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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Vollmer
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Chaloupka J, Strnadová M, Čáslavská J, Vereš K. Growth and cell division of Escherichia coli 173-25 in the presence of some analogues of diaminopimelic acid. J Basic Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.19740140403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mychajlonka M, McDowell TD, Shockman GD. Inhibition of peptidoglycan, ribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis in tolerant strains of Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 17:572-82. [PMID: 6156643 PMCID: PMC283834 DOI: 10.1128/aac.17.4.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of exponentially growing cultures of Streptococcus mutans strains FA-1 and GS-5 to various concentrations of benzylpenicillin (Pen G) resulted in inhibition of turbidity increases at low concentrations (0.02 to 0.04 mug/ml). However, in contrast to some other streptococcal species, growth inhibition was not accompanied by cellular lysis or by a rapid loss of viability. In both strains, synthesis of insoluble cell wall peptidoglycan was very sensitive to Pen G inhibition and responded in a dose-dependent manner to concentrations of about 0.2 and 0.5 mug/ml for strains GS-5 and FA-1, respectively. Higher Pen G concentrations failed to inhibit further either growth or insoluble peptidoglycan assembly. Somewhat surprisingly, Pen G also inhibited both ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein syntheses, each in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis, inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses by Pen G was less rapid and less extensive. Maximum amounts of radiolabeled Pen G were specifically bound to intact cells upon exposure to about 0.2 and 0.5 mug/ml of Pen G for strains GS-5 and FA-1, respectively, concentrations consistent with those that resulted in maximum or near-maximum inhibitions of the synthesis of cellular peptidoglycan, RNA, and protein. Five polypeptide bands that had a very high affinity for [(14)C]Pen G were detected in a crude cell envelope preparation of strain FA-1. After exposure of cultures of strain FA-1 to the effects of saturating concentrations of the drug for up to 3 h, addition of penicillinase was followed by recovery of growth after a lag. The length of the lag before regrowth depended on both Pen G concentration and time of exposure. On the basis of these and other observations, it is proposed that the secondary inhibitions of cellular RNA or protein synthesis, or both, are involved in the tolerance of these organisms to lysis and killing by Pen G and other inhibitors of insoluble peptidoglycan assembly.
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Hinks ET, Daneo-Moore L, Braverman S. Effects of temperature on the autolytic enzyme system of Streptococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol 1978; 136:491-6. [PMID: 30752 PMCID: PMC218571 DOI: 10.1128/jb.136.2.491-496.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular autolytic reaction system in Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 was analyzed for relative increases in reaction rates with increasing temperature by determination of Arrhenius activation energies (E). The systems examined were: (i) an isolated wall-enzyme complex in 0.01 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.9; (ii) exponential-phase cells suspended in 0.01 or o.3 M sodium phosphate pH 6.8, or in 0.04 M ammonium acetate, pH 6.8, (iii) growing cultures deprived of glucose or lysine; and (iv) cultures treated in growth media with the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. For detergent-treated cells, E values were between 23.9 and 27.4 kcal/mol (ca. 100.1 to 174.7 kJ/mol) at concentrations of Triton X-100 between about 0.03 and 0.072 mg/ml. E values dropped sharply to 11.5 to 13.0 kcal/m-l (ca. 48.2 to 54.4 kJ/mol) at Triton X-100 concentrations of 0.12 mg/ml or higher. For the remaining systems, E values ranged from 16 to 20 kcal/mol (ca. 67.0 to 83.7 kJ/mol) (wall lysis, cellular autolysis in 0.01 M sodium phosphate or in 0.04 M ammonium acetate, and autolysis of glucose-starved cells) to 31 to 38 kcal/mol (ca 129.8 to 159.1 kJ/mol) (cellular autolysis in 0.3 M sodium phosphate or autolysis of lysine-starved cells). High concentrations of Triton X-100 appear to lower the E values below the 16 to 20 kcal/mol observed for the autolysis of isolated walls. This effect may be related to disruption by the detergent of a hydrophobic complex regulating cellular autolysis in vivo.
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Shockman GD, Higgins ML, DaneoMoore L, Mattingly SJ, Diersio JR, Terleckyj B. Studies of balanced and unblaanced growth of Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res 1976; 55:A10-8. [PMID: 812891 DOI: 10.1177/002203457605500101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Schleifer KH, Hammes WP, Kandler O. Effect of endogenous and exogenous factors on the primary structures of bacterial peptidoglycan. Adv Microb Physiol 1976; 13:245-92. [PMID: 775943 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Daneo-Moore L, Terleckyj B, Shockman GD. Analysis of growth rate in sucrose-supplemented cultures of Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 1975; 12:1195-205. [PMID: 1193728 PMCID: PMC415416 DOI: 10.1128/iai.12.5.1195-1205.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of sucrose, Streptococcus mutans grows in large glucan-containing aggregates. Because of reports of linear rather than exponential growth of sucrose-grown cultures, the kinetics of growth of sucrose-grown cultures of S. mutans strain OMZ-176 were compared with those of glucose-grown cultures. Culture turbidity measurements indicated that growth of sucrose cultures was slower, did not follow exponential kinetics, and slowed and stopped at lower absorbance values than did glucose-grown cultures. However, measurements of the rates of accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein using fully equilibrated radioactively labeled precursors of each of these macromolecular species in sucrose and glucose-grown cultures showed that: (i) for glucose cultures the synthesis of each of the three informational molecules occurred at the same exponential rate, which was identical to the rate of turbidity increase; (ii) for sucrose cultures each macromolecular species was synthesized at the same exponential rate and these rates were identical to the rate of increase of turbidity of the glucose-grown culture for periods of up to 7 h. Furthermore, the ratios of DNA to RNA, RNA to protein, and protein to DNA for the sucrose cultures were identical to those for the glucose cultures for up to 10 doublings. From these data it was concluded that in the presence of sucrose S. mutans grows in a balanced fashion at the same exponential rate as it does in glucose. The deviation from an exponential growth model of the absorbance in sucrose cultures was attributed to an optical artifact due to the formation of large glucan-containing aggregates of cells. The addition of dextranase to sucrose cultures resulted in cultures which increased in turbidity at the same exponential rate as glucose-grown cultures, without affecting the rate or extent of macromolecular synthesis.
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Joseph R, Shockman GD. Synthesis and excretion of glycerol teichoic acid during growth of two streptococcal species. Infect Immun 1975; 12:333-8. [PMID: 807523 PMCID: PMC415288 DOI: 10.1128/iai.12.2.333-338.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of both supernatant culture medium and cell pellets after exponential- and stationary-phase growth of Streptococcus mutans strain FA-1 and Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 (S. faecium) showed the presence of [-3H]glycerol-labeled material that possessed several of the properties of glycerol teichoic acid. In the supernatant medium of S. mutans FA-1, an apparently large-molecular-size material, which eluted from agarose columns with the Kd value expected of a lipoteichoic acid, was observed. Large amounts of this material were present in supernatants during the stationary phase. In contrast, with S. faecalis only an apparently lower-molecular-weight form, with a Kd consistent with deacylated glycerol teichoic acid, was found in the growth medium. Both organisms had high-molecular-weight lipoteichoic acid in the cells along with the deacylated glycerol teichoic acid. The presence of relatively large amounts of glycerol teichoic acids in the medium was considered to be a result of excretion of these compounds rather than a result of cellular lysis.
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Höltje JV, Tomasz A. Lipoteichoic acid: a specific inhibitor of autolysin activity in Pneumococcus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:1690-4. [PMID: 239401 PMCID: PMC432610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.5.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The choline-containing pneumococcal lipoteichoic acid (Forssman antigen) is a powerful inhibitor of the homologous autolytic enzyme, an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28, MUCOPEPTIDE AMIDOHYDROLASE). Low concentrations of deoxycholate can reverse the inhibition. Wall teichoic acid preparations are inactive at several hundred-fold higher concentrations. Activation of an inactive form of autolysin by in vitro incubation with choline-containing cell walls is also inhibited by lipoteichoic acid. Addition of lipoteichoic acid to the growth medium of pneumococcal cultures causes chain formation, resistance to stationary phase lysis, and penicillin tolerance. It is suggested that a physiological role of lipoteichoic acids may be in the in vivo control of autolysin activity.
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Seto H, Tomasz A. Protoplast formation and leakage of intramembrane cell components: induction by the competence activator substance of pneumococci. J Bacteriol 1975; 121:344-53. [PMID: 234940 PMCID: PMC285649 DOI: 10.1128/jb.121.1.344-353.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of pneumococci with activator (a protein that induces bacterial "competence" to absorb deoxyribonucleic acid molecules and undergo genetic transformation) can cause either protoplast formation or leakage of intracellular components to the medium depending on postincubation conditions. The leaked intracellular components include nucleoside phosphates, beta-galactosidase, deoxyribonuclease, autolysin, and hemolysin. Leakage and protoplast formation are induced by the electrophoretically pure activator, and these phenomena require the same conditions as induction of competence for genetic transformation, namely, genetic capacity for competence, protein synthesis, incorporation of choline, and the optimal pH for activation. It is suggested that the activator protein accelerates a normal process of transport (leakage) of autolysin molecules into the periplasmic space. The activity of these autolysin molecules from within would then unmask deoxyribonucleic acid binding sites located on the plasma membrane.
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Shockman GD, Daneo-Moore L, Higgins ML. Problems of cell wall and membrane growth, enlargement, and division. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 235:161-97. [PMID: 4604949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb43265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chaloupka J, Strnadová M, Cáslavská J, Veres K. Growth and cell division of Escherichia coli 173-25 in the presence of some analogues of diaminopimelic acid. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1974; 14:283-96. [PMID: 4604513 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630140403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schleifer KH, Kandler O. Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1972; 36:407-77. [PMID: 4568761 PMCID: PMC408328 DOI: 10.1128/br.36.4.407-477.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1407] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schleifer KH, Kandler O. Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1972; 36:407-477. [PMID: 4568761 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.36.4.407-477.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1603] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Abstract
Cholesterol, free fatty acids, and phosphatidic acid are the predominant lipids of a T strain of Mycoplasma. The remaining neutral lipids are composed of cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, and diglycerides. Three glucose-containing glycolipids are present in trace amounts. In addition to phosphatidic acid, the phospholipids are comprised of phosphatidyl glycerol, diphosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Another polar lipid was found to be ninhydrin-positive and phosphate-free. It appears to be a diamino hydroxy compound containing adjacent fatty acid ester and N-acyl groups.
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Friede JD, Gilboe DP, Triebwasser KC, Henderson LM. Transport of lysine and hydroxylysine in Streptococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol 1972; 109:179-85. [PMID: 4621625 PMCID: PMC247265 DOI: 10.1128/jb.109.1.179-185.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Data are presented which support the view that l-lysine is transported by two systems in Streptococcus faecalis. The system with the higher affinity for l-lysine appears to be specific for l-lysine among the common amino acids and to require an energy source. The second system transports both l-lysine and l-arginine and does not appear to require an energy source. Both of these systems will accept hydroxy-l-lysine as a substrate as shown by the energy requirement for hydroxy-l-lysine transport and by the inhibition of uptake by l-arginine as well as by l-lysine. The affinity of both systems appears to be considerably lower for hydroxy-l-lysine than for l-lysine. A mutant of S. faecalis which is resistant to the growth inhibitory action of hydroxy-l-lysine appears to differ from the parent strain by having a defective l-lysine-specific transport system. In this mutant, hydroxy-l-lysine is not readily transported via the l-lysine-specific system because of the mutation or via the second system because of the high concentration of l-arginine present in the growth medium. This overall lack of transport prevents hydroxy-l-lysine from reaching inhibitory levels within the cell.
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Rogers HJ, Forsberg CW. Role of autolysins in the killing of bacteria by some bactericidal antibiotics. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:1235-43. [PMID: 5003174 PMCID: PMC247210 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.3.1235-1243.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid lysis of Bacillus licheniformis NCTC 6346 and B. subtilis 168 trp caused by vancomycin and d-cycloserine can be inhibited by stopping protein synthesis. Protein synthesis must be stopped for more than one doubling time of the cells before addition of wall inhibitors. Poorly lytic mutants (lyt(-)) of B. licheniformis required 10 to 20 times the concentration of vancomycin or cycloserine to be added to growing cultures to cause even slow lysis. At lower concentrations growth of the mutants is stopped, but the bacteria remain fully viable. Sensitivity of mucopeptide synthesis to vancomycin is the same in both mutants and parent. Sensitivity to the action of d-cycloserine is slightly less in the mutant than in the parent.
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Higgins ML, Shockman GD. Procaryotic cell division with respect to wall and membranes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 1:29-72. [PMID: 5004998 DOI: 10.3109/10408417109104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chapter VIII Some Applications and Uses of Metabolite Analogues in Microbiology. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Die Beeinflussung der Aminos�uresequenz des serinhaltigen Mureins von Staphylococcus epidermidis Stamm 24 durch die N�hrbodenzusammensetzung. Arch Microbiol 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ghuysen JM. Use of bacteriolytic enzymes in determination of wall structure and their role in cell metabolism. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968; 32:425-64. [PMID: 4884715 PMCID: PMC413160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Godzeski CW, Flynn EH. Penicillins and Cephalosporins. Antibiotics (Basel) 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-38439-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Inhibition of the Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Bacteria by 6-(p-Hydroxyphenylazo)-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine. J Biol Chem 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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