreover, we revisited the role of the known alginate regulators, AmrZ, AlgP, IHFα, IHFβ, CysB, Vfr, AlgR, AlgB, and AlgQ, and found that their effect on transcription of the alginate operon is highly varied. Deletion of algP, algQ, IHFα, or IHFβ only had a marginal effect on transcription of the alginate operon, whereas deletion of vfr or cysB led to decreased transcription and deletion of amrZ, algR, or algB abrogated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Liang
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rybtke
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Nørskov Kragh
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Owen Johnson
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Muriel Schicketanz
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen Biocenter, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yong Everett Zhang
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen Biocenter, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bo Andersen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Lin Y, Mi D, Hou Y, Lin M, Xie Q, Niu X, Chen Y, He C, Tao J, Li C. Systematic analysis of the roles of c-di-GMP signaling in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae virulence. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6650349. [PMID: 35883214 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that is essential to bacterial adaptation to environments. Cellular c-di-GMP level is regulated by the diguanylate cyclases and the phosphodiesterases, and the signal transduction depends on its receptors. In Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain PXO99A, 37 genes were predicted to encode GGDEF, EAL, GGDEF/EAL, HD-GYP, FleQ, MshE, PilZ, CuxR, Clp, YajQ proteins that may be involved in c-di-GMP turnover or function as c-di-GMP receptors. Although the functions of some of these genes have been studied, but the rest have not been extensively studied. Here, we deleted these 37 genes from PXO99A and analyzed the virulence, motility, biofilm and EPS production of these mutants. Our results show that most of these genes are required for PXO99A virulence, motility, biofilm formation or exopolysaccharide production. Although some of them have been reported in previous studies, we found four novel genes (gedpX8, gdpX11, pliZX4 and yajQ) are implicated in X. oryzae pv. oryzae virulence. Our data demonstrate that c-di-GMP signaling is vital for X. oryzae pv. oryzae virulence and some virulence-related factors production, but there is no positive correlation between them in most cases. Taken together, our systematic research provides a new light to understand the c-di-GMP signaling network in X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunuan Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,School of Life Sciences
| | - Duo Mi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yunyu Hou
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,School of Life Sciences
| | - Maojuan Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qingbiao Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,School of Life Sciences
| | - Xiaolei Niu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yinhua Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,School of Life Sciences
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources.,College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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21
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Characterization of Distinct Biofilm Cell Subpopulations and Implications in Quorum Sensing and Antibiotic Resistance. mBio 2022; 13:e0019122. [PMID: 35695457 PMCID: PMC9239111 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00191-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria change phenotypically in response to their environment. Free swimming cells transition to biofilm communities that promote cellular cooperativity and resistance to stressors and antibiotics. We uncovered three subpopulations of cells with diverse phenotypes from a single-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilm, and used a series of steps to isolate, characterize, and map these cell subpopulations in a biofilm. The subpopulations were distinguishable by size and morphology using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, growth and dispersal of biofilms originating from each cell subpopulation exhibited contrasting responses to antibiotic challenge. Cell subpopulation surface charges were distinctly different, which led us to examine the ionizable surface molecules associated with each subpopulation using mass spectrometry. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis of cell subpopulations revealed ions unique to each subpopulation of cells that significantly co-localized with ions associated with quorum sensing. Transcript levels of algR, lasR, and rhlI in subpopulations isolated from biofilms differed from levels in planktonic stationary and mid-log cell subpopulations. These studies provide insight into diverse phenotypes, morphologies, and biochemistries of PA14 cell subpopulations for potential applications in combating bacterial pathogenesis, with medical, industrial, and environmental complications.
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Lyu Q, Wang H, Ji X, Yan Z, Chen F, Dahlgren RA, Zhang M. Modular configurations of living biomaterials incorporating nano-based artificial mediators and synthetic biology to improve bioelectrocatalytic performance: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153857. [PMID: 35176368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the industrial application of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) that are incubated with natural electrochemically active microbes (EABs) is limited due to inefficient extracellular electron transfer (EET) by natural EABs. Notably, recent studies have identified several novel living biomaterials comprising highly efficient electron transfer systems allowing unparalleled proficiency of energy conversion. Introduction of these biomaterials into BESs could fundamentally increase their utilization for a wide range of applications. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of recent advancements in the design of living biomaterials that can be exploited to enhance bioelectrocatalytic performance. Further, modular configurations of abiotic and biotic components promise a powerful enhancement through integration of nano-based artificial mediators and synthetic biology. Herein, recent advancements in BESs are synthesized and assessed, including heterojunctions between conductive nanomaterials and EABs, in-situ hybrid self-assembly of EABs and nano-sized semiconductors, cytoprotection in biohybrids, synthetic biological modifications of EABs and electroactive biofilms. Since living biomaterials comprise a broad range of disciplines, such as molecular biology, electrochemistry and material sciences, full integration of technological advances applied in an interdisciplinary framework will greatly enhance/advance the utility and novelty of BESs. Overall, emerging fundamental knowledge concerning living biomaterials provides a powerful opportunity to markedly boost EET efficiency and facilitate the industrial application of BESs to meet global sustainability challenges/goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363105, People's Republic of China; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Coastal Basin Environment, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuqing 350300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363105, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyang Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghui Wang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363105, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Ji
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Coastal Basin Environment, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuqing 350300, People's Republic of China
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China; Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Minghua Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China; Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kašparová P, Boková S, Rollová M, Paldrychová M, Vaňková E, Lokočová K, Michailidu J, Maťátková O, Masák J. Addition time plays a major role in the inhibitory effect of chitosan on the production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:535-546. [PMID: 35235193 PMCID: PMC9151934 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium capable of forming persistent biofilms that are extremely difficult to eradicate. The species is most infamously known due to complications in cystic fibrosis patients. The high mortality of cystic fibrosis is caused by P. aeruginosa biofilms occurring in pathologically overly mucous lungs, which are the major cause facilitating the organ failure. Due to Pseudomonas biofilm-associated infections, remarkably high doses of antibiotics must be administered, eventually contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance. Nowadays, multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa is one of the most terrible threats in medicine, and the search for novel antimicrobial drugs is of the utmost importance. We have studied the effect of low molecular weight chitosan (LMWCH) on various stages of P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 biofilm formation and eradication, as well as on production of other virulence factors. LMWCH is a well-known naturally occurring agent with a vast antimicrobial spectrum, which has already found application in various fields of medicine and industry. LMWCH at a concentration of 40 mg/L was able to completely prevent biofilm formation. At a concentration of 60 mg/L, this agent was capable to eradicate already formed biofilm in most studied times of addition (2-12 h of cultivation). LMWCH (50 mg/L) was also able to suppress pyocyanin production when added 2 and 4 h after cultivation. The treatment resulted in reduced formation of cell clusters. LMWCH was proved to be an effective antibiofilm agent worth further clinical research with the potential to become a novel drug for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kašparová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - S Boková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - M Rollová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - M Paldrychová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - E Vaňková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - K Lokočová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - J Michailidu
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - O Maťátková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - J Masák
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
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Lin Q, Pilewski JM, Di YP. Acidic Microenvironment Determines Antibiotic Susceptibility and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:747834. [PMID: 34867864 PMCID: PMC8640179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.747834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most prevalent bacterial species that contribute to cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory failure. The impaired function of CF transmembrane conductance regulator leads to abnormal epithelial Cl-/HCO3 - transport and acidification of airway surface liquid. However, it remains unclear why the CF lung is most commonly infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa versus other pathogens. We carried out studies to investigate if lower pH helps Pseudomonas aeruginosa adapt and thrive in the CF-like acidic lung environment. Our results revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa generally forms more biofilm, induces antibiotic resistance faster in acidic conditions, and can be reversed by returning the acidic environment to physiologically neutral conditions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa appears to be highly adaptive to the CF-like acidic pH environment. By studying the effects of an acidic environment on bacterial response, we may provide a new therapeutic option in preventing chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph M Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Y Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Wardell SJT, Gauthier J, Martin LW, Potvin M, Brockway B, Levesque RC, Lamont IL. Genome evolution drives transcriptomic and phenotypic adaptation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during 20 years of infection. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34826267 PMCID: PMC8743555 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronically infects the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). During infection the bacteria evolve and adapt to the lung environment. Here we use genomic, transcriptomic and phenotypic approaches to compare multiple isolates of P. aeruginosa collected more than 20 years apart during a chronic infection in a CF patient. Complete genome sequencing of the isolates, using short- and long-read technologies, showed that a genetic bottleneck occurred during infection and was followed by diversification of the bacteria. A 125 kb deletion, an 0.9 Mb inversion and hundreds of smaller mutations occurred during evolution of the bacteria in the lung, with an average rate of 17 mutations per year. Many of the mutated genes are associated with infection or antibiotic resistance. RNA sequencing was used to compare the transcriptomes of an earlier and a later isolate. Substantial reprogramming of the transcriptional network had occurred, affecting multiple genes that contribute to continuing infection. Changes included greatly reduced expression of flagellar machinery and increased expression of genes for nutrient acquisition and biofilm formation, as well as altered expression of a large number of genes of unknown function. Phenotypic studies showed that most later isolates had increased cell adherence and antibiotic resistance, reduced motility, and reduced production of pyoverdine (an iron-scavenging siderophore), consistent with genomic and transcriptomic data. The approach of integrating genomic, transcriptomic and phenotypic analyses reveals, and helps to explain, the plethora of changes that P. aeruginosa undergoes to enable it to adapt to the environment of the CF lung during a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Gauthier
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Lois W Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marianne Potvin
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ben Brockway
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Iain L Lamont
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Kharaziha M, Baidya A, Annabi N. Rational Design of Immunomodulatory Hydrogels for Chronic Wound Healing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100176. [PMID: 34251690 PMCID: PMC8489436 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With all the advances in tissue engineering for construction of fully functional skin tissue, complete regeneration of chronic wounds is still challenging. Since immune reaction to the tissue damage is critical in regulating both the quality and duration of chronic wound healing cascade, strategies to modulate the immune system are of importance. Generally, in response to an injury, macrophages switch from pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, controlling macrophages' polarization has become an appealing approach in regenerative medicine. Recently, hydrogels-based constructs, incorporated with various cellular and molecular signals, have been developed and utilized to adjust immune cell functions in various stages of wound healing. Here, the current state of knowledge on immune cell functions during skin tissue regeneration is first discussed. Recent advanced technologies used to design immunomodulatory hydrogels for controlling macrophages' polarization are then summarized. Rational design of hydrogels for providing controlled immune stimulation via hydrogel chemistry and surface modification, as well as incorporation of cell and molecules, are also dicussed. In addition, the effects of hydrogels' properties on immunogenic features and the wound healing process are summarized. Finally, future directions and upcoming research strategies to control immune responses during chronic wound healing are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Kharaziha
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Naik P, Pandey S, Gagan S, Biswas S, Joseph J. Virulence factors in multidrug (MDR) and Pan-drug resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a cross-sectional study of isolates recovered from ocular infections in a high-incidence setting in southern India. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2021; 11:36. [PMID: 34585284 PMCID: PMC8479063 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-021-00268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Global concerns have been raised due to upward trend of Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa reports in ocular infections. Our aim was to characterize the virulence determinants of MDR P. aeruginosa causing ocular infections. Methods P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from 46 patients with conjunctivitis (2), endophthalmitis (11) and active keratitis (25) seen at our Institute, between 2016 and 2020. The isolates were identified by Vitek-2 and characterized based on growth kinetics, biofilm formation, motility, pyoverdine and pyocyanin production, phospholipase and catalase activity, urease production along with expression of exotoxins (exo-A, exo-U and exo-S) and correlated to its antibiotic profiles. Results Of the 46 P. aeruginosa isolates, 23 were MDR and were significantly (p = 0.03) associated with older (> 65) patients, along with higher production of pyoverdine (58.3%), pyocyanin (30.4%), phospholipase (91.6%) and protease (62.5%) activity, formed strong biofilms and exo-A (30.4%). No significant relation between motility, urease and catalase production with antibiotic susceptibility was observed. Heatmap and PCoA analysis confirmed this unique virulence profile associated with MDR-PA strains. Conclusion Phenotypic characteristics of P.aeruginosa might be responsible for increased colonization and antibiotic resistance observed in vivo and understanding these differences may lead to development of clinical guidelines for the management of MDR infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Naik
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Research Scholar, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Suchita Pandey
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satyashree Gagan
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sudeshna Biswas
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Joveeta Joseph
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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Catalase Activity is Critical for Proteus mirabilis Biofilm Development, EPS Composition, and Dissemination During Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0017721. [PMID: 34280035 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00177-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a leading uropathogen of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), which are among the most common healthcare-associated infections worldwide. A key factor that contributes to P. mirabilis pathogenesis and persistence during CAUTI is the formation of catheter biofilms, which provide increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and host defense mechanisms. Another factor that is important for bacterial persistence during CAUTI is the ability to resist reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as through the action of the catalase enzyme. Potent catalase activity is one of the defining biochemical characteristics of P. mirabilis, and the single catalase gene (katA) encoded in strain HI4320 was recently identified as a candidate fitness factor for UTI, CAUTI, and bacteremia. Here we show that disruption of katA results in increased ROS levels, increased sensitivity to peroxide, and decreased biofilm biomass. The biomass defect was due to a decrease in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production by the ΔkatA mutant, and specifically due to reduced carbohydrate content. Importantly, the biofilm defect resulted in decreased antibiotic resistance in vitro and a colonization defect during experimental CAUTI. The ΔkatA mutant also exhibited decreased fitness in a bacteremia model, supporting a dual role for catalase in P. mirabilis biofilm development and immune evasion.
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Panlilio H, Rice CV. The role of extracellular DNA in the formation, architecture, stability, and treatment of bacterial biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2129-2141. [PMID: 33748946 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in biotechnology to treat and cure human disease have markedly improved human health and the development of modern societies. However, substantial challenges remain to overcome innate biological factors that thwart the activity and efficacy of pharmaceutical therapeutics. Until recently, the importance of extracellular DNA (eDNA) in biofilms was overlooked. New data reveal its extensive role in biofilm formation, adhesion, and structural integrity. Different approaches to target eDNA as anti-biofilm therapies have been proposed, but eDNA and the corresponding biofilm barriers are still difficult to disrupt. Therefore, more creative approaches to eradicate biofilms are needed. The production of eDNA often originates with the genetic material of bacterial cells through cell lysis. However, genomic DNA and eDNA are not necessarily structurally or compositionally identical. Variations are noteworthy because they dictate important interactions within the biofilm. Interactions between eDNA and biofilm components may as well be exploited as alternative anti-biofilm strategies. In this review, we discuss recent developments in eDNA research, emphasizing potential ways to disrupt biofilms. This review also highlights proteins, exopolysaccharides, and other molecules interacting with eDNA that can serve as anti-biofilm therapeutic targets. Overall, the array of diverse interactions with eDNA is important in biofilm structure, architecture, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Panlilio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Beyond the Wall: Exopolysaccharides in the Biofilm Lifestyle of Pathogenic and Beneficial Plant-Associated Pseudomonas. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020445. [PMID: 33670010 PMCID: PMC7926942 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of biofilms results from a multicellular mode of growth, in which bacteria remain enwrapped by an extracellular matrix of their own production. Many different bacteria form biofilms, but among the most studied species are those that belong to the Pseudomonas genus due to the metabolic versatility, ubiquity, and ecological significance of members of this group of microorganisms. Within the Pseudomonas genus, biofilm studies have mainly focused on the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to its clinical importance. The extracellular matrix of P. aeruginosa is mainly composed of exopolysaccharides, which have been shown to be important for the biofilm architecture and pathogenic features of this bacterium. Notably, some of the exopolysaccharides recurrently used by P. aeruginosa during biofilm formation, such as the alginate and polysaccharide synthesis loci (Psl) polysaccharides, are also used by pathogenic and beneficial plant-associated Pseudomonas during their interaction with plants. Interestingly, their functions are multifaceted and seem to be highly dependent on the bacterial lifestyle and genetic context of production. This paper reviews the functions and significance of the exopolysaccharides produced by plant-associated Pseudomonas, particularly the alginate, Psl, and cellulose polysaccharides, focusing on their equivalents produced in P. aeruginosa within the context of pathogenic and beneficial interactions.
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Patel N, Swavey S, Robinson J. A Cationic Porphyrin, ZnPor, Disassembles Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Matrix, Kills Cells Directly, and Enhances Antibiotic Activity of Tobramycin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E875. [PMID: 33291344 PMCID: PMC7762324 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest threats to human health is the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) is an "opportunistic" pathogen known to cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals and is the most common pathogen in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). We report here a cationic zinc (II) porphyrin, ZnPor, that effectively kills planktonic and biofilm-associated cells of PsA. In standard tests against 16-18 h-old biofilms, concentrations as low as 16 µg/mL resulted in the extensive disruption and detachment of the matrix. The pre-treatment of biofilms for 30 min with ZnPor at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels (4 µg/mL) substantially enhanced the ability of tobramycin (Tobra) to kill biofilm-associated cells. We demonstrate the rapid uptake and accumulation of ZnPor in planktonic cells even in dedicated heme-uptake system mutants (ΔPhu, ΔHas, and the double mutant). Furthermore, uptake was unaffected by the ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP). Cells pre-exposed to ZnPor took up the cell-impermeant dye SYTOXTM Green in a concentration-dependent manner. The accumulation of ZnPor did not result in cell lysis, nor did the cells develop resistance. Taken together, these properties make ZnPor a promising candidate for treating multi-drug-resistant infections, including persistent, antibiotic-resistant biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
| | - Shawn Swavey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
| | - Jayne Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
- Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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Heredia-Ponce Z, Gutiérrez-Barranquero JA, Purtschert-Montenegro G, Eberl L, Cazorla FM, de Vicente A. Biological role of EPS from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae UMAF0158 extracellular matrix, focusing on a Psl-like polysaccharide. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:37. [PMID: 33046713 PMCID: PMC7550585 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is a phytopathogenic model bacterium that is used worldwide to study plant-bacteria interactions and biofilm formation in association with a plant host. Within this species, the syringae pathovar is the most studied due to its wide host range, affecting both, woody and herbaceous plants. In particular, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) has been previously described as the causal agent of bacterial apical necrosis on mango trees. Pss exhibits major epiphytic traits and virulence factors that improve its epiphytic survival and pathogenicity in mango trees. The cellulose exopolysaccharide has been described as a key component in the development of the biofilm lifestyle of the P. syringae pv. syringae UMAF0158 strain (PssUMAF0158). PssUMAF0158 contains two additional genomic regions that putatively encode for exopolysaccharides such as alginate and a Psl-like polysaccharide. To date, the Psl polysaccharide has only been studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in which it plays an important role during biofilm development. However, its function in plant-associated bacteria is still unknown. To understand how these exopolysaccharides contribute to the biofilm matrix of PssUMAF0158, knockout mutants of genes encoding these putative exopolysaccharides were constructed. Flow-cell chamber experiments revealed that cellulose and the Psl-like polysaccharide constitute a basic scaffold for biofilm architecture in this bacterium. Curiously, the Psl-like polysaccharide of PssUMAF0158 plays a role in virulence similar to what has been described for cellulose. Finally, the impaired swarming motility of the Psl-like exopolysaccharide mutant suggests that this exopolysaccharide may play a role in the motility of PssUMAF0158 over the mango plant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Heredia-Ponce
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC) - Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Gutiérrez-Barranquero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC) - Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich. Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francisco M Cazorla
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC) - Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio de Vicente
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC) - Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Yu Z, Zhang J, Ding M, Wu S, Shuangjia Li, Zhang M, Yin J, Meng Q. SspA positively controls exopolysaccharides production and biofilm formation by up-regulating the algU expression in Pseudoalteromonas sp. R3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:988-994. [PMID: 33010891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation enhances the survival and persistence of microorganisms in response to environmental stresses. It has been revealed that stringent starvation protein A (SspA) can function as an important regulator dealing with environmental stresses for bacterial survival. However, the connection between SspA and biofilm formation is essentially unclear yet. In this study, we presented evidence showing SspA positively controls biofilm formation by up-regulating exopolysaccharides (EPS) production in marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. R3. Both qPCR and lacZ reporter system congruously revealed that SspA positively controls the expression of EPS biosynthesis gene cluster. Unlike generally accepted thought that SspA regulates bacterial physiology by inhibiting the expression of histone-like nucleotide structuring protein (H-NS) gene, the function of SspA on EPS production and biofilm formation in Pseudoalteromonas sp. R3 is H-NS-independent. Instead, SspA positively regulates the expression of sigma factor AlgU-encoding gene, thus affecting EPS biosynthesis and biofilm formation. In view of the important role of SspA in biofilm formation, we believe that the improvement of tolerance to marine environmental stresses could be related to tuning of SspA-involved biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jiadi Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengdan Ding
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shijun Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuangjia Li
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiu Meng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Spectroscopic Study on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilm in the Presence of the Aptamer-DNA Scaffolded Silver Nanoclusters. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163631. [PMID: 32785202 PMCID: PMC7464845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the effectiveness of silver nanocluster (Ag-NC) against the biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Two DNA aptamers specific for PA and part of their sequences were chosen as templates for growing the Ag-NC. While circular dichroism (CD) studies determined the presence of secondary structures, UV/Vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopic studies confirmed the formation of the fluorescent Ag-NC on the DNA templates. Furthermore, mesoscopic physics-based partial wave spectroscopy (PWS) was used to analyze the backscattered light signal that can detect the degree of nanoscale mass density/refractive index fluctuations to identify the biofilm formation, comparatively among the different aptamers with respect to the control sample. The importance of the secondary structure of the aptamer DNA in targeting, successfully binding with the cells and delivering the Ag-NC, is evidenced by the decrease in disorder strength (Ld) of the Ag-NC treated samples compared to the untreated PA cells, which showed the abundance of higher Ld in the PWS studies. The higher Ld value attributed to the higher mass density fluctuations and the formation of biofilm. We envision this study to open a new avenue in using a powerful optical microscopic technique like PWS in detection, and DNA aptamer enclosed silver nanoclusters to prevent biofilms for opportunist pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Saunders SH, Tse ECM, Yates MD, Otero FJ, Trammell SA, Stemp EDA, Barton JK, Tender LM, Newman DK. Extracellular DNA Promotes Efficient Extracellular Electron Transfer by Pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Cell 2020; 182:919-932.e19. [PMID: 32763156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Redox cycling of extracellular electron shuttles can enable the metabolic activity of subpopulations within multicellular bacterial biofilms that lack direct access to electron acceptors or donors. How these shuttles catalyze extracellular electron transfer (EET) within biofilms without being lost to the environment has been a long-standing question. Here, we show that phenazines mediate efficient EET through interactions with extracellular DNA (eDNA) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Retention of pyocyanin (PYO) and phenazine carboxamide in the biofilm matrix is facilitated by eDNA binding. In vitro, different phenazines can exchange electrons in the presence or absence of DNA and can participate directly in redox reactions through DNA. In vivo, biofilm eDNA can also support rapid electron transfer between redox active intercalators. Together, these results establish that PYO:eDNA interactions support an efficient redox cycle with rapid EET that is faster than the rate of PYO loss from the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Saunders
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Edmund C M Tse
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthew D Yates
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Scott A Trammell
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric D A Stemp
- Department of Physical Sciences, Mt. Saint Mary's University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Leonard M Tender
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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A Novel Method to Reveal a Ureolytic Biofilm Attachment and In Situ Growth Monitoring by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:1379-1396. [PMID: 32700202 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of biofilms capable of efficiently carrying out ureolysis is of fundamental importance in several biotechnological systems such as urinary tract infections, building materials and municipal wastewater treatment. This work proposes a straightforward method for the formation of a ureolytic biofilm attached to graphite. The proposed strategy reduced the time needed to complete ureolysis to 3 days instead of 16 days required in suspension culture. To confirm the formation of a ureolytic biofilm, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy studies were employed ex situ. However, it is imperative to analyse the biofilm by direct non-invasive techniques. Accordingly, open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used as in situ monitoring techniques. The reduction in OCP from - 0.01 to - 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl and the increase in capacitance from 200 to 260 μF cm-2 were related to biofilm attachment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time in which a ureolytic biofilm attachment has been analysed by EIS. The increase in the biomass from 0.04 to 2.81 μm3 μm-2 and in average thickness from 10.19 to 32.78 μm was related to biofilm maturation.
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Shlepotina NM, Peshikova MV, Kolesnikov OL, Shishkova YS. Modern Conceptions about the Mechanisms of Interaction Between Biofilm and Cellular Immunity Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-83-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Features of the cellular immune response in the presence of a microbial biofilm are well described in the literature. Based on numerous studies, it became possible to establish a number of patterns: mature biofilms are better protected from immune factors, the effectiveness of antibiofilm strategies depends on species of the microorganisms, forming the biofilm, and, accordingly, on the composition of the biopolymer matrix. For example, rhamnolipids and alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exert a significant negative effect on the function of immunocompetent cells. The bacteria of biofilms became able to turn to their advantage many of the protective reactions developed by the immune system and fixed evolutionarily, applying them for the growth and development of the microbial consortium.
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Shlepotina NM, Peshikova MV, Kolesnikov OL, Shishkova YS. Modern Conceptions about the Mechanisms of Interaction Between Biofilm and Cellular Immunity Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-1-83-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Features of the cellular immune response in the presence of a microbial biofilm are well described in the literature. Based on numerous studies, it became possible to establish a number of patterns: mature biofilms are better protected from immune factors, the effectiveness of antibiofilm strategies depends on species of the microorganisms, forming the biofilm, and, accordingly, on the composition of the biopolymer matrix. For example, rhamnolipids and alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exert a significant negative effect on the function of immunocompetent cells. The bacteria of biofilms became able to turn to their advantage many of the protective reactions developed by the immune system and fixed evolutionarily, applying them for the growth and development of the microbial consortium.
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Miryala SK, Anbarasu A, Ramaiah S. Systems biology studies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 to understand their role in biofilm formation and multidrug efflux pumps. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tabor DE, Oganesyan V, Keller AE, Yu L, McLaughlin RE, Song E, Warrener P, Rosenthal K, Esser M, Qi Y, Ruzin A, Stover CK, DiGiandomenico A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PcrV and Psl, the Molecular Targets of Bispecific Antibody MEDI3902, Are Conserved Among Diverse Global Clinical Isolates. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1983-1994. [PMID: 30016475 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bispecific antibody MEDI3902, targeting the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type 3 secretion system (PcrV) and Psl exopolysaccharide, is currently in phase 2b development for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. We surveyed a diverse collection of isolates to study MEDI3902 epitope conservation and protective activity. Methods P. aeruginosa clinical isolates (n = 913) were collected from diverse patients and geographic locations during 2003-2014. We conducted whole-genome sequencing; performed PcrV and Psl expression analyses via immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively; performed crystallography to determine the MEDI3902 PcrV epitope, using anti-PcrV Fab and PcrV components (resolved at 2.8 Å); and evaluated MEDI3902 protective activity against select isolates in vitro and in vivo. Results Intact psl operon and pcrV genes were present in 94% and 99% of isolates, respectively, and 99.9% of isolates contained at least one of the genetic elements. Anti-Psl binding was confirmed in tested isolates harboring a complete Psl operon or lacking nonessential psl genes. We identified 46 PcrV variant sequences, and MEDI3902-PcrV contact residues were preserved. MEDI3902 maintained potent in vivo activity against various strains, including strains expressing only a single target. Conclusions Psl and PcrV are highly prevalent in global clinical isolates, suggesting MEDI3902 can mediate broad coverage against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Tabor
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - V Oganesyan
- Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - A E Keller
- Microbial Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - L Yu
- Biostatistics, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - R E McLaughlin
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - E Song
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - P Warrener
- Microbial Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - K Rosenthal
- Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - M Esser
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Y Qi
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - A Ruzin
- Translational Medicine, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - C K Stover
- Microbial Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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41
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Effect of static magnetic field (200 mT) on biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:77-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ciofu O, Tolker-Nielsen T. Tolerance and Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms to Antimicrobial Agents-How P. aeruginosa Can Escape Antibiotics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:913. [PMID: 31130925 PMCID: PMC6509751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the six bacterial pathogens, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., which are commonly associated with antimicrobial resistance, and denoted by their acronym ESKAPE. P. aeruginosa is also recognized as an important cause of chronic infections due to its ability to form biofilms, where the bacteria are present in aggregates encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix and are difficult or impossible to eradicate with antibiotic treatment. P. aeruginosa causes chronic infections in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive lung disease, as well as chronic urinary tract infections in patients with permanent bladder catheter, and ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated patients, and is also an important pathogen in chronic wounds. Antibiotic treatment cannot eradicate these biofilm infections due to their intrinsic antibiotic tolerance and the development of mutational antibiotic resistance. The tolerance of biofilms to antibiotics is multifactorial involving physical, physiological, and genetic determinants, whereas the antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms is caused by mutations and driven by the repeated exposure of the bacteria to high levels of antibiotics. In this review, both the antimicrobial tolerance and the development of resistance to antibiotics in P. aeruginosa biofilms are discussed. Possible therapeutic approaches based on the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the tolerance and resistances of biofilms to antibiotics are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Ciofu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Costerton Biofilm Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Costerton Biofilm Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Identification of a lytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage depolymerase and its anti-biofilm effect and bactericidal contribution to serum. Virus Genes 2019; 55:394-405. [PMID: 30937696 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection has imposed a great threat to patients with cystic fibrosis. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, developing an alternative anti-microbial strategy is indispensable and more urgent than ever. In this study, a lytic P. aeruginosa phage was isolated from the sewage of a hospital, and one protein was predicted as the depolymerase-like protein by genomic sequence analysis, it includes two catalytic regions, the Pectate lyase_3 super family and Glycosyl hydrolase_28 super family. Further analysis demonstrated that recombinant depolymerase-like protein degraded P. aeruginosa exopolysaccharide and enhanced bactericidal activity mediated by serum in vitro. Additionally, this protein disrupted host bacterial biofilms. All of these results showed that the phage-derived depolymerase-like protein has the potential to be developed into an anti-microbial agent that targets P. aeruginosa.
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44
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Degrading of the Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilm by Extracellular Levanase SacC from Bacillus subtilis. BIONANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-018-0581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Yu Z, Kong Y, Luo Z, Liu T, Lin J. Anti-bacterial activity of mutant chensinin-1 peptide against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its effects on biofilm-associated gene expression. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2031-2038. [PMID: 30867692 PMCID: PMC6396000 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) are difficult to treat due to the low outer membrane permeability of the bacterium and the development of resistance. In the present study, the anti-microbial peptide (AMP) mutant chensinin-1 (MC1) was revealed to exhibit anti-bacterial activity against a multidrug-resistant PA (MRPA) strain in vitro, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was 25 µM, which was 4-fold higher than that of the native strain. MC1 was able to disrupt the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane in the native PA strain and MRPA and had a similar membrane depolarization ability in these strains, but the outer membrane permeability of MRPA cells was lower than that of native PA cells, as determined by a 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine assay. In addition, the abundance of the gene Psl encoding for biofilm-associated polysaccharides was detected using Congo red, and a high concentration of MC1 inhibited the formation of MRPA biofilms. Furthermore, the expression levels of biofilm-associated genes affected by the AMP, MC1, were quantified by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results indicated that MC1 induced biofilm inhibition by downregulating the relative expression of specific biofilm polysaccharide-associated genes, including pelA, algD and pslA. The present results indicated that the AMP MC1 may be an effective antibiotic against MRPA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Comprehensive Chemotherapy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Yi Kong
- Department of Comprehensive Chemotherapy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqin Luo
- Department of Comprehensive Chemotherapy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116081, P.R. China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Department of Comprehensive Chemotherapy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
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46
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Meirelles LA, Newman DK. Both toxic and beneficial effects of pyocyanin contribute to the lifecycle of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:995-1010. [PMID: 30230061 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen, produces redox-active pigments called phenazines. Pyocyanin (PYO, the blue phenazine) plays an important role during biofilm development. Paradoxically, PYO auto-poisoning can stimulate cell death and release of extracellular DNA (eDNA), yet PYO can also promote survival within biofilms when cells are oxidant-limited. Here, we identify the environmental and physiological conditions in planktonic culture that promote PYO-mediated cell death. We demonstrate that PYO auto-poisoning is enhanced when cells are starved for carbon. In the presence of PYO, cells activate a set of genes involved in energy-dependent defenses, including: (i) the oxidative stress response, (ii) RND efflux systems and (iii) iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis factors. P. aeruginosa can avoid PYO poisoning when reduced carbon is available, but blockage of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis either through carbon limitation or direct inhibition of the F0 F1 -ATP synthase triggers death and eDNA release. Finally, even though PYO is toxic to the majority of the population when cells are nutrient limited, a subset of cells is intrinsically PYO resistant. The effect of PYO on the producer population thus appears to be dynamic, playing dramatically different yet predictable roles throughout distinct stages of growth, helping rationalize its multifaceted contributions to biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Meirelles
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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Roy R, Tiwari M, Donelli G, Tiwari V. Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action. Virulence 2018; 9:522-554. [PMID: 28362216 PMCID: PMC5955472 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1313372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. The biofilm matrix surrounding bacteria makes them tolerant to harsh conditions and resistant to antibacterial treatments. Moreover, the biofilms are responsible for causing a broad range of chronic diseases and due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria it has really become difficult to treat them with efficacy. Furthermore, the antibiotics available till date are ineffective for treating these biofilm related infections due to their higher values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), which may result in in-vivo toxicity. Hence, it is critically important to design or screen anti-biofilm molecules that can effectively minimize and eradicate biofilm related infections. In the present article, we have highlighted the mechanism of biofilm formation with reference to different models and various methods used for biofilm detection. A major focus has been put on various anti-biofilm molecules discovered or tested till date which may include herbal active compounds, chelating agents, peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics and synthetic chemical compounds along with their structures, mechanism of action and their respective MICs, MBCs, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) as well as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values available in the literature so far. Different mode of action of anti biofilm molecules addressed here are inhibition via interference in the quorum sensing pathways, adhesion mechanism, disruption of extracellular DNA, protein, lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides and secondary messengers involved in various signaling pathways. From this study, we conclude that the molecules considered here might be used to treat biofilm-associated infections after significant structural modifications, thereby investigating its effective delivery in the host. It should also be ensured that minimum effective concentration of these molecules must be capable of eradicating biofilm infections with maximum potency without posing any adverse side effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Roy
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Gianfranco Donelli
- b Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome , Italy
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
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Abu Bakar M, McKimm J, Haque SZ, Majumder MAA, Haque M. Chronic tonsillitis and biofilms: a brief overview of treatment modalities. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:329-337. [PMID: 30233227 PMCID: PMC6134941 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s162486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent tonsillitis is described as when an individual suffers from several attacks of tonsillitis per year. Chronic and recurrent tonsillitis both cause repeated occurrences of inflamed tonsils which have a significant impact on a patient's quality of life. Numerous children suffer from recurrent tonsillitis and sore throats, and these illnesses become part of their life. Antimicrobials can provide temporary relief, but in many cases, tonsillitis recurs. The cause of such recurrent infections have been identified as microorganisms which often create biofilms and a repository of infection in the wet and warm folds of the tonsils. This review discusses different treatment modalities, their advantages and disadvantages, and new treatment options focusing on biofilms. All treatment options should be selected based on evidence and individual need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
| | - Judy McKimm
- Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, wales, UK
| | | | | | - Mainul Haque
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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49
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Borrok MJ, DiGiandomenico A, Beyaz N, Marchetti GM, Barnes AS, Lekstrom KJ, Phipps SS, McCarthy MP, Wu H, Dall'Acqua WF, Tsui P, Gupta R. Enhancing IgG distribution to lung mucosal tissue improves protective effect of anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibodies. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97844. [PMID: 29925682 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG antibodies are abundantly present in the vasculature but to a much lesser extent in mucosal tissues. This contrasts with antibodies of the IgA and IgM isotype that are present at high concentration in mucosal secretions due to active delivery by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). IgG is the preferred isotype for therapeutic mAb development due to its long serum half-life and robust Fc-mediated effector function, and it is utilized to treat a diverse array of diseases with antigen targets located in the vasculature, serosa, and mucosa. As therapeutic IgG antibodies targeting the luminal side of mucosal tissue lack an active transport delivery mechanism, we sought to generate IgG antibodies that could be transported via pIgR, similarly to dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM. We show that an anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgG fused with pIgR-binding peptides gained the ability to transcytose and be secreted via pIgR. Consistent with these results, pIgR-binding IgG antibodies exhibit enhanced localization to the bronchoalveolar space when compared with the parental IgG antibody. Furthermore, pIgR-binding mAbs maintained Fc-mediated functional activity and promoted enhanced survival compared with the parental mAb in a P. aeruginosa acute pneumonia model. Our results suggest that increasing IgG accumulation at mucosal surfaces by pIgR-mediated active transport can improve the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs that act at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriela M Marchetti
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering.,Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Disease, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering
| | | | - Ping Tsui
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Disease, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Skariyachan S, Sridhar VS, Packirisamy S, Kumargowda ST, Challapilli SB. Recent perspectives on the molecular basis of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and approaches for treatment and biofilm dispersal. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:413-432. [PMID: 29352409 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium causes widespread diseases in humans. This bacterium is frequently related to nosocomial infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and bacteriaemia especially in immunocompromised patients. The current review focuses on the recent perspectives on biofilms formation by these bacteria. Biofilms are communities of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often adhere to a surface. These adherent cells are usually embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Pel, psl and alg operons present in P. aeruginosa are responsible for the biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharide which plays an important role in cell surface interactions during biofilm formation. Recent studies suggested that cAMP signalling pathway, quorum-sensing pathway, Gac/Rsm pathway and c-di-GMP signalling pathway are the main mechanism that leads to the biofilm formation. Understanding the bacterial virulence depends on a number of cell-associated and extracellular factors and is very essential for the development of potential drug targets. Thus, the review focuses on the major genes involved in the biofilm formation, the state of art update on the biofilm treatment and the dispersal approaches such as targeting adhesion and maturation, targeting virulence factors and other strategies such as small molecule-based inhibitors, phytochemicals, bacteriophage therapy, photodynamic therapy, antimicrobial peptides and natural therapies and vaccines to curtail the biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinosh Skariyachan
- Department of Biotechnology, R & D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 078, India.
| | - Vaishnavi Sneha Sridhar
- Department of Biotechnology, R & D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 078, India
| | - Swathi Packirisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, R & D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 078, India
| | - Supreetha Toplar Kumargowda
- Department of Biotechnology, R & D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 078, India
| | - Sneha Basavaraj Challapilli
- Department of Biotechnology, R & D Centre, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 078, India
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