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Gajenthra Kumar N, Contaifer D, Baker PRS, Ekroos K, Jefferson KK, Wijesinghe DS. Untargeted lipidomic analysis to broadly characterize the effects of pathogenic and non-pathogenic staphylococci on mammalian lipids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206606. [PMID: 30379915 PMCID: PMC6209338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of the host lipidome via secreted enzymes is an integral, but often overlooked aspect of bacterial pathogenesis. In the current era of prevalent antibiotic resistance, knowledge regarding critical host pathogen lipid interactions has the potential for use in developing novel antibacterial agents. While most studies to date on this matter have focused on specific lipids, or select lipid classes, this provides an incomplete picture. Modern methods of untargeted lipidomics have the capacity to overcome these gaps in knowledge and provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of infections. In an attempt to determine the role of lipid modifying enzymes produced by staphylococci, we exposed bovine heart lipids, a standardized model for the mammalian lipidome, to spent medium from staphylococcal cultures, and analyzed lipid molecular changes by MS/MSALL shotgun lipidomics. We elucidate distinct effects of different staphylococcal isolates, including 4 clinical isolates of the pathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus, a clinical isolate of the normally commensal species S. epidermidis, and the non-pathogenic species S. carnosus. Two highly virulent strains of S. aureus had a more profound effect on mammalian lipids and modified more lipid classes than the other staphylococcal strains. Our studies demonstrate the utility of the applied untargeted lipidomics methodology to profile lipid changes induced by different bacterial secretomes. Finally, we demonstrate the promise of this lipidomics approach in assessing the specificity of bacterial enzymes for mammalian lipid classes. Our data suggests that there may be a correlation between the bacterial expression of lipid-modifying enzymes and virulence, and could facilitate the guided discovery of lipid pathways required for bacterial infections caused by S. aureus and thereby provide insights into the generation of novel antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Gajenthra Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Contaifer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomics Consulting Ltd., Esbo, Finland
| | - Kimberly K. Jefferson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dayanjan S. Wijesinghe
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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Jenkins EM, Watson BB. Extracellular Antigens from Listeria monocytogenes I. Purification and Resolution of Hemolytic and Lipolytic Antigens from Culture Filtrates of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 2010; 3:589-94. [PMID: 16558022 PMCID: PMC416201 DOI: 10.1128/iai.3.4.589-594.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two antigens were purified from culture filtrates of Listeria monocytogenes 7973 by the following procedure: (i) acid precipitation with 4 n HCl at pH 3.7, (ii) Sephadex G-75 column fractionation, (iii) diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A50 batchwise adsorption, and (iv) rechromatography on Sephadex G-75. This procedure resulted in the resolution of two distinct antigens. One antigen, designated a hemolytic antigen because of its ability to lyse erythrocytes from a variety of species, had a specific activity of 25,000 units/mg of protein and an estimated molecular weight of at least 171,000. The other antigen, designated a lipolytic antigen because of its ability to hydrolyze egg yolk saline substrate, had a specific activity of 400 units/mg of protein and an estimated molecular weight of 52,500.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama 36088
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Tirunarayanan MO, Lundbeck H. Investigations on the enzymes and toxins of staphylococci. Assay of lipase using Tween as the substrate. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 72:263-76. [PMID: 5661528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1968.tb01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Adham NZ, Ahmed EM. Extracellular lipase of Aspergillus niger NRRL3; production, partial purification and properties. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49:77-83. [PMID: 23100754 PMCID: PMC3450051 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-009-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four strains of Aspergillus niger were screened for lipase production. Each was cultivated on four different media differing in their contents of mineral components and sources of carbon and nitrogen. Aspergillus niger NRRL3 produced maximal activity (325U/ml) when grown in 3% peptone, 0.05% MgSO(4).7H(2)O, 0.05% KCl, 0.2% K(2)HPO(4) and 1% olive oil:glucose (0.5:0.5). A. niger NRRL3 lipase was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The majority of lipase activity (48%) was located in fraction IV precipitated at 50-60% of saturation with a 18-fold enzyme purification. The optimal pH of the partial purified lipase preparation for the hydrolysis of emulsified olive oil was 7.2 and the optimum temperature was 60°C. At 70°C, the enzyme retained more than 90% of its activity. Enzyme activity was inhibited by Hg(2+) and K(+), whereas Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) greatly stimulated its activity. Additionally, the formed lipase was stored for one month without any loss in the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad Z. Adham
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E. M. Ahmed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Saising J, Hiranrat A, Mahabusarakam W, Ongsakul M, Voravuthikunchai SP. Rhodomyrtone from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. as a Natural Antibiotic for Staphylococcal Cutaneous Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongkon Saising
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Asadhawut Hiranrat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | | | - Metta Ongsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
- Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
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Ermolaeva S, Varfolomeeva N, Belyi Y, Tartakovskii I. Isolation and characterization of a Listeria monocytogenes mutant strain hyperproducing virulence factors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Ermolaeva S, Belyi Y, Tartakovskii I. Characteristics of induction of virulence factor expression by activated charcoal in Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 174:137-41. [PMID: 10234832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated charcoal has been previously shown to induce in vitro expression of virulence factors by Listeria monocytogenes. In trying to elucidate the nature of the charcoal action, we found that the treatment of brain heart infusion medium with activated charcoal followed by charcoal removal does not result in an increase of virulence factor expression. At the same time, the addition of fresh charcoal to the charcoal-treated medium induces expression, suggesting that the effect of activated charcoal cannot be explained only by changes in medium composition. In addition, we observed that activated charcoal induced expression of virulence factors even when L. monocytogenes was physically separated from charcoal particles by either a nitrocellulose membrane or a thin layer of agar. We propose that the interaction of charcoal with some listerial product(s) might be responsible for the effect observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ermolaeva
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.
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Quinn F, Pine L, White E, George V, Gutekunst K, Swaminathan B. Immunogold labelling of Listeria monocytogenes virulence-related factors within Caco-2 cells. Res Microbiol 1993; 144:597-608. [PMID: 8140278 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(93)90062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy that listeriolysin O (LLO), phospholipases and other putative virulence-related proteins produced by Listeria monocytogenes were primarily cell-wall-associated when the bacterium infected Caco-2 tissue culture cell monolayers. Antibodies made to LLO, serogroup 1/2a reacted poorly with serogroup 4b cells and vice-versa, indicating fundamental structural differences in the two proteins. Finally, comet-tail pseudopod structures shown to be involved in cell-to-cell passage of Listeria in Caco-2 cells did not possess detectable Listeria antigens on their anterior surface or within their structure, suggesting that the phagocytic process is primarily host-cell-dependent once it is initiated by the bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Quinn
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Kathariou S, Pine L, George V, Carlone GM, Holloway BP. Nonhemolytic Listeria monocytogenes mutants that are also noninvasive for mammalian cells in culture: evidence for coordinate regulation of virulence. Infect Immun 1990; 58:3988-95. [PMID: 2123830 PMCID: PMC313766 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.12.3988-3995.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified nonhemolytic mutants of Listeria monocytogenes that were severely deficient in their ability to invade mammalian nonprofessional phagocytes. These mutants were generated spontaneously or by means of transposon Tn916 mutagenesis. In terms of their extracellular proteins, the noninvasive mutants were deficient not only in the sulfhydryl-activated hemolysin (listeriolysin) but also in an antigenically unrelated extracellular protein with an apparent molecular weight of 32,000 which could induce opacity in egg yolk and is considered to be a phospholipase. Our results suggest the existence of a common genetic control between the expression of listeriolysin and that of other determinants, including a phospholipase and determinants involved in the ability of L. monocytogenes to enter mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kathariou
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Kötting J, Eibl H, Fehrenbach FJ. Substrate specificity of Staphylococcus aureus (TEN5) lipases with isomeric oleoyl-sn-glycerol ethers as substrates. Chem Phys Lipids 1988; 47:117-22. [PMID: 3409438 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(88)90080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For the first time fully protected substrates with only one hydrolyzable ester bond have been used to analyze the substrate specificity of microbial lipases. In these substrates the ester is attached to the glycerol molecule in a precisely defined position. The use of three different substituents generates chirality and thus allows the analysis of positional specificities of individual lipases. Therefore, these new substrates have been used to study the enzymatic activities of two closely related lipases isolated from Staphylococcus aureus (TEN5) designated the 44 and 43 kDa lipase. The lipases, especially the 44 kDa molecule, show a high specificity for the hydrolysis of the ester in the sn-1 position (S-configuration), which is hydrolyzed by a factor of ten faster than that in the sn-3 position. In addition, the study demonstrates for the first time that the rate of hydrolysis of a fatty acid ester attached to the sn-2 position of glycerol by microbial lipases depends on the configuration of the substrate molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kötting
- Robert-Koch-Institut des Bundesgesundheitsamtes, Berlin, F.R.G
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Pine L, Weaver RE, Carlone GM, Pienta PA, Rocourt J, Goebel W, Kathariou S, Bibb WF, Malcolm GB. Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 35152 and NCTC 7973 contain a nonhemolytic, nonvirulent variant. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:2247-51. [PMID: 3121669 PMCID: PMC269458 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.11.2247-2251.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 7973 and this same strain deposited as ATCC 35152 contain two phenotypes: hemolytic virulent colonies and nonvirulent colonies that show no zones of hemolysis when streaked on heart infusion agar containing 5% rabbit blood. Results of examinations of these virulent and nonvirulent strains by investigators at the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga., the Pasteur Institute, Paris, France, and the University of Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany, support the conclusion that the avirulent strain is a nonhemolytic mutant of the virulent strain and that hemolysin is a virulence factor for L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pine
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Campbell IM, Crozier DN, Pawagi AB. Effect of hypobaric oxygen and oleic acid on respiration of Staphylococcus aureus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1986; 5:622-8. [PMID: 3803374 DOI: 10.1007/bf02013285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hypobaric oxygen, with oleic acid in the nutrient substrate, on respiration and slime production by a pulmonary isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. Under hypobaric, but not normal oxygen pressure, the addition of oleic acid to the nutrient broth caused the bacteria to drastically diminish their demand for oxygen and initiate the secretion of extrapolymeric substances (slime). The decrease in oxygen demand was found to result from impairment of the capacity to reduce and oxidize the coenzyme NAD. Prior to the initiation of slime production, the rate of oxidation exceeded the rate of reduction of the coenzyme, whereas with slime production the rate of reduction was greatest. This could result in elevation of the cellular NADH, which could stimulate gluconeogenesis and thereby increase the synthesis of the carbohydrate component of the slime. The results suggest that staphylococcal infections, such as those of the pulmonary tract in cystic fibrosis and essential fatty acid deficiency, may occur in response to a peculiar chemical environment.
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Götz F, Popp F, Korn E, Schleifer KH. Complete nucleotide sequence of the lipase gene from Staphylococcus hyicus cloned in Staphylococcus carnosus. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:5895-906. [PMID: 2994017 PMCID: PMC321920 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.16.5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipase gene from Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus was cloned in Staphylococcus carnosus and Escherichia coli. In both host organisms the lipase gene is expressed and the enzyme is released to the medium. The cloned DNA insert is 2.5 kb in length and DNA sequencing has revealed the location of the gene, the ribosomal binding site and the presence of a typical signal sequence. The open reading frame comprises 1923 nucleotides and gives a preprotein of 641 amino acids with a predicted Mr of 71.382. At the 3' end of the structural gene there are three consecutive stop codons and there is also a transcriptional termination signal.
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Tyski S, Hryniewicz W, Jeljaszewicz J. Purification and some properties of the staphylococcal extracellular lipase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 749:312-7. [PMID: 6661442 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal lipase has been purified by application of a multistep procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography followed by gel filtration through Sepharose CL-4B. A purified enzyme was obtained which appeared to be homogeneous by molecular sieving, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The enzyme was then subjected to physicochemical analysis. It has been found that staphylococcal lipase appears in two molecular forms: light (45 kDa) and heavy (300 kDa). Amino acid analysis indicates that lipase contains 17 amino acids with a prevalence of hydrophobic amino acids. No sulfur-containing amino acid was found in the enzyme molecule. The lipase contains about 2% sugars and some amount of lipids. The lipase preparation is stable within pH 5.0 to 9.0 and exhibits maximal activity at pH 8.0. The optimal temperature for the enzymatic reaction was established at 55 degrees C.
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Kötting J, Jürgens D, Huser H. Separation and characterization of two isolated lipases from Staphylococcus aureus (TEN5). J Chromatogr A 1983; 281:253-61. [PMID: 6421862 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purified lipases from Staphylococcus aureus (TEN5) showing two enzymatically active protein bands on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The separated proteins show some properties which are different (e.g., apparent molecular weight, charge, binding of detergent, enzymatic activity towards triolein) and some which are almost identical (spur in immunodiffusion).
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Jürgens D, Huser H, Brunner H, Fehrenbach F. Purification and characterization ofStaphylococcus aureuslipase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1981.tb07641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Mates A. The effect of lipase activity on the fat content of Staphylococcus aureus. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:1464-5. [PMID: 4654216 DOI: 10.1007/bf01957855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
A number of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from human skin were found to produce lipase. Lipolytic activity appeared in the growth medium during the stationary phase of growth but did not appear as a result of autolysis of the cells. Maximal lipase synthesis was obtained when the medium was adjusted to pH 7.5 before inoculation. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed tributyrin and tridecanoin most actively, and a relatively high rate of hydrolysis of triolein was also noted. The optimal activity of the purified lipase was at pH 7.5. The characteristics of the concentrated crude enzyme and purified lipase were compared.
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Oterholm A, Ordal ZJ, Witter LD. Purification and properties of a glycerol ester hydrolase (lipase) from Propionibacterium shermanii. Appl Microbiol 1970; 20:16-22. [PMID: 5456938 PMCID: PMC376858 DOI: 10.1128/am.20.1.16-22.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An intracellular glycerol ester hydrolase (lipase) from Propionibacterium shermanii was recovered from cell-free extracts and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose. Maximum enzyme activity was observed at pH 7.2 and 47 C when an emulsion of tributyrin was used as substrate. The enzyme was stable between pH 5.5 and 8. Heating the enzyme solution at 45 C for 10 min resulted in a 75% decrease in activity. Maximum rate of hydrolysis of triglycerides was observed on tripropionin, followed in order by tributyrin, tricaproin, and tricaprylin. The lipase was strongly inhibited by mercury and arsenicals, but specific sulfhydryl reagents had little or no inhibiting effect on the enzyme activity. The enzyme also showed some esterase activity, but the hydrolysis of substrates in solution was small as compared to the hydrolysis of substrates in emulsion.
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Chorváth B, Fried M. Action of leptospiral lipases on purified serum lipoproteins. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1970; 15:303-8. [PMID: 5529075 DOI: 10.1007/bf02869058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Freinkel RK. The origin of free fatty acids in sebum. I. Role of coagulase negative Staphylococci. J Invest Dermatol 1968; 50:186-8. [PMID: 5641646 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1968.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ellinghausen HC, Sandvik O. Tributyrinase activity of leptospires: fixed and soluble tributyrinase demonstrated by means of an agar diffusion test. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1965; 65:259-70. [PMID: 4956226 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1965.65.2.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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