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Melo FL, Benati FJ, Roman WA, de Mello JCP, Nozawa C, Linhares REC. The in vitro antiviral activity of an aliphatic nitro compound from Heteropteris aphrodisiaca. Microbiol Res 2008; 163:136-9. [PMID: 16735108 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the antiviral activity of an aliphatic nitro compound (NC) isolated from Heteropteris aphrodisiaca O. Mach. (Malpighiaceae), a Brazilian medicinal plant. The NC was tested for its antiviral activity against poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) and bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) by plaque reduction assay in cell culture. The NC showed a moderate antiviral activity against PV-1 and BHV-1 in HEp-2 cells, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 22.01 microg/ml (selectivity index (SI)=2.83) and 21.10 microg/ml (SI=2.95), respectively. At the highest concentration of the drug (40 microg/ml) a reduction of approximately 80% in plaque assay was observed for both viruses. The treatment of cells or virus prior to infection did not inhibit the replication of virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia/CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-990 Londrina-Paraná, Brazil
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Preston DR, Bitton G, Farrah SR. Enhancement of enterovirus infectivity in vitro by pretreating host cell monolayers with the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:295-7. [PMID: 2155576 PMCID: PMC183327 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.1.295-297.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory strains of enteroviruses, as well as viruses isolated from raw wastewater, were found to exhibit enhanced infectivity in vitro when BGM cell monolayers were pretreated with the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI). Viruses were assayed by the cytopathic effect technique and as PFU under methylcellulose and agar overlays with monolayers treated with 0 to 5.0 x 10(-3)% (wt/vol) PEI in phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum. Poliovirus type 1 cytopathic effect occurred at an enhanced rate in cells treated with 5.0 x 10(-3)% PEI compared with untreated cells. PEI-treated cells were found to adsorb viruses much more effectively than untreated cells did. When the methylcellulose overlay procedure was used, rates of infectivity were enhanced as follows: poliovirus type 1, 5.5-fold; echovirus type 1, 1.2-fold; echovirus type 5, 5.2-fold; and coxsackievirus type B5, 4.9-fold. Viruses concentrated from raw wastewater showed a 3.8-fold increase in titer when quantitated by the most-probable-number method and a 3.3-fold increase when quantitated as PFU under an agar overlay.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Preston
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Wyler R, Wiesendanger W. The enhancing effect of copper, nickel, and cobalt ions on plaque formation by Semliki Forest virus (SFV) in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Arch Virol 1975; 47:57-69. [PMID: 167680 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts treated with copper-(copper cation 10-minus 3.5-10-minus 5 M), nickel and cobalt salts an enhancement of the plating efficiency of Semliki Forest virus could be observed. This augmented plaque formation was most probably due to a higher adsorption rate of virions to the cell surface under the influence of the transition metal ions. The plating efficiency of West Nile virus in chicken-embryo fibroblasts and, to a lesser degree, of poliovius type 1 and 2 in KB-cells was also enhanced by copper sulfate.
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Hatch MH, Marchetti GE. A comparative study of agar overlay and standard tissue culture methods for isolation of enteroviruses. Public Health Rep 1975; 90:29-33. [PMID: 163480 PMCID: PMC1434718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was made of the isolation of enteroviruses from 62 cerebrospinal fluids and 141 autopsy specimens with standard fluid monolayer tissue culture methods and tissue cultures under agar overlay with and without added MgCl2 (0.025M). Sixteen virus isolations were made only by the overlay method, two only by the standard technique, and six by both procedures. Additional studies were carried out on 975 diagnostic specimens of various types with standard tissue culture methods and with primary rhesus kidney cells under agar overlay containing 0.025M MgCl2. Seventeen virus isolations were made only by the overlay procedure, 20 only by the standard tissue culture method, and 75 by both techniques. Since there were instances in which either the agar overlay or the standard method alone succeeded in isolating a virus, use of both types of procedures would be desirable to isolate as many enteroviruses as possible from clinical specimens.
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Kuo CC, Wang SP, Grayston JT. Effect of polycations, polyanions and neuraminidase on the infectivity of trachoma-inclusin conjunctivitis and lymphogranuloma venereum organisms HeLa cells: sialic acid residues as possible receptors for trachoma-inclusion conjunction. Infect Immun 1973; 8:74-9. [PMID: 4718924 PMCID: PMC422812 DOI: 10.1128/iai.8.1.74-79.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The infectivity of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) organisms (TW-5) was enhanced by pretreatment of HeLa cell monolayers before inoculation with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran (30 mug/ml) and poly-l-lysine (10 mug/ml) and inhibited by dextran sulphate (250 mug/ml), fetuin (4%), ovomucoid (5%), N-acetyl neuraminic acid (0.5%), and Cholera vibrio neuraminidase (100 U/ml). The infectivity of lymphogranuloma venereum organisms (434) was not affected by DEAE-dextran, fetuin, and neuraminidase, was slightly inhibited by poly-l-lysine, and was inhibited by dextran-sulphate, ovomucoid, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid. The study suggested that sialic acid residues on the cell surface may be specific receptors for TRIC organisms. The receptors for TRIC organisms (TW-5 and TW-3) could be specifically blocked with inactivated (56 C for 30 min) TRIC organisms at the ratio of one live to 100 inactivated TRIC organisms, but not by inactivated lymphogranuloma venereum (434) or influenza virus (A(2)/Jap 305).
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Young NA. Polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses comparison of the genomes by RNA hybridization. J Virol 1973; 11:832-9. [PMID: 4351457 PMCID: PMC355189 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.6.832-839.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridization of single-stranded RNA from virions of human enteroviruses with denatured double-stranded RNA from infected cells indicates that a minimum of about 5% of the genome is shared by these viruses. Polynucleotide sequence relationships, furthermore, are consistent with the biologic classification into polioviruses, coxsackieviruses groups A and B, and echoviruses. In general, about 30 to 50% of the nucleotide sequences are shared by different serotypes of virus within each of these major groups, whereas among different groups less than 20% homology is observed. Coxsackievirus B4 appears to be more closely related to echoviruses than to group A coxsackieviruses, whereas polioviruses are only distantly related to any of the other agents.
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Adldinger HK, Calnek BW. An improved in vitro assay for cell-free Marek's disease virus. Brief report. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1971; 34:391-5. [PMID: 4330260 DOI: 10.1007/bf01242988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Homma M. Trypsin action on the growth of Sendai virus in tissue culture cells. I. Restoration of the infectivity for L cells by direct action of tyrpsin on L cell-borne Sendai virus. J Virol 1971; 8:619-29. [PMID: 4332134 PMCID: PMC376239 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.5.619-629.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sendai virus grown in fertile eggs (egg Sendai) infects L cells in which the synthesis of L Sendai (grown in L cells) occurs by the one-step mechanism. L Sendai is not infectious for L cells when tested by the tube titration method although it is infectious for chick embryos. When L cells infected with egg Sendai were dispersed by trypsin and plated on a monolayer culture of L cells, the viral agents spread to the adjacent recipient cells in which the synthesis of L Sendai occurred. The newly infected L cells became infectious for L cells again by trypsin treatment. Kinetic experiments suggested that the target of trypsin is the mature virus, of L Sendai nature, just budding from the L-cell surface. By using an immunofluorescent cell-counting technique, recovery of the infectivity of L Sendai for L cells due to a direct enzymatic action of trypsin was demonstrated. Under the optimal condition, the infectivity increased 1,000-fold for L cells and 10-fold for chick embryos, and both the titers could favorably be compared. No increasing effect of trypsin was observed on the infectivity of egg Sendai. Density centrifugation studies revealed a difference between egg Sendai and L Sendai in the density. Trypsin treatment which induced the maximal enhancement of L Sendai infectivity did not affect both the densities, showing that variations of Sendai virus in the infectivity for L cells and in the density are independent types of host-controlled modification.
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Tonew M, Tonew EM, Z�pel P. �ber die antivirale Wirkung einiger Imidazolderivate. Arch Virol 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01242999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shibuta H, Akami M, Matumoto M. Plaque formation by sendai virus of parainfluenza virus group, type 1 on monkey, calf kidney and chick embryo cell monolayers. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 15:175-83. [PMID: 4325227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1971.tb00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Hill WF, Hamblet FE, Benton WH, Akin EW. Ultraviolet devitalization of eight selected enteric viruses in estuarine water. Appl Microbiol 1970; 19:805-12. [PMID: 4316273 PMCID: PMC376793 DOI: 10.1128/am.19.5.805-812.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the devitalization of eight selected enteric viruses suspended in estuarine water was determined. The surviving fractions of each virus were calculated and then plotted against the UV exposure time for purposes of comparison. Analytical assessment of the survival data for each virus consisted of least squares regression analysis for determination of intercepts and slope functions. All data were examined for statistical significance. When the slope function of each virus was compared against the slope function of poliovirus type 1, the analytical findings indicated that poliovirus types 2 and 3, echovirus types 1 and 11, and coxsackievirus A-9 exhibited similar devitalization characteristics in that no statistically significant difference was found (P > 0.05). Conversely, the devitalization characteristics of coxsackievirus B-1 and reovirus type 1 were dissimilar from those of poliovirus type 1 in that a statistically significant difference was found between the slope functions (P < 0.05). This observed difference in devitalization of coxsackievirus B-1 and reovirus type 1 was attributed primarily to the frequency distribution of single and aggregate virions, the geometric configuration, the size of the aggregates, and the severity of aggregation. The devitalization curve of coxsackievirus B-1 was characteristic of a retardant die-away curve. The devitalization curve of reovirus type 1 was characteristic of a multihittype curve. The calculated devitalization half-life values for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3; echovirus types 1 and 11; coxsackievirus types A-9 and B-1; and reovirus type 1 were 2.8, 3.1, 2.7, 2.8, 3.2, 3.1, 4.0, 4.0 sec, respectively. These basic data should facilitate an operative extrapolation of the findings to the applied situation. It was concluded that UV can be highly effective and provide a reliable safety factor in treating estuarine water.
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Halsted CC, Seto DS, Simkins J, Carver DH. Protection of enteroviruses against heat inactivation by sulfhydryl-reducing substances. Virology 1970; 40:751-4. [PMID: 4314511 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gifford GE, Klapper DG. Effect of proteolytic enzymes on vaccinia virus replication. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1969; 26:321-33. [PMID: 5782938 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Asch BB, Gifford GE. Accelerated plaque formation by fowlpox virus in the presence of chymotrypsin. Appl Microbiol 1969; 18:897-900. [PMID: 4905607 PMCID: PMC378109 DOI: 10.1128/am.18.5.897-900.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin enhanced fowlpox virus plaque formation in chick embryo cell cultures. A simplified plaque assay for fowlpox virus is described. Plaques were produced in 3 days when chymotrypsin was included in a serum-free fluid overlay. Plaques were also produced in 5 to 6 days under an agar overlay when a medium containing fetal calf serum was employed. Kinetics of plaque formation were also studied, and it was shown that fowlpox virus plaque diameters grow at a linear rate.
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Came PE, Pascale A, Shimonaski G. Effect of pancreatin on plaque formation by influenza viruses. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1968; 23:346-52. [PMID: 5680977 DOI: 10.1007/bf01242130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Koroleva GA, Lashkevich VA, Voroshilova MK, Frolova MP. The effect of dextran sulfate upon plaque formation and virulence of coxsackie A7, A14, and A16 viruses. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1968; 23:175-93. [PMID: 4971397 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
It has been assumed that plaque enhancement by cationic polymers is due to their binding of sulfated polysaccharides in agar. However, viruses that are enhanced by cationic polymers, diethylaminoethyl-dextran, and protamine were found not to be inhibited by polyanions in agar under the usual overlay conditions. In the case of adenovirus, enhancement by protamine seems to be due to the protamine serving as a source of arginine; enzymes released from the cultured cells digest the protamine and provide a reservoir of arginine for the cells. Other viruses (herpes and echovirus types 3, 4, 5, and 6) known to be susceptible to agar inhibitors were found to be enhanced by cationic polymers even under starch gel and methylcellulose overlays, which are free of polyanions. Since cationic polymers enhance the diffusion of virus through agar or starch gel, plaque enhancement seems to be the result of the gel becoming positively charged so that viruses can move effectively through them. The observation that starch gel and methylcellulose enhance plaque formation with viruses known to be inhibited under agar was also reinvestigated. When the consistency of the agar gel was reduced to the same viscosity of starch gel and methylcellulose overlays, the same plaque counts and sizes were observed under all three overlays.
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Abstract
The non-neutralizable or persistent fraction of virus populations has been found to be caused by aggregated virus. Detailed investigation was performed with the prototype strain of echovirus type 4 (Pesascek), as this virus is notorious for its large non-neutralizable fraction. When Pesascek virus was clarified by low-speed centrifugation, homologous antiserum hardly neutralized the virus. However, when the virus was filtered through membranes having a porosity only twice the diameter of the virus, monodispersed virus was obtained which was efficiently neutralized. Serum titers were up to 1,000 times higher if the neutralization test was carried out with monodispersed virus. Virus in non-neutralizable aggregates was found to constitute 30% of the infective units of unfiltered Pesascek virus but only 0.1% of the antigenically related DuToit strain. This explains why DuToit strain has been a more satisfactory indicator strain for detecting type 4 antibodies, regardless of the echo 4 strain used for inducing the antibodies. Clarified suspensions and ultrafiltrates of viruses belonging to the picorna-, reo-, myxo-, adeno-, herpes-, and poxvirus groups were studied. Clarified suspensions yielded persistent fractions of 0.005% for poliovirus, of 0.1% for reovirus, of 0.6% for influenza virus, of <0.001% for adenovirus, of 0.06% for herpesvirus, and of 10 to 30% for vaccinia virus. In all cases the persistent fractions were removed by membrane filters which had a pore diameter no larger than twice that of the virus under test, and the high concentration of virus in each ultrafiltrate was completely neutralized by antiserum.
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Fiala M, Kenny GE. Enhancement of rhinovirus plaque formation in human heteroploid cell cultures by magnesium and calcium. J Bacteriol 1966; 92:1710-5. [PMID: 4289358 PMCID: PMC316252 DOI: 10.1128/jb.92.6.1710-1715.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fiala, Milan (University of Washington, Seattle), and George E. Kenny. Enhancement of rhinovirus plaque formation in human heteroploid cell cultures by magnesium and calcium. J. Bacteriol. 92:1710-1715. 1966.-A reproducible macroplaque assay for six M and three H strains of rhinoviruses has been developed in several human heteroploid cell lines. Plaques were produced only with suitable solidifying agents: purified agar (Ionagar, Agarose) or methylcellulose. Plaque development was greatly enhanced by increasing Mg(+2) to 30 to 40 mm. Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran also increased plaque sizes, and the effects of Mg(+2) and DEAE dextran were additive. In addition, Ca(+2) substituted for Mg(+2). The suitability of human heteroploid cell lines for rhinovirus plaque assay varied greatly, ranging from insensitivity through partial to complete sensitivity. This assay was six to seven times more sensitive than an end point tube assay. These results indicate that potentiation of plaque formation by Mg(+2) known for some enteroviruses can also be extended to the rhinovirus group of picornaviruses.
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