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Loivamaa I, Sillanpää A, Deptula P, Chamlagain B, Edelmann M, Auvinen P, Nyman TA, Savijoki K, Piironen V, Varmanen P. Aerobic adaptation and metabolic dynamics of Propionibacterium freudenreichii DSM 20271: insights from comparative transcriptomics and surfaceome analysis. mSystems 2024:e0061524. [PMID: 39345151 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00615-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium freudenreichii (PFR) DSM 20271T is a bacterium known for its ability to thrive in diverse environments and to produce vitamin B12. Despite its anaerobic preference, recent studies have elucidated its ability to prosper in the presence of oxygen, prompting a deeper exploration of its physiology under aerobic conditions. Here, we investigated the response of DSM 20271T to aerobic growth by employing comparative transcriptomic and surfaceome analyses alongside metabolite profiling. Cultivation under controlled partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) conditions revealed significant increases in biomass formation and altered metabolite production, notably of vitamin B12, pseudovitamin-B12, propionate, and acetate, under aerobic conditions. Transcriptomic analysis identified differential expression of genes involved in lactate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and electron transport chain, suggesting metabolic adjustments to aerobic environments. Moreover, surfaceome analysis unveiled growth environment-dependent changes in surface protein abundance, with implications for adaptation to atmospheric conditions. Supplementation experiments with key compounds highlighted the potential for enhancing aerobic growth, emphasizing the importance of iron and α-ketoglutarate availability. Furthermore, in liquid culture, FeSO4 supplementation led to increased heme production and reduced vitamin B12 production, highlighting the impact of oxygen and iron availability on the metabolic pathways. These findings deepen our understanding of PFR's physiological responses to oxygen availability and offer insights for optimizing its growth in industrial applications. IMPORTANCE The study of the response of Propionibacterium freudenreichii to aerobic growth is crucial for understanding how this bacterium adapts to different environments and produces essential compounds like vitamin B12. By investigating its physiological changes under aerobic conditions, we can gain insights into its metabolic adjustments and potential for enhanced growth. These findings not only deepen our understanding of P. freudenreichii's responses to oxygen availability but also offer valuable information for optimizing its growth in industrial applications. This research sheds light on the adaptive mechanisms of this bacterium, providing a foundation for further exploration and potential applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iida Loivamaa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Sillanpää
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paulina Deptula
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bhawani Chamlagain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minnamari Edelmann
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vieno Piironen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Varmanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Doan MT, Neinast MD, Varner EL, Bedi KC, Bartee D, Jiang H, Trefely S, Xu P, Singh JP, Jang C, Rame JE, Brady DC, Meier JL, Marguiles KB, Arany Z, Snyder NW. Direct anabolic metabolism of three carbon propionate to a six carbon metabolite occurs in vivo across tissues and species. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100224. [PMID: 35568254 PMCID: PMC9189226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic metabolism of carbon in mammals is mediated via the one- and two-carbon carriers S-adenosyl methionine and acetyl-coenzyme A. In contrast, anabolic metabolism of three-carbon units via propionate has not been shown to extensively occur. Mammals are primarily thought to oxidize the three-carbon short chain fatty acid propionate by shunting propionyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA for entry into the TCA cycle. Here, we found that this may not be absolute as, in mammals, one nonoxidative fate of propionyl-CoA is to condense to two three-carbon units into a six-carbon trans-2-methyl-2-pentenoyl-CoA (2M2PE-CoA). We confirmed this reaction pathway using purified protein extracts provided limited substrates and verified the product via LC-MS using a synthetic standard. In whole-body in vivo stable isotope tracing following infusion of 13C-labeled valine at steady state, 2M2PE-CoA was found to form via propionyl-CoA in multiple murine tissues, including heart, kidney, and to a lesser degree, in brown adipose tissue, liver, and tibialis anterior muscle. Using ex vivo isotope tracing, we found that 2M2PE-CoA also formed in human myocardial tissue incubated with propionate to a limited extent. While the complete enzymology of this pathway remains to be elucidated, these results confirm the in vivo existence of at least one anabolic three- to six-carbon reaction conserved in humans and mice that utilizes propionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Doan
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Neinast
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erika L Varner
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Bedi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Bartee
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Helen Jiang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peining Xu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay P Singh
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - J Eduardo Rame
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donita C Brady
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jordan L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Kenneth B Marguiles
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Fermentative production of propionic acid: prospects and limitations of microorganisms and substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6199-6213. [PMID: 34410439 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid is an important organic acid with wide industrial applications, especially in the food industry. It is currently produced from petrochemicals via chemical routes. Increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and a growing consumer preference for bio-based products have led to interest in fermentative production of propionic acid, but it is not yet competitive with chemical production. To improve the economic feasibility and sustainability of bio-propionic acid, fermentation performance in terms of concentration, yield, and productivity must be improved and the cost of raw materials must be reduced. These goals require robust microbial producers and inexpensive renewable feedstocks, so the present review focuses on bacterial producers of propionic acid and promising sources of substrates as carbon sources. Emphasis is placed on assessing the capacity of propionibacteria and the various approaches pursued in an effort to improve their performance through metabolic engineering. A wide range of substrates employed in propionic acid fermentation is analyzed with particular interest in the prospects of inexpensive renewable feedstocks, such as cellulosic biomass and industrial residues, to produce cost-competitive bio-propionic acid. KEY POINTS: • Fermentative propionic acid production emerges as competitor to chemical synthesis. • Various bacteria synthesize propionic acid, but propionibacteria are the best producers. • Biomass substrates hold promise to reduce propionic acid fermentation cost.
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Assessment of the Efficiency of Aliquat 336+Rice Bran Oil for Separation of Acrylic Acid from Aqueous Solution Using Reactive Extraction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2017-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biomass is an attractive target in process development for the emerging renewable resources based bio-refinery industry. Due to the ample range of application of acrylic acid, its production through bio-route received more awareness in scientific fraternity. In this view, an attempted was made to study the reactive extraction of acrylic acid with aliquat 336 in rice bran oil. Moreover, Box-Behnken matrix was employed to corroborate the effects of process variables viz. concentration of acrylic acid [CAA]aq, concentration of aliquat 336 [CR4N+Cl], and temperature on the extraction efficiency (η%). In physical extraction, average extraction efficiency was found in the order as: 43.55 > 35.36 > 29.14 at 303 K, 323 K, and 343 K respectively in rice bran oil. The correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.988 % indicates the appropriateness of proposed model to predict the extraction efficiency in terms of independent variables, and the predicted values were found in close agreement with that of experimental results. Further, R2(Pred) = 0.806 is in reasonable agreement with the R2(Adj) = 0.972. The optimum conditions for extraction of acrylic acid using aliquat 336 as an extractant in rice bran oil are [CAA]aq = 0.0.5 (mol/kg); [CR4N+Cl] = 1.98 (mol/kg); temperature = 323 K and the model predicted extraction efficiency 77.5 % was found to be an excellent fit with the experimental value 75 %. Further, number of theoretical stages was found to be 3 and S/F ratio 0.247.
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Miceli JF, Torres CI, Krajmalnik-Brown R. Shifting the balance of fermentation products between hydrogen and volatile fatty acids: microbial community structure and function. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw195. [PMID: 27633926 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation is a key process in many anaerobic environments. Varying the concentration of electron donor fed to a fermenting community is known to shift the distribution of products between hydrogen, fatty acids and alcohols. Work to date has focused mainly on the fermentation of glucose, and how the microbial community structure is affected has not been explored. We fed ethanol, lactate, glucose, sucrose or molasses at 100 me- eq. L-1, 200 me- eq. L-1 or 400 me- eq. L-1 to batch-fed cultures with fermenting, methanogenic communities. In communities fed high concentrations of electron donor, the fraction of electrons channeled to methane decreased, from 34% to 6%, while the fraction of electrons channeled to short chain fatty acids increased, from 52% to 82%, averaged across all electron donors. Ethanol-fed cultures did not produce propionate, but did show an increase in electrons directed to acetate as initial ethanol concentration increased. In glucose, sucrose, molasses and lactate-fed cultures, propionate accumulation co-occurred with known propionate producing organisms. Overall, microbial communities were determined by the substrate provided, rather than its initial concentration, indicating that a change in community function, rather than community structure, is responsible for shifts in the fermentation products produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Miceli
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe 85287, Arizona, USA
| | - César I Torres
- Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe 85287, Arizona, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe 85287, Arizona, USA
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Amino Acid-Fermenting Clostridium propionicum X2 (DSM 1682). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00294-16. [PMID: 27081148 PMCID: PMC4832176 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00294-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium propionicum is a strict anaerobic, Gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the clostridial cluster XIVb. The genome consists of one replicon (3.1 Mb) and harbors 2,936 predicted protein-encoding genes. The genome encodes all enzymes required for fermentation of the amino acids α-alanine, β-alanine, serine, threonine, and methionine.
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Schulz K, Hunger S, Brown GG, Tsai SM, Cerri CC, Conrad R, Drake HL. Methanogenic food web in the gut contents of methane-emitting earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae from Brazil. THE ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:1778-92. [PMID: 25615437 PMCID: PMC4511933 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The anoxic saccharide-rich conditions of the earthworm gut provide an ideal transient habitat for ingested microbes capable of anaerobiosis. It was recently discovered that the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae from Brazil can emit methane (CH4) and that ingested methanogens might be associated with this emission. The objective of this study was to resolve trophic interactions of bacteria and methanogens in the methanogenic food web in the gut contents of E. eugeniae. RNA-based stable isotope probing of bacterial 16S rRNA as well as mcrA and mrtA (the alpha subunit of methyl-CoM reductase and its isoenzyme, respectively) of methanogens was performed with [(13)C]-glucose as a model saccharide in the gut contents. Concomitant fermentations were augmented by the rapid consumption of glucose, yielding numerous products, including molecular hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), formate, acetate, ethanol, lactate, succinate and propionate. Aeromonadaceae-affiliated facultative aerobes, and obligate anaerobes affiliated to Lachnospiraceae, Veillonellaceae and Ruminococcaceae were associated with the diverse fermentations. Methanogenesis was ongoing during incubations, and (13)C-labeling of CH4 verified that supplemental [(13)C]-glucose derived carbon was dissimilated to CH4. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens affiliated with Methanobacteriaceae and Methanoregulaceae were linked to methanogenesis, and acetogens related to Peptostreptoccocaceae were likewise found to be participants in the methanogenic food web. H2 rather than acetate stimulated methanogenesis in the methanogenic gut content enrichments, and acetogens appeared to dissimilate supplemental H2 to acetate in methanogenic enrichments. These findings provide insight on the processes and associated taxa potentially linked to methanogenesis and the turnover of organic carbon in the alimentary canal of methane-emitting E. eugeniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schulz
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sindy Hunger
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Siu M Tsai
- CENA-USP, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Cerri
- CENA-USP, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralf Conrad
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harold L Drake
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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8
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Development of an industrializable fermentation process for propionic acid production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:837-52. [PMID: 24627047 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) is a short-chain fatty acid with wide industrial application including uses in pharmaceuticals, herbicides, cosmetics, and food preservatives. As a three-carbon building block, PA also has potential as a precursor for high-volume commodity chemicals such as propylene. Currently, most PA is manufactured through petrochemical routes, which can be tied to increasing prices and volatility due to difficulty in demand forecasting and feedstock availability. Herein described are research advancements to develop an industrially feasible, renewable route to PA. Seventeen Propionibacterium strains were screened using glucose and sucrose as the carbon source to identify the best platform strain. Propionibacterium acidipropionici ATCC 4875 was selected as the platform strain and subsequent fermentation optimization studies were performed to maximize productivity and yield. Fermentation productivity was improved three-fold to exceed 2 g/l/h by densifying the inoculum source. Byproduct levels, particularly lactic and succinic acid, were reduced by optimizing fermentor headspace pressure and shear. Following achievement of commercially viable productivities, the lab-grade medium components were replaced with industrial counterparts to further reduce fermentation costs. A pure enzymatically treated corn mash (ECM) medium improved the apparent PA yield to 0.6 g/g (PA produced/glucose consumed), but it came at the cost of reduced productivity. Supplementation of ECM with cyanocobalamin restored productivity to near lab-grade media levels. The optimized ECM recipe achieved a productivity of 0.5 g/l/h with an apparent PA yield of 0.60 g/g corresponding to a media cost <1 USD/kg of PA. These improvements significantly narrow the gap between the fermentation and incumbent petrochemical processes, which is estimated to have a manufacturing cost of 0.82 USD/kg in 2017.
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Herrmann G, Selmer T, Jessen HJ, Gokarn RR, Selifonova O, Gort SJ, Buckel W. Two beta-alanyl-CoA:ammonia lyases in Clostridium propionicum. FEBS J 2005; 272:813-21. [PMID: 15670161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2004.04518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The fermentation of beta-alanine by Clostridium propionicum proceeds via activation to the CoA-thiol ester, followed by deamination to acryloyl-CoA, which is also an intermediate in the fermentation of l-alanine. By shifting the organism from the carbon and energy source alpha-alanine to beta-alanine, the enzyme beta-alanyl-CoA:ammonia lyase is induced 300-fold (approximately 30% of the soluble protein). The low basal lyase activity is encoded by the acl1 gene, whereas the almost identical acl2 gene (six amino acid substitutions) is responsible for the high activity after growth on beta-alanine. The deduced beta-alanyl-CoA:ammonia lyase proteins are related to putative beta-aminobutyryl-CoA ammonia lyases involved in lysine fermentation and found in the genomes of several anaerobic bacteria. beta-Alanyl-CoA:ammonia lyase 2 was purified to homogeneity and characterized as a heteropentamer composed of 16 kDa subunits. The apparent K(m) value for acryloyl-CoA was measured as 23 +/- 4 microm, independent of the concentration of the second substrate ammonia; k(cat)/K(m) was calculated as 10(7) m(-1) x s(-1). The apparent K(m) for ammonia was much higher, 70 +/- 5 mm at 150 microm acryloyl-CoA with a much lower k(cat)/K(m) of 4 x 10(3) m(-1) x s(-1). In the reverse reaction, a K(m) of 210 +/- 30 microM was obtained for beta-alanyl-CoA. The elimination of ammonia was inhibited by 70% at 100 mm ammonium chloride. The content of beta-alanyl-CoA:ammonia lyase in beta-alanine grown cells is about 100 times higher than that required to sustain the growth rate of the organism. It is therefore suggested that the enzyme is needed to bind acryloyl-CoA, in order to keep the toxic free form at a very low level. A formula was derived for the calculation of isomerization equilibra between L-alanine/beta-alanine or D-lactate/3-hydroxypropionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Herrmann
- Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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PAZUR JH, SHUEY EW, GEORGI CE. The conversion of D-xylose into volatile organic acids by rumen bacteria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 77:387-94. [PMID: 13584002 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(58)90086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Deborde C, Boyaval P. Interactions between pyruvate and lactate metabolism in Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii: in vivo (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:2012-20. [PMID: 10788375 PMCID: PMC101448 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.5.2012-2020.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to elucidate the pathways and the regulation of pyruvate metabolism and pyruvate-lactate cometabolism noninvasively in living-cell suspensions of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. The most important result of this work concerns the modification of fluxes of pyruvate metabolism induced by the presence of lactate. Pyruvate was temporarily converted to lactate and alanine; the flux to acetate synthesis was maintained, but the flux to propionate synthesis was increased; and the reverse flux of the first part of the Wood-Werkman cycle, up to acetate synthesis, was decreased. Pyruvate was consumed at apparent initial rates of 148 and 90 micromol. min(-1). g(-1) (cell dry weight) when it was the sole substrate or cometabolized with lactate, respectively. Lactate was consumed at an apparent initial rate of 157 micromol. min(-1). g(-1) when it was cometabolized with pyruvate. P. shermanii used several pathways, namely, the Wood-Werkman cycle, synthesis of acetate and CO(2), succinate synthesis, gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and alanine synthesis, to manage its pyruvate pool sharply. In both types of experiments, acetate synthesis and the Wood-Werkman cycle were the metabolic pathways used most.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Deborde
- INRA, Laboratoire de Recherche de Technologie Laitière, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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BALDWIN RL, WOOD WA, EMERY RS. Conversion of lactate-C14 to propionate by the rumen microflora. J Bacteriol 1998; 83:907-13. [PMID: 13864343 PMCID: PMC279373 DOI: 10.1128/jb.83.4.907-913.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Baldwin, R. L. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), W. A. Wood, and R. S. Emery. Conversion of lactate-C(14) to propionate by the rumen microflora. J. Bacteriol. 83:907-913. 1962.-Rumen microflora enriched on five different diets calculated to present increasing carbohydrate or lactate availability were used to determine the contribution of the randomizing (succinate) and nonrandomizing (acrylate) routes to propionate with lactate-2-C(14) and -3-C(14) as substrates. Propionate was labeled as though 70 to 90% was formed via the nonrandomizing route. This percentage was highest on diets containing high levels of carbohydrate or lactate or both. Evidence for the presence of succinic dehydrogenase, acetokinase, phosphotransacetylase, and coenzyme A transphorase was obtained with cell-free extracts. Propionate-2-C(14) and lactate-2-C(14) were converted by extracts to the activated derivatives of acrylate, lactate, propionate, and acetate.
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Glycerol fermentation by a new 1,3-propanediol-producing microorganism:Enterobacter agglomerans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02431909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Houwen FP, Dijkema C, Stams AJ, Zehnder AJ. Propionate metabolism in anaerobic bacteria; determination of carboxylation reactions with 13C-NMR spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thompson TE, Zeikus JG. Regulation of carbon and electron flow in Propionispira arboris: relationship of catabolic enzyme levels to carbon substrates fermented during propionate formation via the methylmalonyl coenzyme A pathway. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:3996-4000. [PMID: 3410821 PMCID: PMC211401 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.9.3996-4000.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed study of the glucose fermentation pathway and the modulation of catabolic oxidoreductase activities by energy sources (i.e., glucose versus lactate or fumarate) in Propionispira arboris was performed. 14C radiotracer data show the CO2 produced from pyruvate oxidation comes exclusively from the C-3 and C-4 positions of glucose. Significant specific activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase were detected, which substantiates the utilization of the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas path for glucose metabolism. The methylmalonyl coenzyme A pathway for pyruvate reduction to propionate was established by detection of significant activities (greater than 16 nmol/min per mg of protein) of methylmalonyl coenzyme A transcarboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, and fumarate reductase in cell-free extracts and by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic demonstration of randomization of label from [2-13C]pyruvate into positions 2 and 3 of propionate. The specific activity of pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, and transcarboxylase varied significantly in cells grown on different energy sources. D-Lactate dehydrogenase (non-NADH linked) was present in cells of P. arboris grown on lactate but not in cells grown on glucose or fumarate. These results indicate that growth substrates regulate synthesis of enzymes specific for the methylmalonyl coenzyme A path and initial substrate transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Thompson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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17
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Schink B, Kremer DR, Hansen TA. Pathway of propionate formation from ethanol in Pelobacter propionicus. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00406127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Genetics and Biochemistry of Clostridium Relevant to Development of Fermentation Processes. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lactate reduction in Clostridium propionicum. Purification and properties of lactyl-CoA dehydratase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Direct Demonstration of Lactate–Acrylate Interconversion in Clostridium Propionicum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt1183-791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Wood HG. Metabolic cycles in the fermentation by propionic acid bacteria. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1981; 18:255-87. [PMID: 7273844 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152818-8.50021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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24
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Macy JM, Ljungdahl LG, Gottschalk G. Pathway of succinate and propionate formation in Bacteroides fragilis. J Bacteriol 1978; 134:84-91. [PMID: 148460 PMCID: PMC222221 DOI: 10.1128/jb.134.1.84-91.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell suspensions of Bacteroides fragilis were allowed to ferment glucose and lactate labeled with (14)C in different positions. The fermentation products, propionate and acetate, were isolated, and the distribution of radioactivity was determined. An analysis of key enzymes of possible pathways was also made. The results of the labeling experiments showed that: (i) B. fragilis ferments glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway; and (ii) there was a randomization of carbons 1, 2, and 6 of glucose during conversion to propionate, which is in accordance with propionate formation via fumarate and succinate. The enzymes 6-phosphofrucktokinase (pyrophosphate-dependent), fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, and methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase could be demonstrated in cell extracts. Their presence supported the labeling results and suggested that propionate is formed from succinate via succinyl-, methylmalonyl-, and propionyl-coenzyme A. From the results it also is clear that CO(2) is necessary for growth because it is needed for the formation of C4 acids. There was also a randomization of carbons 1, 2, and 6 of glucose during conversion to acetate, which indicated that pyruvate kinase played a minor role in pyruvate formation from phosphoenolpyruvate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase, and malic enzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent) were present in cell extracts of B. fragilis, and the results of the labeling experiments agreed with pyruvate synthesis via oxaloacetate and malate if these acids are in equilibrium with fumarate. The conversion of [2-(14)C]- and [3-(14)C]lactate to acetate was not associated with a randomization of radioactivity.
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Abstract
AdultHaemonchus contortusobtained from freshly killed sheep were incubated in a medium similar to Tyrode's saline containing known amounts of D-[U-14C]glucose. The worms appeared to remain in a healthy condition throughout the incubations which lasted for up to 6 h. All the radioactivity was recovered either within the worms or in the incubation vessel in the form of CO2, excretory products and unmetabolized glucose. An oxygen electrode in the incubation liquid showed that, because of their rapid oxygen consumption, the worms were under anaerobic conditions during all or nearly all of the incubation period, despite the presence of oxygen in the gas phase of the vessel. In terms both of quantity and radioactivity the main excretory products in solution were propan-1-ol, propionate and acetate. Smaller amounts of ethanol, lactate and succinate were excreted. Much radioactivity was associated with the expired CO2. At the end of the incubations glucose other than the initial radioactive glucose was detected indicating that the absorption of glucose byH. contortusis complex and needs further investigation. The present experiments suggest that the rate of absorption depends on the worm's need for nutrients. The results are compared with those found for other parasitic nematodes, particularlyAscaris lumbricoides, Heterakis gallinaeandTrichuris vulpis.The importance of CO2fixation in the utilization of energy from glucose byH. contortusis discussed.
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26
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Abstract
Two pathways are involved in the fermentation of glutamate to acetate, butyrate, carbon dioxide, and ammonia-the methylaspartate and the hydroxyglutarate pathways which are used by Clostridium tetanomorphum and Peptococcus aerogenes, respectively. Although these pathways give rise to the same products, they are easily distinguished by different labeling patterns of the butyrate when [4-(14)C]glutamate is used as substrate. Schmidt degradation of the radioactive butyrate from C. tetanomorphum yielded equally labeled propionate and carbon dioxide, whereas nearly all the radioactivity of the butyrate from P. aerogenes was recovered in the corresponding propionate. This procedure was used as a test for the pathway of glutamate fermentation by 15 strains (9 species) of anaerobic bacteria. The labeling patterns of the butyrate indicate that glutamate is fermented via the methylaspartate pathway by C. tetani, C. cochlearium, and C. saccarobutyricum, and via the hydroxyglutarate pathway by Acidaminococcus fermentans, C. microsporum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and F. fusiformis. Enzymes specific for each pathway were assayed in crude extracts of the above organisms. 3-Methylaspartase was found only in clostridia which use the methylaspartate pathway, including Clostridium SB4 and C. sticklandii, which probably degrade glutamate to acetate and carbon dioxide by using a second amino acid as hydrogen acceptor. High levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase were found exclusively in organisms that use the hydroxyglutarate pathway. The data indicate that only two pathways are involved in the fermentation of glutamate by the bacteria analyzed. The methylaspartate pathway appears to be used only by species of Clostridium, whereas the hydroxyglutarate pathway is used by representatives of several genera.
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Blevins WT, Perry JJ. Metabolism of Propane,
n
-Propylamine, and Propionate by Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Bacteria. J Bacteriol 1972; 112:513-8. [PMID: 16559164 PMCID: PMC251438 DOI: 10.1128/jb.112.1.513-518.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were conducted on the oxidation and assimilation of various three-carbon compounds by a gram-positive rod isolated from soil and designated strain R-22. This organism can utilize propane, propionate, or
n
-propylamine as sole source of carbon and energy. Respiration rates, enzyme assays, and
14
CO
2
incorporation experiments suggest that propane is metabolized via methyl ketone formation; propionate and
n
-propylamine are metabolized via the methylmalonyl-succinate pathway. Isocitrate lyase activity was found in cells grown on acetate and was not present in cells grown on propionate or
n
-propylamine.
14
CO
2
was incorporated into pyruvate when propionate and
n
-propylamine were oxidized in the presence of NaAsO
2
, but insignificant radioactivity was found in pyruvate produced during the oxidation of propane and acetone. The
n
-propylamine dissimilatory mechanism was inducible in strain R-22, and amine dehydrogenase activity was detected in cells grown on
n
-propylamine. Radiorespirometer and
14
CO
2
incorporation studies with several propane-utilizing organisms indicate that the methylmalonyl-succinate pathway is the predominant one for the metabolism of propionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Blevins
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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28
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Wegener WS, Reeves HC, Rabin R, Ajl SJ. Alternate pathways of metabolism of short-chain fatty acids. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968; 32:1-26. [PMID: 4869938 PMCID: PMC378289 DOI: 10.1128/br.32.1.1-26.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wegener WS, Reeves HC, Ajl SJ. Propionate metabolism. II. Factors regulating adaptation of Escherichia coli to propionate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 123:55-61. [PMID: 4865807 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Satter L, Suttie J, Baumgardt B. Influence of Accompanying Substrate on In Vitro Volatile Fatty Acid Formation from α-Cellulose-14C. J Dairy Sci 1967. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(67)87684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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32
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Alanine and aspartate formation during growth on valine-C14 by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 1966; 92:72-5. [PMID: 4957438 PMCID: PMC276197 DOI: 10.1128/jb.92.1.72-75.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sokatch, J. R. (University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City). Alanine and aspartate formation during growth on valine-C(14) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 92:72-75. 1966.-Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown with dl-valine-4,4'-C(14) synthesized alanine labeled mainly in carbons 1 and 3, indicating that the isopropyl carbons of valine were the precursors of pyruvate for alanine formation by a pathway which did not involve randomization of isotope. Alanine from cells grown on valine-1-C(14) contained isotope only in the carboxyl carbon, suggesting another route to pyruvate from valine by carbon dioxide fixation. Oxidation of valine to propionyl-coenzyme A (CoA), as it occurs in animal tissues, followed by the oxidation of propionyl-CoA to acrylyl-CoA, lactyl-CoA, and pyruvate, would account for the isotope data. Cells grown on valine oxidized valine, isobutyrate, and propionate immediately, whereas cells grown on acetate did not oxidize valine or isobutyrate and required an induction period before propionate was oxidized. P. aeruginosa grown with propionate-1-C(14) or propionate-2-C(14) formed alanine-1-C(14) and alanine-2-C(14), respectively, which agrees with the contention that at least part of the propionate is oxidized via the acrylate pathway. Aspartate formed from valine-1-C(14) was labeled only in the carboxyl carbons, whereas that formed from valine-4,4'-C(14) was labeled in all four carbons, but most heavily in carbons 1 and 3. These data suggest that the main route for the formation of the carbon skeleton of aspartate was by a C(3) plus C(1) condensation, with the C(3) unit derived from the isopropyl carbons of valine and the C(1) unit probably from carbon dioxide.
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33
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Stjernholm R, Wood HG. Glycerol Dissimilation and Occurrence of a Symmetrical Three-Carbon Intermediate in Propionic Acid Fermentation. J Biol Chem 1960. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Saz HJ, Vidrine A. The Mechanism of Formation of Succinate and Propionate by Ascaris lumbricoides Muscle. J Biol Chem 1959. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Pomerantz SH. A MASS ANALYSIS STUDY OF THE METABOLISM OF PROPIONATE BY PROPIONIBACTERIUM ARABINOSUM. J Biol Chem 1958. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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39
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A MASS ANALYSIS STUDY OF FORMALDEHYDE FIXATION AND CLEAVAGE OF LACTATE BY PROPIONIBACTERIUM ARABINOSUM. J Biol Chem 1958. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Swim H, Utter M. [24] Isotopic experimentation with intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Methods Enzymol 1957. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(57)04072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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LEAVER FW, STJERNHOLM R, WOOD HG. The role of succinate as a precursor of propionate in the propionic acid fermentation. J Bacteriol 1956; 72:142-52. [PMID: 13366890 PMCID: PMC357870 DOI: 10.1128/jb.72.2.142-152.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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WOOD HG, STJERNHOLM R, LEAVER FW. The metabolism of labeled glucose by the propionic acid bacteria. J Bacteriol 1955; 70:510-20. [PMID: 13271285 PMCID: PMC357705 DOI: 10.1128/jb.70.5.510-520.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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