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van Mastrigt O, Mager EE, Jamin C, Abee T, Smid EJ. Citrate, low pH and amino acid limitation induce citrate utilization in Lactococcus lactis biovar diacetylactis. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:369-380. [PMID: 29215194 PMCID: PMC5812246 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis, citrate transport is facilitated by the plasmid-encoded citrate permease (CitP). In this work, we analysed regulation of citrate utilization by pH, nutrient limitation and the presence of citrate at four different levels: (i) plasmid copy number, (ii) citP transcription, (iii) citP mRNA processing and (iv) citrate utilization capacity. Citrate was supplied as cosubstrate together with lactose. The citP gene is known to be induced in cells grown at low pH. However, we demonstrated that transcription of citP was even higher in the presence of citrate (3.8-fold compared with 2.0-fold). The effect of citrate has been overlooked by other researchers because they determined the effect of citrate using M17 medium, which already contains 0.80 ± 0.07 mM citrate. The plasmid copy number increased in cells grown under amino acid limitation (1.6-fold) and/or at low pH (1.4-fold). No significant differences in citP mRNA processing were found. Citrate utilization rates increased from approximately 1 to 65 μmol min-1 gDW-1 from lowest to highest citP expression. Acetoin formation increased during growth in an acidic environment due to induction of the acetoin pathway. Quantification of the relative contributions allowed us to construct a model for regulation of citrate utilization in L. lactis biovar diacetylactis. This knowledge will help to select conditions to improve flavour formation from citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar van Mastrigt
- Laboratory of Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Emma E. Mager
- Laboratory of Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Casper Jamin
- Laboratory of Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Laboratory of Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eddy J. Smid
- Laboratory of Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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2
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Kempler GM, McKay LL. Characterization of Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis: Evidence for Plasmid-Linked Citrate Utilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 37:316-23. [PMID: 16345346 PMCID: PMC243207 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.2.316-323.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Streptococcus diacetylactis as a flavor producer in dairy fermentations is dependent upon its ability to produce diacetyl from citrate. Treatment of S. diacetylactis strains 18-16 and DRC1 with acridine orange resulted in the conversion of approximately 2% of the DRC1 population and 20% of the 18-16 population to citrate negative, which is indicative of the involvement of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Growth in the presence of acridine orange also resulted in the appearance of 2% lactose-negative derivatives in S. diacetylactis 18-16 and 99% lactose-defective, proteinase-negative derivatives in S. diacetylactis DRC1. Cesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium density gradients of cleared lysate material from each strain revealed the presence of covalently closed circular DNA. Samples of this covalently closed circular DNA were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the plasmid composition of each strain. S. diacetylactis 18-16 was found to possess six plasmids, of approximately 41, 28, 6.4, 5.5, 3.4, and 3.0 megadaltons (Mdal). S. diacetylactis DRC1 contained six plasmids, of approximately 41, 31, 18, 5.5, 4.5, and 3.7 Mdal. Variants of S. diacetylactis 18-16 which failed to produce acetoin plus diacetyl from citrate (citrate negative) were missing a 5.5-Mdal plasmid. Lactose-negative mutants of the same strain were devoid of a 41-Mdal plasmid. Lactose-defective, proteinase-negative mutants of S. diacetylactis DRC1 were missing a 31-Mdal plasmid. The citrate-negative mutants of S. diacetylactis DRC1 isolated in this study did not possess a 5.5-Mdal plasmid. Thus, we have evidence that there is a correlation between the ability to utilize citrate and the presence of a 5.5-Mdal plasmid. A relationship was also noted between lactose fermentation and proteinase activity and plasmid DNA in S. diacetylactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Kempler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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3
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Dwivedi BK, Shahani KM, Arnold RG. The role of enzymes in food flavors part I: Dairy products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408397309527150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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5
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Cachon R, Diviès C. Kinetics of lactate fermentation and citrate bioconversion by LactococcusIactisssp.Iactisin batch culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Kennes C, Dubourguler H, Albagnac G, Nyns EJ. Citrate metabolism byLactobacillus plantarumisolated from orange juice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb02952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Milliere J, Mathot AG, Schmitt P, Divies C. Phenotypic characterization ofLeuconostocspecies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Gopal P, Davey G, Crow V, Pillidge C, Coolbear T, Holland R. Extracellular material fromLeuconostoc mesenteroidessubsp.dextranicummediates the aggregation of lactococcal cells: implications for the isolation of single strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Growth energetics of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis in cometabolism of citrate and glucose. Int Dairy J 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(00)00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Boumerdassi H, Monnet C, Desmazeaud M, Corrieu G. Isolation and properties of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis CNRZ 483 mutants producing diacetyl and acetoin from glucose. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2293-9. [PMID: 9172349 PMCID: PMC168522 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.6.2293-2299.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following treatment with the mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, three mutants of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis CNRZ 483 that produced diacetyl and acetoin from glucose were isolated. The lactate dehydrogenase activity of these mutants was strongly attenuated, and the mutants produced less lactate than the parental strain. The kinetic properties of lactate dehydrogenase of strain CNRZ 483 and the mutants revealed differences in the affinity of the enzyme for pyruvate, NADH, and fructose-1,6-diphosphate. When cultured aerobically, strain CNRZ 483 transformed 2.3% of glucose to acetoin and produced no diacetyl or 2,3-butanediol. Under the same conditions, mutants 483L1, 483L2, and 483L3 transformed 42.0, 78.9, and 75.8%, respectively, of glucose to C4 compounds (diacetyl, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol). Anaerobically, strain CNRZ 483 produced no C4 compounds, while mutants 483L1, 483L2, and 483L3 transformed 2.0, 37.0, and 25.8% of glucose to acetoin and 2,3-butanediol. In contrast to the parental strain, the NADH balance showed that the mutants regenerated most of the NAD via NADH oxidase under aerobic conditions and by ethanol production under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boumerdassi
- Laboratoire de Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Thiverval Grignon, France
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11
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de Figueroa RM, Benito de Cárdenas IL, Sesma F, Alvarez F, de Ruiz Holgado AP, Oliver G. Inducible transport of citrate in Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1996; 81:348-54. [PMID: 8896349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 exhibited diauxie when grown in a medium containing both glucose and citrate as energy source. Glucose was used as the primary energy source during the glucose-citrate diauxie. Uptake of citrate was carried out by an inducible citrate transport system. The induction of citrate uptake system was repressed in the presence of glucose. This repression was reversible and mediated by cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M de Figueroa
- Cátedra de Microbiología General, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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12
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Figueroa R, Cárdenas IB, Sesma F, Alvarez F, Holgado ADR, Oliver G. Inducible transport of citrate in Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. J Appl Microbiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Boumerdassi H, Desmazeaud M, Monnet C, Boquien C, Corrieu G. Improvement of Diacetyl Production by Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis CNRZ 483 Through Oxygen Control. J Dairy Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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López de Felipe F, Magni C, de Mendoza D, López P. Transcriptional activation of the citrate permease P gene of Lactococcus lactis biovar diacetylactis by an insertion sequence-like element present in plasmid pCIT264. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 250:428-36. [PMID: 8602160 DOI: 10.1007/bf02174031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The lactococcal plasmid pCIT264 contains a cluster of three genes (citQ, citR and citP) involved in the transport of citrate in Lactococcus lactis biovar diacetylactis. The cit cluster contains a copy of a newly discovered insertion sequence (IS)-like element located between its promoter P1 and the first gene of the cluster. In this report, we show that this IS-like element can act as a mobile switch for the downstream genes, creating two new transcriptional promoters named P2 and P2'. The P2 promoter is recognized by the lactococcal RNA polymerase in vivo. This is a hybrid promoter composed of a -35 region reading outwards 12bp from the right end of the IS-like element, and a nucleotide sequence from the recipient plasmid, adjacent to the element, which provides an appropriately spaced -10 region. Transcription of the citQRP cluster from this promoter takes place during the exponential and stationary phases of growth in L. lactis. Promoter P2' is included in the IS-like element and is the only promoter responsible for expression of citP in E. coli. Thus, it appears that the introduction of this element into pCIT264 allows expression of the citQRP cluster in E. coli, and increases its levels of expression in L. lactis.
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15
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Quantification of citrate lyase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining the population of Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis biovar diacetylactis in pure and mixed cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00164482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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17
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Cachon R, Divi�s C. Generalized model of the effect of pH on lactate fermentation and citrate bioconversion in Lactococcus lactis ssp. Lactis biovar. diacetylactis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00167287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Magni C, Felipe FLÃ, Sesma F, López P, Mendoza D. Citrate transport inLactococcus lactisbiovar diacetylactis: Expression of the plasmid-borne citrate permease P. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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19
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20
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Bassit N, Boquien CY, Picque D, Corrieu G. Effect of Initial Oxygen Concentration on Diacetyl and Acetoin Production by
Lactococcus lactis
subsp.
lactis
biovar diacetylactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1893-7. [PMID: 16348966 PMCID: PMC182177 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.6.1893-1897.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of aroma compounds (acetoin and diacetyl) in fresh unripened cheese by
Lactococcus lactis
subsp.
lactis
biovar diacetylactis CNRZ 483 was studied at 30°C at different initial oxygen concentrations (0, 21, 50, and 100% of the medium saturation by oxygen). Regardless of the initial O
2
concentration, maximal production of these compounds was reached only after all the citrate was consumed. Diacetyl and acetoin production was 0.01 and 2.4 mM, respectively, at 0% oxygen. Maximum acetoin concentration reached 5.4 mM at 100% oxygen. Diacetyl production was increased by factors of 2, 6, and 18 at initial oxygen concentrations of 21, 50, and 100%, respectively. The diacetyl/acetoin concentration ratio increased linearly with initial oxygen concentration: it was eight times higher at 100% (3.3%) than at 0% oxygen (0.4%). The effect of oxygen on diacetyl and acetoin production was also shown with other lactococci. At 0% oxygen, specific activity of α-acetolactate synthetase (0.15 U/mg) and NADH oxidase (0.04 U/mg) was 3.6 and 5.4 times lower, respectively, than at 100% oxygen. The increasing α-acetolactate synthetase activity in the presence of oxygen would explain the higher production of diacetyl and acetoin. The NADH oxidase activity would replace the role of the lactate dehydrogenase, diacetyl reductase, and acetoin reductase in the reoxidation of NADH, allowing accumulation of these two aroma compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bassit
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Biotechnologiques Agro-alimentaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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21
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Pyruvate is transported by a proton symport inLactobacillus plantarum 8014. Curr Microbiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01570082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Tsau JL, Guffanti AA, Montville TJ. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetoin Helps To Maintain pH Homeostasis in
Lactobacillus plantarum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:891-4. [PMID: 16348677 PMCID: PMC195350 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.3.891-894.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate is the substrate for diacetyl and acetoin synthesis by lactobacilli. Exogenous pyruvate stimulates acetoin production when glucose is present as an energy source. In
Lactobacillus plantarum
ATCC 8014, the energy derived from glucose via glycolysis generated a constant proton motive force of about -120 mV. At a low external pH, energized cells rapidly transported and accumulated pyruvate but did not do so when they were deenergized by nigericin. When large amounts of pyruvate were transported and subsequently accumulated internally, the cotransported protons rapidly lowered the internal pH. The conversion of pyruvate to acetoin instead of acidic end products contributed to the maintenance of pH homeostasis. This is the first report showing that the conversion of pyruvate to acetoin serves as a mechanism of pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Tsau
- Department of Food Science, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers-the State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0231, and Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10029
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23
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Hill C, Daly C, Fitzgerald GF. Isolation of chromosomal mutations ofLactococcus lactissubsp.lactisbiovar.diacetylactis18-16 after introduction of Tn919. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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24
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Van der Rest ME, Abee T, Molenaar D, Konings WN. Mechanism and energetics of a citrate-transport system of Klebsiella pneumoniae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 195:71-7. [PMID: 1991478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The citrate-transport determinant of plasmid pES1 from Klebsiella pneumoniae [Schwarz, E. & Oesterhelt, D. (1985) EMBO J. 4, 1599-1603] has been subcloned in Escherichia coli DH1. Uptake of citrate in E. coli membrane vesicles via this uptake system is an electrogenic process, although the pH gradient is the main driving force for citrate uptake. The rate of citrate uptake, driven by artificially imposed ion-gradients, is high in the presence of an artificial delta pH and low in the presence of an artificial delta psi. Citrate transport does not depend on the presence of Na+ or Mg2+ as has been observed for other citrate-transport systems. Citrate has three pK values: 3.14, 4.77 and 5.40. Citrate forms a stable complex with Mg2+ with a stability constant of 3.2. Kinetic parameters and calculations of the different citrate (Cit) species at a given pH, indicate that the HCit2- is the species transported and that transport occurs in symport with three protons. This citrate-transport system is thus a unique example of a 3H solute symport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Van der Rest
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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25
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David S, van der Rest ME, Driessen AJ, Simons G, de Vos WM. Nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the Lactococcus lactis citrate permease gene. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:5789-94. [PMID: 2120190 PMCID: PMC526896 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.10.5789-5794.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmid-encoded citrate determinant of the Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var. diacetylactis NCDO176 was cloned and functionally expressed in a Cit- Escherichia coli K-12 strain. From deletion derivative analysis, a 3.4-kilobase region was identified which encodes the ability to transport citrate. Analysis of proteins encoded by the cloned fragment in a T7 expression system revealed a 32,000-dalton protein band, which correlated with the ability of cells to transport citrate. Energy-dependent [1,5-14C]citrate transport was found with membrane vesicles prepared from E. coli cells harboring the citrate permease-expressing plasmid. The gene encoding citrate transport activity, citP, was located on the cloned fragment by introducing a site-specific mutation that abolished citrate transport and resulted in a truncated form of the 32,000-dalton expression product. The nucleotide sequence for a 2.2-kilobase fragment that includes the citP gene contained an open reading frame of 1,325 base pairs coding for a very hydrophobic protein of 442 amino acids, which shows no sequence homology with known citrate carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S David
- Molecular Genetics Group, Netherlands Institute for Dairy Research, Ede
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26
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Utilization of citrate byLeuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.cremoris in continuous culture. Biotechnol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01022428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Petit C, Vilchez F, Marczak R. Formation and stabilization of diacetyl and acetoin concentration in fully grown cultures ofStreptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis. Biotechnol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01026786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Abstract
During the last few years the studies about the physiology and bioenergetics of lactic acid bacteria during growth and starvation have evolved from a descriptive level to an analysis of the molecular events in the regulation of various processes. Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the modes of metabolic energy generation, the mechanism of homeostasis of the internal pH, and the mechanism and regulatory processes of transport systems for sugars, amino acids, peptides, and ions. Detailed studies of these transport processes have been performed in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of these organisms in which a foreign proton pump has been introduced to generate a high proton motive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Konings
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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29
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Citrate utilization by free and immobilized Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis in continuous culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00269064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Walker D, Gilliland S. Buttermilk Manufacture Using a Combination of Direct Acidification and Citrate Fermentation by Leuconostoc cremoris. J Dairy Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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de Cárdenas ILB, Ledesma OV, Oliver G. Utilization of pyruvate inLactobacillus casei subsp.rhamnosus ATCC 7469. Curr Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01589377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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33
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Abstract
Several strains of non-citrate-metabolizing
Pediococcus halophilus
have previously been isolated from soy sauce mash or moromi. The factors controlling the metabolism of citrate in soy pediococci were studied. All the soy pediococcal strains tested which failed to decompose citrate did not possess citrate lyase [citrate (
pro
-3
S
)-lyase; EC 4.1.3.6] activity. In
P. halophilus
, citrate lyase was an inducible enzyme, and the optimum pH for activity was 7.0. The metabolism of citrate in
P. halophilus
was different from that observed in lactic streptococci. The main products from citrate were acetate and formate, and this bacterium produced no acetoin or diacetyl. Formate production from citrate was greatly reduced in the presence of glucose.
P. halophilus
7117 (Cit
+
) was proved to contain citrate lyase, pyruvate formate-lyase (EC 2.3.1.54) phosphotransacetylase (phosphate acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.8), and acetate kinase (EC 2.7.2.1), i.e., all the enzymes necessary to convert citrate to acetate and formate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kanbe
- Soy Sauce Research Laboratories, Kikkoman Corporation, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278, Japan
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34
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Benito de Cárdenas IL, Ledesma OV, Pesce de Ruiz Holgado AA, Oliver G. Effect of Lactate on the Growth and Production of Diacetyl and Acetoin by Lactobacilli. J Dairy Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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36
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Kempler GM. Production of flavor compounds by microorganisms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1983; 29:29-51. [PMID: 6650264 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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37
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Kempler G, McKay L. Biochemistry and Genetics of Citrate Utilization in Streptococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis. J Dairy Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Kempler GM, McKay LL. Improved Medium for Detection of Citrate-Fermenting
Streptococcus lactis
subsp.
diacetylactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 39:926-7. [PMID: 16345559 PMCID: PMC291446 DOI: 10.1128/aem.39.4.926-927.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified medium which distinguished between citrate-fermenting and non-citrate-fermenting species of lactic streptococci within 48 h was developed. In addition, the occurrence of citrate-negative variants in citrate-positive populations of
Streptococcus lactis
subsp.
diacetylactis
could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Kempler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Singh M, Srere PA. Purification and properties of citrate lyase from Streptococcus diacetilactis. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Citrate utilization and diacetyl, acetoin and acetaldehyde production by 2 strains each of Leuconostoc cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis in milk were studied. With the leuconostoc bacteria no growth and little citrate utilization occurred unless a stimulant (yeast extract) was present, when complete utilization of citrate without concomitant production of diacetyl or acetoin was obtained. The additon of Mn2+ stimulated growth resulted in diacetyl and acetoin production. Destruction of diacetyl and acetoin occurred when the citric acid level fell to c.1000 and 600 mug/g in the case of Leuc. cremoris FR8-1 and CAF1, respectively. Only strain FR8-1 produced acetaldehyde. In contrast, Str. diacetilactis produced diacetyl, acetoin and acetaldehyde concomitant with citrate utilization.
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43
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Galluzzo S, Cotterill O, Marshall R. Fermentation of Whole Egg by Heterofermentative Streptococci ,. Poult Sci 1974. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0531575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Walsh B, Cogan TM. Diacetyl, acetoin, and acetaldehyde production by mixed-species lactic starter cultures. Appl Microbiol 1973; 26:820-5. [PMID: 4762402 PMCID: PMC379907 DOI: 10.1128/am.26.5.820-825.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrate utilization and acetoin, diacetyl, acetaldehyde, and lactic acid production in milk at 21 C by five different mixed-strain starters, containing Streptococcus diacetilactis (D type), Leuconostoc (B type), and S. diacetilactis and Leuconostoc (BD type), were measured. BD and D cultures utilized citrate more rapidly and produced more diacetyl, acetoin, and acetaldehyde than B types. All cultures produced much more acetoin than diacetyl, with the BD and D cultures producing four to five times larger amounts of acetoin than the B cultures. Reduction of diacetyl and acetoin toward the end of the normal incubation period was characteristic of BD and D cultures, whereas a similar reduction of acetaldehyde was characteristic of BD and especially of B cultures. Continued incubation of B cultures beyond 17 h also resulted in reduction of diacetyl and acetoin. Addition of citrate to the milk retarded diacetyl and acetoin reduction. Mn(2+) had no effect on diacetyl production by a BD culture but increased citrate utilization and, as a consequence, caused greater diacetyl destruction in one of the B cultures.
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Wolfinbarger L, Kay WW. Transport of C 4 -dicarboxylic acids in Neurospora crassa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 307:243-57. [PMID: 4268075 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fournier RE, McKillen MN, Pardee AB, Willecke K. Transport of Dicarboxylic Acids in Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)81145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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48
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Abstract
Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 converted small amounts of citrate to diacetyl, other volatile compounds, and lipids. Citrate was accumulated passively by the organism. The presence of citrate in the growth medium decreased the uptake of acetate and its conversion to cellular lipids. Cells grown in citrate media contained more protein per cell than did controls. This increased protein content was reflected mainly in the soluble fraction when cells were subjected to sonic lysis. Soluble fractions from cells cultured in the presence of citrate contained more total protein as well as more individual proteins than these fractions from control cells. The presence of citrate caused extensive flocculation and increased the susceptibility of cells to lysis.
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